251
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Vaara S, Nieminen MS, Lokki ML, Perola M, Pussinen PJ, Allonen J, Parkkonen O, Sinisalo J. Cohort Profile: the Corogene study. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 41:1265-71. [PMID: 21642350 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satu Vaara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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252
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Kaikkonen MU, Lam MT, Glass CK. Non-coding RNAs as regulators of gene expression and epigenetics. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 90:430-40. [PMID: 21558279 PMCID: PMC3096308 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide studies have revealed that mammalian genomes are pervasively transcribed. This has led to the identification and isolation of novel classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that influence gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Here we review the characteristics and functions of regulatory ncRNAs in chromatin remodelling and at multiple levels of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. We also describe the potential roles of ncRNAs in vascular biology and in mediating epigenetic modifications that might play roles in cardiovascular disease susceptibility. The emerging recognition of the diverse functions of ncRNAs in regulation of gene expression suggests that they may represent new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna U. Kaikkonen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine 1, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70120 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael T.Y. Lam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
- The Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
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253
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Ikushima H, Miyazono K. TGF-β signal transduction spreading to a wider field: a broad variety of mechanisms for context-dependent effects of TGF-β. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:37-49. [PMID: 21618142 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling is involved in almost all major cell behaviors under physiological and pathological conditions, and its regulatory system has therefore been vigorously investigated. The fundamental elements in TGF-β signaling are TGF-β ligands, their receptors, and intracellular Smad effectors. The TGF-β ligand induces the receptors directly to phosphorylate and activate Smad proteins, which then form transcriptional complexes to control target genes. One of the classical questions in the field of research on TGF-β signaling is how this cytokine induces multiple cell responses depending on cell type and cellular context. Possible answers to this question include cross-interaction with other signaling pathways, different repertoires of Smad-binding transcription factors, and genetic alterations, especially in cancer cells. In addition to these genetic paradigms, recent work has extended TGF-β research into new fields, including epigenetic regulation and non-coding RNAs. In this review, we first describe the basic machinery of TGF-β signaling and discuss several factors that comprise TGF-β signaling networks. We then address mechanisms by which TGF-β induces several responses in a cell-context-dependent fashion. In addition to classical frames, the interaction of TGF-β signaling with epigenetics and microRNA is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ikushima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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254
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Liu Y, Xiao A. Epigenetic regulation in neural crest development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:788-96. [PMID: 21618405 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent, migratory cell population that arises from the developing dorsal neural fold of vertebrate embryos. Once their fates are specified, neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate along defined routes and differentiate into a variety of tissues, including bone and cartilage of the craniofacial skeleton, peripheral neurons, glia, pigment cells, endocrine cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells (Santagati and Rijli,2003; Dupin et al.,2006; Hall,2009). Abnormal development of NCCs causes a number of human diseases, including ear abnormalities (including deafness), heart anomalies, neuroblastomas, and mandibulofacial dysostosis (Hall,2009). For more than a century, NCCs have attracted the attention of geneticists and developmental biologists for their stem cell-like properties, including self-renewal and multipotent differentiation potential. However, we have only begun to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for their formation and behavior. Recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetic regulation plays important roles in NC development. In this review, we focused on some of the most recent findings on chromatin-mediated mechanisms for vertebrate NCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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255
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Nakatome M, Orii M, Hamajima M, Hirata Y, Uemura M, Hirayama S, Isobe I. Methylation analysis of circadian clock gene promoters in forensic autopsy specimens. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2011; 13:205-9. [PMID: 21596611 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation in gene promoter regions influences gene expression. Circadian clock genes play an important role in the formation of a biological clock and aberrant methylation of these genes contributes to several disorders. In this study, we examined forensic autopsy specimens to determine whether DNA methylation status in the promoter regions of nine circadian clock genes (Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Bmal1, Clock, Tim, and Ck1e) is related to a change in acquired diathesis and/or causes of death. Methylation-specific PCR and direct sequencing methods revealed that the promoters of Per1, Cry2, Bmal1, Clock, and Ck1e were unmethylated in all the forensic autopsy specimens, while the promoters of Per2, Per3, Cry1, and Tim were partially methylated. Methylation status varied between individuals and between tissues in the same patient. A detailed analysis of methylation patterns in the Cry1 promoter region revealed that the patterns also varied between individuals and the Cry1 promoter had highly methylated patterns in two cases that had been exposed to methamphetamine. These results suggest that the methylation status of clock gene promoters varies between individuals. Methamphetamine use may influence methylation in the Cry1 gene promoter region and disturb circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakatome
- Department of Legal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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256
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011; 26:270-4. [PMID: 21490464 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e328346ccf1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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257
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Steps towards reducing chronic disease progression are continuously being taken through the form of genomic research. Studies over the last year have highlighted more and more polymorphisms, pathways and interactions responsible for metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular disease, obesity and dyslipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS Many of these chronic illnesses can be partially blamed by altered lipid metabolism, combined with individual genetic components. Critical evaluation and comparison of these recent studies is essential in order to comprehend the results, conclusions and future prospects in the field of genomics as a whole. Recent literature elucidates significant gene--diet and gene--environment interactions resulting in altered lipid metabolism, inflammation and other metabolic imbalances leading to cardiovascular disease and obesity. SUMMARY Epigenetic and epistatic interactions are now becoming more significantly associated with such disorders, as genomic research digs deeper into the complex nature of genetic individuality and heritability. The vast array of data collected from genome-wide association studies must now be empowered and explored through more complex interaction studies, using standardized methods and larger sample sizes. In doing so the etiology of chronic disease progression will be further understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Ordovás
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Centre on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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258
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Dunoyer-Geindre S, Kruithof EKO. Epigenetic control of tissue-type plasminogen activator synthesis in human endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 90:457-63. [PMID: 21282301 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is produced by endothelial cells (EC) and is responsible for the removal of intravascular fibrin deposits. We investigated whether expression of t-PA by EC is under epigenetic control. METHODS AND RESULTS Methylation analysis of the proximal t-PA promoter revealed a stretch of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides from position -121 to +59, while upstream CpG dinucleotides were all methylated. In contrast, in human primary hepatocytes, which express t-PA at much lower levels than EC, the proximal promoter was partially methylated. Treatment of EC with the non-specific histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors butyrate and trichostatin and with MS275, a specific inhibitor of class I HDAC, resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in t-PA expression. Garcinol and anacardic acid, inhibitors of the histone acetyl transferases CBP/p300 and PCAF, reduced basal and HDAC inhibitor-induced t-PA expression, whereas curcumin, an inhibitor of CBP/p300 only, had no effect. We performed chromosome immunoprecipitation analysis of the t-PA promoter using antibodies specific for acetylated histone H3 or H4 and observed an increase in H3 acetylation of 10 ± 3 and 44 ± 14-fold in EC treated with trichostatin or MS275, respectively, and in H4 acetylation of 7.7 ± 1.4 and 16 ± 3-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION The proximal t-PA promoter is unmethylated in human EC and partially methylated in human primary hepatocytes. Expression of t-PA by EC is repressed by HDACs in a mechanism that involves de-acetylation of histone H3 and H4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Dunoyer-Geindre
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, University Hospital of Geneva, University Medical Center, Room 9094, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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259
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Zhou B, Margariti A, Zeng L, Xu Q. Role of histone deacetylases in vascular cell homeostasis and arteriosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 90:413-20. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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260
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Korkmaz A, Manchester L, Topal T, Ma S, Tan D, Reiter R. Epigenetic mechanisms in human physiology and diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/jeim.060611.rw.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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261
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Marti
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Physiology and Toxicology, Pharmacy School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- * Department of Food Science, Nutrition, Physiology and Toxicology, Pharmacy School, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31001 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain,
| | - Jose Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- IMDEA Alimentacion
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
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