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Aherrahrou R, Kaikkonen MU. Technological advancements in functional interpretation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) findings: bridging the gap to clinical translation. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38683017 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) significantly advanced our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of diseases. However, challenges persist, particularly in interpreting non-coding variants in linkage disequilibrium that affect genes in disease-relevant cells. Addressing key obstacles-identifying causal variants, uncovering target genes, and understanding their network impact-is crucial. This graphical review navigates advanced techniques to fully leverage GWAS for future therapeutic breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redouane Aherrahrou
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
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2
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Mocci G, Sukhavasi K, Örd T, Bankier S, Singha P, Arasu UT, Agbabiaje OO, Mäkinen P, Ma L, Hodonsky CJ, Aherrahrou R, Muhl L, Liu J, Gustafsson S, Byandelger B, Wang Y, Koplev S, Lendahl U, Owens G, Leeper NJ, Pasterkamp G, Vanlandewijck M, Michoel T, Ruusalepp A, Hao K, Ylä-Herttuala S, Väli M, Järve H, Mokry M, Civelek M, Miller C, Kovacic JC, Kaikkonen MU, Betsholtz C, Björkegren JLM. Single-Cell Gene-Regulatory Networks of Advanced Symptomatic Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2024. [PMID: 38639096 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While our understanding of the single-cell gene expression patterns underlying the transformation of vascular cell types during the progression of atherosclerosis is rapidly improving, the clinical and pathophysiological relevance of these changes remains poorly understood. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing data generated with SmartSeq2 (≈8000 genes/cell) in nearly 19 000 single cells isolated during atherosclerosis progression in Ldlr-/-Apob100/100 mice with human-like plasma lipoproteins and from humans with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid plaques was clustered into multiple subtypes. For clinical and pathophysiological context, the advanced-stage and symptomatic subtype clusters were integrated with 135 tissue-specific (atherosclerotic aortic wall, mammary artery, liver, skeletal muscle, and visceral and subcutaneous, fat) gene-regulatory networks (GRNs) inferred from 600 coronary artery disease patients in the STARNET (Stockholm-Tartu Atherosclerosis Reverse Network Engineering Task) study. RESULTS Advanced stages of atherosclerosis progression and symptomatic carotid plaques were largely characterized by 3 smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and 3 macrophage subtype clusters with extracellular matrix organization/osteogenic (SMC), and M1-type proinflammatory/Trem2-high lipid-associated (macrophage) phenotypes. Integrative analysis of these 6 clusters with STARNET revealed significant enrichments of 3 arterial wall GRNs: GRN33 (macrophage), GRN39 (SMC), and GRN122 (macrophage) with major contributions to coronary artery disease heritability and strong associations with clinical scores of coronary atherosclerosis severity (SYNTAX/Duke scores). The presence and pathophysiological relevance of GRN39 were verified in 5 independent RNAseq data sets obtained from the human coronary and aortic artery, and primary SMCs and by targeting its top-key drivers, FRZB and ALCAM, in cultured human vascular SMCs. CONCLUSIONS By identifying and integrating the most gene-rich single-cell subclusters of atherosclerosis to date with a coronary artery disease framework of GRNs, GRN39 was identified and independently validated as being critical for the transformation of contractile SMCs into an osteogenic phenotype promoting advanced-stage, symptomatic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mocci
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Katyayani Sukhavasi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and The Heart Clinic, Tartu University Hospital and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, Estonia (K.S., A.R., H.J.)
| | - Tiit Örd
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.O., P.S., U.T.A., O.O.A., P.M., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Sean Bankier
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Norway (S.B., T.M.)
| | - Prosanta Singha
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.O., P.S., U.T.A., O.O.A., P.M., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Uma Thanigai Arasu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.O., P.S., U.T.A., O.O.A., P.M., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Olayinka Oluwasegun Agbabiaje
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.O., P.S., U.T.A., O.O.A., P.M., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.O., P.S., U.T.A., O.O.A., P.M., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Lijiang Ma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (L. Ma, S.K., K.H., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Chani J Hodonsky
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. (C.J.H., G.O., C.M.)
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. (C.J.H., R.A., M.C.)
| | - Redouane Aherrahrou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and The Heart Clinic, Tartu University Hospital and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, Estonia (K.S., A.R., H.J.)
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. (C.J.H., R.A., M.C.)
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Sonja Gustafsson
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Byambajav Byandelger
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (Y.W., N.J.L.)
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA (Y.W., N.J.L.)
| | - Simon Koplev
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (L. Ma, S.K., K.H., J.L.M.B.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Gary Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. (C.J.H., G.O., C.M.)
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (Y.W., N.J.L.)
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA (Y.W., N.J.L.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. (G.P., M.M.)
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. (G.P., M.M.)
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Tom Michoel
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Norway (S.B., T.M.)
| | - Arno Ruusalepp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. (R.A., M.C.)
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (L. Ma, S.K., K.H., J.L.M.B.)
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.O., P.S., U.T.A., O.O.A., P.M., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Marika Väli
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.V., C.B.)
- Department of Pathological anatomy and Forensic medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.V.)
| | - Heli Järve
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and The Heart Clinic, Tartu University Hospital and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, Estonia (K.S., A.R., H.J.)
| | - Michal Mokry
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. (G.P., M.M.)
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. (G.P., M.M.)
| | - Mete Civelek
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. (C.J.H., G.O., C.M.)
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. (C.J.H., R.A., M.C.)
| | - Clint Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. (R.A., M.C.)
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.C.K.)
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia (J.C.K.)
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia (J.C.K.)
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.O., P.S., U.T.A., O.O.A., P.M., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.V., C.B.)
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (G.M., L. Muhl, J.L., S.G., B.B., U.L., M.V., C.B., J.L.M.B.)
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (L. Ma, S.K., K.H., J.L.M.B.)
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden (J.L.M.B.)
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Kaikkonen MU. Genetic variation drives differences in obesity-related gene regulation. Trends Genet 2024; 40:296-298. [PMID: 38462400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Heikkinen and colleagues recently demonstrated that genetic variation, rather than dietary changes, governs gene regulation in liver. This finding highlights the impact of noncoding variants on chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, transcription factor binding, and gene expression and has implications for future research directions in understanding the genetic basis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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4
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Leclerc S, Gupta A, Ruokolainen V, Chen JH, Kunnas K, Ekman AA, Niskanen H, Belevich I, Vihinen H, Turkki P, Perez-Berna AJ, Kapishnikov S, Mäntylä E, Harkiolaki M, Dufour E, Hytönen V, Pereiro E, McEnroe T, Fahy K, Kaikkonen MU, Jokitalo E, Larabell CA, Weinhardt V, Mattola S, Aho V, Vihinen-Ranta M. Progression of herpesvirus infection remodels mitochondrial organization and metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011829. [PMID: 38620036 PMCID: PMC11045090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses target mitochondria to promote their replication, and infection-induced stress during the progression of infection leads to the regulation of antiviral defenses and mitochondrial metabolism which are opposed by counteracting viral factors. The precise structural and functional changes that underlie how mitochondria react to the infection remain largely unclear. Here we show extensive transcriptional remodeling of protein-encoding host genes involved in the respiratory chain, apoptosis, and structural organization of mitochondria as herpes simplex virus type 1 lytic infection proceeds from early to late stages of infection. High-resolution microscopy and interaction analyses unveiled infection-induced emergence of rough, thin, and elongated mitochondria relocalized to the perinuclear area, a significant increase in the number and clustering of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites, and thickening and shortening of mitochondrial cristae. Finally, metabolic analyses demonstrated that reactivation of ATP production is accompanied by increased mitochondrial Ca2+ content and proton leakage as the infection proceeds. Overall, the significant structural and functional changes in the mitochondria triggered by the viral invasion are tightly connected to the progression of the virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Leclerc
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Alka Gupta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Visa Ruokolainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kari Kunnas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Axel A. Ekman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Turkki
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ana J. Perez-Berna
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elina Mäntylä
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK; Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Dufour
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa Hytönen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eva Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carolyn A. Larabell
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Venera Weinhardt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Salla Mattola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Vesa Aho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Li J, Zhu J, Gray O, Sobreira DR, Wu D, Huang RT, Miao B, Sakabe NJ, Krause MD, Kaikkonen MU, Romanoski CE, Nobrega MA, Fang Y. Mechanosensitive super-enhancers regulate genes linked to atherosclerosis in endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202211125. [PMID: 38231044 PMCID: PMC10794123 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular homeostasis and pathophysiology are tightly regulated by mechanical forces generated by hemodynamics. Vascular disorders such as atherosclerotic diseases largely occur at curvatures and bifurcations where disturbed blood flow activates endothelial cells while unidirectional flow at the straight part of vessels promotes endothelial health. Integrated analysis of the endothelial transcriptome, the 3D epigenome, and human genetics systematically identified the SNP-enriched cistrome in vascular endothelium subjected to well-defined atherosclerosis-prone disturbed flow or atherosclerosis-protective unidirectional flow. Our results characterized the endothelial typical- and super-enhancers and underscored the critical regulatory role of flow-sensitive endothelial super-enhancers. CRISPR interference and activation validated the function of a previously unrecognized unidirectional flow-induced super-enhancer that upregulates antioxidant genes NQO1, CYB5B, and WWP2, and a disturbed flow-induced super-enhancer in endothelium which drives prothrombotic genes EDN1 and HIVEP in vascular endothelium. Our results employing multiomics identify the cis-regulatory architecture of the flow-sensitive endothelial epigenome related to atherosclerosis and highlight the regulatory role of super-enhancers in mechanotransduction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiayu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olivia Gray
- Department of Human Genetics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Débora R. Sobreira
- Department of Human Genetics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Wu
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ru-Ting Huang
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bernadette Miao
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Noboru J. Sakabe
- Department of Human Genetics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew D. Krause
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Casey E. Romanoski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marcelo A. Nobrega
- Department of Human Genetics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yun Fang
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Aherrahrou R, Baig F, Theofilatos K, Lue D, Beele A, Örd T, Kaikkonen MU, Aherrahrou Z, Cheng Q, Ghosh S, Karnewar S, Karnewar V, Finn A, Owens GK, Joner M, Mayr M, Civelek M. Secreted Protein Profiling of Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Identifies Vascular Disease Associations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024. [PMID: 38328934 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which make up the medial layer of arteries, are key cell types involved in cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In response to microenvironment alterations, SMCs dedifferentiate from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype characterized by an increased proliferation, migration, production of ECM (extracellular matrix) components, and decreased expression of SMC-specific contractile markers. These phenotypic changes result in vascular remodeling and contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, and aortic aneurysms. Here, we aim to identify the genetic variants that regulate ECM secretion in SMCs and predict the causal proteins associated with vascular disease-related loci identified in genome-wide association studies. METHODS Using human aortic SMCs from 123 multiancestry healthy heart transplant donors, we collected the serum-free media in which the cells were cultured for 24 hours and conducted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of the conditioned media. RESULTS We measured the abundance of 270 ECM and related proteins. Next, we performed protein quantitative trait locus mapping and identified 20 loci associated with secreted protein abundance in SMCs. We functionally annotated these loci using a colocalization approach. This approach prioritized the genetic variant rs6739323-A at the 2p22.3 locus, which is associated with lower expression of LTBP1 (latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1) in SMCs and atherosclerosis-prone areas of the aorta, and increased risk for SMC calcification. We found that LTBP1 expression is abundant in SMCs, and its expression at mRNA and protein levels was reduced in unstable and advanced atherosclerotic plaque lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our results unravel the SMC proteome signature associated with vascular disorders, which may help identify potential therapeutic targets to accelerate the pathway to translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rédouane Aherrahrou
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.A., D.L., M.C.)
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland (R.A., T.O., M.U.K.)
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Centre Lübeck, Germany (R.A., Z.A.)
| | - Ferheen Baig
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (F.B., K.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Theofilatos
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (F.B., K.T.)
| | - Dillon Lue
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.A., D.L., M.C.)
| | - Alicia Beele
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD (A.B., Q.C., S.G., A.F.)
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland (R.A., T.O., M.U.K.)
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland (R.A., T.O., M.U.K.)
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Centre Lübeck, Germany (R.A., Z.A.)
| | - Qi Cheng
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD (A.B., Q.C., S.G., A.F.)
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD (A.B., Q.C., S.G., A.F.)
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (S.K., V.K., M.J.)
| | - Vaishnavi Karnewar
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (S.K., V.K., M.J.)
| | - Aloke Finn
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD (A.B., Q.C., S.G., A.F.)
| | - Gary K Owens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (G.K.O.)
| | - Michael Joner
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.J.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (S.K., V.K., M.J.)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.A., D.L., M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.C.)
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Scoyni F, Giudice L, Väänänen M, Downes N, Korhonen P, Choo XY, Välimäki N, Mäkinen P, Korvenlaita N, Rozemuller AJ, de Vries HE, Polo J, Turunen TA, Ylä‐Herttuala S, Hansen TB, Grubman A, Kaikkonen MU, Malm T. Alzheimer's disease-induced phagocytic microglia express a specific profile of coding and non-coding RNAs. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:954-974. [PMID: 37828821 PMCID: PMC10916983 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the main cause of dementia in the elderly. AD pathology is characterized by accumulation of microglia around the beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques which assumes disease-specific transcriptional signatures, as for the disease-associated microglia (DAM). However, the regulators of microglial phagocytosis are still unknown. METHODS We isolated Aβ-laden microglia from the brain of 5xFAD mice for RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptional signature in phagocytic microglia and to identify the key non-coding RNAs capable of regulating microglial phagocytosis. Through spatial sequencing, we show the transcriptional changes of microglia in the AD mouse brain in relation to Aβ proximity. RESULTS Finally, we show that phagocytic messenger RNAs are regulated by miR-7a-5p, miR-29a-3p and miR-146a-5p microRNAs and segregate the DAM population into phagocytic and non-phagocytic states. DISCUSSION Our study pinpoints key regulators of microglial Aβ clearing capacity suggesting new targets for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Scoyni
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Luca Giudice
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Mari‐Anna Väänänen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Nicholas Downes
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Xin Yi Choo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Development and Stem Cells ProgramMonash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nelli‐Noora Välimäki
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Nea Korvenlaita
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Annemieke J Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamMBthe Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamMBthe Netherlands
| | - Jose Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Development and Stem Cells ProgramMonash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tiia A Turunen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Seppo Ylä‐Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Thomas B Hansen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience CenterDepartment of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Present address:
Targovax ASALysaker1366Norway
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Development and Stem Cells ProgramMonash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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8
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Deen AJ, Adinolfi S, Härkönen J, Patinen T, Liu X, Laitinen T, Takabe P, Kainulainen K, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Gawriyski LM, Arasu UT, Selvarajan I, Mäkinen P, Laitinen H, Kansanen E, Kaikkonen MU, Poso A, Varjosalo M, Levonen AL. Oncogenic KEAP1 mutations activate TRAF2-NFκB signaling to prevent apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103031. [PMID: 38184997 PMCID: PMC10808971 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) - Nuclear factor erythroid 2 -related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway is the major transcriptional stress response system in cells against oxidative and electrophilic stress. NRF2 is frequently constitutively active in many cancers, rendering the cells resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in the repressor protein KEAP1 are common in non-small cell lung cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma. While the mutations can occur throughout the gene, they are enriched in certain areas, indicating that these may have unique functional importance. In this study, we show that in the GSEA analysis of TCGA lung adenocarcinoma RNA-seq data, the KEAP1 mutations in R320 and R470 were associated with enhanced Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) - Nuclear Factor kappa subunit B (NFκB) signaling as well as MYC and MTORC1 pathways. To address the functional role of these hotspot mutations, affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) analysis of wild type (wt) KEAP1 and its mutation forms, R320Q and R470C were employed to interrogate differences in the protein interactome. We identified TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2) as a putative protein interaction partner. Both mutant KEAP1 forms showed increased interaction with TRAF2 and other anti-apoptotic proteins, suggesting that apoptosis signalling could be affected by the protein interactions. A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells overexpressing mutant KEAP1 showed high TRAF2-mediated NFκB activity and increased protection against apoptosis, XIAP being one of the key proteins involved in anti-apoptotic signalling. To conclude, KEAP1 R320Q and R470C and its interaction with TRAF2 leads to activation of NFκB pathway, thereby protecting against apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashik Jawahar Deen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Simone Adinolfi
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Jouni Härkönen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland; Department of Pathology, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland
| | - Tommi Patinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Piia Takabe
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kainulainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | | | - Lisa M Gawriyski
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Uma Thanigai Arasu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Ilakya Selvarajan
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Hanna Laitinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland; Science Service Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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9
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Ravindran A, Holappa L, Niskanen H, Skovorodkin I, Kaisto S, Beter M, Kiema M, Selvarajan I, Nurminen V, Aavik E, Aherrahrou R, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Fortino V, Laakkonen JP, Ylä-Herttuala S, Vainio S, Örd T, Kaikkonen MU. Translatome profiling reveals Itih4 as a novel smooth muscle cell-specific gene in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2024:cvae028. [PMID: 38289873 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and their derivatives are key contributors to the development of atherosclerosis. However, studying changes in SMC gene expression in heterogeneous vascular tissues is challenging due to the technical limitations and high cost associated with current approaches. In this paper, we apply Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification sequencing (TRAP-Seq) to profile SMC-specific gene expression directly from tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS To facilitate SMC-specific translatome analysis, we generated SMCTRAP mice, a transgenic mouse line expressing EGFP-tagged ribosomal protein L10a (EGFP-L10a) under the control of the SMC-specific αSMA promoter. These mice were further crossed with the atherosclerosis model Ldlr-/-, ApoB100/100 to generate SMCTRAP-AS mice and used to profile atherosclerosis-associated SMCs in thoracic aorta samples of 15-month-old SMCTRAP and SMCTRAP-AS mice. Our analysis of SMCTRAP-AS mice showed that EGFP-L10a expression was localized to SMCs in various tissues, including the aortic wall and plaque. The TRAP fraction demonstrated high enrichment of known SMC-specific genes, confirming the specificity of our approach. We identified several genes, including Cemip, Lum, Mfge8, Spp1, and Serpina3, that are known to be involved in atherosclerosis-induced gene expression. Moreover, we identified several novel genes not previously linked to SMCs in atherosclerosis, such as Anxa4, Cd276, Itih4, Myof, Pcdh11x, Rab31, Serpinb6b, Slc35e4, Slc8a3, and Spink5. Among them, we confirmed the SMC-specific expression of Itih4 in atherosclerotic lesions using immunofluorescence staining of mouse aortic roots and spatial transcriptomics of human carotid arteries. Furthermore, our more detailed analysis of Itih4 showed its link to coronary artery disease (CAD) through the colocalization of GWAS, splice-QTL, and protein-QTL signals. CONCLUSIONS We generated a SMC-specific TRAP mouse line to study atherosclerosis and identified Itih4 as a novel SMC-expressed gene in atherosclerotic plaques, warranting further investigation of its putative function in extracellular matrix stability and genetic evidence of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Ravindran
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Lari Holappa
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Ilya Skovorodkin
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu
| | - Susanna Kaisto
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu
| | - Mustafa Beter
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Miika Kiema
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Ilakya Selvarajan
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Valtteri Nurminen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Einari Aavik
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Rédouane Aherrahrou
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vittorio Fortino
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Seppo Vainio
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
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10
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Aherrahrou R, Baig F, Theofilatos K, Lue D, Beele A, Örd T, Kaikkonen MU, Aherrahrou Z, Cheng Q, Ghosh S, Karnewar S, Karnewar V, Finn A, Owens GK, Joner M, Mayr M, Civelek M. Secreted protein profiling of human aortic smooth muscle cells identifies vascular disease associations. medRxiv 2023:2023.11.10.23298351. [PMID: 37986932 PMCID: PMC10659471 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.23298351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which make up the medial layer of arteries, are key cell types involved in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In response to microenvironment alterations, SMCs dedifferentiate from a "contractile" to a "synthetic" phenotype characterized by an increased proliferation, migration, production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and decreased expression of SMC-specific contractile markers. These phenotypic changes result in vascular remodeling and contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD, including coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, hypertension, and aortic aneurysms. Here, we aim to identify the genetic variants that regulate ECM secretion in SMCs and predict the causal proteins associated with vascular disease-related loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Methods Using human aortic SMCs from 123 multi-ancestry healthy heart transplant donors, we collected the serum-free media in which the cells were cultured for 24 hours and conducted Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomic analysis of the conditioned media. Results We measured the abundance of 270 ECM and related proteins. Next, we performed protein quantitative trait locus mapping (pQTL) and identified 20 loci associated with secreted protein abundance in SMCs. We functionally annotated these loci using a colocalization approach. This approach prioritized the genetic variant rs6739323-A at the 2p22.3 locus, which is associated with lower expression of LTBP1 in SMCs and atherosclerosis-prone areas of the aorta, and increased risk for SMC calcification. We found that LTBP1 expression is abundant in SMCs, and its expression at mRNA and protein levels was reduced in unstable and advanced atherosclerotic plaque lesions. Conclusions Our results unravel the SMC proteome signature associated with vascular disorders, which may help identify potential therapeutic targets to accelerate the pathway to translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rédouane Aherrahrou
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Centre Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ferheen Baig
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dillon Lue
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alicia Beele
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Centre Lübeck, Germany
| | - Qi Cheng
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Vaishnavi Karnewar
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Aloke Finn
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Gary K. Owens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Michael Joner
- Klinik für Herz-und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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11
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Downes N, Niskanen H, Tomas Bosch V, Taipale M, Godiwala M, Väänänen MA, Turunen TA, Aavik E, Laham-Karam N, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kaikkonen MU. Hypoxic regulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha via antisense transcription. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105291. [PMID: 37748649 PMCID: PMC10630634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired oxygen homeostasis is a frequently encountered pathophysiological factor in multiple complex diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. While the canonical hypoxia response pathway is well characterized, less is known about the role of noncoding RNAs in this process. Here, we investigated the nascent and steady-state noncoding transcriptional responses in endothelial cells and their potential roles in regulating the hypoxic response. Notably, we identify a novel antisense long noncoding RNA that convergently overlaps the majority of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1A) locus, which is expressed across several cell types and elevated in atherosclerotic lesions. The antisense (HIF1A-AS) is produced as a stable, unspliced, and polyadenylated nuclear retained transcript. HIF1A-AS is highly induced in hypoxia by both HIF1A and HIF2A and exhibits anticorrelation with the coding HIF1A transcript and protein expression. We further characterized this functional relationship by CRISPR-mediated bimodal perturbation of the HIF1A-AS promoter. We provide evidence that HIF1A-AS represses the expression of HIF1a in cis by repressing transcriptional elongation and deposition of H3K4me3, and that this mechanism is dependent on the act of antisense transcription itself. Overall, our results indicate a critical regulatory role of antisense mediated transcription in regulation of HIF1A expression and cellular response to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Downes
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Vanesa Tomas Bosch
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Mari Taipale
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Mehvash Godiwala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Mari-Anna Väänänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Tiia A Turunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Einari Aavik
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland; School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland; Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, North-Savo, Finland.
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12
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Li W, Lin A, Hutton M, Dhaliwal H, Nadel J, Rodor J, Tumanov S, Örd T, Hadden M, Mokry M, Mol BM, Pasterkamp G, Padula MP, Geczy CL, Ramaswamy Y, Sluimer JC, Kaikkonen MU, Stocker R, Baker AH, Fisher EA, Patel S, Misra A. Colchicine promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability independently of inflammation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.03.560632. [PMID: 37873248 PMCID: PMC10592948 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease which is driven in part by the aberrant trans -differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). No therapeutic drug has been shown to reverse detrimental SMC-derived cell phenotypes into protective phenotypes, a hypothesized enabler of plaque regression and improved patient outcome. Herein, we describe a novel function of colchicine in the beneficial modulation of SMC-derived cell phenotype, independent of its conventional anti-inflammatory effects. Using SMC fate mapping in an advanced atherosclerotic lesion model, colchicine induced plaque regression by converting pathogenic SMC-derived macrophage-like and osteoblast-like cells into protective myofibroblast-like cells which thickened, and thereby stabilized, the fibrous cap. This was dependent on Notch3 signaling in SMC-derived plaque cells. These findings may help explain the success of colchicine in clinical trials relative to other anti-inflammatory drugs. Thus, we demonstrate the potential of regulating SMC phenotype in advanced plaque regression through Notch3 signaling, in addition to the canonical anti-inflammatory actions of drugs to treat atherosclerosis.
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13
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Darci-Maher N, Alvarez M, Arasu UT, Selvarajan I, Lee SHT, Pan DZ, Miao Z, Das SS, Kaminska D, Örd T, Benhammou JN, Wabitsch M, Pisegna JR, Männistö V, Pietiläinen KH, Laakso M, Sinsheimer JS, Kaikkonen MU, Pihlajamäki J, Pajukanta P. Cross-tissue omics analysis discovers ten adipose genes encoding secreted proteins in obesity-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104620. [PMID: 37224770 PMCID: PMC10277924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fast-growing, underdiagnosed, epidemic. We hypothesise that obesity-related inflammation compromises adipose tissue functions, preventing efficient fat storage, and thus driving ectopic fat accumulation into the liver. METHODS To identify adipose-based mechanisms and potential serum biomarker candidates (SBCs) for NAFLD, we utilise dual-tissue RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data in adipose tissue and liver, paired with histology-based NAFLD diagnosis, from the same individuals in a cohort of obese individuals. We first scan for genes that are differentially expressed (DE) for NAFLD in obese individuals' subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in their liver; encode proteins secreted to serum; and show preferential adipose expression. Then the identified genes are filtered to key adipose-origin NAFLD genes by best subset analysis, knockdown experiments during human preadipocyte differentiation, recombinant protein treatment experiments in human liver HepG2 cells, and genetic analysis. FINDINGS We discover a set of genes, including 10 SBCs, that may modulate NAFLD pathogenesis by impacting adipose tissue function. Based on best subset analysis, we further follow-up on two SBCs CCDC80 and SOD3 by knockdown in human preadipocytes and subsequent differentiation experiments, which show that they modulate crucial adipogenesis genes, LPL, SREBPF1, and LEP. We also show that treatment of the liver HepG2 cells with the CCDC80 and SOD3 recombinant proteins impacts genes related to steatosis and lipid processing, including PPARA, NFE2L2, and RNF128. Finally, utilizing the adipose NAFLD DE gene cis-regulatory variants associated with serum triglycerides (TGs) in extensive genome-wide association studies (GWASs), we demonstrate a unidirectional effect of serum TGs on NAFLD with Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis. We also demonstrate that a single SNP regulating one of the SBC genes, rs2845885, produces a significant MR result by itself. This supports the conclusion that genetically regulated adipose expression of the NAFLD DE genes may contribute to NAFLD through changes in serum TG levels. INTERPRETATION Our results from the dual-tissue transcriptomics screening improve the understanding of obesity-related NAFLD by providing a targeted set of 10 adipose tissue-active genes as new serum biomarker candidates for the currently grossly underdiagnosed fatty liver disease. FUNDING The work was supported by NIH grants R01HG010505 and R01DK132775. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project was supported by the Common Fund of the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health, and by NCI, NHGRI, NHLBI, NIDA, NIMH, and NINDS. The KOBS study (J. P.) was supported by the Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation, Kuopio University Hospital Project grant (EVO/VTR grants 2005-2019), and the Academy of Finland grant (Contract no. 138006). This study was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant No. 802825 to M. U. K.). K. H. P. was funded by the Academy of Finland (grant numbers 272376, 266286, 314383, and 335443), the Finnish Medical Foundation, Gyllenberg Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant numbers NNF10OC1013354, NNF17OC0027232, and NNF20OC0060547), Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital and Government Research Funds. I. S. was funded by the Instrumentarium Science Foundation. Personal grants to U. T. A. were received from the Matti and Vappu Maukonen Foundation, Ella och Georg Ehrnrooths Stiftelse and the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Darci-Maher
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marcus Alvarez
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Uma Thanigai Arasu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilakya Selvarajan
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seung Hyuk T Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - David Z Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zong Miao
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sankha Subhra Das
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tiit Örd
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jihane N Benhammou
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, and Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles HCS, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles HCS, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ville Männistö
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janet S Sinsheimer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
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14
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López Rodríguez M, Arasu UT, Kaikkonen MU. Exploring the genetic basis of coronary artery disease using functional genomics. Atherosclerosis 2023; 374:87-98. [PMID: 36801133 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified more than 300 loci associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), defining the genetic risk map of the disease. However, the translation of the association signals into biological-pathophysiological mechanisms constitute a major challenge. Through a group of examples of studies focused on CAD, we discuss the rationale, basic principles and outcomes of the main methodologies implemented to prioritize and characterize causal variants and their target genes. Additionally, we highlight the strategies as well as the current methods that integrate association and functional genomics data to dissect the cellular specificity underlying the complexity of disease mechanisms. Despite the limitations of existing approaches, the increasing knowledge generated through functional studies helps interpret GWAS maps and opens novel avenues for the clinical usability of association data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel López Rodríguez
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Uma Thanigai Arasu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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15
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Jauhiainen S, Ilmonen H, Vuola P, Rasinkangas H, Pulkkinen HH, Keränen S, Kiema M, Liikkanen JJ, Laham Karam N, Laidinen S, Beter M, Aavik E, Lappalainen K, Lohi J, Aronniemi J, Örd T, Kaikkonen MU, Salminen P, Tukiainen E, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP. ErbB signalling is a potential therapeutic target for vascular lesions with fibrous component. eLife 2023; 12:82543. [PMID: 37199488 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporadic venous malformation (VM) and angiomatosis of soft tissue (AST) are benign, congenital vascular anomalies affecting venous vasculature. Depending on the size and location of the lesion, symptoms vary from motility disturbances to pain and disfigurement. Due to high recurrence of the lesions more effective therapies are needed. Methods: As targeting stromal cells has been an emerging concept in anti-angiogenic therapies, here, by using VM/AST patient samples, RNA-sequencing, cell culture techniques and a xenograft mouse model, we investigated the crosstalk of endothelial cells (EC) and fibroblasts and its effect on vascular lesion growth. Results: We report, for the first time, expression and secretion of transforming growth factor A (TGFA) in ECs or intervascular stromal cells in AST and VM lesions. TGFA induced secretion of VEGF-A paracrinally, and regulated EC proliferation. Oncogenic PIK3CA variant in p.H1047R, a common somatic mutation found in these lesions, increased TGFA expression, enrichment of hallmark hypoxia, and in a mouse xenograft model, lesion size and vascularization. Treatment with afatinib, a pan-ErbB tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, decreased vascularization and lesion size in mouse xenograft model with ECs expressing oncogenic PIK3CA p.H1047R variant and fibroblasts. Conclusions: Based on the data, we suggest that targeting of both intervascular stromal cells and ECs is a potential treatment strategy for vascular lesions having a fibrous component. Funding: Academy of Finland, Ella and Georg Ehnrooth foundation, the ERC grants, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, and Department of Musculosceletal and Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Jauhiainen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Ilmonen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia Vuola
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heta Rasinkangas
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi H Pulkkinen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Keränen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kiema
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jade J Liikkanen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham Karam
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Svetlana Laidinen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mustafa Beter
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Einari Aavik
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kimmo Lappalainen
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lohi
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Aronniemi
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiit Örd
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Salminen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Tukiainen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Härkönen J, Pölönen P, Deen AJ, Selvarajan I, Teppo HR, Dimova EY, Kietzmann T, Ahtiainen M, Väyrynen JP, Väyrynen SA, Elomaa H, Tynkkynen N, Eklund T, Kuopio T, Talvitie EM, Taimen P, Kallajoki M, Kaikkonen MU, Heinäniemi M, Levonen AL. A pan-cancer analysis shows immunoevasive characteristics in NRF2 hyperactive squamous malignancies. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102644. [PMID: 36867945 PMCID: PMC10011429 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The NRF2 pathway is frequently activated in various cancer types, yet a comprehensive analysis of its effects across different malignancies is currently lacking. We developed a NRF2 activity metric and utilized it to conduct a pan-cancer analysis of oncogenic NRF2 signaling. We identified an immunoevasive phenotype where high NRF2 activity is associated with low interferon-gamma (IFNγ), HLA-I expression and T cell and macrophage infiltration in squamous malignancies of the lung, head and neck area, cervix and esophagus. Squamous NRF2 overactive tumors comprise a molecular phenotype with SOX2/TP63 amplification, TP53 mutation and CDKN2A loss. These immune cold NRF2 hyperactive diseases are associated with upregulation of immunomodulatory NAMPT, WNT5A, SPP1, SLC7A11, SLC2A1 and PD-L1. Based on our functional genomics analyses, these genes represent candidate NRF2 targets, suggesting direct modulation of the tumor immune milieu. Single-cell mRNA data shows that cancer cells of this subtype exhibit decreased expression of IFNγ responsive ligands, and increased expression of immunosuppressive ligands NAMPT, SPP1 and WNT5A that mediate signaling in intercellular crosstalk. In addition, we discovered that the negative relationship of NRF2 and immune cells are explained by stromal populations of lung squamous cell carcinoma, and this effect spans multiple squamous malignancies based on our molecular subtyping and deconvolution data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Härkönen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland; Department of Pathology, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland
| | - Petri Pölönen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland; Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Ashik Jawahar Deen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Ilakya Selvarajan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Hanna-Riikka Teppo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Maarit Ahtiainen
- Department of Education and Research, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Hanna Elomaa
- Department of Education and Research, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40100, Finland
| | - Niko Tynkkynen
- Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Tiia Eklund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40100, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40100, Finland
| | - Eva-Maria Talvitie
- Department of Genomics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland; Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland.
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17
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Örd T, Lönnberg T, Nurminen V, Ravindran A, Niskanen H, Kiema M, Õunap K, Maria M, Moreau PR, Mishra PP, Palani S, Virta J, Liljenbäck H, Aavik E, Roivainen A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP, Lehtimäki T, Kaikkonen MU. Dissecting the polygenic basis of atherosclerosis via disease-associated cell state signatures. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:722-740. [PMID: 37060905 PMCID: PMC10183377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a pandemic disease where up to half of the risk is explained by genetic factors. Advanced insights into the genetic basis of CAD require deeper understanding of the contributions of different cell types, molecular pathways, and genes to disease heritability. Here, we investigate the biological diversity of atherosclerosis-associated cell states and interrogate their contribution to the genetic risk of CAD by using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of mouse and human lesions. We identified 12 disease-associated cell states that we characterized further by gene set functional profiling, ligand-receptor prediction, and transcription factor inference. Importantly, Vcam1+ smooth muscle cell state genes contributed most to SNP-based heritability of CAD. In line with this, genetic variants near smooth muscle cell state genes and regulatory elements explained the largest fraction of CAD-risk variance between individuals. Using this information for variant prioritization, we derived a hybrid polygenic risk score (PRS) that demonstrated improved performance over a classical PRS. Our results provide insights into the biological mechanisms associated with CAD risk, which could make a promising contribution to precision medicine and tailored therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku
| | - Valtteri Nurminen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aarthi Ravindran
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kiema
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kadri Õunap
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maleeha Maria
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pierre R Moreau
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Senthil Palani
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Virta
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Einari Aavik
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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18
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Anisimov A, Fang S, Hemanthakumar KA, Örd T, van Avondt K, Chevre R, Toropainen A, Singha P, Gilani H, Nguyen SD, Karaman S, Korhonen EA, Adams RH, Augustin HG, Öörni K, Soehnlein O, Kaikkonen MU, Alitalo K. The angiopoietin receptor Tie2 is atheroprotective in arterial endothelium. Nat Cardiovasc Res 2023; 2:307-321. [PMID: 37476204 PMCID: PMC7614785 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes and resident cells in the arterial wall contribute to atherosclerosis, especially at sites of disturbed blood flow. Expression of endothelial Tie1 receptor tyrosine kinase is enhanced at these sites, and attenuation of its expression reduces atherosclerotic burden and decreases inflammation. However, Tie2 tyrosine kinase function in atherosclerosis is unknown. Here we provide genetic evidence from humans and from an atherosclerotic mouse model to show that TIE2 is associated with protection from coronary artery disease. We show that deletion of Tie2, or both Tie2 and Tie1, in the arterial endothelium promotes atherosclerosis by increasing Foxo1 nuclear localization, endothelial adhesion molecule expression and accumulation of immune cells. We also show that Tie2 is expressed in a subset of aortic fibroblasts, and its silencing in these cells increases expression of inflammation-related genes. Our findings indicate that unlike Tie1, the Tie2 receptor functions as the dominant endothelial angiopoietin receptor that protects from atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Anisimov
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shentong Fang
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Karthik Amudhala Hemanthakumar
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristof van Avondt
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Raphael Chevre
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anu Toropainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Prosanta Singha
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Huda Gilani
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Su D. Nguyen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emilia A. Korhonen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Neurovascular Cell Biology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut G. Augustin
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Aherrahrou R, Lue D, Perry RN, Aberra YT, Khan MD, Soh JY, Örd T, Singha P, Yang Q, Gilani H, Benavente ED, Wong D, Hinkle J, Ma L, Sheynkman GM, den Ruijter HM, Miller CL, Björkegren JLM, Kaikkonen MU, Civelek M. Genetic Regulation of SMC Gene Expression and Splicing Predict Causal CAD Genes. Circ Res 2023; 132:323-338. [PMID: 36597873 PMCID: PMC9898186 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Recent meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies have identified over 175 loci associated with CAD. The majority of these loci are in noncoding regions and are predicted to regulate gene expression. Given that vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play critical roles in the development and progression of CAD, we aimed to identify the subset of the CAD loci associated with the regulation of transcription in distinct SMC phenotypes. METHODS We measured gene expression in SMCs isolated from the ascending aortas of 151 heart transplant donors of various genetic ancestries in quiescent or proliferative conditions and calculated the association of their expression and splicing with ~6.3 million imputed single-nucleotide polymorphism markers across the genome. RESULTS We identified 4910 expression and 4412 splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) representing regions of the genome associated with transcript abundance and splicing. A total of 3660 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) had not been observed in the publicly available Genotype-Tissue Expression dataset. Further, 29 and 880 eQTLs were SMC-specific and sex-biased, respectively. We made these results available for public query on a user-friendly website. To identify the effector transcript(s) regulated by CAD loci, we used 4 distinct colocalization approaches. We identified 84 eQTL and 164 sQTL that colocalized with CAD loci, highlighting the importance of genetic regulation of mRNA splicing as a molecular mechanism for CAD genetic risk. Notably, 20% and 35% of the eQTLs were unique to quiescent or proliferative SMCs, respectively. One CAD locus colocalized with a sex-specific eQTL (TERF2IP), and another locus colocalized with SMC-specific eQTL (ALKBH8). The most significantly associated CAD locus, 9p21, was an sQTL for the long noncoding RNA CDKN2B-AS1, also known as ANRIL, in proliferative SMCs. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results provide evidence for the molecular mechanisms of genetic susceptibility to CAD in distinct SMC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rédouane Aherrahrou
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dillon Lue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - R Noah Perry
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yonathan Tamrat Aberra
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Daud Khan
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Joon Yuhl Soh
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Prosanta Singha
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Qianyi Yang
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Huda Gilani
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Doris Wong
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jameson Hinkle
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lijiang Ma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Gloria M Sheynkman
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Johan LM Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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20
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Korvenlaita N, Gómez‐Budia M, Scoyni F, Pistono C, Giudice L, Eamen S, Loppi S, de Sande AH, Huremagic B, Bouvy‐Liivrand M, Heinäniemi M, Kaikkonen MU, Cheng L, Hill AF, Kanninen KM, Jenster GW, van Royen ME, Ramiro L, Montaner J, Batkova T, Mikulik R, Giugno R, Jolkkonen J, Korhonen P, Malm T. Dynamic release of neuronal extracellular vesicles containing miR-21a-5p is induced by hypoxia. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12297. [PMID: 36594832 PMCID: PMC9809533 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induces changes in the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in several non-neuronal cells and pathological conditions. EVs are packed with biomolecules, such as microRNA(miR)-21-5p, which respond to hypoxia. However, the true EV association of miR-21-5p, and its functional or biomarker relevance, are inadequately characterised. Neurons are extremely sensitive cells, and it is not known whether the secretion of neuronal EVs and miR-21-5p are altered upon hypoxia. Here, we characterised the temporal EV secretion profile and cell viability of neurons under hypoxia. Hypoxia induced a rapid increase of miR-21a-5p secretion in the EVs, which preceded the elevation of hypoxia-induced tissue or cellular miR-21a-5p. Prolonged hypoxia induced cell death and the release of morphologically distinct EVs. The EVs protected miR-21a-5p from enzymatic degradation but a remarkable fraction of miR-21a-5p remained fragile and non-EV associated. The increase in miR-21a-5p secretion may have biomarker potential, as high blood levels of miR-21-5p in stroke patients were associated with significant disability at hospital discharge. Our data provides an understanding of the dynamic regulation of EV secretion from neurons under hypoxia and provides a candidate for the prediction of recovery from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nea Korvenlaita
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Mireia Gómez‐Budia
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Flavia Scoyni
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Cristiana Pistono
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Luca Giudice
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland,Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of VeronaVeronaVenetoItaly
| | - Shaila Eamen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Sanna Loppi
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Ana Hernández de Sande
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Benjamin Huremagic
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of VeronaVeronaVenetoItaly,Department of Human GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenFlandersBelgium
| | | | | | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and ChemistrySchool of Agriculture Biomedicine & EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and ChemistrySchool of Agriculture Biomedicine & EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia,Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Guido W. Jenster
- Department of UrologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of PathologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Ramiro
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryVall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryVall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institute de Biomedicine of SevilleIBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville & Department of NeurologyHospital Universitario Virgen MacarenaSevilleAndalucíaSpain
| | - Tereza Batkova
- BioVendor‐laboratorni medicina a.s.BrnoCzech Republic,International Clinical Research CenterNeurological DepartmentSt. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Robert Mikulik
- International Clinical Research CenterNeurological DepartmentSt. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of VeronaVeronaVenetoItaly
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Tarja Malm
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
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21
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Kettunen S, Ruotsalainen AK, Örd T, Suoranta T, Heikkilä J, Kaikkonen MU, Laham-Karam N, Ylä-Herttuala S. Deletion of the murine ortholog of human 9p21.3 locus promotes atherosclerosis by increasing macrophage proinflammatory activity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1113890. [PMID: 36950286 PMCID: PMC10025322 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1113890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several genome-wide association studies have reported a risk locus for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the 9p21. 3 chromosomal region. This region encodes a lncRNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) and its genetic variance has a strong association with CAD, but its mechanisms in atherogenesis remain unclear. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the role of the murine ortholog of human 9p21.3 locus in atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Methods Murine 9p21.3 ortholog knockout mice (Chr4Δ70kb/Δ70kb ) were crossbred with Ldlr -/- ApoB 100/100 mice, and atherosclerotic plaque size and morphology were analyzed on a standard or a high-fat diet (HFD). The hematopoietic cell-specific effect of Chr4Δ70kb/Δ70kb on atherosclerotic plaque development was studied via bone marrow (BM) transplantation, where Chr4Δ70kb/Δ70kb or wild-type BM was transplanted into Ldlr -/- ApoB 100/100 mice. The role of Chr4Δ70kb/Δ70kb in macrophage M1/M2 polarization was studied. In addition, single-cell sequencing data from human and mouse atheroma were analyzed to show the expression profiles of ANRIL and its murine equivalent, Ak148321, in the plaques. Results Both systemic and hematopoietic Chr4Δ70kb/Δ70kb increased atherosclerosis in Ldlr -/- ApoB 100/100 mice after 12 weeks of HFD. The systemic Chr4Δ70kb/Δ70kb also elevated the number of circulating leukocytes. Chr4Δ70kb/Δ70kb BMDMs showed enhanced M1 polarization in vitro. Single-cell sequencing data from human and mouse atheroma revealed that ANRIL and Ak148321 were mainly expressed in the immune cells. Conclusion These data demonstrate that both systemic and BM-specific deletion of the murine 9p21.3 risk locus ortholog promotes atherosclerosis and regulates macrophage pro-inflammatory activity, suggesting the inflammation-driven mechanisms of the risk locus on atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Kettunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuisku Suoranta
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne Heikkilä
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- *Correspondence: Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
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22
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Thanigai Arasu U, Ord T, Liikkanen J, Kettunen S, Lonnberg T, Palani S, Yla-Herttuala S, Roivainen A, Kaikkonen MU. Single cell profiling of adipose tissue in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac066.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Academy of Finland
Sigrid Jusélius Foundation
Adipose tissue influences the physiological and pathological processes in our body by regulating lipid storage and metabolic homeostasis. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and complex assemblage consisting of polysaccharides, proteogylcans and signalling proteins. Though both adipocytes and non- adipose cells of the stromal fraction contribute to ECM maintenance, role of adipose tissue ECM in the disease remains poorly characterised. High fat diet (HFD) and obesity represent major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Our overall aim in this study was to understand HFD induced changes in the adipose tissue during atherosclerosis progression using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), to identify the ligands responsible for changes in the expression of ECM components and to characterise the role of ECM protein fibrillin in disease associated tissue changes.
We performed scRNA-seq in the adipose tissue of control mice and atherosclerotic LDLR-/- / ApoB100/100 subjected to 1 (early disease) or 3 months (advanced disease) of HFD. This allowed us to identify 13 different cell types in the adipose tissue of the diseased mice. Among them, we identified mesenchymal cells (MSC) undergoing changes from putatively adipogenic to fibrogenic cells. The differentially expressed genes in the MSC population exhibited functions related to ECM development, maintenance and signalling. We identified Fibrillin-1 (Fbn1) as one of the most prominent up regulated genes and studied the effect of Fbn1 knockout in ApoE-/- Fbn1C1039G+/- mice. The Fbn1 knockout mice model suited our experimental design to study the adipose tissue during atherosclerosis as the mice developed significantly large and unstable plaques characterised by large necrotic core. Our results demonstrated that adipose tissue expresses a new subtype with HFD in Fbn1 knockout mice, which could be associated with insulin resistance and fat accumulation. Fbn1 knockout led to an altered phenotype of MSCs (or adipocytes) in adipose tissue.
Altogether, our analysis provides the first steps toward understanding the role of MSCs in ECM-related changes during atherosclerosis and HFD stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T Ord
- University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - J Liikkanen
- University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - S Kettunen
- University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - T Lonnberg
- University of Turku, Turku Centre for Biotechnology , Turku , Finland
| | - S Palani
- Turku PET Centre , Turku , Finland
| | | | | | - MU Kaikkonen
- University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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23
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Palani S, Miner MWG, Virta J, Liljenbäck H, Eskola O, Örd T, Ravindran A, Kaikkonen MU, Knuuti J, Li XG, Saraste A, Roivainen A. Corrigendum: Exploiting Glutamine Consumption in Atherosclerotic Lesions by Positron Emission Tomography Tracer (2 S,4 R)-4- 18F-Fluoroglutamine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902544. [PMID: 35493509 PMCID: PMC9040374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821423.].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenni Virta
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Eskola
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aarthi Ravindran
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiang-Guo Li
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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24
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Laitinen P, Väänänen MA, Kolari IL, Mäkinen PI, Kaikkonen MU, Weinberg MS, Morris KV, Korhonen P, Malm T, Ylä-Herttuala S, Roberts TC, Turunen MP, Turunen TA. Nuclear microRNA-466c regulates Vegfa expression in response to hypoxia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265948. [PMID: 35358280 PMCID: PMC8975276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are well characterized in their role in silencing gene expression by targeting 3´-UTR of mRNAs in cytoplasm. However, recent studies have shown that miRNAs have a role in the regulation of genes in the nucleus, where they are abundantly located. We show here that in mouse endothelial cell line (C166), nuclear microRNA miR-466c participates in the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor a (Vegfa) gene expression in hypoxia. Upregulation of Vegfa expression in response to hypoxia was significantly compromised after removal of miR-466c with CRISPR-Cas9 genomic deletion. We identified a promoter-associated long non-coding RNA on mouse Vegfa promoter and show that miR-466c directly binds to this transcript to modulate Vegfa expression. Collectively, these observations suggest that miR-466c regulates Vegfa gene transcription in the nucleus by targeting the promoter, and expands on our understanding of the role of miRNAs well beyond their canonical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Laitinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- RNatives Oy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari-Anna Väänänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ida-Liisa Kolari
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri I. Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marc S. Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwaterstrand, Witwaterstrand, South Africa
| | - Kevin V. Morris
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope–Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas C. Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko P. Turunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- RNatives Oy, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tiia A. Turunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- RNatives Oy, Kuopio, Finland
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25
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Maria M, Pouyanfar N, Örd T, Kaikkonen MU. The Power of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in eQTL Discovery. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030502. [PMID: 35328055 PMCID: PMC8949403 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have successfully mapped thousands of loci associated with complex traits. During the last decade, functional genomics approaches combining genotype information with bulk RNA-sequencing data have identified genes regulated by GWAS loci through expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis. Single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) technologies have created new exciting opportunities for spatiotemporal assessment of changes in gene expression at the single-cell level in complex and inherited conditions. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the power of scRNA-Seq in eQTL mapping across different cell types, developmental stages and stimuli that could be obscured when using bulk RNA-Seq methods. In this review, we outline the methodological principles, advantages, limitations and the future experimental and analytical considerations of single-cell eQTL studies. We look forward to the explosion of single-cell eQTL studies applied to large-scale population genetics to take us one step closer to understanding the molecular mechanisms of disease.
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26
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Toropainen A, Stolze LK, Örd T, Whalen MB, Torrell PM, Link VM, Kaikkonen MU, Romanoski CE. Functional noncoding SNPs in human endothelial cells fine-map vascular trait associations. Genome Res 2022; 32:409-424. [PMID: 35193936 PMCID: PMC8896458 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276064.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional consequences of genetic variation in the noncoding human genome are difficult to ascertain despite demonstrated associations to common, complex disease traits. To elucidate properties of functional noncoding SNPs with effects in human endothelial cells (ECs), we utilized our previous molecular quantitative trait locus (molQTL) analysis for transcription factor binding, chromatin accessibility, and H3K27 acetylation to nominate a set of likely functional noncoding SNPs. Together with information from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for vascular disease traits, we tested the ability of 34,344 variants to perturb enhancer function in ECs using the highly multiplexed STARR-seq assay. Of these, 5711 variants validated, whose enriched attributes included: (1) mutations to TF binding motifs for ETS or AP-1 that are regulators of the EC state; (2) location in accessible and H3K27ac-marked EC chromatin; and (3) molQTL associations whereby alleles associate with differences in chromatin accessibility and TF binding across genetically diverse ECs. Next, using pro-inflammatory IL1B as an activator of cell state, we observed robust evidence (>50%) of context-specific SNP effects, underscoring the prevalence of noncoding gene-by-environment (GxE) effects. Lastly, using these cumulative data, we fine-mapped vascular disease loci and highlighted evidence suggesting mechanisms by which noncoding SNPs at two loci affect risk for pulse pressure/large artery stroke and abdominal aortic aneurysm through respective effects on transcriptional regulation of POU4F1 and LDAH. Together, we highlight the attributes and context dependence of functional noncoding SNPs and provide new mechanisms underlying vascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Toropainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Lindsey K Stolze
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.,The Genetics Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Michael B Whalen
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Paula Martí Torrell
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Verena M Link
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Casey E Romanoski
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.,The Genetics Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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27
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Palani S, Miner MWG, Virta J, Liljenbäck H, Eskola O, Örd T, Ravindran A, Kaikkonen MU, Knuuti J, Li XG, Saraste A, Roivainen A. Exploiting Glutamine Consumption in Atherosclerotic Lesions by Positron Emission Tomography Tracer (2S,4R)-4-18F-Fluoroglutamine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:821423. [PMID: 35145523 PMCID: PMC8822173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased glutamine metabolism by macrophages is associated with development of atherosclerotic lesions. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with a glutamine analog (2S,4R)-4-18F-fluoroglutamine (18F-FGln) allows quantification of glutamine consumption in vivo. Here, we investigated uptake of 18F-FGln by atherosclerotic lesions in mice and compared the results with those obtained using the glucose analog 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). Uptake of 18F-FGln and 18F-FDG by healthy control mice (C57BL/6JRj) and atherosclerotic low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice expressing only apolipoprotein B100 (LDLR−/−ApoB100/100) was investigated. The mice were injected intravenously with 18F-FGln or 18F-FDG for in vivo PET/CT imaging. After sacrifice at 70 minutes post-injection, tracer uptake was analyzed by gamma counting of excised tissues and by autoradiography of aorta cryosections, together with histological and immunohistochemical analyses. We found that myocardial uptake of 18F-FGln was low. PET/CT detected lesions in the aortic arch, with a target-to-background ratio (SUVmax, aortic arch/SUVmean, blood) of 1.95 ± 0.42 (mean ± standard deviation). Gamma counting revealed that aortic uptake of 18F-FGln by LDLR−/−ApoB100/100 mice (standardized uptake value [SUV], 0.35 ± 0.06) was significantly higher than that by healthy controls (0.20 ± 0.08, P = 0.03). More detailed analysis by autoradiography revealed that the plaque-to-healthy vessel wall ratio of 18F-FGln (2.90 ± 0.42) was significantly higher than that of 18F-FDG (1.93 ± 0.22, P = 0.004). Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that 18F-FGln uptake in plaques co-localized with glutamine transporter SLC7A7-positive macrophages. Collectively these data show that the 18F-FGln PET tracer detects inflamed atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, exploiting glutamine consumption using 18F-FGln PET may have translational relevance for studying atherosclerotic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Palani
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Anne Roivainen, ; Senthil Palani,
| | | | - Jenni Virta
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Eskola
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aarthi Ravindran
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiang-Guo Li
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Anne Roivainen, ; Senthil Palani,
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28
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Wu C, Borné Y, Gao R, López Rodriguez M, Roell WC, Wilson JM, Regmi A, Luan C, Aly DM, Peter A, Machann J, Staiger H, Fritsche A, Birkenfeld AL, Tao R, Wagner R, Canouil M, Hong MG, Schwenk JM, Ahlqvist E, Kaikkonen MU, Nilsson P, Shore AC, Khan F, Natali A, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Nilsson J, Häring HU, Renström E, Wollheim CB, Engström G, Weng J, Pearson ER, Franks PW, White MF, Duffin KL, Vaag AA, Laakso M, Stefan N, Groop L, De Marinis Y. Elevated circulating follistatin associates with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6486. [PMID: 34759311 PMCID: PMC8580990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatokine follistatin is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and promotes hyperglycemia in mice. Here we explore the relationship of plasma follistatin levels with incident T2D and mechanisms involved. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in follistatin levels for T2D is 1.24 (CI: 1.04–1.47, p < 0.05) during 19-year follow-up (n = 4060, Sweden); and 1.31 (CI: 1.09–1.58, p < 0.01) during 4-year follow-up (n = 883, Finland). High circulating follistatin associates with adipose tissue insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 210, Germany). In human adipocytes, follistatin dose-dependently increases free fatty acid release. In genome-wide association study (GWAS), variation in the glucokinase regulatory protein gene (GCKR) associates with plasma follistatin levels (n = 4239, Sweden; n = 885, UK, Italy and Sweden) and GCKR regulates follistatin secretion in hepatocytes in vitro. Our findings suggest that GCKR regulates follistatin secretion and that elevated circulating follistatin associates with an increased risk of T2D by inducing adipose tissue insulin resistance. Follistatin promotes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis in model animals and is elevated in patients with T2D. Here the authors report that plasma follistatin associates with increased risk of incident T2D in two longitudinal cohorts, and show that follistatin regulates insulin-induced suppression lipolysis in cultured human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyan Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Intelligent Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Borné
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Maykel López Rodriguez
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - William C Roell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ajit Regmi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cheng Luan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rongya Tao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- Inserm U1283 / CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille; University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Angela C Shore
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Faisel Khan
- Division of Systems Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes B Wollheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Life Sciences of Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin L Duffin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yang De Marinis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. .,School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Life Sciences of Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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29
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Conklin A, Schlamp F, Ord T, Kaikkonen MU, Fisher E, Romanoski CE. Abstract P175:
In Vitro
Cholesterol Treatment Does Not Reproduce Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Plasticity Observed
In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.41.suppl_1.p175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs) exhibit a significant degree of phenotypic plasticity in atherosclerotic lesions. Previously, this phenotypic plasticity, and specifically the re-differentiation of SMCs into macrophages, has been modeled in vitro using cholesterol treatment. We performed a meta-analysis of five different murine SMC lineage tracing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) experiments performed by four different research groups; we identified 24 different cell types and find considerable differences in the proportion of recovered normal ‘contractile’ SMCs and SMC-derived macrophages between experiments.
In addition, we performed bulk RNA-seq on cultured murine SMCs with and without cholesterol treatment for 0, 24, or 48 hours. We find that cholesterol treatment regulates transcripts associated with the induction of the unfolded protein response, reduction of cholesterol biosynthesis, and reduction in cell proliferation. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing for H3K27ac performed on in vitro SMCs treated and untreated for 0, 24, or 48 hours reveals that AP-1 and ATF4 binding motifs are found more frequently at cholesterol treatment specific H3K27ac chromatin sites.
Finally, we compared transcriptomic data between in vivo vascular cell types identified in our meta-analysis and in vitro SMCs. We additionally included scRNA-seq data and microarray data collected for in vitro SMCs and bulk RNA-seq data collected for M1, M2, and oxLDL treated macrophages. We find that compared to the phenotypic plasticity observed in vivo, cholesterol exhibits modest effects on the transcriptomes of in vitro SMCs and does not reproduce the changes observed in vivo, while in vitro macrophages, especially oxLDL treated macrophages, more closely approximate their in vivo counterparts.
We conclude that differences between SMC lineage-tracing scRNA-seq experiments obscures the degree to which SMC-derived macrophages are present in murine atherosclerotic plaques, that cholesterol has modest effects on in vitro SMC transcriptomes, and that the effects of cholesterol do not reproduce the phenotypic plasticity observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiit Ord
- Univ of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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30
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Mushimiyimana I, Niskanen H, Beter M, Laakkonen JP, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laham-Karam N. Characterization of a functional endothelial super-enhancer that regulates ADAMTS18 and angiogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:8078-8096. [PMID: 34320216 PMCID: PMC8373076 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-enhancers are clusters of enhancers associated with cell lineage. They can be powerful gene-regulators and may be useful in cell-type specific viral-vector development. Here, we have screened for endothelial super-enhancers and identified an enhancer from within a cluster that conferred 5–70-fold increase in transgene expression. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of enhancers demonstrated regulation of ADAMTS18, corresponding to evidence of chromatin contacts between these genomic regions. Cell division-related pathways were primarily affected by the enhancer deletions, which correlated with significant reduction in cell proliferation. Furthermore, we observed changes in angiogenesis-related genes consistent with the endothelial specificity of this SE. Indeed, deletion of the enhancers affected tube formation, resulting in reduced or shortened sprouts. The super-enhancer angiogenic role is at least partly due to its regulation of ADAMTS18, as siRNA knockdown of ADAMTS18 resulted in significantly shortened endothelial sprouts. Hence, functional characterization of a novel endothelial super-enhancer has revealed substantial downstream effects from single enhancer deletions and led to the discovery of the cis-target gene ADAMTS18 and its role in endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidore Mushimiyimana
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mustafa Beter
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio 70211, Finland.,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio 70029, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio 70211, Finland
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31
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Moreau PR, Tomas Bosch V, Bouvy-Liivrand M, Õunap K, Örd T, Pulkkinen HH, Pölönen P, Heinäniemi M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP, Linna-Kuosmanen S, Kaikkonen MU. Profiling of Primary and Mature miRNA Expression in Atherosclerosis-Associated Cell Types. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2149-2167. [PMID: 33980036 PMCID: PMC8216629 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.315579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R. Moreau
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
| | - Vanesa Tomas Bosch
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
| | - Maria Bouvy-Liivrand
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.B.-L., P.P., M.H.)
- Now with Genevia Technologies Oy, Tampere, Finland (M.B.-L.)
| | - Kadri Õunap
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
| | - Tiit Örd
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
| | - Heidi H. Pulkkinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
| | - Petri Pölönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.B.-L., P.P., M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (P.P.)
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.B.-L., P.P., M.H.)
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
| | - Johanna P. Laakkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
| | - Suvi Linna-Kuosmanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
- Now with MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (S.L.-K.)
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.R.M., V.T.B., K.O., T.O., H.H.P., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., S.L.-K., M.U.K.)
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32
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Mushimiyimana I, Tomas Bosch V, Niskanen H, Downes NL, Moreau PR, Hartigan K, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laham-Karam N, Kaikkonen MU. Genomic Landscapes of Noncoding RNAs Regulating VEGFA and VEGFC Expression in Endothelial Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0059420. [PMID: 33875575 PMCID: PMC8224232 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00594-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are best known as key regulators of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Although VEGFs have been promising therapeutic targets for various cardiovascular diseases, their regulatory landscape in endothelial cells remains elusive. Several studies have highlighted the involvement of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the modulation of VEGF expression. In this study, we investigated the role of two classes of ncRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), in the transcriptional regulation of VEGFA and VEGFC. By integrating genome-wide global run-on sequencing (GRO-Seq) and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data, we identified putative lncRNAs and eRNAs associated with VEGFA and VEGFC genes in endothelial cells. A subset of the identified putative enhancers demonstrated regulatory activity in a reporter assay. Importantly, we demonstrate that deletion of enhancers and lncRNAs by CRISPR/Cas9 promoted significant changes in VEGFA and VEGFC expression. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) data from lncRNA deletions showed downstream factors implicated in VEGFA- and VEGFC-linked pathways, such as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, suggesting functional roles for these lncRNAs. Our study uncovers novel lncRNAs and eRNAs regulating VEGFA and VEGFC that can be targeted to modulate the expression of these important molecules in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidore Mushimiyimana
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vanesa Tomas Bosch
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas L. Downes
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pierre R. Moreau
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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33
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Örd T, Õunap K, Stolze LK, Aherrahrou R, Nurminen V, Toropainen A, Selvarajan I, Lönnberg T, Aavik E, Ylä-Herttuala S, Civelek M, Romanoski CE, Kaikkonen MU. Single-Cell Epigenomics and Functional Fine-Mapping of Atherosclerosis GWAS Loci. Circ Res 2021; 129:240-258. [PMID: 34024118 PMCID: PMC8260472 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Many of these loci are enriched in cisregulatory elements but not linked to cardiometabolic risk factors nor to candidate causal genes, complicating their functional interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Örd
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Kadri Õunap
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Lindsey K. Stolze
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (L.K.S., C.E.R.)
| | - Redouane Aherrahrou
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Valtteri Nurminen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Anu Toropainen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Ilakya Selvarajan
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland (T.L.)
| | - Einari Aavik
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Casey E. Romanoski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (L.K.S., C.E.R.)
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
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Conklin AC, Nishi H, Schlamp F, Örd T, Õunap K, Kaikkonen MU, Fisher EA, Romanoski CE. Meta-Analysis of Smooth Muscle Lineage Transcriptomes in Atherosclerosis and Their Relationships to In Vitro Models. Immunometabolism 2021; 3:e210022. [PMID: 34178388 PMCID: PMC8232871 DOI: 10.20900/immunometab20210022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit phenotypic plasticity in atherosclerotic plaques, and among other approaches, has been modeled in vitro by cholesterol loading. METHODS Meta-analysis of scRNA-seq data from VSMC lineage traced cells across five experiments of murine atherosclerosis was performed. In vivo expression profiles were compared to three in vitro datasets of VSMCs loaded with cholesterol and three datasets of polarized macrophages. RESULTS We identified 24 cell clusters in the meta-analysis of single cells from mouse atherosclerotic lesions with notable heterogeneity across studies, especially for macrophage populations. Trajectory analysis of VSMC lineage positive cells revealed several possible paths of state transitions with one traversing from contractile VSMC to macrophages by way of a proliferative cell cluster. Transcriptome comparisons between in vivo and in vitro states underscored that data from three in vitro cholesterol-treated VSMC experiments did not mirror cell state transitions observed in vivo. However, all in vitro macrophage profiles analyzed (M1, M2, and oxLDL) were more similar to in vivo profiles of macrophages than in vitro VSMCs were to in vivo profiles of VSMCs. oxLDL loaded macrophages showed the most similarity to in vivo states. In contrast to the in vitro data, comparison between mouse and human in vivo data showed many similarities. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the sources of variation across single cell datasets in atherosclerosis will be an important step towards understanding VSMC fate transitions in vivo. Also, we conclude that cholesterol-loading in vitro is insufficient to model the VSMC cell state transitions observed in vivo, which underscores the need to develop better cell models. Mouse models, however, appear to reproduce a number of the features of VSMCs in human plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C. Conklin
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hitoo Nishi
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Florencia Schlamp
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tiit Örd
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Kadri Õunap
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Casey E. Romanoski
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Örd T, Örd D, Kaikkonen MU, Örd T. Pharmacological or TRIB3-Mediated Suppression of ATF4 Transcriptional Activity Promotes Hepatoma Cell Resistance to Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102341. [PMID: 34066165 PMCID: PMC8150958 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Proteasome inhibitors are currently used in the treatment of certain blood cancers, and clinical trials to treat solid tumors, including liver cancer, have also been conducted. However, different malignancies are not equally susceptible to proteasome inhibitors, and resistance to the drug may develop during the therapy. Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the resilience of liver cancer cells to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. The results demonstrate that the activity of the eIF2α–ATF4 stress response pathway affects the viability of cells treated with bortezomib. We found that the pseudokinase TRIB3, an endogenous regulator of ATF4 and a gene highly expressed in liver cancer, resides predominantly at the same chromatin sites as ATF4 and constrains ATF4 activity. The survival of bortezomib-exposed hepatoma cells proved sensitive to TRIB3 overexpression and inactivation. Thus, TRIB3 is a novel factor contributing to bortezomib resistance of liver cancer cells. Abstract The proteasome is an appealing target for anticancer therapy and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has been approved for the treatment of several types of malignancies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer cell resistance to bortezomib remain poorly understood. In the current article, we investigate how modulation of the eIF2α–ATF4 stress pathway affects hepatoma cell response to bortezomib. Transcriptome profiling revealed that many ATF4 transcriptional target genes are among the most upregulated genes in bortezomib-treated HepG2 human hepatoma cells. While pharmacological enhancement of the eIF2α–ATF4 pathway activity results in the elevation of the activities of all branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and sensitizes cells to bortezomib toxicity, the suppression of ATF4 induction delays bortezomib-induced cell death. The pseudokinase TRIB3, an inhibitor of ATF4, is expressed at a high basal level in hepatoma cells and is strongly upregulated in response to bortezomib. To map genome-wide chromatin binding loci of TRIB3 protein, we fused a Flag tag to endogenous TRIB3 in HepG2 cells and performed ChIP-Seq. The results demonstrate that TRIB3 predominantly colocalizes with ATF4 on chromatin and binds to genomic regions containing the C/EBP–ATF motif. Bortezomib treatment leads to a robust enrichment of TRIB3 binding near genes induced by bortezomib and involved in the ER stress response and cell death. Disruption of TRIB3 increases C/EBP–ATF-driven transcription, augments ER stress and cell death upon exposure to bortezomib, while TRIB3 overexpression enhances cell survival. Thus, TRIB3, colocalizing with ATF4 and limiting its transcriptional activity, functions as a factor increasing resistance to bortezomib, while pharmacological over-activation of eIF2α–ATF4 can overcome the endogenous restraint mechanisms and sensitize cells to bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Örd
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia; (T.Ö.); (D.Ö.)
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Daima Örd
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia; (T.Ö.); (D.Ö.)
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Tõnis Örd
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia; (T.Ö.); (D.Ö.)
- Correspondence:
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Linna-Kuosmanen S, Tomas Bosch V, Moreau PR, Bouvy-Liivrand M, Niskanen H, Kansanen E, Kivelä A, Hartikainen J, Hippeläinen M, Kokki H, Tavi P, Levonen AL, Kaikkonen MU. NRF2 is a key regulator of endothelial microRNA expression under proatherogenic stimuli. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1339-1357. [PMID: 32683448 PMCID: PMC8064437 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Oxidized phospholipids and microRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly recognized to play a role in endothelial dysfunction driving atherosclerosis. NRF2 transcription factor is one of the key mediators of the effects of oxidized phospholipids, but the gene regulatory mechanisms underlying the process remain obscure. Here, we investigated the genome-wide effects of oxidized phospholipids on transcriptional gene regulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and aortic endothelial cells with a special focus on miRNAs. METHODS AND RESULTS We integrated data from HiC, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, GRO-seq, miRNA-seq, and RNA-seq to provide deeper understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms driven by NRF2 in response to oxidized phospholipids. We demonstrate that presence of NRF2 motif and its binding is more prominent in the vicinity of up-regulated transcripts and transcriptional initiation represents the most likely mechanism of action. We further identified NRF2 as a novel regulator of over 100 endothelial pri-miRNAs. Among these, we characterize two hub miRNAs miR-21-5p and miR-100-5p and demonstrate their opposing roles on mTOR, VEGFA, HIF1A, and MYC expressions. Finally, we provide evidence that the levels of miR-21-5p and miR-100-5p in exosomes are increased upon senescence and exhibit a trend to correlate with the severity of coronary artery disease. CONCLUSION Altogether, our analysis provides an integrative view into the regulation of transcription and miRNA function that could mediate the proatherogenic effects of oxidized phospholipids in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Linna-Kuosmanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vanesa Tomas Bosch
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pierre R Moreau
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Henri Niskanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annukka Kivelä
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Hartikainen
- School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Hannu Kokki
- School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Anesthesia and Operative Services, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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37
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Pulkkinen HH, Kiema M, Lappalainen JP, Toropainen A, Beter M, Tirronen A, Holappa L, Niskanen H, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP. BMP6/TAZ-Hippo signaling modulates angiogenesis and endothelial cell response to VEGF. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:129-144. [PMID: 33021694 PMCID: PMC7921060 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The BMP/TGFβ-Smad, Notch and VEGF signaling guides formation of endothelial tip and stalk cells. However, the crosstalk of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling has remained largely unknown. We demonstrate that BMP family members regulate VEGFR2 and Notch signaling, and act via TAZ-Hippo signaling pathway. BMPs were found to be regulated after VEGF gene transfer in C57/Bl6 mice and in a porcine myocardial ischemia model. BMPs 2/4/6 were identified as endothelium-specific targets of VEGF. BMP2 modulated VEGF-mediated endothelial sprouting via Delta like Canonical Notch Ligand 4 (DLL4). BMP6 modulated VEGF signaling by regulating VEGFR2 expression and acted via Hippo signaling effector TAZ, known to regulate cell survival/proliferation, and to be dysregulated in cancer. In a matrigel plug assay in nude mice BMP6 was further demonstrated to induce angiogenesis. BMP6 is the first member of BMP family found to directly regulate both Hippo signaling and neovessel formation. It may thus serve as a target in pro/anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Pulkkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Kiema
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J P Lappalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland and Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Toropainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Beter
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Tirronen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - L Holappa
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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38
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Loppi S, Korhonen P, Bouvy‐Liivrand M, Caligola S, Turunen TA, Turunen MP, Hernandez de Sande A, Kołosowska N, Scoyni F, Rosell A, García‐Berrocoso T, Lemarchant S, Dhungana H, Montaner J, Koistinaho J, Kanninen KM, Kaikkonen MU, Giugno R, Heinäniemi M, Malm T. Peripheral inflammation preceeding ischemia impairs neuronal survival through mechanisms involving miR-127 in aged animals. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13287. [PMID: 33369048 PMCID: PMC7811844 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, the third leading cause of death in the Western world, affects mainly the elderly and is strongly associated with comorbid conditions such as atherosclerosis or diabetes, which are pathologically characterized by increased inflammation and are known to influence the outcome of stroke. Stroke incidence peaks during influenza seasons, and patients suffering from infections such as pneumonia prior to stroke exhibit a worse stroke outcome. Earlier studies have shown that comorbidities aggravate the outcome of stroke, yet the mediators of this phenomenon remain obscure. Here, we show that acute peripheral inflammation aggravates stroke‐induced neuronal damage and motor deficits specifically in aged mice. This is associated with increased levels of plasma proinflammatory cytokines, rather than with an increase of inflammatory mediators in the affected brain parenchyma. Nascent transcriptomics data with mature microRNA sequencing were used to identify the neuron‐specific miRNome, in order to decipher dysregulated miRNAs in the brains of aged animals with stroke and co‐existing inflammation. We pinpoint a previously uninvestigated miRNA in the brain, miR‐127, that is highly neuronal, to be associated with increased cell death in the aged, LPS‐injected ischemic mice. Target prediction tools indicate that miR‐127 interacts with several basally expressed neuronal genes, and of these we verify miR‐127 binding to Psmd3. Finally, we report reduced expression of miR‐127 in human stroke brains. Our results underline the impact of peripheral inflammation on the outcome of stroke in aged subjects and pinpoint molecular targets for restoring endogenous neuronal capacity to combat ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Loppi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Immunobiology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | | | - Simone Caligola
- Department of Computer Science University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Tiia A. Turunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Mikko P. Turunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | | | - Natalia Kołosowska
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Flavia Scoyni
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Teresa García‐Berrocoso
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Sighild Lemarchant
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Hiramani Dhungana
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Neuroscience Center University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Neuroscience Center University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer Science University of Verona Verona Italy
| | | | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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39
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Depuydt MA, Prange KH, Slenders L, Örd T, Elbersen D, Boltjes A, de Jager SC, Asselbergs FW, de Borst GJ, Aavik E, Lönnberg T, Lutgens E, Glass CK, den Ruijter HM, Kaikkonen MU, Bot I, Slütter B, van der Laan SW, Yla-Herttuala S, Mokry M, Kuiper J, de Winther MP, Pasterkamp G. Microanatomy of the Human Atherosclerotic Plaque by Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Circ Res 2020; 127:1437-1455. [PMID: 32981416 PMCID: PMC7641189 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atherosclerotic lesions are known for their cellular heterogeneity, yet the molecular complexity within the cells of human plaques has not been fully assessed. OBJECTIVE Using single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility, we gained a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying human atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed single-cell RNA and single-cell ATAC sequencing on human carotid atherosclerotic plaques to define the cells at play and determine their transcriptomic and epigenomic characteristics. We identified 14 distinct cell populations including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, mast cells, B cells, myeloid cells, and T cells and identified multiple cellular activation states and suggested cellular interconversions. Within the endothelial cell population, we defined subsets with angiogenic capacity plus clear signs of endothelial to mesenchymal transition. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed activation-based subclasses, each with a gradual decline from a cytotoxic to a more quiescent phenotype. Myeloid cells included 2 populations of proinflammatory macrophages showing IL (interleukin) 1B or TNF (tumor necrosis factor) expression as well as a foam cell-like population expressing TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) and displaying a fibrosis-promoting phenotype. ATACseq data identified specific transcription factors associated with the myeloid subpopulation and T cell cytokine profiles underlying mutual activation between both cell types. Finally, cardiovascular disease susceptibility genes identified using public genome-wide association studies data were particularly enriched in lesional macrophages, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a transcriptome-based cellular landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques and highlights cellular plasticity and intercellular communication at the site of disease. This detailed definition of cell communities at play in atherosclerosis will facilitate cell-based mapping of novel interventional targets with direct functional relevance for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A.C. Depuydt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, the Netherlands (M.A.C.D., I.B., B.S., J.K.)
| | - Koen H.M. Prange
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, the Netherlands (K.H.M.P., M.P.J.d.W.)
| | - Lotte Slenders
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, the Netherlands (L.S., A.B., F.W.A., S.W.v.d.L., M.M., G.P.)
| | - Tiit Örd
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.O., E.A., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Danny Elbersen
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology (D.E., S.C.A.d.J), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Boltjes
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, the Netherlands (L.S., A.B., F.W.A., S.W.v.d.L., M.M., G.P.)
| | - Saskia C.A. de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology (D.E., S.C.A.d.J), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, the Netherlands (L.S., A.B., F.W.A., S.W.v.d.L., M.M., G.P.)
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Vascular Surgery (G.J.d.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, the Netherlands
| | - Einari Aavik
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.O., E.A., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland (T.L.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Munich, Germany (E.L., M.P.J.d.W.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (E.L., M.P.J.d.W.)
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Cell and Molecular Medicine (C.K.G.), University of California San Diego, CA
- School of Medicine (C.K.G.), University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Cardiology (H.M.d.R., M.M.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, the Netherlands
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.O., E.A., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Ilze Bot
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, the Netherlands (M.A.C.D., I.B., B.S., J.K.)
| | - Bram Slütter
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, the Netherlands (M.A.C.D., I.B., B.S., J.K.)
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, the Netherlands (L.S., A.B., F.W.A., S.W.v.d.L., M.M., G.P.)
| | - Seppo Yla-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.O., E.A., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Michal Mokry
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, the Netherlands (L.S., A.B., F.W.A., S.W.v.d.L., M.M., G.P.)
- Cardiology (H.M.d.R., M.M.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, the Netherlands (M.A.C.D., I.B., B.S., J.K.)
| | - Menno P.J. de Winther
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, the Netherlands (K.H.M.P., M.P.J.d.W.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Munich, Germany (E.L., M.P.J.d.W.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (E.L., M.P.J.d.W.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, the Netherlands (L.S., A.B., F.W.A., S.W.v.d.L., M.M., G.P.)
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Aherrahrou R, Guo L, Nagraj VP, Aguhob A, Hinkle J, Chen L, Yuhl Soh J, Lue D, Alencar GF, Boltjes A, van der Laan SW, Farber E, Fuller D, Anane-Wae R, Akingbesote N, Manichaikul AW, Ma L, Kaikkonen MU, Björkegren JLM, Önengüt-Gümüşcü S, Pasterkamp G, Miller CL, Owens GK, Finn A, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Berliner JA, Civelek M. Genetic Regulation of Atherosclerosis-Relevant Phenotypes in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Circ Res 2020; 127:1552-1565. [PMID: 33040646 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent genome-wide association studies revealed 163 loci associated with CAD. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which the majority of these loci increase CAD risk are not known. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are critical in the development of CAD. They can play either beneficial or detrimental roles in lesion pathogenesis, depending on the nature of their phenotypic changes. OBJECTIVE To identify genetic variants associated with atherosclerosis-relevant phenotypes in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS We quantified 12 atherosclerosis-relevant phenotypes related to calcification, proliferation, and migration in VSMCs isolated from 151 multiethnic heart transplant donors. After genotyping and imputation, we performed association mapping using 6.3 million genetic variants. We demonstrated significant variations in calcification, proliferation, and migration. These phenotypes were not correlated with each other. We performed genome-wide association studies for 12 atherosclerosis-relevant phenotypes and identified 4 genome-wide significant loci associated with at least one VSMC phenotype. We overlapped the previously identified CAD loci with our data set and found nominally significant associations at 79 loci. One of them was the chromosome 1q41 locus, which harbors MIA3. The G allele of the lead risk single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs67180937 was associated with lower VSMC MIA3 expression and lower proliferation. Lentivirus-mediated silencing of MIA3 (melanoma inhibitory activity protein 3) in VSMCs resulted in lower proliferation, consistent with human genetics findings. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction of MIA3 protein in VSMCs in thin fibrous caps of late-stage atherosclerotic plaques compared to early fibroatheroma with thick and protective fibrous caps in mice and humans. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that genetic variants have significant influences on VSMC function relevant to the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, high MIA3 expression may promote atheroprotective VSMC phenotypic transitions, including increased proliferation, which is essential in the formation or maintenance of a protective fibrous cap.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fibrosis
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Variation
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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Affiliation(s)
- Redouane Aherrahrou
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., D.F., A.F.)
| | - V Peter Nagraj
- School of Medicine Research Computing (V.P.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Aaron Aguhob
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Biomedical Engineering (A.A., L.C., D.L., R.A.-W., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Jameson Hinkle
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Lisa Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Biomedical Engineering (A.A., L.C., D.L., R.A.-W., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Joon Yuhl Soh
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Dillon Lue
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Biomedical Engineering (A.A., L.C., D.L., R.A.-W., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Gabriel F Alencar
- Molecular Physiology, Biological Physics, Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Arjan Boltjes
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht (A.B., S.W.v.d.L., G.P.)
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht (A.B., S.W.v.d.L., G.P.)
| | - Emily Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Daniela Fuller
- CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., D.F., A.F.)
| | - Rita Anane-Wae
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Biomedical Engineering (A.A., L.C., D.L., R.A.-W., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ngozi Akingbesote
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ani W Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Lijiang Ma
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences (L.M., J.L.M.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology (L.M., J.L.M.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (M.U.K.)
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences (L.M., J.L.M.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology (L.M., J.L.M.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (J.L.M.B.)
| | - Suna Önengüt-Gümüşcü
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht (A.B., S.W.v.d.L., G.P.)
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Gary K Owens
- Molecular Physiology, Biological Physics, Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Aloke Finn
- CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., D.F., A.F.)
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F., J.A.B.)
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F., J.A.B.)
| | - Judith A Berliner
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F., J.A.B.)
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., A.A., J.H., L.C., J.Y.S., D.L., E.F., R.A.-W., N.A., A.W.M., S.O.-G., C.L.M., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Biomedical Engineering (A.A., L.C., D.L., R.A.-W., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Wang S, Somisetty VS, Bai B, Chernukhin I, Niskanen H, Kaikkonen MU, Bellet M, Carroll JS, Hurtado A. The proapoptotic gene interferon regulatory factor-1 mediates the antiproliferative outcome of paired box 2 gene and tamoxifen. Oncogene 2020; 39:6300-6312. [PMID: 32843722 PMCID: PMC7529584 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the most prescribed selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator in patients with ER-positive breast cancers. Tamoxifen requires the transcription factor paired box 2 protein (PAX2) to repress the transcription of ERBB2/HER2. Now, we identified that PAX2 inhibits cell growth of ER+/HER2- tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we have identified that cell growth inhibition can be achieved by expressing moderate levels of PAX2 in combination with tamoxifen treatment. Global run-on sequencing of cells overexpressing PAX2, when coupled with PAX2 ChIP-seq, identified common targets regulated by both PAX2 and tamoxifen. The data revealed that PAX2 can inhibit estrogen-induced gene transcription and this effect is enhanced by tamoxifen, suggesting that they converge on repression of the same targets. Moreover, PAX2 and tamoxifen have an additive effect and both induce coding genes and enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). PAX2-tamoxifen upregulated genes are also enriched with PAX2 eRNAs. The enrichment of eRNAs is associated with the highest expression of genes that positivity regulate apoptotic processes. In luminal tumors, the expression of a subset of these proapoptotic genes predicts good outcome and their expression are significantly reduced in tumors of patients with relapse to tamoxifen treatment. Mechanistically, PAX2 and tamoxifen coexert an antitumoral effect by maintaining high levels of transcription of tumor suppressors that promote cell death. The apoptotic effect is mediated in large part by the gene interferon regulatory factor 1. Altogether, we conclude that PAX2 contributes to better clinical outcome in tamoxifen treated ER-positive breast cancer patients by repressing estrogen signaling and inducing cell death related pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- PAX2 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Wang
- Cell Cycle Regulations Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. 1137, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Venkata S Somisetty
- Cell Cycle Regulations Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. 1137, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Cell Cycle Regulations Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. 1137, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Igor Chernukhin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Meritxell Bellet
- Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Antoni Hurtado
- Cancer Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08014, Barcelona, Spain.
- August Pi i Sunyer Research Center (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló, 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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42
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Liu OHF, Kiema M, Beter M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP, Kaikkonen MU. Hypoxia-Mediated Regulation of Histone Demethylases Affects Angiogenesis-Associated Functions in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2665-2677. [PMID: 32938217 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of several lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs) is induced by hypoxia. Here, we sought to investigate the exact mechanisms underlying this regulation and its functional implications for endothelial cell function, such as angiogenesis. Approach and Results: We analyzed the expression changes of KDMs under hypoxia and modulation of HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) expression using GRO-Seq and RNA-Seq in endothelial cells. We provide evidence that the majority of the KDMs are induced at the level of nascent transcription mediated by the action of HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Importantly, we show that transcriptional changes at the level of initiation represent the major mechanism of gene activation. To delineate the epigenetic effects of hypoxia and HIF activation in normoxia, we analyzed the genome-wide changes of H3K27me3 using chromosome immunoprecipitation-Seq. We discovered a redistribution of H3K27me3 at ≈2000 to 3000 transcriptionally active loci nearby genes implicated in angiogenesis. Among these, we demonstrate that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression is partly induced by KDM4B- and KDM6B-mediated demethylation of nearby regions. Knockdown of KDM4B and KDM6B decreased cell proliferation, tube formation, and endothelial sprouting while affecting hundreds of genes associated with angiogenesis. These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of KDMs by hypoxia and the epigenetic regulation of VEGFA-mediated angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study describes an additional level of epigenetic regulation where hypoxia induces redistribution of H3K27me3 around genes implicated in proliferation and angiogenesis. More specifically, we demonstrate that KDM4B and KDM6B play a key role in modulating the expression of the major angiogenic driver VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hsin-Fu Liu
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| | - Miika Kiema
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| | - Mustafa Beter
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Science Service Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (S.Y.-H.)
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
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Benhammou JN, Ko A, Alvarez M, Kaikkonen MU, Rankin C, Garske KM, Padua D, Bhagat Y, Kaminska D, Kärjä V, Pihlajamäki J, Pisegna JR, Pajukanta P. Novel Lipid Long Intervening Noncoding RNA, Oligodendrocyte Maturation-Associated Long Intergenic Noncoding RNA, Regulates the Liver Steatosis Gene Stearoyl-Coenzyme A Desaturase As an Enhancer RNA. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1356-1372. [PMID: 31592021 PMCID: PMC6771395 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic is driving the concomitant rise in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To identify new genes involved in central liver functions, we examined liver RNA‐sequence data from 259 patients who underwent morbidly obese bariatric surgery. Of these patients, 84 had normal liver histology, 40 simple steatosis, 43 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and the remaining 92 patients had varying degrees of NAFLD based on liver histology. We discovered oligodendrocyte maturation‐associated long intergenic noncoding RNA (OLMALINC), a long intervening noncoding RNA (lincRNA) in a human liver co‐expression network (n = 75 genes) that was strongly associated with statin use and serum triglycerides (TGs). OLMALINC liver expression was highly correlated with the expression of known cholesterol biosynthesis genes and stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase (SCD). SCD is the rate‐limiting enzyme in monounsaturated fatty acids and a key TG gene that is known to be up‐regulated in liver steatosis and NAFLD and resides adjacent to OLMALINC on the human chromosome 10q24.31. Next, we functionally demonstrated that OLMALINC regulates SCD as an enhancer‐RNA (eRNA), thus describing the first lincRNA that functions as an eRNA to regulate lipid metabolism. Specifically, we show that OLMALINC promotes liver expression of SCD in cis through regional chromosomal DNA–DNA looping interactions. Conclusion: The primate‐specific lincRNA OLMALINC is a novel epigenetic regulator of the key TG and NAFLD gene SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane N Benhammou
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA.,Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Department of Medicine Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Los Angeles CA
| | - Arthur Ko
- Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - Marcus Alvarez
- Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Carl Rankin
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - Kristina M Garske
- Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - David Padua
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Department of Medicine Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Los Angeles CA
| | - Yash Bhagat
- Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Vesa Kärjä
- Department of Clinical Pathology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland.,Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Department of Medicine Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Los Angeles CA
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA.,Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA.,Institute for Precision Health of University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
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Tirronen A, Vuorio T, Kettunen S, Hokkanen K, Ramms B, Niskanen H, Laakso H, Kaikkonen MU, Jauhiainen M, Gordts PLSM, Ylä-Herttuala S. Deletion of Lymphangiogenic and Angiogenic Growth Factor VEGF-D Leads to Severe Hyperlipidemia and Delayed Clearance of Chylomicron Remnants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2327-2337. [PMID: 30354205 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Dyslipidemia is one of the key factors behind coronary heart disease. Blood and lymphatic vessels play pivotal roles in both lipoprotein metabolism and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Recent studies have linked members of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) family to lipid metabolism, but the function of VEGF-D has remained unexplored. Here, we investigated how the deletion of VEGF-D affects lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in atherogenic LDLR-/- ApoB100/100 mice. Approach and Results- Deletion of VEGF-D (VEGF-D-/-LDLR-/-ApoB100/100) led to markedly elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels without an increase in atherogenesis. Size distribution and hepatic lipid uptake studies confirmed a delayed clearance of large chylomicron remnant particles that cannot easily penetrate through the vascular endothelium. Mechanistically, the inhibition of VEGF-D signaling significantly decreased the hepatic expression of SDC1 (syndecan 1), which is one of the main receptors for chylomicron remnant uptake when LDLR is absent. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed reduced expression of SDC1 in the sinusoidal surface of hepatocytes in VEGF-D deficient mice. Furthermore, hepatic RNA-sequencing revealed that VEGF-D is also an important regulator of genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammation. The lack of VEGF-D signaling via VEGFR3 (VEGF receptor 3) led to lowered expression of genes regulating triglyceride and cholesterol production, as well as downregulation of peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway. Conclusions- These results demonstrate that VEGF-D, a powerful lymphangiogenic and angiogenic growth factor, is also a major regulator of chylomicron metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annakaisa Tirronen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Taina Vuorio
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Sanna Kettunen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Krista Hokkanen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Bastian Ramms
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.R., P.L.S.M.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Germany (B.R.)
| | - Henri Niskanen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Hanne Laakso
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.)
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.R., P.L.S.M.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center (P.L.S.M.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.).,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (S.Y.-H.)
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Jauhiainen S, Laakkonen JP, Ketola K, Toivanen PI, Nieminen T, Ninchoji T, Levonen AL, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S. Axon Guidance-Related Factor FLRT3 Regulates VEGF-Signaling and Endothelial Cell Function. Front Physiol 2019; 10:224. [PMID: 30930791 PMCID: PMC6423482 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are key mediators of endothelial cell (EC) function in angiogenesis. Emerging knowledge also supports the involvement of axon guidance-related factors in the regulation of angiogenesis and vascular patterning. In the current study, we demonstrate that fibronectin and leucine-rich transmembrane protein-3 (FLRT3), an axon guidance-related factor connected to the regulation of neuronal cell outgrowth and morphogenesis but not to VEGF-signaling, was upregulated in ECs after VEGF binding to VEGFR2. We found that FLRT3 exhibited a transcriptionally paused phenotype in non-stimulated human umbilical vein ECs. After VEGF-stimulation its nascent RNA and mRNA-levels were rapidly upregulated suggesting that the regulation of FLRT3 expression is mainly occurring at the level of transcriptional elongation. Blockage of FLRT3 by siRNA decreased survival of ECs and their arrangement into capillary-like structures but enhanced cell migration and wound closure in wound healing assay. Bifunctional role of FLRT3 in repulsive vs. adhesive cell signaling has been already detected during embryogenesis and neuronal growth, and depends on its interactions either with UNC5B or another FLRT3 expressed by adjacent cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that besides regulating neuronal cell outgrowth and morphogenesis, FLRT3 has a novel role in ECs via regulating VEGF-stimulated EC-survival, migration, and tube formation. Thus, FLRT3 becomes a new member of the axon guidance-related factors which participate in the VEGF-signaling and regulation of the EC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Jauhiainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Rudbeck Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Ketola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pyry I Toivanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Nieminen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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46
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Viiri LE, Rantapero T, Kiamehr M, Alexanova A, Oittinen M, Viiri K, Niskanen H, Nykter M, Kaikkonen MU, Aalto-Setälä K. Extensive reprogramming of the nascent transcriptome during iPSC to hepatocyte differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3562. [PMID: 30837492 PMCID: PMC6401154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a renewable source of cells for drug discovery, disease modelling and cell-based therapies. Here, by using GRO-Seq we provide the first genome-wide analysis of the nascent RNAs in iPSCs, HLCs and primary hepatocytes to extend our understanding of the transcriptional changes occurring during hepatic differentiation process. We demonstrate that a large fraction of hepatocyte-specific genes are regulated at transcriptional level and identify hundreds of differentially expressed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Differentiation induced alternative transcription start site (TSS) usage between the cell types as evidenced for miR-221/222 and miR-3613/15a/16-1 clusters. We demonstrate that lncRNAs and coding genes are tightly co-expressed and could thus be co-regulated. Finally, we identified sets of transcriptional regulators that might drive transcriptional changes during hepatocyte differentiation. These included RARG, E2F1, SP1 and FOXH1, which were associated with the down-regulated transcripts, and hepatocyte-specific TFs such as FOXA1, FOXA2, HNF1B, HNF4A and CEBPA, as well as RXR, PPAR, AP-1, JUNB, JUND and BATF, which were associated with up-regulated transcripts. In summary, this study clarifies the role of regulatory ncRNAs and TFs in differentiation of HLCs from iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena E Viiri
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland.
| | - Tommi Rantapero
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Mostafa Kiamehr
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Anna Alexanova
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Mikko Oittinen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland.,Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33520, Finland
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47
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Gurzeler E, Aavik E, Laine A, Valkama T, Niskanen H, Huusko J, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S. Therapeutic effects of rosuvastatin in hypercholesterolemic prediabetic mice in the absence of low density lipoprotein receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:481-490. [PMID: 30508567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Statins are effective drugs used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases but their effects in the absence of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and on the risk of diabetes are not yet well characterized. The aim of this study was to clarify systemic and pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin on cardiovascular and diabetic phenotypes. IGF-II/LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 hypercholesterolemic prediabetic mice were used to test the effects of rosuvastatin on plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, atherosclerosis and liver steatosis. To get a more comprehensive view about changes in gene expression RNA-sequencing was done from the liver. Rosuvastatin significantly reduced plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic mice in the absence of LDLR but had no effects on atherosclerosis at aortic sinus level or in coronary arteries. Rosuvastatin also significantly reduced liver steatosis without any harmful effects on glucose or insulin metabolism. RNA-sequencing showed relatively specific effects of rosuvastatin on genes involved in cholesterol metabolism together with a significant anti-inflammatory gene expression profile in the liver. In addition, significant changes were found in the expression of Perilipin 4 and 5 which are involved in lipid droplet formation in the liver. For the first time it could be shown that Tribbles proteins are affected by rosuvastatin treatment in the hyperlipidemic mice. Rosuvastatin had several positive effects on hypercholesterolemic mice showing early signs of diabetes, many of which are unrelated to cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism. These results increase our understanding about the systemic and pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin in the absence of LDLR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gurzeler
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Einari Aavik
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Laine
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Valkama
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Huusko
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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48
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Moreau PR, Örd T, Downes NL, Niskanen H, Bouvy-Liivrand M, Aavik E, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kaikkonen MU. Transcriptional Profiling of Hypoxia-Regulated Non-coding RNAs in Human Primary Endothelial Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:159. [PMID: 30456215 PMCID: PMC6230589 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs in human atherosclerotic lesions and has multiple adverse effects on endothelial cell metabolism. Recently, key roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of atherosclerosis have begun to emerge. In this study, we investigate the lncRNA profiles of human umbilical vein endothelial cells subjected to hypoxia using global run-on sequencing (GRO-Seq). We demonstrate that hypoxia regulates the nascent transcription of ~1800 lncRNAs. Interestingly, we uncover evidence that promoter-associated lncRNAs are more likely to be induced by hypoxia compared to enhancer-associated lncRNAs, which exhibit an equal distribution of up- and downregulated transcripts. We also demonstrate that hypoxia leads to a significant induction in the activity of super-enhancers next to transcription factors and other genes implicated in angiogenesis, cell survival and adhesion, whereas super-enhancers near several negative regulators of angiogenesis were repressed. Despite the majority of lncRNAs exhibiting low detection in RNA-Seq, a subset of lncRNAs were expressed at comparable levels to mRNAs. Among these, MALAT1, HYMAI, LOC730101, KIAA1656, and LOC339803 were found differentially expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions, compared to normal vascular tissue, and may thus serve as potential biomarkers for lesion hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R Moreau
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiit Örd
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas L Downes
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Einari Aavik
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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49
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López Rodríguez M, Fernandes Silva L, Vangipurapu J, Modi S, Kuusisto J, Kaikkonen MU, Laakso M. Functional Variant in the GCKR Gene Affects Lactate Levels Differentially in the Fasting State and During Hyperglycemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15989. [PMID: 30375486 PMCID: PMC6207693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The rs780094 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; C/T) of glucokinase regulatory protein gene (GCKR) is a regulatory genetic variant that has been associated with lactate levels in the fasting state. However, the association of this locus with lactate during hyperglycemia, and the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unknown. We investigated the association of rs780094 with lactate levels in a frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test in humans and evaluated the effect of increasing GCKR expression on lactate production in liver cells. The C allele of rs780094 was associated with lower lactate levels in fasting but increased lactate level during hyperglycemia independently of insulin levels. Increased expression of GKRP induced higher lactate level in HepG2 cells and in human primary hepatocytes (HPH) upon glucose stimulation by increasing the amount of GCK. Glucagon induced the expression of GCKR in HepG2 and HPH cells. Our results suggest that the association of rs780094 with lactate levels may involve differential GCKR expression between the carriers of the C and T alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel López Rodríguez
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lilian Fernandes Silva
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jagadish Vangipurapu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shalem Modi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100 FI 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100 FI 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland.
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50
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Kaikkonen MU, Adelman K. Emerging Roles of Non-Coding RNA Transcription. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:654-667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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