251
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Zubair M, Wang X, Iqbal S, Awais M, Wang R. Attentional and emotional brain response to message framing in context of green marketing. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04912. [PMID: 33005782 PMCID: PMC7519354 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Message framing plays an important role in advertising strategies and has been studied from various perspectives in different behavioral studies. New method This study employs the event-related potential technique to examine attentional and emotional brain processing as influenced by message framing in the context of green marketing. Results The behavioral results demonstrated that purchase preference was higher under positive framing compared to negative and neutral framing. As per the event-related potential results, negative framing elicited a larger P1 component, which reveals that in the first stage of processing information, threatening information attracted more attention. In the second and third stage, N170 and P3, respectively, were higher for positive framing, demonstrating that there was more attention toward the processing of non-threatening emotional information. Comparison with existing method: Message Framing has been previously examined with behavioral methods. We for the first time examined it with a neuroscientific method like Event Related Brain Potential technique in a green marketing context. Conclusion Our results compared to behavioral studies provide stronger evidence from underlying neural perspective for how message framing can be affected by attentional and emotional brain responses in the context of green marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Marketing, School of Management, Zhejiang University, Room No 1206, Dormitory-D, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Marketing, School of Management, Zhejiang University, 3 Floor, School of Management Building, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sidra Iqbal
- Department of Psychology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Data Science and Engineering Management, School of Management, Zhejiang University, Room No 1023, Dormitory-D, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- Department of Marketing, School of Management, Zhejiang University, Room No 508, Dormitory-A, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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252
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Fast responses to images of animate and inanimate objects in the nonhuman primate amygdala. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14956. [PMID: 32917917 PMCID: PMC7486934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual information reaches the amygdala through the various stages of the ventral visual stream. There is, however, evidence that a fast subcortical pathway for the processing of emotional visual input exists. To explore the presence of this pathway in primates, we recorded local field potentials in the amygdala of four rhesus monkeys during a passive fixation task showing images of ten object categories. Additionally, in one of the monkeys we also obtained multi-unit spiking activity during the same task. We observed remarkably fast medium and high gamma responses in the amygdala of the four monkeys. These responses were selective for the different stimulus categories, showed within-category selectivity, and peaked as early as 60 ms after stimulus onset. Multi-unit responses in the amygdala were lagging the gamma responses by about 40 ms. Thus, these observations add further evidence that selective visual information reaches the amygdala of nonhuman primates through a very fast route.
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253
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Abstract
Saccadic eye movements can allude to emotional states and visual attention. Recent studies have shown that microsaccadic responses (i.e., small fixational eye movements) reflect advanced brain activity during attentional and cognitive tasks. Moreover, the microsaccadic activity related to emotional attention provides new insights into this field. For example, emotional pictures attenuate the microsaccadic rate, and microsaccadic responses to covert attention occur in the direction opposite to a negative emotional target. However, the effects of various emotional events on microsaccadic activity remain debatable. This review introduces visual attention and eye movement studies that support findings on the modulation of microsaccadic responses to emotional events, comparing them with typical microsaccadic responses. This review also discusses the brain neuronal mechanisms governing microsaccadic responses to the attentional shifts triggered by emotion-related stimuli. It is hard to reveal the direct brain pathway of the microsaccadic modulation, especially in advanced (e.g., sustained anger, envy, distrust, guilt, frustration, delight, attraction, trust, and love), but also in basic human emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). However, non-human primates and human studies can uncover the possible brain pathways of emotional attention and microsaccades, thus providing future research directions. In particular, the facilitated (or reduced) attention is common evidence that microsaccadic activities change under a variety of social modalities (e.g., cognition, music, mental illness, and working memory) that elicit emotions and feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kashihara
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyousanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
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254
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Yang YF, Brunet-Gouet E, Burca M, Kalunga EK, Amorim MA. Brain Processes While Struggling With Evidence Accumulation During Facial Emotion Recognition: An ERP Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:340. [PMID: 33100986 PMCID: PMC7497730 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is tuned to recognize emotional facial expressions in faces having a natural upright orientation. The relative contributions of featural, configural, and holistic processing to decision-making are as yet poorly understood. This study used a diffusion decision model (DDM) of decision-making to investigate the contribution of early face-sensitive processes to emotion recognition from physiognomic features (the eyes, nose, and mouth) by determining how experimental conditions tapping those processes affect early face-sensitive neuroelectric reflections (P100, N170, and P250) of processes determining evidence accumulation at the behavioral level. We first examined the effects of both stimulus orientation (upright vs. inverted) and stimulus type (photographs vs. sketches) on behavior and neuroelectric components (amplitude and latency). Then, we explored the sources of variance common to the experimental effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) and the DDM parameters. Several results suggest that the N170 indicates core visual processing for emotion recognition decision-making: (a) the additive effect of stimulus inversion and impoverishment on N170 latency; and (b) multivariate analysis suggesting that N170 neuroelectric activity must be increased to counteract the detrimental effects of face inversion on drift rate and of stimulus impoverishment on the stimulus encoding component of non-decision times. Overall, our results show that emotion recognition is still possible even with degraded stimulation, but at a neurocognitive cost, reflecting the extent to which our brain struggles to accumulate sensory evidence of a given emotion. Accordingly, we theorize that: (a) the P100 neural generator would provide a holistic frame of reference to the face percept through categorical encoding; (b) the N170 neural generator would maintain the structural cohesiveness of the subtle configural variations in facial expressions across our experimental manipulations through coordinate encoding of the facial features; and (c) building on the previous configural processing, the neurons generating the P250 would be responsible for a normalization process adapting to the facial features to match the stimulus to internal representations of emotional expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Yang
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,CIAMS, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Eric Brunet-Gouet
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Hôpital Mignot, Le Chesnay, France.,CESP, DevPsy, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | - Mariana Burca
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Hôpital Mignot, Le Chesnay, France.,CESP, DevPsy, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Michel-Ange Amorim
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,CIAMS, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
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255
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McRae K, Ciesielski BG, Pereira SC, Gross JJ. Case Study: A Quantitative Report of Early Attention, Fear, Disgust, and Avoidance in Specific Phobia for Buttons. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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256
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Nakamura Y, Okada N, Ando S, Ohta K, Ojio Y, Abe O, Kunimatsu A, Yamaguchi S, Kasai K, Koike S. The Association Between Amygdala Subfield-Related Functional Connectivity and Stigma Reduction 12 Months After Social Contacts: A Functional Neuroimaging Study in a Subgroup of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:356. [PMID: 33192379 PMCID: PMC7481372 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social contact is one of the best methods for reducing stigma, and the effect may be associated with emotional response and social cognition. The amygdala is a key region of these functions and can be divided into three subregions, each of which has a different function and connectivity. We investigated whether the amygdala subregion-related functional connectivity is associated with the effect of anti-stigma interventions on reducing mental health-related stigma in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) over 12 months. Healthy young adults [n = 77, age, mean (SD) = 21.23 (0.94) years; male, n = 48], who were subsampled from an RCT (n = 259) investigating the effect of anti-stigma interventions, using filmed social contacts (FSC) or internet self-learning (INS), on reducing stigma, underwent 10 min resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging between the trial registration and 12 months follow-up. The extent of stigma was assessed at the baseline, post-intervention and 12 month follow-up surveys, using the Japanese-language version of the Social Distance Scale (SDSJ), to assess negative emotional attitude toward people with schizophrenia. We compared associations between amygdala subregion-related functional connectivity and changes in the SDSJ scores for 12 months across the control, INS, and FSC groups. Associations between the change in stigma for 12 months and the superficial (SF) subregion of the amygdala-related connectivity in the intracalcarine cortex [(x, y, z) = (−8, −66, 12), z = 4.21, PFWE–corrected = 0.0003, cluster size = 192] differed across groups. The post hoc analysis showed that the SF–intracalcarine cortex connectivity was negatively correlated with the change in stigma only in the FSC group. The current results indicate that greater SF–intracalcarine cortex connectivity is associated with a better response to the FSC interventions, suggesting that biological variability could underlie the long-term effect of anti-stigma interventions on stigma in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazusa Ohta
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ojio
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Japan
| | - Akira Kunimatsu
- Department of Radiology, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato City, Japan
| | - Sosei Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), Tokyo, Japan.,The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity and Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Meguro City, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity and Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Meguro City, Japan
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257
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Allene C, Kalalou K, Durand F, Thomas F, Januel D. Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: A biased nervous system. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 177:23-38. [PMID: 32800536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are generally triggered by an exceptionally intense threat. The consequences of this traumatogenic situation are explored here in chronological order, from exposure to the threat to development of symptoms. Such a situation may disrupt the equilibrium between two fundamental brain circuits, referred to as the "defensive" and "cognitive". The defensive circuit triggers the stress response as well as the formation of implicit memory. The cognitive circuit triggers the voluntary response and the formation of explicit autobiographical memory. During a traumatogenic situation, the defensive circuit could be over-activated while cognitive circuit is under-activated. In the most severe cases, overactivation of the defensive circuit may cause its brutal deactivation, resulting in dissociation. Here, we address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms at every scale: from neurons to behaviors, providing a detailed explanatory model of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Allene
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - K Kalalou
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - F Durand
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - F Thomas
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France.
| | - D Januel
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France.
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258
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Abstract
Adaptive social behavior and mental well-being depend on not only recognizing emotional expressions but also, inferring the absence of emotion. While the neurobiology underwriting the perception of emotions is well studied, the mechanisms for detecting a lack of emotional content in social signals remain largely unknown. Here, using cutting-edge analyses of effective brain connectivity, we uncover the brain networks differentiating neutral and emotional body language. The data indicate greater activation of the right amygdala and midline cerebellar vermis to nonemotional as opposed to emotional body language. Most important, the effective connectivity between the amygdala and insula predicts people's ability to recognize the absence of emotion. These conclusions extend substantially current concepts of emotion perception by suggesting engagement of limbic effective connectivity in recognizing the lack of emotion in body language reading. Furthermore, the outcome may advance the understanding of overly emotional interpretation of social signals in depression or schizophrenia by providing the missing link between body language reading and limbic pathways. The study thus opens an avenue for multidisciplinary research on social cognition and the underlying cerebrocerebellar networks, ranging from animal models to patients with neuropsychiatric conditions.
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259
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Xu J, Wei Q, Bai T, Wang L, Li X, He Z, Wu J, Hu Q, Yang X, Wang C, Tian Y, Wang J, Wang K. Electroconvulsive therapy modulates functional interactions between submodules of the emotion regulation network in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:271. [PMID: 32759936 PMCID: PMC7406501 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of neuroimaging studies have consistently revealed that disrupted functional interactions within the cognitive emotion regulation network (ERN) contribute to the onset of major depressive disorders (MDD). To disentangle the functional reorganization of ERN after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in MDD is curial for understanding its neuropathology. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected from 23 MDD patients before and after ECT, as well as 25 healthy controls. Network modularity analysis was used to identify the submodules and functional connectivity (FC) was used to investigate the functional reorganization of ERN in the MDD patients after ECT. Four submodules of ERN were identified, including emotion response module (ERM), emotion integration module (EIM), emotion generation module (EGM), and emotion execution module (EEM). The increased intra-modular FC of EEM and inter-modular FCs of EEM with EIM\ERM were found in MDD patients after ECT. Modular transition analysis revealed that left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, posterior cingulate cortex, right angular gyrus, and right precentral gyrus were transferred across different submodules across the three groups. Further analyses showed correlations between changed FC and clinical symptoms in the MDD patients after ECT. Finally, we also identified 11 increased connections between nodes belonging to different submodules of ERN in MDD patients after ECT. These results showed that ECT could induce functional reorganization of intra- and inter-modules within the ERN, and the functional changes were related to therapeutic efficacy or memory impairments of ECT in MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Xu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Tongjian Bai
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Zhengyu He
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Jianhuang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qingmao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xun Yang
- School of Public Affairs, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Department of Neurology, Shannan People's Hospital, Shannan, 856000, China.
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Jiaojian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China.
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, 230022, China
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260
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Multilevel fMRI adaptation for spoken word processing in the awake dog brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11968. [PMID: 32747731 PMCID: PMC7398925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brains process lexical meaning separately from emotional prosody of speech at higher levels of the processing hierarchy. Recently we demonstrated that dog brains can also dissociate lexical and emotional prosodic information in human spoken words. To better understand the neural dynamics of lexical processing in the dog brain, here we used an event-related design, optimized for fMRI adaptation analyses on multiple time scales. We investigated repetition effects in dogs’ neural (BOLD) responses to lexically marked (praise) words and to lexically unmarked (neutral) words, in praising and neutral prosody. We identified temporally and anatomically distinct adaptation patterns. In a subcortical auditory region, we found both short- and long-term fMRI adaptation for emotional prosody, but not for lexical markedness. In multiple cortical auditory regions, we found long-term fMRI adaptation for lexically marked compared to unmarked words. This lexical adaptation showed right-hemisphere bias and was age-modulated in a near-primary auditory region and was independent of prosody in a secondary auditory region. Word representations in dogs’ auditory cortex thus contain more than just the emotional prosody they are typically associated with. These findings demonstrate multilevel fMRI adaptation effects in the dog brain and are consistent with a hierarchical account of spoken word processing.
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261
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Padgaonkar NT, Lawrence KE, Hernandez LM, Green SA, Galván A, Dapretto M. Sex Differences in Internalizing Symptoms and Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Neurotypical Youth. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 44:100797. [PMID: 32716854 PMCID: PMC7374605 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Internalizing symptoms in neurotypical youth relate to amygdala connectivity. Greater modulation is observed in females than in males. Connectivity might be a symptom of or a risk factor for disorders.
Amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) is altered in adolescents with internalizing disorders, though the relationship between rsFC and subclinical symptomatology in neurotypical youth remains unclear. Here we examined whether amygdala rsFC varied across a continuum of internalizing symptoms in 110 typically-developing (TD) youths 8 to 17 years old using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We assessed overall internalizing symptoms, as well as anxious-depressed, withdrawn-depressed, and somatic complaints. Given known sex differences in the prevalence of internalizing disorders, we compared connectivity between males and females. As compared to males, females with greater internalizing, anxious-depressed, and somatic symptoms displayed greater connectivity with the cingulate gyrus, insula, and somatosensory cortices. In contrast, males with greater anxious-depressed symptoms demonstrated weaker connectivity with the subcallosal prefrontal cortex. Sex differences in rsFC in relation to symptom severity were evident for the whole amygdala and for two of its subnuclei (centromedial and superficial amygdala). Overall, results suggest that, for females, higher internalizing symptoms are associated with greater rsFC between the amygdala and regions implicated in emotional and somatosensory processing, salience detection, and action selection. Future longitudinal investigations are needed to determine whether this hyperconnectivity may confer resilience to, or pose risk for, the development of internalizing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K E Lawrence
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - L M Hernandez
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - S A Green
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - A Galván
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - M Dapretto
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
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262
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Bell L, McCloy R, Butler L, Vogt J. Motivational and Affective Factors Underlying Consumer Dropout and Transactional Success in eCommerce: An Overview. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1546. [PMID: 32714258 PMCID: PMC7351522 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that more than half of all online transactions are abandoned before completion. This paper investigates the psychological factors that influence online shopping behavior, with a view to improving transactional success rates. Through a review of the literature, we identify a range of factors which predict abandonment of online shopping, highlighting affective and motivational dimensions in addition to processing style and characteristics of the consumer, device, and product. We conclude that online purchasing and payment systems that boost consumers’ motivation to buy and prevent or attenuate negative affective states will demonstrate the greatest rates of transactional success. However, with rapid advancement in technology, continued research is needed to fully understand the potential impact on future online purchasing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Bell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel McCloy
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie Butler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Vogt
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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263
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Jessen S, Grossmann T. The developmental origins of subliminal face processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:454-460. [PMID: 32659286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive responding to facial information is of key importance during human social interactions. Research shows that adults glean much information from another person's face without conscious perception, attesting to the robustness of face processing in the service of adaptive social functioning. Until recently, it was unclear whether such subliminal face processing is an outcome of extensive learning, resulting in adult face processing skills, or an early defining feature of human face processing. Here, we review recent research examining the early ontogeny and brain correlates of subliminal face processing, demonstrating that subliminal face processing: (1) emerges during the first year of life; (2) is multifaceted in response to transient (gaze, emotion) and stable (trustworthiness) facial cues; (3) systematically elicits frontal brain responses linked to attention allocation. The synthesized research suggests that subliminal face processing emerges early in human development and thus may play a foundational role during human social interactions. This offers a fresh look at the ontogenetic origins of unconscious face processing and informs theoretical accounts of human sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jessen
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Tobias Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 310 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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264
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Neumann CS. Structural equation modeling of the associations between amygdala activation, personality, and internalizing, externalizing symptoms of psychopathology. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 3:e8. [PMID: 32743337 PMCID: PMC7372165 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2020.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an expanding literature on the theoretical and empirical connections between personality and psychopathology, and their shared neurobiological correlates. Recent cybernetic theories of personality and psychopathology, as well as affective neuroscience theory, provide grounding for understanding neurobiological-personality-psychopathology (NPP) associations. With the emergence of large sample datasets (e.g., Human Connectome Project) advanced quantitative modeling can be used to rigorously test dynamic statistical representations of NPP connections. Also, research suggests that these connections are influenced by sex, and large samples provide the opportunity to examine how NPP associations might be moderated by sex. The current study used a large sample from the Duke Neurogenetics Study (DNS) to examine how amygdala activation to facial expressions was linked with self-report of personality traits and clinical interviews of internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology. Structural equation modeling results revealed direct associations of amygdala activation with personality trait expression, as well as indirect associations (though personality) with symptoms of psychopathology. Moreover, the NPP links were moderated by sex. The current results are in line with research that identifies a broader role played by the amygdala in personality and provide potential insights for continued research in personality neuroscience and recent theories on the neurobiology of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Neumann
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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265
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Grose-Fifer J, Lobel M, diFilipo D, Gordon J. Low Spatial Frequency Sensitivity and Emotional Face Processing in Adolescents: An Event-related Potential Study. Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:279-296. [PMID: 32648782 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1789144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Slow maturation of visual pathways transmitting low spatial frequency (LSF) information may contribute to inaccurate facial emotion recognition in adolescence. We recorded ERPs from adolescents and adults to upright and inverted happy faces, fearful faces, and chairs, which were unfiltered, contained only LSFs, or only high spatial frequencies. P100s and N170s were larger for adolescents than adults, with the greatest effect size for LSF stimuli. For LSFs only, adolescents showed a larger N170 inversion effect for happy than for fearful faces, but adults showed the opposite response. Thus, immaturities in LSF pathways appear to impact facial expression processing in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Grose-Fifer
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York, NY.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - Max Lobel
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - Danielle diFilipo
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York, NY.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - James Gordon
- Hunter College, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
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266
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Reisch LM, Wegrzyn M, Woermann FG, Bien CG, Kissler J. Negative content enhances stimulus-specific cerebral activity during free viewing of pictures, faces, and words. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4332-4354. [PMID: 32633448 PMCID: PMC7502837 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative visual stimuli have been found to elicit stronger brain activation than do neutral stimuli. Such emotion effects have been shown for pictures, faces, and words alike, but the literature suggests stimulus-specific differences regarding locus and lateralization of the activity. In the current functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we directly compared brain responses to passively viewed negative and neutral pictures of complex scenes, faces, and words (nouns) in 43 healthy participants (21 males) varying in age and demographic background. Both negative pictures and faces activated the extrastriate visual cortices of both hemispheres more strongly than neutral ones, but effects were larger and extended more dorsally for pictures, whereas negative faces additionally activated the superior temporal sulci. Negative words differentially activated typical higher-level language processing areas such as the left inferior frontal and angular gyrus. There were small emotion effects in the amygdala for faces and words, which were both lateralized to the left hemisphere. Although pictures elicited overall the strongest amygdala activity, amygdala response to negative pictures was not significantly stronger than to neutral ones. Across stimulus types, emotion effects converged in the left anterior insula. No gender effects were apparent, but age had a small, stimulus-specific impact on emotion processing. Our study specifies similarities and differences in effects of negative emotional content on the processing of different types of stimuli, indicating that brain response to negative stimuli is specifically enhanced in areas involved in processing of the respective stimulus type in general and converges across stimuli in the left anterior insula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Marie Reisch
- Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Epilepsy Centre Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Martin Wegrzyn
- Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Johanna Kissler
- Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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267
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Sambuco N, Costa VD, Lang PJ, Bradley MM. Aversive perception in a threat context: Separate and independent neural activation. Biol Psychol 2020; 154:107926. [PMID: 32621851 PMCID: PMC7490760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unpleasant, compared to neutral, scenes reliably prompt enhanced functional brain activity in the amygdala and inferotemporal cortex. Considering data from psychophysiological studies in which defensive reactivity is further enhanced when viewing unpleasant scenes under threat of shock (compared to safety), the current study investigates functional activation in the amygdala-inferotemporal circuit when unpleasant (or neutral) scenes are viewed under threat of shock or safety. In this paradigm, a cue signaling threat or safety was presented in conjunction with either an unpleasant or neutral picture. Replicating previous studies, unpleasant, compared to neutral, scenes reliably enhanced activation in the amygdala and inferotemporal cortex. Functional activity in these regions, however, did not differ whether scenes were presented in a context threatening shock exposure, compared to safety, which instead activated regions of the anterior insula and cingulate cortex. Taken together, the data support a view in which neural regions activated in different defensive situations act independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sambuco
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Vincent D Costa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Peter J Lang
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Margaret M Bradley
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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268
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Attentional threat biases and their role in anxiety: A neurophysiological perspective. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 153:148-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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269
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Merz CJ, Lonsdorf TB. Methodische Anmerkungen und Anwendungsbereiche der Furchtkonditionierung in verschiedenen psychologischen Disziplinen. PSYCHOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU 2020. [DOI: 10.1026/0033-3042/a000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Furchtkonditionierung stellt ein bedeutsames Paradigma zur Untersuchung von emotionalen Lern- und Gedächtnisprozessen dar. Nach einer ungefähr hundertjährigen Geschichte wird deutlich, dass die Furchtkonditionierung nicht nur einen wichtigen Beitrag zur speziesübergreifenden Grundlagenforschung liefert, sondern auch unterschiedliche Anwendungsfelder zu neuen Erkenntnissen inspirieren kann. In diesem Übersichtartikel soll das grundlegende Paradigma mit verschiedenen methodischen Überlegungen zur experimentellen Durchführung vorgestellt werden. Im Anschluss werden ausgewählte Anwendungsbereiche der Furchtkonditionierung innerhalb der psychologischen Disziplinen dargestellt: die Allgemeine Psychologie wird bezüglich allgemeingültiger Gesetzmäßigkeiten von Lern- und Gedächtnisprozessen angesprochen, die Differentielle Psychologie wegen bedeutsamer interindividueller Unterschiede, die Biologische Psychologie und Neuropsychologie in Bezug auf physiologische und anatomische Grundlagen der Furchtkonditionierung, die Sozialpsychologie im Zuge der Einstellungsforschung, die Entwicklungspsychologie aufgrund altersspezifischer Aspekte sowie die Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie im Hinblick auf die Pathogenese von Angsterkrankungen und der Expositionstherapie. Insgesamt betrachtet hat die Furchtkonditionierung das Potenzial nicht nur unterschiedliche Disziplinen der Psychologie in synergistischer Weise zusammenzubringen, sondern auch die verschiedenen inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte zu unterstreichen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina B. Lonsdorf
- Institut für systemische Neurowissenschaften, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
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270
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Mulej Bratec S, Bertram T, Starke G, Brandl F, Xie X, Sorg C. Your presence soothes me: a neural process model of aversive emotion regulation via social buffering. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:561-570. [PMID: 32415970 PMCID: PMC7328019 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction of aversive emotions by a conspecific's presence-called social buffering-is a universal phenomenon in the mammalian world and a powerful form of human social emotion regulation. Animal and human studies on neural pathways underlying social buffering typically examined physiological reactions or regional brain activations. However, direct links between emotional and social stimuli, distinct neural processes and behavioural outcomes are still missing. Using data of 27 female participants, the current study delineated a large-scale process model of social buffering's neural underpinnings, connecting changes in neural activity to emotional behaviour by means of voxel-wise multilevel mediation analysis. Our results confirmed that three processes underlie human social buffering: (i) social support-related reduction of activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, anterior and mid-cingulate; (ii) downregulation of aversive emotion-induced brain activity in the superficial cortex-like amygdala and mediodorsal thalamus; and (iii) downregulation of reported aversive feelings. Results of the current study provide evidence for a distinct neural process model of aversive emotion regulation in humans by social buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satja Mulej Bratec
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Teresa Bertram
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Georg Starke
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Felix Brandl
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Xiyao Xie
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
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271
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Ehgoetz Martens KA, Peterson DS, Almeida QJ, Lewis SJG, Hausdorff JM, Nieuwboer A. Behavioural manifestations and associated non-motor features of freezing of gait: A narrative review and theoretical framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:350-364. [PMID: 32603716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, non-motor related symptoms and provocative contexts have offered unique opportunities to gain insight into the potential mechanisms that may underpin freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD). While this large body of work has informed several theoretical models, to date, few are capable of explaining behavioural findings across multiple domains (i.e. cognitive, sensory-perceptual and affective) and in different behavorial contexts. As such, the exact nature of these interrelationships and their neural basis remain quite enigmatic. Here, the non-motor, behavioural evidence for cognitive, sensory-perceptual and affective contributors to FOG are reviewed and synthesized by systematically examining (i) studies that manipulated contextual environments that provoke freezing of gait, (ii) studies that uncovered factors that have been proposed to contribute to freezing, and (iii) studies that longitudinally tracked factors that predict the future development of freezing of gait. After consolidating the evidence, we offer a novel perspective for integrating these multi-faceted behavioural patterns and identify key challenges that warrant consideration in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S Peterson
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA; Phoenix Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Arizona, USA
| | - Quincy J Almeida
- Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- ForeFront Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Hausdorff
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Dept of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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272
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Kessler R, Schmitt S, Sauder T, Stein F, Yüksel D, Grotegerd D, Dannlowski U, Hahn T, Dempfle A, Sommer J, Steinsträter O, Nenadic I, Kircher T, Jansen A. Long-Term Neuroanatomical Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment: Reduced Amygdala Inhibition by Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:28. [PMID: 32581732 PMCID: PMC7283497 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to patients with Major depressive disorder (MDD), healthy subjects at risk for depression show hyperactivation of the amygdala as a response to negative emotional expressions. The medial prefrontal cortex is responsible for amygdala control. Analyzing a large cohort of healthy subjects, we aimed to delineate malfunction in amygdala regulation by the medial prefrontal cortex in subjects at increased risk for depression, i.e., with a family history of affective disorders or a personal history of childhood maltreatment. We included a total of 342 healthy subjects from the FOR2107 cohort (www.for2107.de). An emotional face-matching task was used to identify the medial prefrontal cortex and right amygdala. Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) was conducted and neural coupling parameters were obtained for healthy controls with and without particular risk factors for depression. We assigned a genetic risk if subjects had a first-degree relative with an affective disorder and an environmental risk if subjects experienced childhood maltreatment. We then compared amygdala inhibition during emotion processing between groups. Amygdala inhibition by the medial prefrontal cortex was present in subjects without those two risk factors, as indicated by negative model parameter estimates. Having a genetic risk (i.e., a family history) did not result in changes in amygdala inhibition compared to no risk subjects. In contrast, childhood maltreatment as environmental risk has led to a significant reduction of amygdala inhibition by the medial prefrontal cortex. We propose a mechanistic explanation for the amygdala hyperactivity in subjects with particular risk for depression, in particular childhood maltreatment, caused by a malfunctioned amygdala downregulation via the medial prefrontal cortex. As childhood maltreatment is a major environmentalrisk factor for depression, we emphasize the importance of this potential early biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kessler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Sauder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Bayreuth Clinic, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dilara Yüksel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Astrid Dempfle
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany.,Core-Unit Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Steinsträter
- Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany.,Core-Unit Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany.,Core-Unit Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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273
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Dong X, Gao C, Guo C, Li W, Cui L. Time course of attentional bias in social anxiety: The effects of spatial frequencies and individual threats. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13617. [PMID: 32557636 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypervigilance and attentional bias to threat faces with low-spatial-frequency (LSF) information have been found in individuals with social anxiety. The vigilance-avoidance hypothesis posits that socially anxious individuals exhibit initial vigilance and later avoidance to threatening cues. However, the temporal dynamics of these two processes in response to various LSF threats in social anxiety remain unclear. In the current study, we presented faces containing anger, disgust, and fear in high and low spatial frequencies and compared the neural correlates with sensory perception and attention in individuals with high versus low social anxiety (HSA/LSA, n = 24). A visual search task was used to investigate the attentional effects of threats and spatial frequencies, and event-related potentials, particularly, the visual components of P1 and P250, were measured to index visual perceptual and attentional processes, respectively. We found that HSA individuals showed pronounced P1 and reduced P250 to LSF (vs. HSF) faces, regardless of emotion type, suggesting a general pattern of initial vigilance and later avoidance to LSF faces in social anxiety. Furthermore, while LSA individuals showed enhanced P250 to both fear and disgust (vs. neutral) faces, HSA individuals showed pronounced P250 to disgust faces alone. Our results, thus, elucidate the temporal profile of early vigilance and later avoidance in social anxiety, highlighting its broad implication for all faces and predominance in the low spatial frequency. Considering individual threats, our results demonstrate specific attentional avoidance of fear faces in social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lixia Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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274
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Ramsey R, Ward R. Putting the Nonsocial Into Social Neuroscience: A Role for Domain-General Priority Maps During Social Interactions. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:1076-1094. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620904972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whether on a first date or during a team briefing at work, people’s daily lives are inundated with social information, and in recent years, researchers have begun studying the neural mechanisms that support social-information processing. We argue that the focus of social neuroscience research to date has been skewed toward specialized processes at the expense of general processing mechanisms with a consequence that unrealistic expectations have been set for what specialized processes alone can achieve. We propose that for social neuroscience to develop into a more mature research program, it needs to embrace hybrid models that integrate specialized person representations with domain-general solutions, such as prioritization and selection, which operate across all classes of information (both social and nonsocial). To illustrate our central arguments, we first describe and then evaluate a hybrid model of information processing during social interactions that (a) generates novel and falsifiable predictions compared with existing models; (b) is predicated on a wealth of neurobiological evidence spanning many decades, methods, and species; (c) requires a superior standard of evidence to substantiate domain-specific mechanisms of social behavior; and (d) transforms expectations of what types of neural mechanisms may contribute to social-information processing in both typical and atypical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ramsey
- Wales Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University
| | - Rob Ward
- Wales Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University
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275
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Engell AD, Quillian HM. Faces under continuous flash suppression capture attention faster than objects, but without a face-evoked steady-state visual potential: Is curvilinearity responsible for the behavioral effect? J Vis 2020; 20:14. [PMID: 38755795 PMCID: PMC7416886 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.6.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Face perception is a vital part of human social interactions. The social value of faces makes their efficient detection evolutionarily advantageous. It has been suggested that this might occur nonconsciously, but experimental results are equivocal thus far. Here, we probe nonconscious face perception using a novel combination of binocular rivalry with continuous flash suppression and steady-state visually evoked potentials. In the first two experiments, participants viewed either non-face objects, neutral faces (Study 1), or fearful faces (Study 2). Consistent with the hypothesis that faces are processed nonconsciously, we found that faces broke through suppression faster than objects. We did not, however, observe a concomitant face-selective steady-state visually evoked potential. Study 3 was run to reconcile this paradox. We hypothesized that the faster breakthrough time was due to a mid-level visual feature, curvilinearity, rather than high-level category membership, which would explain the behavioral difference without neural evidence of face-selective processing. We tested this hypothesis by presenting participants with four different groups of stimuli outside of conscious awareness: rectilinear objects (e.g., chessboard), curvilinear objects (e.g., dartboard), faces, and objects that were not dominantly curvilinear or rectilinear. We found that faces and curvilinear objects broke through suppression faster than objects and rectilinear objects. Moreover, there was no difference between faces and curvilinear objects. These results support our hypothesis that the observed behavioral advantage for faces is due to their curvilinearity, rather than category membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Engell
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College , Gambier, OH , USA
- Department of Psychology, Kenyon College , Gambier, OH , USA
- www.andrewengell.com
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276
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Impact of early life adversities on human brain functioning: A coordinate-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:62-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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277
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Zeng C, Xue Z, Ross B, Zhang M, Liu Z, Wu G, Ouyang X, Li D, Pu W. Salience-thalamic circuit uncouples in major depressive disorder, but not in bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 2020; 269:43-50. [PMID: 32217342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar depression (BDD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are two diseases both characterized by depressed mood and diminished interest or pleasure. Recent neuroimaging studies have implicated the thalamo-cortical circuit in mood disorders, and the present study aimed to map thalamo-cortical connectivity to explore the dissociable and common abnormalities between bipolar and major depression in this circuit. METHOD Applying resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we mapped the thalamo-cortical circuit using a fine-grained thalamic atlas with 8 sub-regions bilaterally in 38 BDD patients, 42 MDD patients and 39 healthy controls (HCs). Correlation analysis was then performed between thalamo-cortical connectivity and clinical variables. RESULT The findings showed that both patient groups exhibited prefronto-thalamo-cerebellar and sensorimotor-thalamic hypoconnectivity, while the abnormalities in MDD were more extensive. Particularly, MDD group showed decreased thalamic connectivity with the salience network including the insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and striatum. No correlations were found between the abnormal thalamo-cortical connectivity and clinical symptoms in either patient group. LIMITATION Most patients in our study were taking drugs at the time of scanning, which may confound our findings. CONCLUSION Our finding suggest that the thalamo-cortical hypofunction is a common neuro-substrate for BDD and MDD. Specifically, the hypoconnectivity between the thalamus and salience network including the insula, ACC and striatum may be a distinguished biomarker for MDD, which may help to differentiate these two emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,Changsha, China; The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, Changsha, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China; Education college, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,Changsha, China; The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, Changsha, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Brendan Ross
- McGill Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Manqi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,Changsha, China; The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, Changsha, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guowei Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,Changsha, China; The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, Changsha, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Ouyang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,Changsha, China; The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, Changsha, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Weidan Pu
- The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan , China.
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278
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Redies C, Grebenkina M, Mohseni M, Kaduhm A, Dobel C. Global Image Properties Predict Ratings of Affective Pictures. Front Psychol 2020; 11:953. [PMID: 32477228 PMCID: PMC7235378 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective pictures are widely used in studies of human emotions. The objects or scenes shown in affective pictures play a pivotal role in eliciting particular emotions. However, affective processing can also be mediated by low-level perceptual features, such as local brightness contrast, color or the spatial frequency profile. In the present study, we asked whether image properties that reflect global image structure and image composition affect the rating of affective pictures. We focused on 13 global image properties that were previously associated with the esthetic evaluation of visual stimuli, and determined their predictive power for the ratings of five affective picture datasets (IAPS, GAPED, NAPS, DIRTI, and OASIS). First, we used an SVM-RBF classifier to predict high and low ratings for valence and arousal, respectively, and achieved a classification accuracy of 58–76% in this binary decision task. Second, a multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the individual image properties account for between 6 and 20% of the variance in the subjective ratings for valence and arousal. The predictive power of the image properties varies for the different datasets and type of ratings. Ratings tend to share similar sets of predictors if they correlate positively with each other. In conclusion, we obtained evidence from non-linear and linear analyses that affective pictures evoke emotions not only by what they show, but they also differ by how they show it. Whether the human visual system actually uses these perceptive cues for emotional processing remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Redies
- Experimental Aesthetics Group, Institute of Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Grebenkina
- Experimental Aesthetics Group, Institute of Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mahdi Mohseni
- Experimental Aesthetics Group, Institute of Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ali Kaduhm
- Experimental Aesthetics Group, Institute of Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Dobel
- Department of Otolaryngology and Institute of Phonatry and Pedaudiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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279
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Bruchmann M, Schindler S, Straube T. The spatial frequency spectrum of fearful faces modulates early and mid‐latency ERPs but not the N170. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13597. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
| | - Sebastian Schindler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
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280
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Bertels J, Bourguignon M, de Heering A, Chetail F, De Tiège X, Cleeremans A, Destrebecqz A. Snakes elicit specific neural responses in the human infant brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7443. [PMID: 32366886 PMCID: PMC7198620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting predators is essential for survival. Given that snakes are the first of primates' major predators, natural selection may have fostered efficient snake detection mechanisms to allow for optimal defensive behavior. Here, we provide electrophysiological evidence for a brain-anchored evolved predisposition to rapidly detect snakes in humans, which does not depend on previous exposure or knowledge about snakes. To do so, we recorded scalp electrical brain activity in 7- to 10-month-old infants watching sequences of flickering animal pictures. All animals were presented in their natural background. We showed that glancing at snakes generates specific neural responses in the infant brain, that are higher in amplitude than those generated by frogs or caterpillars, especially in the occipital region of the brain. The temporal dynamics of these neural responses support that infants devote increased attention to snakes than to non-snake stimuli. These results therefore demonstrate that a single fixation at snakes is sufficient to generate a prompt and large selective response in the infant brain. They argue for the existence in humans of an inborn, brain-anchored mechanism to swiftly detect snakes based on their characteristic visual features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bertels
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. .,Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - M Bourguignon
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A de Heering
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Chetail
- Laboratoire Cognition Langage Développement (LCLD), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - X De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Cleeremans
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Destrebecqz
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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281
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Guo K, Calver L, Soornack Y, Bourke P. Valence-dependent Disruption in Processing of Facial Expressions of Emotion in Early Visual Cortex—A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:906-916. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Our visual inputs are often entangled with affective meanings in natural vision, implying the existence of extensive interaction between visual and emotional processing. However, little is known about the neural mechanism underlying such interaction. This exploratory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study examined the possible involvement of the early visual cortex (EVC, Area V1/V2/V3) in perceiving facial expressions of different emotional valences. Across three experiments, single-pulse TMS was delivered at different time windows (50–150 msec) after a brief 10-msec onset of face images, and participants reported the visibility and perceived emotional valence of faces. Interestingly, earlier TMS at ∼90 msec only reduced the face visibility irrespective of displayed expressions, but later TMS at ∼120 msec selectively disrupted the recognition of negative facial expressions, indicating the involvement of EVC in the processing of negative expressions at a later time window, possibly beyond the initial processing of fed-forward facial structure information. The observed TMS effect was further modulated by individuals' anxiety level. TMS at ∼110–120 msec disrupted the recognition of anger significantly more for those scoring relatively low in trait anxiety than the high scorers, suggesting that cognitive bias influences the processing of facial expressions in EVC. Taken together, it seems that EVC is involved in structural encoding of (at least) negative facial emotional valence, such as fear and anger, possibly under modulation from higher cortical areas.
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282
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Cui Z, Li H, Xia CH, Larsen B, Adebimpe A, Baum GL, Cieslak M, Gur RE, Gur RC, Moore TM, Oathes DJ, Alexander-Bloch AF, Raznahan A, Roalf DR, Shinohara RT, Wolf DH, Davatzikos C, Bassett DS, Fair DA, Fan Y, Satterthwaite TD. Individual Variation in Functional Topography of Association Networks in Youth. Neuron 2020; 106:340-353.e8. [PMID: 32078800 PMCID: PMC7182484 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of large-scale functional networks on the cerebral cortex differs between individuals and is particularly variable in association networks that are responsible for higher-order cognition. However, it remains unknown how this functional topography evolves in development and supports cognition. Capitalizing on advances in machine learning and a large sample imaged with 27 min of high-quality functional MRI (fMRI) data (n = 693, ages 8-23 years), we delineate how functional topography evolves during youth. We found that the functional topography of association networks is refined with age, allowing accurate prediction of unseen individuals' brain maturity. The cortical representation of association networks predicts individual differences in executive function. Finally, variability of functional topography is associated with fundamental properties of brain organization, including evolutionary expansion, cortical myelination, and cerebral blood flow. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the plasticity and diversity of functional neuroanatomy during development and suggest advances in personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaixu Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongming Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cedric H Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bart Larsen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Azeez Adebimpe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Graham L Baum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matt Cieslak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Desmond J Oathes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron F Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Center for Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Departments of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Departments of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn/CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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283
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Schindler S, Miller GA, Kissler J. Attending to Eliza: rapid brain responses reflect competence attribution in virtual social feedback processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:1073-1086. [PMID: 31593232 PMCID: PMC7053263 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the age of virtual communication, the source of a message is often inferred rather than perceived, raising the question of how sender attributions affect content processing. We investigated this issue in an evaluative feedback scenario. Participants were told that an expert psychotherapist, a layperson or a randomly acting computer was going to give them online positive, neutral or negative personality feedback while high-density EEG was recorded. Sender attribution affected processing rapidly, even though the feedback was on average identical. Event-related potentials revealed a linear increase with attributed expertise beginning 150 ms after disclosure and most pronounced for N1, P2 and early posterior negativity components. P3 and late positive potential amplitudes were increased for both human senders and for emotionally significant (positive or negative) feedback. Strikingly, feedback from a putative expert prompted large P3 responses, even for inherently neutral content. Source analysis localized early enhancements due to attributed sender expertise in frontal and somatosensory regions and later responses in the posterior cingulate and extended visual and parietal areas, supporting involvement of mentalizing, embodied processing and socially motivated attention. These findings reveal how attributed sender expertise rapidly alters feedback processing in virtual interaction and have implications for virtual therapy and online communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schindler
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.,Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, P.O. Box 951563, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Johanna Kissler
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.,Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
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284
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Porta-Casteràs D, Fullana MA, Tinoco D, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Pujol J, Palao DJ, Soriano-Mas C, Harrison BJ, Via E, Cardoner N. Prefrontal-amygdala connectivity in trait anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder: Testing the boundaries between healthy and pathological worries. J Affect Disord 2020; 267:211-219. [PMID: 32217221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current brain-based theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) suggest a dysfunction of amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex emotional regulatory mechanisms. These alterations might be reflected by an altered resting state functional connectivity between both areas and could extend to vulnerable non-clinical samples such as high worriers without a GAD diagnosis. However, there is a lack of information in this regard. METHODS We investigated differences in resting state functional connectivity between the basolateral amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (amygdala-vmPFC) in 28 unmedicated participants with GAD, 28 high-worriers and 28 low-worriers. We additionally explored selected clinical variables as predictors of amygdala-vmPFC connectivity, including anxiety sensitivity. RESULTS GAD participants presented higher left amygdala-vmPFC connectivity compared to both groups of non-GAD participants, and there were no differences between the latter two groups. In our exploratory analyses, concerns about the cognitive consequences of anxiety (the cognitive dimension of anxiety sensitivity) were found to be a significant predictor of the left amygdala-vmPFC connectivity. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional nature of our study preclude us from assessing if functional connectivity measures and anxiety sensitivity scores entail an increased risk of GAD. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a neurobiological qualitative distinction at the level of the amygdala-vmPFC emotional-regulatory system in GAD compared to non-GAD participants, either high- or low-worriers. At this neural level, they question previous hypotheses of continuity between high worries and GAD development. Instead, other anxiety traits such as anxiety sensitivity might confer a greater proneness to the amygdala-vmPFC connectivity alterations observed in GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Porta-Casteràs
- Mental Health Department, Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional. Parc Taulí University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M A Fullana
- Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Tinoco
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I Martínez-Zalacaín
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital -IDIBELL, CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Pujol
- MRI Research Unit,Hospital del Mar, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona,Spain
| | - D J Palao
- Mental Health Department, Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional. Parc Taulí University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital -IDIBELL, CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Via
- Mental Health Department, Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional. Parc Taulí University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Bellaterra, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - N Cardoner
- Mental Health Department, Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional. Parc Taulí University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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285
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The influence of subcortical shortcuts on disordered sensory and cognitive processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:264-276. [PMID: 32269315 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The very earliest stages of sensory processing have the potential to alter how we perceive and respond to our environment. These initial processing circuits can incorporate subcortical regions, such as the thalamus and brainstem nuclei, which mediate complex interactions with the brain's cortical processing hierarchy. These subcortical pathways, many of which we share with other animals, are not merely vestigial but appear to function as 'shortcuts' that ensure processing efficiency and preservation of vital life-preserving functions, such as harm avoidance, adaptive social interactions and efficient decision-making. Here, we propose that functional interactions between these higher-order and lower-order brain areas contribute to atypical sensory and cognitive processing that characterizes numerous neuropsychiatric disorders.
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286
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Sambuco N, Bradley MM, Herring DR, Lang PJ. Common circuit or paradigm shift? The functional brain in emotional scene perception and emotional imagery. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13522. [PMID: 32011742 PMCID: PMC7446773 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analytic and experimental studies investigating the neural basis of emotion often compare functional activation in different emotional induction contexts, assessing evidence for a "core affect" or "salience" network. Meta-analyses necessarily aggregate effects across diverse paradigms and different samples, which ignore potential neural differences specific to the method of affect induction. Data from repeated measures designs are few, reporting contradictory results with a small N. In the current study, functional brain activity is assessed in a large (N = 61) group of healthy participants during two common emotion inductions-scene perception and narrative imagery-to evaluate cross-paradigm consistency. Results indicate that limbic and paralimbic regions, together with visual and parietal cortex, are reliably engaged during emotional scene perception. For emotional imagery, in contrast, enhanced functional activity is found in several cerebellar regions, hippocampus, caudate, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, consistent with the conception that imagery is an action disposition. Taken together, the data suggest that a common emotion network is not engaged across paradigms, but that the specific neural regions activated during emotional processing can vary significantly with the context of the emotional induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sambuco
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Margaret M Bradley
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - David R Herring
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Peter J Lang
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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287
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Sim EJ, Harpaintner M, Kiefer M. Is subliminal face processing modulated by attentional task sets? Evidence from masked priming effects in a gender decision task. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractUnlike classical theories of automaticity, refined theories suggest that unconscious automatic processes depend on cognitive control settings. Cognitive control influences on unconscious word and object processing are well documented, but corresponding findings in the field of face processing are heterogeneous. The present study therefore investigated, whether subliminal face priming in a gender categorization task is susceptible to feature-specific attention. Participants performed a gender decision task by orthogonally varying gender congruency (prime-target: same vs. different gender) and emotion congruency (prime-target: same vs. different emotional facial expression) using a masked priming paradigm. Perceptual vs. emotional induction tasks, performed prior to prime presentation, served to activate corresponding attentional task sets. Subliminal gender priming (faster reactions to gender-congruent primes) differed as a function of induction task and emotional congruency. Following perceptual induction, gender priming was only obtained in the emotionally congruent condition, whereas following emotional induction gender priming was observed independently of emotional congruency. In line with the classical notion of automaticity, subliminal gender priming did not depend on a specific attentional focus. However, attention to shape facilitated subliminal processing of task-irrelevant emotional facial expressions. Most likely, mutual facilitation of emotionally congruent prime and target representations enhanced gender priming compared with emotionally incongruent pairings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jim Sim
- Ulm University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Leimgrubenweg 12, 89075Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcel Harpaintner
- Ulm University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kiefer
- Ulm University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm, Germany
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288
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Altered directed functional connectivity of the right amygdala in depression: high-density EEG study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4398. [PMID: 32157152 PMCID: PMC7064485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamic and limbic circuits are suggested to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of depression. Stimulation of deep brain targets might improve symptoms in treatment-resistant depression. However, a better understanding of connectivity properties of deep brain structures potentially implicated in deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment is needed. Using high-density EEG, we explored the directed functional connectivity at rest in 25 healthy subjects and 26 patients with moderate to severe depression within the bipolar affective disorder, depressive episode, and recurrent depressive disorder. We computed the Partial Directed Coherence on the source EEG signals focusing on the amygdala, anterior cingulate, putamen, pallidum, caudate, and thalamus. The global efficiency for the whole brain and the local efficiency, clustering coefficient, outflow, and strength for the selected structures were calculated. In the right amygdala, all the network metrics were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in patients than in controls. The global efficiency was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in patients than in controls, showed no correlation with status of depression, but decreased with increasing medication intake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\bf{R}}}^{{\bf{2}}}{\boldsymbol{=}}{\bf{0.59}}\,{\bf{and}}\,{\bf{p}}{\boldsymbol{=}}{\bf{1.52}}{\bf{e}}{\boldsymbol{ \mbox{-} }}{\bf{05}}$$\end{document}R2=0.59andp=1.52e‐05). The amygdala seems to play an important role in neurobiology of depression. Practical treatment studies would be necessary to assess the amygdala as a potential future DBS target for treating depression.
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289
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von Dawans B, Spenthof I, Zimmer P, Domes G. Acute Psychosocial Stress Modulates the Detection Sensitivity for Facial Emotions. Exp Psychol 2020; 67:140-149. [PMID: 32729401 PMCID: PMC8865615 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Psychosocial stress has been shown to alter social
perception and behavior. In the present study, we investigated whether a
standardized psychosocial stressor modulates the perceptual sensitivity for
positive and negative facial emotions and the tendency to allocate attention to
facial expressions. Fifty-four male participants underwent the Trier Social
Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G) or a nonstressful control condition before they
performed a facial emotions detection task and a facial dot-probe task to assess
attention for positive and negative facial expressions. Saliva samples were
collected over the course of the experiment to measure free cortisol and alpha
amylase. In response to the TSST-G, participants showed marked increases in
subjective stress, salivary cortisol, and alpha amylase compared to the control
condition. In the control condition, detection performance was higher for angry
compared to happy facial expressions, while in the stressful condition this
difference was reversed. Here, participants were more sensitive to happy
compared to angry facial expressions. Attention was unaffected by psychosocial
stress. The results suggest that psychosocial stress shifts social perception in
terms of detection sensitivity for facial expressions toward positive social
cues, a pattern that is consistent with the tendency to seek social support for
coping with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ines Spenthof
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Germany
| | - Patrick Zimmer
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Germany
| | - Gregor Domes
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Germany
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290
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Miedl SF, Rattel JA, Franke LK, Blechert J, Kronbichler M, Spoormaker VI, Wilhelm FH. Neural Processing During Fear Extinction Predicts Intrusive Memories. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:403-411. [PMID: 32111578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient extinction learning has been suggested as an important mechanism involved in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. A key feature of posttraumatic stress disorder, reexperiencing the trauma in form of intrusions, may be linked to deficient extinction learning. This link is investigated in a novel, functional magnetic resonance imaging-compatible fear conditioning procedure that uses trauma films. Based on previous results, we expected deficient fear extinction indexed by exaggerated responding in the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to predict subsequent intrusions. METHODS A total of 58 healthy participants underwent acquisition and extinction learning with faces as conditioned stimuli (CS) and highly aversive 16-second films depicting interpersonal violence as unconditioned stimuli. During the subsequent 3 days, participants reported intrusive memories on their smartphone. RESULTS Successful fear acquisition was evidenced by differential (CS+ > CS-) activity (threat cues associated with trauma films > cues paired only with neutral films) of a widespread network, including the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, whereas extinction was characterized exclusively by differential anterior insula activity. Differential conditioned responding during late extinction in the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was positively related to intrusive memory frequency independent of unconditioned stimuli responding. Exploratory analysis also revealed intrusion sensitivity of the hippocampus, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, among others. CONCLUSIONS Results support the role of extinction learning in intrusive memory formation; a failure to uncouple conditioned emotional responding from external threat cues was associated with subsequent intrusive memories, representing a potential risk marker for developing posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F Miedl
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Julina A Rattel
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laila K Franke
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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291
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Tsikandilakis M. "The Harder One Tries …": Findings and Insights From the Application of Covert Response Pressure Assessment Technology in Three Studies of Visual Perception. Iperception 2020; 11:2041669520913319. [PMID: 32341777 PMCID: PMC7171999 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520913319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present a force measuring method for assessing participant responses in studies of visual perception. We present a device disguised as a mouse pad and designed to measure mouse-click-pressure and click-press-to-release-time responses by unaware, as regards to the physiological assessment, participants. The aim of the current technology, in the current studies, was to provide a physiological assessment of confidence and task difficulty. We tested the device in three experiments. The studies comprised of a gender-recognition study using morphed male and female faces, a visual suppression study using backwards masking, and a target-search study that included deciding whether a letter was repeated in a subsequently presented letter string. Across all studies, higher task difficulty was associated with higher click-release-time responses. Higher task difficulty was, intriguingly, also associated with lower click pressure. Higher confidence ratings were consistently associated with higher click pressure and shorter click-release time across all experiments. These findings suggest that the current technology can be used to assess responses relating to task difficulty and participant confidence in studies of visual perception. We suggest that the assessment of release times can also be implemented using standard equipment, and we provide manual and easy-to-use code for the implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham; School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham
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292
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Fu D, Weber C, Yang G, Kerzel M, Nan W, Barros P, Wu H, Liu X, Wermter S. What Can Computational Models Learn From Human Selective Attention? A Review From an Audiovisual Unimodal and Crossmodal Perspective. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:10. [PMID: 32174816 PMCID: PMC7056875 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention plays an essential role in information acquisition and utilization from the environment. In the past 50 years, research on selective attention has been a central topic in cognitive science. Compared with unimodal studies, crossmodal studies are more complex but necessary to solve real-world challenges in both human experiments and computational modeling. Although an increasing number of findings on crossmodal selective attention have shed light on humans' behavioral patterns and neural underpinnings, a much better understanding is still necessary to yield the same benefit for intelligent computational agents. This article reviews studies of selective attention in unimodal visual and auditory and crossmodal audiovisual setups from the multidisciplinary perspectives of psychology and cognitive neuroscience, and evaluates different ways to simulate analogous mechanisms in computational models and robotics. We discuss the gaps between these fields in this interdisciplinary review and provide insights about how to use psychological findings and theories in artificial intelligence from different perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Weber
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guochun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matthias Kerzel
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Weizhi Nan
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pablo Barros
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haiyan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Wermter
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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293
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Zhang M, Yang F, Fan F, Wang Z, Hong X, Tan Y, Tan S, Hong LE. Abnormal amygdala subregional-sensorimotor connectivity correlates with positive symptom in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 26:102218. [PMID: 32126520 PMCID: PMC7052514 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional connectivity between amygdala subregions and the brain was studied with resting-state (RS) functional MRI. RS functional connectivity was compared between patients with first episode schizophrenia (FES) and healthy controls. FES patients showed changes in functional connectivity between amygdala subregions and sensorimotor cortex. Altered basolateral amygdala-precentral gyrus connectivity correlated with positive symptoms in FES patients.
Altered resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the amygdala has been demonstrated to be implicated in schizophrenia neuronal pathophysiology. However, whether rsFC of amygdala subregions is differentially affected in schizophrenia remains unclear. This study compared the functional networks of each amygdala subdivision between healthy controls (HC) and patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES). In total, 47 HC and 78 patients with FES underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The amygdala was divided into the following three subregions using the Juelich histological atlas: basolateral amygdala (BLA), centromedial amygdala (CMA), and superficial amygdala (SFA). The rsFC of the three amygdala subdivisions was computed and compared between the two groups. Significantly increased rsFC of the right CMA with the right postcentral gyrus and decreased rsFC of the right BLA with the left precentral gyrus were observed in the FES group compared with the HC group. Notably, the right BLA-left precentral gyrus connectivity was negatively correlated with positive symptoms and conceptual disorganization in patients with FES. In conclusion, this study found that patients with FES had abnormal functional connectivity in the amygdala subregions, and the altered rsFC was associated with positive symptoms. The present findings demonstrate the disruptive rsFC patterns of amygdala subregional-sensorimotor networks in FES and may provide new insights into the neuronal pathophysiology of FES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Peking University HuiLonGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Fude Yang
- Peking University HuiLonGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China.
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Peking University HuiLonGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Peking University HuiLonGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Xiang Hong
- Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLonGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Peking University HuiLonGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China.
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21288, United States
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294
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Vai B, Serretti A, Poletti S, Mascia M, Lorenzi C, Colombo C, Benedetti F. Cortico-limbic functional connectivity mediates the effect of early life stress on suicidality in bipolar depressed 5-HTTLPR*s carriers. J Affect Disord 2020; 263:420-427. [PMID: 31969273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In bipolar disorder (BD) the risk of suicide in adult life can be influenced by the interaction of adverse childhood experiences with the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). The cortico-limbic connectivity is a candidate endophenotype for the disorder, also related to suicidality and affected by the 5-HT system. METHODS In 64 (*s carriers = 41; l/l = 23) depressed BD patients, we explored the effect of 5-HTTLPR on corticolimbic functional connectivity (FC) during emotional processing, and the role of FC in moderating/mediating the effect of early stressful events on suicidality among 5-HTTLPR groups, by implementing Generalized Structural Equation Model. RESULTS 5-HTTLPR affects FC between amygdala (Amy) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), temporal pole, putamen/thalamus, and precuneus. The short allele was associated to a more inefficient corticolimbic connectivity. In 5-HTTLPR*s carriers, but not in l/l, the Amy-ACC functional coupling mediated the relationship between stress load and current suicidality. LIMITATIONS Patients were not drug-naive, and the recruitment took place in a single center, thus raising the possibility of population stratifications. The sample size is relatively small, but our findings can provide the background for replication study in independent and larger datasets. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the link between the 5-HTT promoter polymorphism and susceptibility to stress in BD, and suggest that cortico-limbic functional connectivity mediates these effects. This pattern could identify a vulnerability factor for the exacerbation of mood episodes after stressful life events particularly relevant in *s carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Vai
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia Mascia
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lorenzi
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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295
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Le QV, Le QV, Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Takamura Y, Hori E, Maior RS, Tomaz C, Ono T, Nishijo H. A Prototypical Template for Rapid Face Detection Is Embedded in the Monkey Superior Colliculus. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:5. [PMID: 32158382 PMCID: PMC7025518 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human babies respond preferentially to faces or face-like images. It has been proposed that an innate and rapid face detection system is present at birth before the cortical visual pathway is developed in many species, including primates. However, in primates, the visual area responsible for this process is yet to be unraveled. We hypothesized that the superior colliculus (SC) that receives direct and indirect retinal visual inputs may serve as an innate rapid face-detection system in primates. To test this hypothesis, we examined the responsiveness of monkey SC neurons to first-order information of faces required for face detection (basic spatial layout of facial features including eyes, nose, and mouth), by analyzing neuronal responses to line drawing images of: (1) face-like patterns with contours and properly placed facial features; (2) non-face patterns including face contours only; and (3) nonface random patterns with contours and randomly placed face features. Here, we show that SC neurons respond stronger and faster to upright and inverted face-like patterns compared to the responses to nonface patterns, regardless of contrast polarity and contour shapes. Furthermore, SC neurons with central receptive fields (RFs) were more selective to face-like patterns. In addition, the population activity of SC neurons with central RFs can discriminate face-like patterns from nonface patterns as early as 50 ms after the stimulus onset. Our results provide strong neurophysiological evidence for the involvement of the primate SC in face detection and suggest the existence of a broadly tuned template for face detection in the subcortical visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Van Le
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Quan Van Le
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Rafael S Maior
- Primate Center and Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, CEUMA University, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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296
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Lin H, Müller-Bardorff M, Gathmann B, Brieke J, Mothes-Lasch M, Bruchmann M, Miltner WHR, Straube T. Stimulus arousal drives amygdalar responses to emotional expressions across sensory modalities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1898. [PMID: 32024891 PMCID: PMC7002496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors that drive amygdalar responses to emotionally significant stimuli are still a matter of debate - particularly the proneness of the amygdala to respond to negatively-valenced stimuli has been discussed controversially. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether the amygdala responds in a modality-general fashion or whether modality-specific idiosyncrasies exist. Therefore, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study systematically investigated amygdalar responding to stimulus valence and arousal of emotional expressions across visual and auditory modalities. During scanning, participants performed a gender judgment task while prosodic and facial emotional expressions were presented. The stimuli varied in stimulus valence and arousal by including neutral, happy and angry expressions of high and low emotional intensity. Results demonstrate amygdalar activation as a function of stimulus arousal and accordingly associated emotional intensity regardless of stimulus valence. Furthermore, arousal-driven amygdalar responding did not depend on the visual and auditory modalities of emotional expressions. Thus, the current results are consistent with the notion that the amygdala codes general stimulus relevance across visual and auditory modalities irrespective of valence. In addition, whole brain analyses revealed that effects in visual and auditory areas were driven mainly by high intense emotional facial and vocal stimuli, respectively, suggesting modality-specific representations of emotional expressions in auditory and visual cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521, Guangzhou, China.
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Miriam Müller-Bardorff
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bettina Gathmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Brieke
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Mothes-Lasch
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H R Miltner
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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297
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Domínguez-Borràs J, Moyne M, Saj A, Guex R, Vuilleumier P. Impaired emotional biases in visual attention after bilateral amygdala lesion. Neuropsychologia 2020; 137:107292. [PMID: 31811846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is debated whether the amygdala is critical for the emotional modulation of attention. While some studies show reduced attentional benefits for emotional stimuli in amygdala-damaged patients, others report preserved emotional effects. Various factors may account for these discrepant findings, including the temporal onset of the lesion, the completeness and severity of tissue damage, or the extent of neural plasticity and compensatory mechanisms, among others. Here, we investigated a rare patient with focal acute destruction of bilateral amygdala and adjacent hippocampal structures after late-onset herpetic encephalitis in adulthood. We compared her performance in two classic visual attention paradigms with that of healthy controls. First, we tested for any emotional advantage during an attentional blink task. Whereas controls showed better report of fearful and happy than neutral faces on trials with short lags between targets, the patient showed no emotional advantage, but also globally reduced report rates for all faces. Second, to ensure that memory disturbance due to hippocampal damage would not interfere with report performance, we also used a visual search task with either emotionally or visually salient face targets. Although the patient still exhibited efficient guided search for visually salient, non-emotional faces, her search slopes for emotional versus neutral faces showed no comparable benefit. In both tasks, however, changes in the patient predominated for happy more than fear stimuli, despite her normal explicit recognition of happy expressions. Our results provide new support for a causal role of the amygdala in emotional facilitation of visual attention, especially under conditions of increasing task-demands, and not limited to negative information. In addition, our data suggest that such deficits may not be amenable to plasticity and compensation, perhaps due to sudden and late-onset damage occurring in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Domínguez-Borràs
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - M Moyne
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - A Saj
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - R Guex
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - P Vuilleumier
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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298
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Timbie C, García-Cabezas MÁ, Zikopoulos B, Barbas H. Organization of primate amygdalar-thalamic pathways for emotions. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000639. [PMID: 32106269 PMCID: PMC7064256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the thalamus have mostly focused on sensory relay nuclei, but the organization of pathways associated with emotions is not well understood. We addressed this issue by testing the hypothesis that the primate amygdala acts, in part, like a sensory structure for the affective import of stimuli and conveys this information to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part (MDmc). We found that primate sensory cortices innervate amygdalar sites that project to the MDmc, which projects to the orbitofrontal cortex. As in sensory thalamic systems, large amygdalar terminals innervated excitatory relay and inhibitory neurons in the MDmc that facilitate faithful transmission to the cortex. The amygdala, however, uniquely innervated a few MDmc neurons by surrounding and isolating large segments of their proximal dendrites, as revealed by three-dimensional high-resolution reconstruction. Physiologic studies have shown that large axon terminals are found in pathways issued from motor systems that innervate other brain centers to help distinguish self-initiated from other movements. By analogy, the amygdalar pathway to the MDmc may convey signals forwarded to the orbitofrontal cortex to monitor and update the status of the environment in processes deranged in schizophrenia, resulting in attribution of thoughts and actions to external sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Timbie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Neural Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Miguel Á. García-Cabezas
- Neural Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Human Systems Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Neural Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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299
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Ultra High Field fMRI of Human Superior Colliculi Activity during Affective Visual Processing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1331. [PMID: 31992744 PMCID: PMC6987103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on rodents and non-human primates has established the involvement of the superior colliculus in defensive behaviours and visual threat detection. The superior colliculus has been well-studied in humans for its functional roles in saccade and visual processing, but less is known about its involvement in affect. In standard functional MRI studies of the human superior colliculus, it is challenging to discern activity in the superior colliculus from activity in surrounding nuclei such as the periaqueductal gray due to technological and methodological limitations. Employing high-field strength (7 Tesla) fMRI techniques, this study imaged the superior colliculus at high (0.75 mm isotropic) resolution, which enabled isolation of the superior colliculus from other brainstem nuclei. Superior colliculus activation during emotionally aversive image viewing blocks was greater than that during neutral image viewing blocks. These findings suggest that the superior colliculus may play a role in shaping subjective emotional experiences in addition to its visuomotor functions, bridging the gap between affective research on humans and non-human animals.
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300
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van ‘t Veer AE, Thijssen S, Witteman J, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Exploring the neural basis for paternal protection: an investigation of the neural response to infants in danger. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:447-457. [PMID: 30847472 PMCID: PMC6523437 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perceiving potential threat to an infant and responding to it is crucial for offspring survival and parent–child bonding. Using a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and multi-informant reports, this longitudinal study explores the neural basis for paternal responses to threat to infants pre-natally (N = 21) and early post-natally (n = 17). Participants viewed videos showing an infant in danger and matched control videos, while instructed to imagine that the infant was their own or someone else’s. Effects were found for infant-threatening vs neutral situations in the amygdala (region-of-interest analyses) and in clusters spanning cortical and subcortical areas (whole-brain analyses). An interaction effect revealed increased activation for own (vs unknown) infants in threatening (vs neutral) situations in bilateral motor areas, possibly indicating preparation for action. Post-natal activation patterns were similar; however, in part of the superior frontal gyrus the distinction between threat to own and unknown infant faded. Fathers showing more protective behavior in daily life recruited part of the frontal pole more when confronted with threat to their own vs an unknown infant. This exploratory study is the first to describe neural mechanisms involved in paternal protection and provides a basis for future work on fathers’ protective parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E van ‘t Veer
- Methodology and Statistics Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to Anna van ‘t Veer, Methodology and Statistics Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, the Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - Sandra Thijssen
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Witteman
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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