251
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Li Y, Huffman J, Li Y, Du L, Shen Y. 3-Hydroxylation of the polycyclic tetramate macrolactam in the biosynthesis of antifungal HSAF from Lysobacter enzymogenes C3. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20026k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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252
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Gomez-Escribano JP, Song L, Fox DJ, Yeo V, Bibb MJ, Challis GL. Structure and biosynthesis of the unusual polyketide alkaloid coelimycin P1, a metabolic product of the cpk gene cluster of Streptomyces coelicolor M145. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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253
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Lou L, Chen H, Cerny RL, Li Y, Shen Y, Du L. Unusual activities of the thioesterase domain for the biosynthesis of the polycyclic tetramate macrolactam HSAF in Lysobacter enzymogenes C3. Biochemistry 2011; 51:4-6. [PMID: 22182183 DOI: 10.1021/bi2015025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HSAF is an antifungal natural product with a new mode of action. A rare bacterial iterative PKS-NRPS assembles the HSAF skeleton. The biochemical characterization of the NRPS revealed that the thioesterase (TE) domain possesses the activities of both a protease and a peptide ligase. Active site mutagenesis, circular dichroism spectra, and homology modeling of the TE structure suggested that the TE may possess uncommon features that may lead to the unusual activities. The iterative PKS-NRPS is found in all polycyclic tetramate macrolactam gene clusters, and the unusual activities of the TE may be common to this type of hybrid PKS-NRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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254
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Brown DW, Butchko RAE, Baker SE, Proctor RH. Phylogenomic and functional domain analysis of polyketide synthases in Fusarium. Fungal Biol 2011; 116:318-31. [PMID: 22289777 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium species are ubiquitous in nature, cause a range of plant diseases, and produce a variety of chemicals often referred to as secondary metabolites. Although some fungal secondary metabolites affect plant growth or protect plants from other fungi and bacteria, their presence in grain-based food and feed is more often associated with a variety of diseases in plants and in animals. Many of these structurally diverse metabolites are derived from a family of related enzymes called polyketide synthases (PKSs). A search of genomic sequence of Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani identified a total of 58 PKS genes. To gain insight into how this gene family evolved and to guide future studies, we conducted phylogenomic and functional domain analyses. The resulting geneaology suggested that Fusarium PKSs represent 34 different groups responsible for synthesis of different core metabolites. The analyses indicate that variation in the Fusarium PKS gene family is due to gene duplication and loss events as well as enzyme gain-of-function due to the acquisition of new domains or of loss-of-function due to nucleotide mutations. Transcriptional analysis indicates that the 16 F. verticillioides PKS genes are expressed under a range of conditions, further evidence that they are functional genes that confer the ability to produce secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren W Brown
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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255
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Fisch KM, Bakeer W, Yakasai AA, Song Z, Pedrick J, Wasil Z, Bailey AM, Lazarus CM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Rational domain swaps decipher programming in fungal highly reducing polyketide synthases and resurrect an extinct metabolite. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16635-41. [PMID: 21899331 DOI: 10.1021/ja206914q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of programming of iterative highly reducing polyketide synthases remains one of the key unsolved problems of secondary metabolism. We conducted rational domain swaps between the polyketide synthases encoding the biosynthesis of the closely related compounds tenellin and desmethylbassianin. Expression of the hybrid synthetases in Aspergillus oryzae led to the production of reprogrammed compounds in which the changes to the methylation pattern and chain length could be mapped to the domain swaps. These experiments reveal for the first time the origin of programming in these systems. Domain swaps combined with coexpression of two cytochrome P450 encoding genes from the tenellin biosynthetic gene cluster led to the resurrection of the extinct metabolite bassianin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Fisch
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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256
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Identification and characterization of the anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus WAP-8294A2 biosynthetic gene cluster from Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5581-9. [PMID: 21930890 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05370-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysobactor enzymogenes strain OH11 is an emerging biological control agent of fungal and bacterial diseases. We recently completed its genome sequence and found it contains a large number of gene clusters putatively responsible for the biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides and polyketides, including the previously identified antifungal dihydromaltophilin (HSAF). One of the gene clusters contains two huge open reading frames, together encoding 12 modules of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). Gene disruption of one of the NRPS led to the disappearance of a metabolite produced in the wild type and the elimination of its antibacterial activity. The metabolite and antibacterial activity were also affected by the disruption of some of the flanking genes. We subsequently isolated this metabolite and subjected it to spectroscopic analysis. The mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data showed that its chemical structure is identical to WAP-8294A2, a cyclic lipodepsipeptide with potent anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity and currently in phase I/II clinical trials. The WAP-8294A2 biosynthetic genes had not been described previously. So far, the Gram-positive Streptomyces have been the primary source of anti-infectives. Lysobacter are Gram-negative soil/water bacteria that are genetically amendable and have not been well exploited. The WAP-8294A2 synthetase represents one of the largest NRPS complexes, consisting of 45 functional domains. The identification of these genes sets the foundation for the study of the WAP-8294A2 biosynthetic mechanism and opens the door for producing new anti-MRSA antibiotics through biosynthetic engineering in this new source of Lysobacter.
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257
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Miyanaga A, Janso JE, McDonald L, He M, Liu H, Barbieri L, Eustáquio AS, Fielding EN, Carter GT, Jensen PR, Feng X, Leighton M, Koehn FE, Moore BS. Discovery and assembly-line biosynthesis of the lymphostin pyrroloquinoline alkaloid family of mTOR inhibitors in Salinispora bacteria. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13311-3. [PMID: 21815669 PMCID: PMC3161154 DOI: 10.1021/ja205655w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pyrroloquinoline alkaloid family of natural products, which includes the immunosuppressant lymphostin, has long been postulated to arise from tryptophan. We now report the molecular basis of lymphostin biosynthesis in three marine Salinispora species that maintain conserved biosynthetic gene clusters harboring a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase that is central to lymphostin assembly. Through a series of experiments involving gene mutations, stable isotope profiling, and natural product discovery, we report the assembly-line biosynthesis of lymphostin and nine new analogues that exhibit potent mTOR inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Miyanaga
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204
| | - Jeffrey E. Janso
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Leonard McDonald
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Min He
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Laurel Barbieri
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Alessandra S. Eustáquio
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Elisha N. Fielding
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204
| | - Guy T. Carter
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Paul R. Jensen
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204
| | - Xidong Feng
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Margaret Leighton
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Frank E. Koehn
- Natural Products Laboratory, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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258
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Gu JY, Han WJ, Qi FF, Li J, Sun SW, Zhu TJ, Mao WJ, Gu QQ, Li DH. Two New 23-Membered Macrolactones from a Terrestrial Bacterium, Streptomyces sp. IMBJ01. Helv Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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259
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Qu X, Jiang N, Xu F, Shao L, Tang G, Wilkinson B, Liu W. Cloning, sequencing and characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster of sanglifehrin A, a potent cyclophilin inhibitor. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:852-61. [PMID: 21416665 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sanglifehrin A (SFA), a potent cyclophilin inhibitor produced by Streptomyces flaveolus DSM 9954, bears a unique [5.5] spirolactam moiety conjugated with a 22-membered, highly functionalized macrolide through a linear carbon chain. SFA displays a diverse range of biological activities and offers significant therapeutic potential. However, the structural complexity of SFA poses a tremendous challenge for new analogue development via chemical synthesis. Based on a rational prediction of its biosynthetic origin, herein we report the cloning, sequencing and characterization of the gene cluster responsible for SFA biosynthesis. Analysis of the 92 776 bp contiguous DNA region reveals a mixed polyketide synthase (PKS)/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) pathway which includes a variety of unique features for unusual PKS and NRPS building block formation. Our findings suggest that SFA biosynthesis requires a crotonyl-CoA reductase/carboxylase (CCR) for generation of the putative unusual PKS starter unit (2R)-2-ethylmalonamyl-CoA, an iterative type I PKS for the putative atypical extender unit (2S)-2-(2-oxo-butyl)malonyl-CoA and a phenylalanine hydroxylase for the NRPS extender unit (2S)-m-tyrosine. A spontaneous ketalization of significant note, may trigger spirolactam formation in a stereo-selective manner. This study provides a framework for the application of combinatorial biosynthesis methods in order to expand the structural diversity of SFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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260
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Xu W, Li L, Du L, Tan N. Various mechanisms in cyclopeptide production from precursors synthesized independently of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:757-62. [PMID: 21764803 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of cyclopeptides have been discovered as products of ribosomal synthetic pathway. The biosynthetic study of these cyclopeptides has revealed interesting new mechanisms for cyclization. This review highlighted the recent discoveries in cyclization mechanisms for cyclopeptides synthesized independently of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, including endopeptidase-catalyzed cyclization, intein-mediated cyclization, and peptide synthetase-catalyzed cyclization. This information may help to design hybrid ribosomal and non-ribosomal biosynthetic systems to produce novel cyclopeptides with various bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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261
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Teta R, Gurgui M, Helfrich EJN, Künne S, Schneider A, Van Echten-Deckert G, Mangoni A, Piel J. Genome mining reveals trans-AT polyketide synthase directed antibiotic biosynthesis in the bacterial phylum bacteroidetes. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2506-12. [PMID: 21080397 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Teta
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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262
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Kopp M, Irschik H, Gemperlein K, Buntin K, Meiser P, Weissman KJ, Bode HB, Müller R. Insights into the complex biosynthesis of the leupyrrins in Sorangium cellulosum So ce690. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1549-63. [PMID: 21365089 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The anti-fungal leupyrrins are secondary metabolites produced by several strains of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. These intriguing compounds incorporate an atypically substituted γ-butyrolactone ring, as well as pyrrole and oxazolinone functionalities, which are located within an unusual asymmetrical macrodiolide. Previous feeding studies revealed that this novel structure arises from the homologation of four distinct structural units, nonribosomally-derived peptide, polyketide, isoprenoid and a dicarboxylic acid, coupled with modification of the various building blocks. Here we have attempted to reconcile the biosynthetic pathway proposed on the basis of the feeding studies with the underlying enzymatic machinery in the S. cellulosum strain So ce690. Gene products can be assigned to many of the suggested steps, but inspection of the gene set provokes the reconsideration of several key transformations. We support our analysis by the reconstitution in vitro of the biosynthesis of the pyrrole carboxylic starter unit along with gene inactivation. In addition, this study reveals that a significant proportion of the genes for leupyrrin biosynthesis are located outside the core cluster, a 'split' organization which is increasingly characteristic of the myxobacteria. Finally, we report the generation of four novel deshydroxy leupyrrin analogues by genetic engineering of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Kopp
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, PO Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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263
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Mo X, Wang Z, Wang B, Ma J, Huang H, Tian X, Zhang S, Zhang C, Ju J. Cloning and characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster of the bacterial RNA polymerase inhibitor tirandamycin from marine-derived Streptomyces sp. SCSIO1666. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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264
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Zhang F, He HY, Tang MC, Tang YM, Zhou Q, Tang GL. Cloning and Elucidation of the FR901464 Gene Cluster Revealing a Complex Acyltransferase-less Polyketide Synthase Using Glycerate as Starter Units. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2452-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105649g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Man-Cheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Min Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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265
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Abstract
The years 2000 through mid-2010 marked a transformational period in understanding of the biosynthesis of marine natural products. During this decade the field emerged from one largely dominated by chemical approaches to understanding biosynthetic pathways to one incorporating the full force of modern molecular biology and bioinformatics. Fusion of chemical and biological approaches yielded great advances in understanding the genetic and enzymatic basis for marine natural product biosynthesis. Progress was particularly pronounced for marine microbes, especially actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. During this single decade, both the first complete marine microbial natural product biosynthetic gene cluster sequence was released as well as the first entire genome sequence for a secondary metabolite-rich marine microbe. The decade also saw tremendous progress in recognizing the key role of marine microbial symbionts of invertebrates in natural product biosynthesis. Application of genetic and enzymatic knowledge led to genetic engineering of novel “unnatural” natural products during this time, as well as opportunities for discovery of novel natural products through genome mining. The current review highlights selected seminal studies from 2000 through to June 2010 that illustrate breakthroughs in understanding of marine natural product biosynthesis at the genetic, enzymatic, and small-molecule natural product levels. A total of 154 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Lane
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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266
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Irschik H, Kopp M, Weissman KJ, Buntin K, Piel J, Müller R. Analysis of the sorangicin gene cluster reinforces the utility of a combined phylogenetic/retrobiosynthetic analysis for deciphering natural product assembly by trans-AT PKS. Chembiochem 2011; 11:1840-9. [PMID: 20715267 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Irschik
- Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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267
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Wallwey C, Li SM. Ergot alkaloids: structure diversity, biosynthetic gene clusters and functional proof of biosynthetic genes. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:496-510. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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268
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Süssmuth R, Müller J, von Döhren H, Molnár I. Fungal cyclooligomerdepsipeptides: From classical biochemistry to combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:99-124. [DOI: 10.1039/c001463j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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269
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Huang Y, Huang SX, Ju J, Tang G, Liu T, Shen B. Characterization of the lnmKLM genes unveiling key intermediates for β-alkylation in leinamycin biosynthesis. Org Lett 2010; 13:498-501. [PMID: 21192727 DOI: 10.1021/ol102838y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leinamycin (LNM, 1) biosynthesis is proposed to involve β-alkylation of the polyketide intermediate, catalyzed by LnmKLM. Inactivation of lnmK, lnmL, or lnmM afforded mutant strains that accumulated LNM K-1 (2), K-2 (3), K-3 (4), and isomers LNM K-1' (5), K-2' (6), and K-3' (7) whose polyketide origin was established by feeding experiments with sodium [1-(13)C]acetate. These findings confirm the indispensability of LnmKLM in 1 biosynthesis and suggest that β-alkylation proceeds on the growing polyketide intermediate while bound to the LNM polyketide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
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270
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Kaysser L, Tang X, Wemakor E, Sedding K, Hennig S, Siebenberg S, Gust B. Identification of a Napsamycin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster by Genome Mining. Chembiochem 2010; 12:477-87. [PMID: 21290549 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kaysser
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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271
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Lou L, Qian G, Xie Y, Hang J, Chen H, Zaleta-Rivera K, Li Y, Shen Y, Dussault PH, Liu F, Du L. Biosynthesis of HSAF, a tetramic acid-containing macrolactam from Lysobacter enzymogenes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:643-5. [PMID: 21171605 DOI: 10.1021/ja105732c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HSAF was isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes , a bacterium used in the biological control of fungal diseases of plants. Structurally, it is a tetramic acid-containing macrolactam fused to a tricyclic system. HSAF exhibits a novel mode of action by disrupting sphingolipids important to the polarized growth of filamentous fungi. Here we describe the HSAF biosynthetic gene cluster, which contains only a single-module polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS/NRPS), although the biosynthesis of HSAF apparently requires two separate polyketide chains that are linked together by one amino acid (ornithine) via two amide bonds. Flanking the PKS/NRPS are six genes that encoding a cascade of four tightly clustered redox enzymes on one side and a sterol desaturase/fatty acid hydroxylase and a ferredoxin reductase on the other side. The genetic data demonstrate that the four redox genes, in addition to the PKS/NRPS gene and the sterol desaturase/fatty acid hydroxylase gene, are required for HSAF production. The biochemical data show that the adenylation domain of the NRPS specifically activates L-ornithine and that the four-domain NRPS is able to catalyze the formation of a tetramic acid-containing product from acyl-S-ACP and ornithinyl-S-NRPS. These results reveal a previously unrecognized biosynthetic mechanism for hybrid PK/NRP in prokaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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272
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Characterization of the biosynthesis gene cluster for the pyrrole polyether antibiotic calcimycin (A23187) in Streptomyces chartreusis NRRL 3882. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:974-82. [PMID: 21173184 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01130-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrrole polyether antibiotic calcimycin (A23187) is a rare ionophore that is specific for divalent cations. It is widely used as a biochemical and pharmacological tool because of its multiple, unique biological effects. Here we report on the cloning, sequencing, and mutational analysis of the 64-kb biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces chartreusis NRRL 3882. Gene replacements confirmed the identity of the gene cluster, and in silico analysis of the DNA sequence revealed 27 potential genes, including 3 genes for the biosynthesis of the α-ketopyrrole moiety, 5 genes that encode modular type I polyketide synthases for the biosynthesis of the spiroketal ring, 4 genes for the biosynthesis of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, an N-methyltransferase tailoring gene, a resistance gene, a type II thioesterase gene, 3 regulatory genes, 4 genes with other functions, and 5 genes of unknown function. We propose a pathway for the biosynthesis of calcimycin and assign the genes to the biosynthesis steps. Our findings set the stage for producing much desired calcimycin derivatives using genetic modification instead of chemical synthesis.
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273
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Haynes SW, Sydor PK, Corre C, Song L, Challis GL. Stereochemical Elucidation of Streptorubin B. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:1793-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja109164t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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274
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Abstract
Fungal aromatic polyketides constitute a large family of bioactive natural products and are synthesized by the non-reducing group of iterative polyketide synthases (PKSs). Their diverse structures arise from selective enzymatic modifications of reactive, enzyme-bound poly-β-keto intermediates. How iterative PKSs control starter unit selection, polyketide chain initiation and elongation, intermediate folding and cyclization, selective redox or modification reactions during assembly, and product release are central mechanistic questions underlying iterative catalysis. This Review highlights recent insights into these questions, with a particular focus on the biosynthetic programming of fungal aromatic polyketides, and draws comparisons with the allied biosynthetic processes in bacteria.
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Zhu G, Shi X, Cai X. The reductase domain in a Type I fatty acid synthase from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum: restricted substrate preference towards very long chain fatty acyl thioesters. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 11:46. [PMID: 21092192 PMCID: PMC2995488 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-11-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum genome possesses a 25-kb intronless open reading frame (ORF) that predicts a multifunctional Type I fatty acid synthase (CpFAS1) with at least 21 enzymatic domains. Although the architecture of CpFAS1 resembles those of bacterial polyketide synthases (PKSs), this megasynthase is predicted to function as a fatty acyl elongase as our earlier studies have indicated that the N-terminal loading unit (acyl-[ACP] ligase) prefers using intermediate to long chain fatty acids as substrates, and each of the three internal elongation modules contains a complete set of enzymes to produce a saturated fatty acyl chain. Although the activities of almost all domains were confirmed using recombinant proteins, that of the C-terminal reductase domain (CpFAS1-R) was yet undetermined. In fact, there were no published studies to report the kinetic features of any reductase domains in bacterial PKSs using purified recombinant or native proteins. Results In the present study, the identity of CpFAS1-R as a reductase is confirmed by in silico analysis on sequence similarity and characteristic motifs. Phylogenetic analysis based on the R-domains supports a previous notion on the bacterial origin of apicomplexan Type I FAS/PKS genes. We also developed a novel assay using fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates, and determined that CpFAS1-R could only utilize very long chain fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates (i.e., with activity on C26 > C24 > C22 > C20, but no activity on C18 and C16). It was capable of using both NADPH and NADH as electron donors, but prefers NADPH to NADH. The activity of CpFAS1-R displayed allosteric kinetics towards C26 hexacosanoyl CoA as a substrate (h = 2.0; Vmax = 32.8 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein; and K50 = 0.91 mM). Conclusions We have confirmed the activity of CpFAS1-R by directly assaying its substrate preference and kinetic parameters, which is for the first time for a Type I FAS, PKS or non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) reductase domain. The restricted substrate preference towards very long chain fatty acyl thioesters may be an important feature for this megasynthase to avoid the release of product(s) with undesired lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA.
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276
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Ames BD, Liu X, Walsh CT. Enzymatic processing of fumiquinazoline F: a tandem oxidative-acylation strategy for the generation of multicyclic scaffolds in fungal indole alkaloid biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2010; 49:8564-76. [PMID: 20804163 PMCID: PMC3006076 DOI: 10.1021/bi1012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 is a known producer of quinazoline natural products, including the antitumor fumiquinazolines, of which the simplest member is fumiquinazoline F (FQF) with a 6-6-6 tricyclic core derived from anthranilic acid, tryptophan, and alanine. FQF is the proposed biological precursor to fumiquinazoline A (FQA) in which the pendant indole side chain has been modified via oxidative coupling of an additional molecule of alanine, yielding a fused 6-5-5 imidazoindolone. We recently identified fungal anthranilate-activating nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) domains through bioinformatics approaches. One domain previously identified is part of the trimodular NRPS Af12080, which we predict is responsible for FQF formation. We now show that two adjacent A. fumigatus ORFs, a monomodular NRPS Af12050 and a flavoprotein Af12060, are necessary and sufficient to convert FQF to FQA. Af12060 oxidizes the 2',3'-double bond of the indole side chain of FQF, and the three-domain NRPS Af12050 activates l-Ala as the adenylate, installs it as the pantetheinyl thioester on its carrier protein domain, and acylates the oxidized indole for subsequent intramolecular cyclization to create the 6-5-5 imidazolindolone of FQA. This work provides experimental validation of the fumiquinazoline biosynthetic cluster of A. fumigatus Af293 and describes an oxidative annulation biosynthetic strategy likely shared among several classes of polycyclic fungal alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Ames
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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277
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Huffman J, Gerber R, Du L. Recent advancements in the biosynthetic mechanisms for polyketide-derived mycotoxins. Biopolymers 2010; 93:764-76. [PMID: 20578001 PMCID: PMC2894268 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyketides (PKs) are a large group of natural products produced by microorganisms and plants. They are biopolymers of acetate and other short carboxylates and are biosynthesized by multifunctional enzymes called polyketide synthases (PKSs). This review discusses the biosynthesis of four toxic PK, aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins (OTs), and zearalenone. These metabolites are structurally diverse and differ in their mechanisms of toxicity. However, they are all of concern in food safety and agriculture because of their toxic properties and their frequent accumulation in crops used for food and feed. The focus is on the recent advancements in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Several of the mycotoxin PKSs have been genetically and biochemically studied while other PKSs remain to be investigated. Multiple post-PKS modifications are often required for the maturation of the mycotoxins. Many of these modification steps for aflatoxins and fumonisins are well established while the post-PKS modifications for zearalenone and OTs remain to be biochemically characterized. More efforts are needed to completely illustrate the biosynthetic mechanisms for this important group of PKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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278
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Moriguchi T, Kezuka Y, Nonaka T, Ebizuka Y, Fujii I. Hidden function of catalytic domain in 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase for product release. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15637-15643. [PMID: 20304931 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional investigation of the proposed dehydratase domain of ATX, a 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from Aspergillus terreus, revealed that the domain is not involved in dehydration of the beta-hydroxytriketide intermediate tethered on the acyl carrier protein but catalyzes thioester hydrolysis to release the product from the acyl carrier protein. Thus, we renamed this domain the thioester hydrolase (TH) domain. The intermediate bound to the TH domain of mutant H972A formed in the presence of NADPH was released as 6-methylsalicylic acid by both the intact ATX and by THID (a 541-amino acid region containing TH domain and its downstream) protein, in trans. Furthermore, THID showed a catalytic activity to hydrolyze a model substrate, 6-methylsalicylic acid-N-acetylcysteamine. The TH domain is the first example of a product-releasing domain that is located in the middle of a multidomain iterative type I polyketide synthase. Moreover, it is functionally different from serine protease-type thioesterase domains of iterative type I polyketide synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Moriguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
| | - Yuichiro Kezuka
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Takamasa Nonaka
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ebizuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
| | - Isao Fujii
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
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