251
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von Middendorff C, Egner A, Geisler C, Hell SW, Schönle A. Isotropic 3D Nanoscopy based on single emitter switching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:20774-88. [PMID: 19065216 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.020774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose and analyze a method for isotropic resolution in far-field fluorescence nanoscopy based on switching and mathematically localizing individual emitters. Under typical imaging conditions, the coherent detection of fluorescence light through two opposing high angle lenses strongly improves the 3D-resolution down to 5-10nm in all directions. Furthermore, we give a detailed analysis of the resolution of this and other single molecule switching based approaches using the Fisher information matrix.We verify the results by Monte-Carlo simulations of the imaging process and by applying a simple maximum-likelihood estimator for position determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas von Middendorff
- Max-Planck-Institute, Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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252
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Fernández-Suárez M, Ting AY. Fluorescent probes for super-resolution imaging in living cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008; 9:929-43. [PMID: 19002208 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 891] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1873, Ernst Abbe discovered that features closer than approximately 200 nm cannot be resolved by lens-based light microscopy. In recent years, however, several new far-field super-resolution imaging techniques have broken this diffraction limit, producing, for example, video-rate movies of synaptic vesicles in living neurons with 62 nm spatial resolution. Current research is focused on further improving spatial resolution in an effort to reach the goal of video-rate imaging of live cells with molecular (1-5 nm) resolution. Here, we describe the contributions of fluorescent probes to far-field super-resolution imaging, focusing on fluorescent proteins and organic small-molecule fluorophores. We describe the features of existing super-resolution fluorophores and highlight areas of importance for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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253
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Destainville N, Dumas F, Salomé L. What do diffusion measurements tell us about membrane compartmentalisation? Emergence of the role of interprotein interactions. J Chem Biol 2008; 1:37-48. [PMID: 19568797 PMCID: PMC2698319 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-008-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The techniques of diffusion analysis based on optical microscopy approaches have revealed a great diversity of the dynamic organisation of cell membranes. For a long period, two frameworks have dominated the way of representing the membrane structure: the membrane skeleton fences and the lipid raft models. Progresses in the methods of data analysis have shed light on the features and consequently the possible origin of membrane domains: Inter-protein interactions play a role in confinement. Innovative developments pushing forward the spatiotemporal resolution limits are currently emerging, which are likely to provide in the future a detailed understanding of the intimate functional dynamic organisation of the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Destainville
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR 5089 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, IRSAMC, UMR 5152 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR 5089 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, London Research Institute Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2 3PX UK
| | - Laurence Salomé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR 5089 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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254
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Rankin BR, Kellner RR, Hell SW. Stimulated-emission-depletion microscopy with a multicolor stimulated-Raman-scattering light source. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:2491-2493. [PMID: 18978897 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.002491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe a subdiffraction-resolution far-field fluorescence microscope employing stimulated emission depletion (STED) with a light source consisting of a microchip laser coupled into a standard single-mode fiber, which, via stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), yields a comb-like spectrum of seven discrete peaks extending from the fundamental wavelength at 532 nm to 620 nm. Each of the spectral peaks can be used as STED light for overcoming the diffraction barrier. This SRS light source enables the simple implementation of multicolor STED and provides a spectral output with multiple available wavelengths from green to red with potential for further expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Rankin
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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255
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Höppener C, Novotny L. Imaging of membrane proteins using antenna-based optical microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:384012. [PMID: 21832571 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/38/384012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The localization and identification of individual proteins is of key importance for the understanding of biological processes on the molecular scale. Here, we demonstrate near-field fluorescence imaging of single proteins in their native cell membrane. Incident laser radiation is localized and enhanced with an optical antenna in the form of a spherical gold particle attached to a pointed dielectric tip. Individual proteins can be identified with a diffraction-unlimited spatial resolution of ∼50 nm. Besides determining the concentration and distribution of specific membrane proteins, this approach makes it possible to study the colocalization of different membrane proteins. Moreover, it enables a simultaneous recording of the membrane topology. Protein distributions can be correlated with the local membrane topology, thereby providing important information on the chemical and structural organization of cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Höppener
- The Institute of Optics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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256
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He HT, Marguet D. T-cell antigen receptor triggering and lipid rafts: a matter of space and time scales. Talking Point on the involvement of lipid rafts in T-cell activation. EMBO Rep 2008; 9:525-30. [PMID: 18516087 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2008.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell antigen receptor triggering mechanisms and lipid rafts are of broad interest, but are also controversial topics. Here, we review some recent progress in these two research fields, which has been accomplished mostly in live cells and with the use of advanced technologies. We then discuss the potential relationship between membrane-domain organization and T-cell antigen receptor-triggering mechanisms. On the basis of the relevant experimental observations, we argue that the key to achieving a better understanding of both processes is the ability to monitor the molecular dynamics and interactions taking place in the membrane of T cells at a spatial scale of tens to hundreds of nanometres, with a subsecond-to-second temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao He
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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257
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Punge A, Rizzoli SO, Jahn R, Wildanger JD, Meyer L, Schönle A, Kastrup L, Hell SW. 3D reconstruction of high-resolution STED microscope images. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:644-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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258
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Kobayashi Y, Sakai M, Ueda A, Maruyama K, Saiki T, Suzuki K. Writing and reading methodology for biochips with sub-100-nm chemical patterns based on near-field scanning optical microscopy. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:571-6. [PMID: 18469460 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a writing and reading methodology, which allows both to create and to detect sub-100-nm carboxyl-terminated patterns on light-transmissive quartz substrates by the same instrumental system. Such a technique, capable of creating carboxyl-terminated nanopatterns, offers several benefits for the miniaturization of biochips, since the carboxyl-terminated nanopatterns allow the easy immobilization of biomolecules by amide bond formation. As a consequence, increasingly miniaturized biochips require suitable analytical methods for the detection of nanopatterns. In our approach, carboxyl-terminated nanopatterns of down to 80 nm width were created using a photolabile silane coupling agent and a UV laser coupled to a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM). The same NSOM system was then used in a next step to detect the fabricated carboxyl-terminated nanopatterns after modification with a fluorescent label. Furthermore, as a first step towards biochip applications, the successful immobilization of several biomolecules, such as streptavidin, IgG and DNA on carboxyl-terminated nanopatterns was demonstrated. We have shown that our approach has the potential to lead to a new bioanalytical method, which enables one to write and to read biochips on a sub-100-nm scale by the same system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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259
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Bossi M, Fölling J, Belov VN, Boyarskiy VP, Medda R, Egner A, Eggeling C, Schönle A, Hell SW. Multicolor far-field fluorescence nanoscopy through isolated detection of distinct molecular species. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:2463-8. [PMID: 18642961 DOI: 10.1021/nl801471d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
By combining the photoswitching and localization of individual fluorophores with spectroscopy on the single molecule level, we demonstrate simultaneous multicolor imaging with low crosstalk and down to 15 nm spatial resolution using only two detection color channels. The applicability of the method to biological specimens is demonstrated on mammalian cells. The combination of far-field fluorescence nanoscopy with the recording of a single switchable molecular species at a time opens up a new class of functional imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Bossi
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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260
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Meyer L, Wildanger D, Medda R, Punge A, Rizzoli SO, Donnert G, Hell SW. Dual-color STED microscopy at 30-nm focal-plane resolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1095-1100. [PMID: 18671236 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Dept. of NanoBiophotonics, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
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261
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Dillingham MS, Wallace MI. Protein modification for single molecule fluorescence microscopy. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3031-7. [PMID: 18698457 DOI: 10.1039/b808552h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Single molecule methods have emerged as a powerful new tool for exploring biological phenomena. We provide a brief overview of the scope of current experiments and assess the limitations of both fluorescent labels and the means to achieve protein modification for single molecule microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dillingham
- DNA-protein Interactions Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UKBS8 1TD.
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262
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Schermelleh L, Carlton PM, Haase S, Shao L, Winoto L, Kner P, Burke B, Cardoso MC, Agard DA, Gustafsson MGL, Leonhardt H, Sedat JW. Subdiffraction multicolor imaging of the nuclear periphery with 3D structured illumination microscopy. Science 2008; 320:1332-6. [PMID: 18535242 DOI: 10.1126/science.1156947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence light microscopy allows multicolor visualization of cellular components with high specificity, but its utility has until recently been constrained by the intrinsic limit of spatial resolution. We applied three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) to circumvent this limit and to study the mammalian nucleus. By simultaneously imaging chromatin, nuclear lamina, and the nuclear pore complex (NPC), we observed several features that escape detection by conventional microscopy. We could resolve single NPCs that colocalized with channels in the lamin network and peripheral heterochromatin. We could differentially localize distinct NPC components and detect double-layered invaginations of the nuclear envelope in prophase as previously seen only by electron microscopy. Multicolor 3D-SIM opens new and facile possibilities to analyze subcellular structures beyond the diffraction limit of the emitted light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Schermelleh
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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263
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Wildanger D, Rittweger E, Kastrup L, Hell SW. STED microscopy with a supercontinuum laser source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:9614-21. [PMID: 18575529 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.009614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on a straightforward yet powerful implementation of stimulated emission depletion (STED) fluorescence microscopy providing subdiffraction resolution in the far-field. Utilizing the same super-continuum pulsed laser source both for excitation and STED, this implementation of STED microscopy avoids elaborate preparations of laser pulses and conveniently provides multicolor imaging. Operating at pulse repetition rates around 1 MHz, it also affords reduced photobleaching rates by allowing the fluorophore to relax from excitable metastable dark states involved in photodegradation. The imaging of dense nanoparticles and of the microtubular network of mammalian cells evidences a spatial resolution of 30-50 nm in the focal plane, i.e. by a factor of 8-9 beyond the diffraction barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wildanger
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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264
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265
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Neumann A, Kuznetsova Y, Brueck SR. Structured illumination for the extension of imaging interferometric microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:6785-6793. [PMID: 18545381 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.006785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination applied to imaging interferometric microscopy (IIM) allows extension of the resolution limit of low numerical aperture objective lenses to ultimate linear systems limits (<approximately lambda/4 in air) without requiring a reference beam around the objective lens. Instead, the reference beam is provided by an illumination beam just at the edge of the optical system numerical aperture resulting in a shift of the recorded spatial frequencies (equivalent to an intermediate frequency). The restoration procedure is discussed. This technique is adaptable readily to existing microscopes, since extensive access to the imaging system pupil plane is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neumann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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266
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Rosivatz E. Imaging the boundaries-innovative tools for microscopy of living cells and real-time imaging. J Chem Biol 2008; 1:3-15. [PMID: 19568794 PMCID: PMC2698318 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-008-0004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, light microscopy moved back into the spotlight, which is mainly due to the development of revolutionary technologies for imaging real-time events in living cells. It is truly fascinating to see enzymes “at work” and optically acquired images certainly help us to understand biological processes better than any abstract measurements. This review aims to point out elegant examples of recent cell-biological imaging applications that have been developed with a chemical approach. The discussed technologies include nanoscale fluorescence microscopy, imaging of model membranes, automated high-throughput microscopy control and analysis, and fluorescent probes with a special focus on visualizing enzyme activity, free radicals, and protein–protein interaction designed for use in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rosivatz
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK,
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267
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High-precision structural analysis of subnuclear complexes in fixed and live cells via spatially modulated illumination (SMI) microscopy. Chromosome Res 2008; 16:367-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-008-1238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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268
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Hänninen P, Soukka J, Soini JT. Two-photon Excitation Fluorescence Bioassays. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1130:320-6. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1430.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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269
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Harke B, Ullal CK, Keller J, Hell SW. Three-dimensional nanoscopy of colloidal crystals. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:1309-13. [PMID: 18166070 DOI: 10.1021/nl073164n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the direct three-dimensional imaging of densely packed colloidal nanostructures using stimulated emission depletion microscopy. A combination of two de-excitation patterns yields a resolution of 43 nm in the lateral and 125 nm in the axial direction and an effective focal volume that is by 126-fold smaller than that of a corresponding confocal microscope. The mapping of a model system of spheres organized by confined convective assembly unambiguously identified face-centered cubic, hexagonal close-packed, random hexagonal close-packed, and body-centered cubic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Harke
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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270
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Flotillin-dependent clustering of the amyloid precursor protein regulates its endocytosis and amyloidogenic processing in neurons. J Neurosci 2008; 28:2874-82. [PMID: 18337418 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5345-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The flotillins/reggie proteins are associated with noncaveolar membrane microdomains and have been implicated in the regulation of a clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis pathway. Endocytosis is required for the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and thus to initiate the release of the neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta), the major component of extracellular plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Here, we report that small interference RNA-mediated downregulation of flotillin-2 impairs the endocytosis of APP, in both neuroblastoma cells and primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, and reduces the production of Abeta. Similar to tetanus neurotoxin endocytosis, but unlike the internalization of transferrin, clathrin-dependent endocytosis of APP requires cholesterol and adaptor protein-2 but is independent of epsin1 function. Moreover, on a nanoscale resolution using stimulated emission depletion microscopy and by Förster resonance energy transfer with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, we provide evidence that flotillin-2 promotes the clustering of APP at the cell surface. We show that the interaction of flotillin-2 with APP is dependent on cholesterol and that clustering of APP enhances its endocytosis rate. Together, our data suggest that cholesterol/flotillin-dependent clustering of APP may stimulate the internalization into a specialized clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway to promote amyloidogenic processing.
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271
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Fölling J, Belov V, Riedel D, Schönle A, Egner A, Eggeling C, Bossi M, Hell SW. Fluorescence nanoscopy with optical sectioning by two-photon induced molecular switching using continuous-wave lasers. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:321-6. [PMID: 18200483 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade far-field fluorescence microscopy methods have evolved that have resolution far below the wavelength of light. To outperform the limiting role of diffraction, all these methods, in one way or another, switch the ability of a molecule to emit fluorescence. Here we present a novel rhodamine amide that can be photoswitched from a nonfluorescent to a fluorescent state by absorption of one or two photons from a continuous-wave laser beam. This bright marker enables strict control of on/off switching and provides single-molecule localization precision down to 15 nm in the focal plane. Two-photon induced nonlinear photoswitching of this marker with continuous-wave illumination offers optical sectioning with simple laser equipment. Future synthesis of similar compounds holds great promise for cost-effective fluorescence nanoscopy with noninvasive optical sectioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fölling
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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272
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Ringemann C, Schönle A, Giske A, von Middendorff C, Hell SW, Eggeling C. Enhancing Fluorescence Brightness: Effect of Reverse Intersystem Crossing Studied by Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:612-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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273
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Nanometer-scale mapping and single-molecule detection with color-coded nanoparticle probes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3298-303. [PMID: 18305159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712351105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a method for single-molecule detection and biomolecular structural mapping based on dual-color imaging and automated colocalization of bioconjugated nanoparticle probes at nanometer precision. In comparison with organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, nanoparticle probes such as fluorescence energy-transfer nanobeads and quantum dots provide significant advantages in signal brightness, photostability, and multicolor-light emission. As a result, we have achieved routine two-color superresolution imaging and single-molecule detection with standard fluorescence microscopes and inexpensive digital color cameras. By using green and red nanoparticles to simultaneously recognize two binding sites on a single target, individual biomolecules such as nucleic acids are detected and identified without target amplification or probe/target separation. We also demonstrate that a powerful astrophysical method (originally developed to analyze crowded stellar fields) can be used for automated and rapid statistical analysis of nanoparticle colocalization signals. The ability to rapidly localize bright nanoparticle probes at nanometer precision has implications not only for ultrasensitive medical detection but also for structural mapping of molecular complexes in which individual components are tagged with color-coded nanoparticles.
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274
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Westphal V, Rizzoli SO, Lauterbach MA, Kamin D, Jahn R, Hell SW. Video-Rate Far-Field Optical Nanoscopy Dissects Synaptic Vesicle Movement. Science 2008; 320:246-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1154228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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275
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Höppener C, Novotny L. Antenna-based optical imaging of single Ca2+ transmembrane proteins in liquids. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:642-646. [PMID: 18229969 DOI: 10.1021/nl073057t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the diversity of biological processes requires methods that can address single proteins in their natural environment and provide insights into structural and functional properties, as well as the local distribution of each individual protein. We use an optical antenna in the form of a single gold nanoparticle to localize incident laser radiation to 50 nm, significantly smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Our approach enables us to optically resolve individual plasma-membrane-bound Ca2+ pumps (PMCA4) immersed in aqueous environments and to determine the distribution of interprotein distances. We are able to correlate the protein maps with local topology. Improved antenna geometries will make it possible to resolve, identify, and probe single membrane proteins in live cells with true protein resolution of 5-10 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Höppener
- The Institute of Optics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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276
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277
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Gould TJ, Hess ST. Chapter 12: Nanoscale biological fluorescence imaging: breaking the diffraction barrier. Methods Cell Biol 2008; 89:329-58. [PMID: 19118681 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)00612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological imaging has been limited by the finite resolution of light microscopy. Recent developments in ultra-high-resolution microscopy methods, many of which are based on fluorescence, are breaking the diffraction barrier; it is becoming possible to image intracellular protein distributions with resolution of tens of nanometers or better. Fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM) is an example of such an ultra-high-resolution method which can image living or fixed cells with demonstrated lateral resolution of better than 20 nm. A detailed description of the methods involved in FPALM imaging of biological samples is presented here, accompanied by comparison with existing methods from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Gould
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Molecular Biophysics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
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278
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Ando T, Uchihashi T, Kodera N, Yamamoto D, Miyagi A, Taniguchi M, Yamashita H. High-speed AFM and nano-visualization of biomolecular processes. Pflugers Arch 2007; 456:211-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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279
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Rauch J, Knoch TA, Solovei I, Teller K, Stein S, Buiting K, Horsthemke B, Langowski J, Cremer T, Hausmann M, Cremer C. Light optical precision measurements of the active and inactive Prader-Willi syndrome imprinted regions in human cell nuclei. Differentiation 2007; 76:66-82. [PMID: 18039333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the major advancements during the last decade with respect to both knowledge of higher order chromatin organization in the cell nucleus and the elucidation of epigenetic mechanisms of gene control, the true three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure of endogenous active and inactive gene loci is not known. The present study was initiated as an attempt to close this gap. As a model case, we compared the chromatin architecture between the genetically active and inactive domains of the imprinted Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) locus in human fibroblast and lymphoblastoid cell nuclei by 3D fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy. The volumes and 3D compactions of identified maternal and paternal PWS domains were determined in stacks of light optical serial sections using a novel threshold-independent approach. Our failure to detect volume and compaction differences indicates that possible differences are below the limits of light optical resolution. To overcome this limitation, spectral precision distance microscopy, a method of localization microscopy at the nanometer scale, was used to measure 3D distances between differentially labeled probes located both within the PWS region and in its neighborhood. This approach allows the detection of intranuclear differences between 3D distances down to about 70-90 nm, but again did not reveal clearly detectable differences between active and inactive PWS domains. Despite this failure, a comparison of the experimental 3D distance measurements with computer simulations of chromatin folding strongly supports a non-random higher order chromatin configuration of the PWS locus and argues against 3D configurations based on giant chromatin loops. Our results indicate that the search for differences between endogenous active and inactive PWS domains must be continued at still smaller scales than hitherto possible with conventional light microscopic procedures. The possibilities to achieve this goal are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Rauch
- Kirchhoff Institute of Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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280
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Willig KI, Harke B, Medda R, Hell SW. STED microscopy with continuous wave beams. Nat Methods 2007; 4:915-8. [PMID: 17952088 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report stimulated emission depletion (STED) fluorescence microscopy with continuous wave (CW) laser beams. Lateral fluorescence confinement from the scanning focal spot delivered a resolution of 29-60 nm in the focal plane, corresponding to a 5-8-fold improvement over the diffraction barrier. Axial spot confinement increased the axial resolution by 3.5-fold. We observed three-dimensional (3D) subdiffraction resolution in 3D image stacks. Viable for fluorophores with low triplet yield, the use of CW light sources greatly simplifies the implementation of this concept of far-field fluorescence nanoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin I Willig
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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281
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Abstract
The design of well-defined particulate carrier systems with controlled size, shapes and physicochemical characteristics is becoming a focal point in the field of biomedicine and drug delivery. Dendrimers are one of the emerging technologies of recent times and have served as a unique platform to achieve the development as novel drug delivery scaffolds. Dendrimers may be engineered to meet the specific needs of biologically active agents, which can either be encapsulated within dendrimers or chemically attached to these units. The large number of active functional groups on the surface of dendrimers allows them to be meticulously tailored and to act as nano-scaffolds or nano-containers of various categories of drugs. The architecture of modified dendrimers has posed a challenge to drug delivery, in particular with respect to their in vivo metabolic fate. The drug delivery applications of dendrimers presented in this article provide an insight of their potential and substantiate the major roles for the future of these nanoconstructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra K Jain
- Dr Hari Singh Gour University, Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar 4700 03, India.
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282
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Rice JH. Beyond the diffraction limit: far-field fluorescence imaging with ultrahigh resolution. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:781-93. [PMID: 17940661 DOI: 10.1039/b705460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is an important and extensively utilised tool for imaging biological systems. However, the image resolution that can be obtained has a limit as defined through the laws of diffraction. Demand for improved resolution has stimulated research into developing methods to image beyond the diffraction limit based on far-field fluorescence microscopy techniques. Rapid progress is being made in this area of science with methods emerging that enable fluorescence imaging in the far-field to possess a resolution well beyond the diffraction limit. This review outlines developments in far-field fluorescence methods which enable ultrahigh resolution imaging and application of these techniques to biology. Future possible trends and directions in far-field fluorescence imaging with ultrahigh resolution are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Rice
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, UK NR2 3RG.
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283
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Sieber JJ, Willig KI, Kutzner C, Gerding-Reimers C, Harke B, Donnert G, Rammner B, Eggeling C, Hell SW, Grubmüller H, Lang T. Anatomy and Dynamics of a Supramolecular Membrane Protein Cluster. Science 2007; 317:1072-6. [PMID: 17717182 DOI: 10.1126/science.1141727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most plasmalemmal proteins organize in submicrometer-sized clusters whose architecture and dynamics are still enigmatic. With syntaxin 1 as an example, we applied a combination of far-field optical nanoscopy, biochemistry, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis, and simulations to show that clustering can be explained by self-organization based on simple physical principles. On average, the syntaxin clusters exhibit a diameter of 50 to 60 nanometers and contain 75 densely crowded syntaxins that dynamically exchange with freely diffusing molecules. Self-association depends on weak homophilic protein-protein interactions. Simulations suggest that clustering immobilizes and conformationally constrains the molecules. Moreover, a balance between self-association and crowding-induced steric repulsions is sufficient to explain both the size and dynamics of syntaxin clusters and likely of many oligomerizing membrane proteins that form supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen J Sieber
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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284
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Abstract
Recent progress in proteomics suggests that the cell can be conceived as a large network of highly refined, nanomachine-like protein complexes. This working hypothesis calls for new methods capable of analyzing individual protein complexes in living cells and tissues at high speed. Here, we examine whether single-molecule fluorescence (SMF) analysis can satisfy that demand. First, recent technical progress in the visualization, localization, tracking, conformational analysis, and true resolution of individual protein complexes is highlighted. Second, results obtained by the SMF analysis of protein complexes are reviewed, focusing on the nuclear pore complex as an instructive example. We conclude that SMF methods provide powerful, indispensable tools for the structural and functional characterization of protein complexes. However, the transition from in vitro systems to living cells is in the initial stages. We discuss how current limitations in the nanoscopic analysis of living cells and tissues can be overcome to create a new paradigm, nanoscopic biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Peters
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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285
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Moerner WE. New directions in single-molecule imaging and analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12596-602. [PMID: 17664434 PMCID: PMC1937512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical imaging and analysis of single molecules continue to unfold as powerful ways to study the individual behavior of biological systems, unobscured by ensemble averaging. Current expansion of interest in this field is great, as evidenced by new meetings, journal special issues, and the large number of new investigators. Selected recent advances in biomolecular analysis are described, and two new research directions are summarized: superresolution imaging using single-molecule fluorescence and trapping of single molecules in solution by direct suppression of Brownian motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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286
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Roeffaers MBJ, De Cremer G, Uji-i H, Muls B, Sels BF, Jacobs PA, De Schryver FC, De Vos DE, Hofkens J. Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy in (bio)catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12603-9. [PMID: 17664433 PMCID: PMC1937513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610755104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever-improving time and space resolution and molecular detection sensitivity of fluorescence microscopy offer unique opportunities to deepen our insights into the function of chemical and biological catalysts. Because single-molecule microscopy allows for counting the turnover events one by one, one can map the distribution of the catalytic activities of different sites in solid heterogeneous catalysts, or one can study time-dependent activity fluctuations of individual sites in enzymes or chemical catalysts. By experimentally monitoring individuals rather than populations, the origin of complex behavior, e.g., in kinetics or in deactivation processes, can be successfully elucidated. Recent progress of temporal and spatial resolution in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy is discussed in light of its impact on catalytic assays. Key concepts are illustrated regarding the use of fluorescent reporters in catalytic reactions. Future challenges comprising the integration of other techniques, such as diffraction, scanning probe, or vibrational methods in single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- *Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Cremer
- *Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-i
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Benîot Muls
- Department of Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- *Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre A. Jacobs
- *Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frans C. De Schryver
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Dirk E. De Vos
- *Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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287
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288
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Nakayama Y, Pauzauskie PJ, Radenovic A, Onorato RM, Saykally RJ, Liphardt J, Yang P. Tunable nanowire nonlinear optical probe. Nature 2007; 447:1098-101. [PMID: 17597756 DOI: 10.1038/nature05921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
One crucial challenge for subwavelength optics has been the development of a tunable source of coherent laser radiation for use in the physical, information and biological sciences that is stable at room temperature and physiological conditions. Current advanced near-field imaging techniques using fibre-optic scattering probes have already achieved spatial resolution down to the 20-nm range. Recently reported far-field approaches for optical microscopy, including stimulated emission depletion, structured illumination, and photoactivated localization microscopy, have enabled impressive, theoretically unlimited spatial resolution of fluorescent biomolecular complexes. Previous work with laser tweezers has suggested that optical traps could be used to create novel spatial probes and sensors. Inorganic nanowires have diameters substantially below the wavelength of visible light and have electronic and optical properties that make them ideal for subwavelength laser and imaging technology. Here we report the development of an electrode-free, continuously tunable coherent visible light source compatible with physiological environments, from individual potassium niobate (KNbO3) nanowires. These wires exhibit efficient second harmonic generation, and act as frequency converters, allowing the local synthesis of a wide range of colours via sum and difference frequency generation. We use this tunable nanometric light source to implement a novel form of subwavelength microscopy, in which an infrared laser is used to optically trap and scan a nanowire over a sample, suggesting a wide range of potential applications in physics, chemistry, materials science and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, USA
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289
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Abstract
In 1873, Ernst Abbe discovered what was to become a well-known paradigm: the inability of a lens-based optical microscope to discern details that are closer together than half of the wavelength of light. However, for its most popular imaging mode, fluorescence microscopy, the diffraction barrier is crumbling. Here, I discuss the physical concepts that have pushed fluorescence microscopy to the nanoscale, once the prerogative of electron and scanning probe microscopes. Initial applications indicate that emergent far-field optical nanoscopy will have a strong impact in the life sciences and in other areas benefiting from nanoscale visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Hell
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37070 Göttingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), High Resolution Optical Microscopy Division, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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290
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Sandén T, Persson G, Thyberg P, Blom H, Widengren J. Monitoring kinetics of highly environment sensitive states of fluorescent molecules by modulated excitation and time-averaged fluorescence intensity recording. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3330-41. [PMID: 17385841 DOI: 10.1021/ac0622680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a concept is described for how the kinetics of photoinduced, transient, long-lived, nonfluorescent or weakly fluorescent states of fluorophore marker molecules can be extracted from the time-averaged fluorescence by using time-modulated excitation. The concept exploits the characteristic variation of the population of these states with the modulation parameters of the excitation and thereby circumvents the need for time resolution in the fluorescence detection. It combines the single-molecule sensitivity of fluorescence detection with the remarkable environmental responsiveness obtainable from long-lived transient states, yet does not in itself impose any constraints on the concentration or the fluorescence brightness of the sample molecules that can be measured. Modulation of the excitation can be performed by variation of the intensity of a stationary excitation beam in time or by repeated translations of a CW excitation beam with respect to the sample. As a first experimental verification of the approach, we have shown how the triplet-state parameters of the fluorophore rhodamine 6G in different aqueous environments can be extracted. We demonstrate that the concept is fully compatible with low time-resolution detection by a CCD camera. The concept opens for automated transient-state monitoring or imaging on a massively parallel scale and for high-throughput biomolecular screening as well as for more fundamental biomolecular studies. The concept should also be applicable to the monitoring of a range of other photoinduced nonfluorescent or weakly fluorescent transient states, from which subtle changes in the immediate microenvironment of the fluorophore marker molecules can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Sandén
- Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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291
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Jacob S, Tomo I, Fridberger A, de Monvel JB, Ulfendahl M. Rapid confocal imaging for measuring sound-induced motion of the hearing organ in the apical region. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:021005. [PMID: 17477712 DOI: 10.1117/1.2718568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel confocal image acquisition system capable of measuring the sound-evoked motion of the organ of Corti. The hearing organ is imaged with a standard laser scanning confocal microscope during sound stimulation. The exact temporal relation between each image pixel and the sound stimulus is quantified. The motion of the structures under study is obtained by fitting a Fourier series to the time dimension of a continuous sequence of acquired images. Previous versions of this acquisition system used a simple search to find pixels with similar phase values. The Fourier series approach permits substantially faster image acquisition with reduced noise levels and improved motion estimation. The system is validated by imaging various vibrating samples attached to a feedback-controlled piezoelectric translator. When using a rigid sample attached to the translator, the system is capable of measuring motion with peak-to-peak amplitudes smaller than 50 nm with an error below 20% at frequencies between 50 and 600 Hz. Examples of image sequences from the inner ear are given, along with detailed performance characteristics of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jacob
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hearing and Communication Research, Departments of Otolaryngology and Clinical Neuroscience, M1 Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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292
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Donnert G, Keller J, Wurm CA, Rizzoli SO, Westphal V, Schönle A, Jahn R, Jakobs S, Eggeling C, Hell SW. Two-color far-field fluorescence nanoscopy. Biophys J 2007; 92:L67-9. [PMID: 17307826 PMCID: PMC1831704 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate two-color fluorescence microscopy with nanoscale spatial resolution by applying stimulated emission depletion on fluorophores differing in their absorption and emission spectra. Green- and red-emitting fluorophores are selectively excited and quenched using dedicated beam pairs. The stimulated emission depletion beams deliver a lateral resolution of <30 nm and 65 nm for the green and the red color channel, respectively. The approximately 5 nm alignment accuracy of the two images establishes the precision with which differently labeled proteins are correlated in space. Colocalized nanoscopy is demonstrated with endosomal protein patterns and by resolving nanoclusters of a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, Tom20, in relation with the F(1)F(0)ATP synthase. The joint improvement of resolution and colocalization demonstrates the emerging potential of far-field fluorescence nanoscopy to study the spatial organization of macromolecules in cells.
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293
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Lin W, Margolskee R, Donnert G, Hell SW, Restrepo D. Olfactory neurons expressing transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5) are involved in sensing semiochemicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2471-6. [PMID: 17267604 PMCID: PMC1892929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610201104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the main olfactory epithelium respond to environmental odorants. Recent studies reveal that these OSNs also respond to semiochemicals such as pheromones and that main olfactory input modulates animal reproduction, but the transduction mechanism for these chemosignals is not fully understood. Previously, we determined that responses to putative pheromones in the main olfactory system were reduced but not eliminated in mice defective for the canonical cAMP transduction pathway, and we suggested, on the basis of pharmacology, an involvement of phospholipase C. In the present study, we find that a downstream signaling component of the phospholipase C pathway, the transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5), is coexpressed with the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel subunit A2 in a subset of mature OSNs. These neurons project axons primarily to the ventral olfactory bulb, where information from urine and other socially relevant signals is processed. We find that these chemosignals activate a subset of glomeruli targeted by TRPM5-expressing OSNs. Our data indicate that TRPM5-expressing OSNs that project axons to glomeruli in the ventral area of the main olfactory bulb are involved in processing of information from semiochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Lin
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Robert Margolskee
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Gerald Donnert
- Department of Biophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Stefan W. Hell
- Department of Biophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Program, and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, Mail Stop 8108, Building RC1, Room L18-11119, 12801 East 17th Avenue, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail:
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294
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Menon R, Tsai HY, Thomas SW. Far-field generation of localized light fields using absorbance modulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:043905. [PMID: 17358771 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.043905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report the confinement of a uniform beam of light (lambda(1) = 400 nm) at the nodes of a standing wave (lambda(2) = 532 nm) via absorbance modulation. In the present implementation of absorbance modulation, a thin polymer film containing a photochromic azobenzene side chain is exposed to a standing wave at lambda(2) and a uniform beam at lambda(1), resulting in alternate regions of high and low absorbance. Light at lambda(1) is localized around the low-absorbance regions. Using photoresist exposures, we mapped out the localized light intensity distribution, which agrees well with our theoretical model. Since the width of this distribution is primarily determined by the ratio of the intensities at the two wavelengths, this technique opens up the possibility of localizing light fields below the diffraction limit using far-field optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Menon
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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295
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Fabrication of spiral-phase diffractive elements using scanning-electron-beam lithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1116/1.2806961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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296
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Heintzmann
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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297
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Schwentker MA, Bock H, Hofmann M, Jakobs S, Bewersdorf J, Eggeling C, Hell SW. Wide-field subdiffraction RESOLFT microscopy using fluorescent protein photoswitching. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:269-80. [PMID: 17262791 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Subdiffraction fluorescence imaging is presented in a parallelized wide-field arrangement exploiting the principle of reversible saturable/switchable optical transitions (RESOLFT). The diffraction barrier is overcome by photoswitching ensembles of the label protein asFP595 between a nonfluorescent off- and a fluorescent on-state. Relying on ultralow continuous-wave intensities, reversible protein switching facilitates parallelized fast image acquisition. The RESOLFT principle is implemented by illuminating with intensity distributions featuring zero intensity lines that are further apart than the conventional Abbe resolution limit. The subdiffraction resolution is verified by recording live Escherichia coli bacteria labeled with asFP595. The obtained resolution of 50 nm ( approximately lambda/12) is limited only by the spectroscopic properties of the proteins and the imperfections of the optical implementation, but not on principle grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Schwentker
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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298
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299
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Festy F, Ameer-Beg SM, Ng T, Suhling K. Imaging proteins in vivo using fluorescence lifetime microscopy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:381-91. [PMID: 17533451 DOI: 10.1039/b617204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) represents a key optical technique for imaging proteins and protein interaction in vivo. We review the principles and recent advances in the application of the technique, instrumentation and molecular probe development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Festy
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK SE1 1UL
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300
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Donnert G, Eggeling C, Hell SW. Major signal increase in fluorescence microscopy through dark-state relaxation. Nat Methods 2006; 4:81-6. [PMID: 17179937 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a substantial signal gain in fluorescence microscopy by ensuring that transient molecular dark states with lifetimes >1 micros, such as the triplet state relax between two molecular absorption events. For GFP and Rhodamine dye Atto532, we observed a 5-25-fold increase in total fluorescence yield before molecular bleaching when strong continuous-wave or high-repetition-rate pulsed illumination was replaced with pulses featuring temporal pulse separation >1 micros. The signal gain was observed both for one- and two-photon excitation. Obeying dark or triplet state relaxation in the illumination process signifies a major step toward imaging with low photobleaching and strong fluorescence fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Donnert
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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