251
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Yong D, Tee KK, Yin WF, Chan KG. Characterization and Comparative Overview of Complete Sequences of the First Plasmids of Pandoraea across Clinical and Non-clinical Strains. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1606. [PMID: 27790203 PMCID: PMC5064223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, information on plasmid analysis in Pandoraea spp. is scarce. To address the gap of knowledge on this, the complete sequences of eight plasmids from Pandoraea spp. namely Pandoraea faecigallinarum DSM 23572T (pPF72-1, pPF72-2), Pandoraea oxalativorans DSM 23570T (pPO70-1, pPO70-2, pPO70-3, pPO70-4), Pandoraea vervacti NS15 (pPV15) and Pandoraea apista DSM 16535T (pPA35) were studied for the first time in this study. The information on plasmid sequences in Pandoraea spp. is useful as the sequences did not match any known plasmid sequence deposited in public databases. Replication genes were not identified in some plasmids, a situation that has led to the possibility of host interaction involvement. Some plasmids were also void of par genes and intriguingly, repA gene was also not discovered in these plasmids. This further leads to the hypothesis of host-plasmid interaction. Plasmid stabilization/stability protein-encoding genes were observed in some plasmids but were not established for participating in plasmid segregation. Toxin-antitoxin systems MazEF, VapBC, RelBE, YgiT-MqsR, HigBA, and ParDE were identified across the plasmids and their presence would improve plasmid maintenance. Conjugation genes were identified portraying the conjugation ability amongst Pandoraea plasmids. Additionally, we found a shared region amongst some of the plasmids that consists of conjugation genes. The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. Additionally, genes conferring virulence and antibiotic resistance were identified amongst the plasmids. The observed features in the plasmids shed light on the Pandoraea spp. as opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delicia Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Keng Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Fong Yin
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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252
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Nadell CD, Hartmann R, Drescher K. An Emerging Grip on the Growth of Grounded Bacteria. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9109-9110. [PMID: 27776408 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that are involved in determining bacterial growth rates is fundamental to infection biology, yet the factors that influence bacterial growth variation on surfaces are largely unknown. In this issue of ACS Nano, Lee et al. track individual bacteria on surfaces for several generations to discover systematic differences in growth rate variation between cells that disperse from surfaces and cells that remain attached to surfaces. These growth rate distributions were shown to be strongly influenced by extracellular motility appendages. We provide a perspective on these results and discuss prospects for future work on the interactions between bacteria and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey D Nadell
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology , Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology , Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology , Marburg 35043, Germany
- Department of Physics, Philipps University , Marburg 35037, Germany
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253
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Lee CK, Kim AJ, Santos GS, Lai PY, Lee SY, Qiao DF, Anda JD, Young TD, Chen Y, Rowe AR, Nealson KH, Weiss PS, Wong GCL. Evolution of Cell Size Homeostasis and Growth Rate Diversity during Initial Surface Colonization of Shewanella oneidensis. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9183-9192. [PMID: 27571459 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell size control and homeostasis are fundamental features of bacterial metabolism. Recent work suggests that cells add a constant size between birth and division ("adder" model). However, it is not known how cell size homeostasis is influenced by the existence of heterogeneous microenvironments, such as those during biofilm formation. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 can use diverse energy sources on a range of surfaces via extracellular electron transport (EET), which can impact growth, metabolism, and size diversity. Here, we track bacterial surface communities at single-cell resolution to show that not only do bacterial motility appendages influence the transition from two- to three-dimensional biofilm growth and control postdivisional cell fates, they strongly impact cell size homeostasis. For every generation, we find that the average growth rate for cells that stay on the surface and continue to divide (nondetaching population) and that for cells that detach before their next division (detaching population) are roughly constant. However, the growth rate distribution is narrow for the nondetaching population, but broad for the detaching population in each generation. Interestingly, the appendage deletion mutants (ΔpilA, ΔmshA-D, Δflg) have significantly broader growth rate distributions than that of the wild type for both detaching and nondetaching populations, which suggests that Shewanella appendages are important for sensing and integrating environmental inputs that contribute to size homeostasis. Moreover, our results suggest multiplexing of appendages for sensing and motility functions contributes to cell size dysregulation. These results can potentially provide a framework for generating metabolic diversity in S. oneidensis populations to optimize EET in heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annette R Rowe
- Department of Earth Sciences & Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Kenneth H Nealson
- Department of Earth Sciences & Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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254
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Domínguez-Gil T, Lee M, Acebrón-Avalos I, Mahasenan KV, Hesek D, Dik DA, Byun B, Lastochkin E, Fisher JF, Mobashery S, Hermoso JA. Activation by Allostery in Cell-Wall Remodeling by a Modular Membrane-Bound Lytic Transglycosylase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Structure 2016; 24:1729-1741. [PMID: 27618662 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria grow and divide without loss of cellular integrity. This accomplishment is notable, as a key component of their cell envelope is a surrounding glycopeptide polymer. In Gram-negative bacteria this polymer-the peptidoglycan-grows by the difference between concurrent synthesis and degradation. The regulation of the enzymatic ensemble for these activities is poorly understood. We report herein the structural basis for the control of one such enzyme, the lytic transglycosylase MltF of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Its structure comprises two modules: an ABC-transporter-like regulatory module and a catalytic module. Occupancy of the regulatory module by peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides effects a dramatic and long-distance (40 Å) conformational change, occurring over the entire protein structure, to open its active site for catalysis. This discovery of the molecular basis for the allosteric control of MltF catalysis is foundational to further study of MltF within the complex enzymatic orchestration of the dynamic peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Domínguez-Gil
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Iván Acebrón-Avalos
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kiran V Mahasenan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - David A Dik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Byungjin Byun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Elena Lastochkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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255
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Inclan YF, Persat A, Greninger A, Von Dollen J, Johnson J, Krogan N, Gitai Z, Engel JN. A scaffold protein connects type IV pili with the Chp chemosensory system to mediate activation of virulence signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:590-605. [PMID: 27145134 PMCID: PMC4980298 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type IV pili (TFP) function as mechanosensors to trigger acute virulence programs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On surface contact, TFP retraction activates the Chp chemosensory system phosphorelay to upregulate 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production and transcription of virulence-associated genes. To dissect the specific interactions mediating the mechanochemical relay, we used affinity purification/mass spectrometry, directed co-immunoprecipitations in P. aeruginosa, single cell analysis of contact-dependent transcriptional reporters, subcellular localization and bacterial two hybrid assays. We demonstrate that FimL, a Chp chemosensory system accessory protein of unknown function, directly links the integral component of the TFP structural complex FimV, a peptidoglycan binding protein, with one of the Chp system output response regulators PilG. FimL and PilG colocalize at cell poles in a FimV-dependent manner. While PilG phosphorylation is required for TFP function and mechanochemical signaling, it is not required for polar localization or binding to FimL. Phylogenetic analysis reveals other bacterial species simultaneously encode TFP, the Chp system, FimL, FimV and adenylate cyclase homologs, suggesting that surface sensing may be widespread among TFP-expressing bacteria. We propose that FimL acts as a scaffold enabling spatial colocalization of TFP and Chp system components to coordinate signaling leading to cAMP-dependent upregulation of virulence genes on surface contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki F. Inclan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexandre Persat
- Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexander Greninger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Von Dollen
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffery Johnson
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nevan Krogan
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zemer Gitai
- Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joanne N. Engel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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256
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Silversmith RE, Wang B, Fulcher NB, Wolfgang MC, Bourret RB. Phosphoryl Group Flow within the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pil-Chp Chemosensory System: DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTION OF THE EIGHT PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE AND THREE RECEIVER DOMAINS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17677-91. [PMID: 27354279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial chemosensory signal transduction systems that regulate motility by type IV pili (T4P) can be markedly more complex than related flagellum-based chemotaxis systems. In T4P-based systems, the CheA kinase often contains numerous potential sites of phosphorylation, but the signaling mechanisms of these systems are unknown. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the Pil-Chp system regulates T4P-mediated twitching motility and cAMP levels, both of which play roles in pathogenesis. The Pil-Chp histidine kinase (ChpA) has eight "Xpt" domains; six are canonical histidine-containing phosphotransfer (Hpt) domains and two have a threonine (Tpt) or serine (Spt) in place of the histidine. Additionally, there are two stand-alone receiver domains (PilG and PilH) and a ChpA C-terminal receiver domain (ChpArec). Here, we demonstrate that the ChpA Xpts are functionally divided into three categories as follows: (i) those phosphorylated with ATP (Hpt4-6); (ii) those reversibly phosphorylated by ChpArec (Hpt2-6), and (iii) those with no detectable phosphorylation (Hpt1, Spt, and Tpt). There was rapid phosphotransfer from Hpt2-6 to ChpArec and from Hpt3 to PilH, whereas transfer to PilG was slower. ChpArec also had a rapid rate of autodephosphorylation. The biochemical results together with in vivo cAMP and twitching phenotypes of key ChpA phosphorylation site point mutants supported a scheme whereby ChpArec functions both as a phosphate sink and a phosphotransfer element linking Hpt4-6 to Hpt2-3. Hpt2 and Hpt3 are likely the dominant sources of phosphoryl groups for PilG and PilH, respectively. The data are synthesized in a signaling circuit that contains fundamental features of two-component phosphorelays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boya Wang
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nanette B Fulcher
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Matthew C Wolfgang
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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257
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Purcell EB, Tamayo R. Cyclic diguanylate signaling in Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:753-73. [PMID: 27354347 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide second messenger 3'-5' cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a central regulator of the transition between motile and non-motile lifestyles in bacteria, favoring sessility. Most research investigating the functions of c-di-GMP has focused on Gram-negative species, especially pathogens. Recent work in Gram-positive species has revealed that c-di-GMP plays similar roles in Gram-positives, though the precise targets and mechanisms of regulation may differ. The majority of bacterial life exists in a surface-associated state, with motility allowing bacteria to disseminate and colonize new environments. c-di-GMP signaling regulates flagellum biosynthesis and production of adherence factors and appears to be a primary mechanism by which bacteria sense and respond to surfaces. Ultimately, c-di-GMP influences the ability of a bacterium to alter its transcriptional program, physiology and behavior upon surface contact. This review discusses how bacteria are able to sense a surface via flagella and type IV pili, and the role of c-di-GMP in regulating the response to surfaces, with emphasis on studies of Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rita Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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258
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Gifford DR, Toll-Riera M, MacLean RC. Epistatic interactions between ancestral genotype and beneficial mutations shape evolvability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evolution 2016; 70:1659-66. [PMID: 27230588 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The idea that interactions between mutations influence adaptation by driving populations to low and high fitness peaks on adaptive landscapes is deeply ingrained in evolutionary theory. Here, we investigate the impact of epistasis on evolvability by challenging populations of two Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones bearing different initial mutations (in rpoB conferring rifampicin resistance, and the type IV pili gene network) to adaptation to a medium containing l-serine as the sole carbon source. Despite being initially indistinguishable in fitness, populations founded by the two ancestral genotypes reached different fitness following 300 generations of evolution. Genome sequencing revealed that the difference could not be explained by acquiring mutations in different targets of selection; the majority of clones from both ancestors converged on one of the following two strategies: (1) acquiring mutations in either PA2449 (gcsR, an l-serine-metabolism RpoN enhancer binding protein) or (2) protease genes. Additionally, populations from both ancestors converged on loss-of-function mutations in the type IV pili gene network, either due to ancestral or acquired mutations. No compensatory or reversion mutations were observed in RNA polymerase (RNAP) genes, in spite of the large fitness costs typically associated with mutations in rpoB. Although current theory points to sign epistasis as the dominant constraint on evolvability, these results suggest that the role of magnitude epistasis in constraining evolvability may be underappreciated. The contribution of magnitude epistasis is likely to be greatest under the biologically relevant mutation supply rates that make back mutations probabilistically unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna R Gifford
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom. .,Current Address: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover St., Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Macarena Toll-Riera
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.,Current Address: Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Craig MacLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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259
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Jansari VH, Potharla VY, Riddell GT, Bardy SL. Twitching motility and cAMP levels: signal transduction through a single methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw119. [PMID: 27190147 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chp chemosensory system regulates twitching motility, intracellular adenosine 3('') 5(')-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels and is postulated to be involved in directional twitching towards phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Because PilJ is the only methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) identified in the Chp system, we determined the role of PilJ in mediating signal transduction for the distinct outputs of this system. Mutants that lack the periplasmic domain of PilJ (pilJΔ74-273) showed lower levels of cAMP but retained directional twitching towards PE. While initial studies revealed reduced twitching motility by PilJΔ74-273, this was due to decreased cAMP levels. Our data illustrate the importance of the periplasmic domain of PilJ in regulating cAMP. This is the first time a defined domain within PilJ has been identified as having a distinct role in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti H Jansari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Vishwakanth Y Potharla
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Geoff T Riddell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Sonia L Bardy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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260
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Sensational biofilms: surface sensing in bacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 30:139-146. [PMID: 26968016 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first step in the development of a bacterial biofilm is contact with the surface on which the microbe will form this community. We review recent progress on 'surface sensing', and engage the question of 'how does a microbe know it is on a surface?'
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261
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Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a food-borne pathogen transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and can cause bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in the human host. Although a range of colonization factors, Shiga toxins and a type III secretion system (T3SS) all contribute to disease development, the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) encoded T3SS is responsible for the formation of lesions in the intestinal tract. While a variety of chemical cues in the host environment are known to up-regulate LEE expression, we recently demonstrated that changes in physical forces at the site of attachment are required for localized, full induction of the system and thus spatial regulation of virulence in the intestinal tract. Here, we discuss our findings in the light of other recent studies describing mechanosensing of the host and force-dependent induction of virulence mechanisms. We discuss potential mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, and the level of conservation across bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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262
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Wagner S, Sommer R, Hinsberger S, Lu C, Hartmann RW, Empting M, Titz A. Novel Strategies for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5929-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wagner
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roman Sommer
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Hinsberger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cenbin Lu
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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263
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Moorthy S, Keklak J, Klein EA. Perspective: Adhesion Mediated Signal Transduction in Bacterial Pathogens. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010023. [PMID: 26901228 PMCID: PMC4810144 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the infection process, pathogenic bacteria undergo large-scale transcriptional changes to promote virulence and increase intrahost survival. While much of this reprogramming occurs in response to changes in chemical environment, such as nutrient availability and pH, there is increasing evidence that adhesion to host-tissue can also trigger signal transduction pathways resulting in differential gene expression. Determining the molecular mechanisms of adhesion-mediated signaling requires disentangling the contributions of chemical and mechanical stimuli. Here we highlight recent work demonstrating that surface attachment drives a transcriptional response in bacterial pathogens, including uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), and discuss the complexity of experimental design when dissecting the specific role of adhesion-mediated signaling during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Moorthy
- Biology Department, Rutgers University-Camden, 200 Federal St., Suite 520, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Julia Keklak
- Biology Department, Rutgers University-Camden, 200 Federal St., Suite 520, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Eric A Klein
- Biology Department, Rutgers University-Camden, 200 Federal St., Suite 520, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, 200 Federal St., Suite 520, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
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264
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Dunger G, Llontop E, Guzzo CR, Farah CS. The Xanthomonas type IV pilus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 30:88-97. [PMID: 26874963 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type IV pili, a special class of bacterial surface filaments, are key behavioral mediators for many important human pathogens. However, we know very little about the role of these structures in the lifestyles of plant-associated bacteria. Over the past few years, several groups studying the extensive genus of Xanthomonas spp. have gained insights into the roles of played by type IV pili in bacteria-host interactions and pathogenesis, motility, biofilm formation, and interactions with bacteriophages. Protein-protein interaction studies have identified T4P regulators and these, along with structural studies, have begun to reveal some of the possible molecular mechanisms that may control the extension/retraction cycles of these dynamic filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Dunger
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edgar Llontop
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R Guzzo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Chuck S Farah
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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265
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Shikata M, Hayashi N, Fujimoto A, Nakamura T, Matsui N, Ishiyama A, Maekawa Y, Gotoh N. The pilT gene contributes to type III ExoS effector injection into epithelial cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:216-20. [PMID: 26809217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A type IV pilus filament, mainly composed of PilA, is retracted by the driving power generated by PilT and PilU ATPases. pilA is required for injection of type III ExoS effectors into epithelial cells thereby facilitating Pseudomonas aeruginosa penetration through the epithelial barrier by impairing the defense function of tight junctions. Here, we examined whether the pilT and pilU of the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain are required for ExoS injection into epithelial cells. We measured the quantity of ExoS injected into epithelial cells, and found that within such cells its quantity decreased by 80% (ΔpilA strain), 75% (ΔpilT strain), and 30% (ΔpilU strain) compared with the wild-type strain. pilT deficiency decreased the disruption of human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell monolayers to the same extent as that of pilA and exoS deficiency, whereas pilU deficiency decreased disruption of the monolayers less than deficiency of the other genes. pilT and pilU deficiency decreased bacterial penetration of the Caco-2 cell monolayers to the same level as pilA and exoS deficiency. Our data showed that the pilU gene expression level was reduced in the PAO1 strain after adhesion to Caco-2 cell surfaces, but the expression levels of the pilA and pilT genes did not change. We conclude that P. aeruginosa injects ExoS into cells through the function of type IV pilus retraction, and that pilT makes a greater contribution to this process than pilU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototsugu Shikata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Akiyo Fujimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takano Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsui
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ayana Ishiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yui Maekawa
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naomasa Gotoh
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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266
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Matthey N, Blokesch M. The DNA-Uptake Process of Naturally Competent Vibrio cholerae. Trends Microbiol 2015; 24:98-110. [PMID: 26614677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The sophisticated DNA-uptake machinery used during natural transformation is still poorly characterized, especially in Gram-negative bacteria where the transforming DNA has to cross two membranes as well as the peptidoglycan layer before entering the cytoplasm. The DNA-uptake machinery was hypothesized to take the form of a pseudopilus, which, upon repeated cycles of extension and retraction, would pull external DNA towards the cell surface or into the periplasmic space, followed by translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the DNA-uptake machinery of V. cholerae, highlighting the presence of an extended competence-induced pilus and the contribution of a conserved DNA-binding protein that acts as a ratchet and reels DNA into the periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Matthey
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Station 19, EPFL-SV-UPBLO, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Blokesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Station 19, EPFL-SV-UPBLO, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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267
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Kazmierczak BI, Schniederberend M, Jain R. Cross-regulation of Pseudomonas motility systems: the intimate relationship between flagella, pili and virulence. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 28:78-82. [PMID: 26476804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa navigates using two distinct forms of motility, swimming and twitching. A polar flagellum and Type 4 pili power these movements, respectively, allowing P. aeruginosa to attach to and colonize surfaces. Single cell imaging and particle tracking algorithms have revealed a wide range of bacterial surface behaviors which are regulated by second messengers cyclic-di-GMP and cAMP; the production of these signals is, in turn, responsive to the engagement of motility organelles with a surface. Innate immune defense systems, long known to recognize structural components of flagella, appear to respond to motility itself. The association of motility with both upregulation of virulence and induction of host defense mechanisms underlies the complex contributions of flagella and pili to P. aeruginosa pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara I Kazmierczak
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520-8022, USA; Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520-8022, USA.
| | - Maren Schniederberend
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520-8022, USA
| | - Ruchi Jain
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520-8022, USA
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268
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Maier B, Wong GCL. How Bacteria Use Type IV Pili Machinery on Surfaces. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:775-788. [PMID: 26497940 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial type IV pilus (T4P) is a versatile molecular machine with a broad range of functions. Recent advances revealed that the molecular components and the biophysical properties of the machine are well conserved among phylogenetically distant bacterial species. However, its functions are diverse, and include adhesion, motility, and horizontal gene transfer. This review focusses on the role of T4P in surface motility and bacterial interactions. Different species have evolved distinct mechanisms for intracellular coordination of multiple pili and of pili with other motility machines, ranging from physical coordination to biochemical clocks. Coordinated behavior between multiple bacteria on a surface is achieved by active manipulation of surfaces and modulation of pilus-pilus interactions. An emerging picture is that the T4P actively senses and responds to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenike Maier
- Department of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany.
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
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269
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Visaggio D, Pasqua M, Bonchi C, Kaever V, Visca P, Imperi F. Cell aggregation promotes pyoverdine-dependent iron uptake and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:902. [PMID: 26379660 PMCID: PMC4552172 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the Gac signaling system and the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) participate in the control of the switch between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles, by regulating the production of the two exopolysaccharides Pel and Psl. The Gac and c-di-GMP regulatory networks also coordinately promote the production of the pyoverdine siderophore, and the extracellular polysaccharides Pel and Psl have recently been found to mediate c-di-GMP-dependent regulation of pyoverdine genes. Here we demonstrate that Pel and Psl are also essential for Gac–mediated activation of pyoverdine production. A pel psl double mutant produces very low levels of pyoverdine and shows a marked reduction in the expression of the pyoverdine-dependent virulence factors exotoxin A and PrpL protease. While the exopolysaccharide-proficient parent strain forms multicellular planktonic aggregates in liquid cultures, the Pel and Psl-deficient mutant mainly grows as dispersed cells. Notably, artificially induced cell aggregation is able to restore pyoverdine-dependent gene expression in the pel psl mutant, in a way that appears to be independent of iron diffusion or siderophore signaling, as well as of recently described contact-dependent mechanosensitive systems. This study demonstrates that cell aggregation represents an important cue triggering the expression of pyoverdine-related genes in P. aeruginosa, suggesting a novel link between virulence gene expression, cell–cell interaction and the multicellular community lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Visaggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy ; Department of Sciences, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pasqua
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Bonchi
- Department of Sciences, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre Rome, Italy
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Paolo Visca
- Department of Sciences, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Imperi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy ; Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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270
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Kåhrström CT. Type IV pili function as mechanosensors. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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