251
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Chambers CA, Kuhns MS, Egen JG, Allison JP. CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T cell responses: mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:565-94. [PMID: 11244047 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The T cell compartment of adaptive immunity provides vertebrates with the potential to survey for and respond specifically to an incredible diversity of antigens. The T cell repertoire must be carefully regulated to prevent unwanted responses to self. In the periphery, one important level of regulation is the action of costimulatory signals in concert with T cell antigen-receptor (TCR) signals to promote full T cell activation. The past few years have revealed that costimulation is quite complex, involving an integration of activating signals and inhibitory signals from CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules, respectively, with TCR signals to determine the outcome of a T cell's encounter with antigen. Newly emerging data suggest that inhibitory signals mediated by CTLA-4 not only can determine whether T cells become activated, but also can play a role in regulating the clonal representation in a polyclonal response. This review primarily focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of regulation by CTLA-4 and its manipulation as a strategy for tumor immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Clonal Anergy
- Cytokines/physiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Macromolecular Substances
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Chambers
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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252
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Bansal-Pakala P, Jember AG, Croft M. Signaling through OX40 (CD134) breaks peripheral T-cell tolerance. Nat Med 2001; 7:907-12. [PMID: 11479622 DOI: 10.1038/90942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell tolerance is a mechanism to limit autoimmunity, but represents a major obstacle in diseases such as cancer. Tolerance is due to limited accumulation of antigen-specific T cells accompanied by functional hypo-responsiveness, and is induced by antigen encounter in a non-inflammatory environment. In contrast to advances in preventing induction of T-cell tolerance, there has been little progress in defining targets to reverse established tolerance. Here we show that signals from a single dose of an agonistic antibody against OX40 (CD134, a member of the tumor necrosis-factor family of receptors) can break an existing state of tolerance in the CD4+ T-cell compartment. OX40 signals promote T-cell expansion after the hypo-responsive phenotype is induced and restore normal functionality. These data highlight the potent costimulatory capacity of OX40, and indicate OX40 as a target for therapeutic intervention in a variety of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bansal-Pakala
- Division of Immunochemistry, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA
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253
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Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM, Matsui S, Berzofsky JA. Mechanisms of cytokine synergy essential for vaccine protection against viral challenge. Int Immunol 2001; 13:897-908. [PMID: 11431420 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.7.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cytokines to steer CD4(+) T(h) cell responses toward a T(h)1 or T(h)2 phenotype and enhance the magnitude of both CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and antibody responses has clearly been demonstrated by our lab and others, but the influence of cytokines on protective immune responses is much less clear. Here we show an essential role for CD4(+) T(h)1 helper cell induction and IFN-gamma production in protection from viral challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1MN viral envelope glycoprotein gp160. Complete protection from viral challenge is achieved only when the triple combination of exogenous cytokines granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are co-administered with the peptide vaccine. In vivo depletion of CD4(+) cells or immunization of IFN-gamma-deficient mice abrogates protection. GM-CSF, IL-12 and TNF-alpha also synergize for the enhanced induction of CTL; however, adoptive transfer of a CD8(+) CTL line afforded only partial protection in this viral challenge model. As a possible mechanism of in vivo protection we show that GM-CSF increases the percentage and activity of antigen-presenting dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes where the immune response is initiated. We further demonstrate synergy between IL-12 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in driving IFN-gamma production. Thus, a combination of IL-12 and TNF-alpha is essential for the optimal development of T(h)1 responses and help for CTL induction in BALB/c mice, and is complemented by a third cytokine, GM-CSF, which enhances antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ahlers
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bldg 10, Rm 6B-12 (MSC1578), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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254
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Slovin SF. Vaccines as treatment strategies for relapsed prostate cancer: approaches for induction of immunity. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2001; 15:477-96. [PMID: 11525292 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a important tumor in which to evaluate vaccine strategies. It is associated with two well-characterized serum biomarkers, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase, which enables the investigator to monitor the progress of the disease. There are well-studied but less well-known glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens on the surface of prostate cancer cells that may function as targets for immune recognition and attack. Conventional treatments such as chemical castration are often poorly tolerated. When initiation of hormonal therapy is controversial, alternative therapies with minimal side effects are a desirable approach. Vaccines represent a means by which the immune system can be stimulated in order to affect an antitumor response by means of recruiting a variety of different effector arms of the immune system. The varying approaches toward vaccine construction as treatment strategies for relapsed prostate cancer are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Slovin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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255
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Cassell DJ. Validity of the two-signal model for activation of CD28-deficient T lymphocytes: quantitative characterization of an alternative costimulatory function of dendritic cells. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53:346-56. [PMID: 11285114 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The observation that primary T-dependent immune responses are generated in mice lacking CD28, the only receptor definitively shown to costimulate naive T cells, has led to ambiguity as to whether costimulation is absolutely required for initiation of T-cell responses. In this report, in vitro analysis of the relationship between cell density and proliferation demonstrates that activation of CD28-/- T cells to immobilized T-cell receptor (TCR)-alpha monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) depends on costimulatory signals provided by other cells in culture and occurs only at cell densities sufficient to permit these intercellular interactions. These signals are necessary even under TCR triggering conditions that obviate the CD28 requirement. Dendritic cells (DCs) provide the necessary costimulation in vitro and prime T cells in vivo in CD28-/- mice. Single-cell and limiting dilution analyses indicate that individual T cells from normal and CD28-/- mice produce equivalent interleukin (IL)-2 in response to DCs. However, half as many T cells produce IL-2 when only the CD28-independent pathway is used. Nonetheless, CD28-/- T cells produce sufficient IL-2 to support clonal expansion comparable to that of CD28+/+ T cells, which may account for the equally robust in vivo responses initiated by DCs in normal and CD28-deficient animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Communication
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cassell
- The Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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256
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Hernández J, Ko A, Sherman LA. CTLA-4 blockade enhances the CTL responses to the p53 self-tumor antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3908-14. [PMID: 11238635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
p53 is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy because it is overexpressed in a high proportion of many different types of tumors. However, it is also expressed in normal tissues and acts as a toleragen in vivo. Previously, detailed examination of the repertoire specific for the murine p53(261-269) epitope in conventional and p53-deficient mice demonstrated that because of expression of p53, the CD8(+) T cells that respond to this epitope express low-affinity TCRs. It has been reported that tolerance to tumor Ags can be broken by in vivo administration of anti-CTLA-4 mAb. With the goal of overriding tolerance and achieving optimal activation of p53-specific CTL, the current study has assessed the effect of anti-CTLA-4 mAb on the p53-specific repertoire. It was found that blockade of CTLA-4 engagement at the time of antigenic stimulation induced a vigorous amplification of the CTL responses to p53 as well as proportionate expansion of the memory T cell pool. This effect was dependent on the presence of CD4(+) T cell help and correlated with an enhancement of helper function. However, anti-CTLA-4 treatment did not enhance the avidity of the resultant p53-specific CTL populations and, therefore, could not reverse this important consequence of tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Immunoconjugates
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Rats
- Self Tolerance
- Stem Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/administration & dosage
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hernández
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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257
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Bachmann M, Gallimore A, Jones E, Ecabert B, Acha-Orbea H, Kopf M. Normal pathogen-specific immune responses mounted by CTLA-4-deficient T cells: a paradigm reconsidered. Eur J Immunol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200102)31:2<450::aid-immu450>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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258
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Immunology of Cancer. Surgery 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57282-1_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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259
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Luhder F, Chambers C, Allison JP, Benoist C, Mathis D. Pinpointing when T cell costimulatory receptor CTLA-4 must be engaged to dampen diabetogenic T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:12204-9. [PMID: 11035773 PMCID: PMC17319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.200348397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of the T cell costimulatory receptor CTLA-4 can potently down-regulate an immune response. For example, in a T cell receptor transgenic mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, CTLA-4 interactions keep pancreatic islet-reactive T cells in check, evidenced by the finding that mAb blockade of CTLA-4 rapidly provokes diabetes in animals that would not normally succumb until many months later. Interestingly, this effect is only observed early in the course of disease, before insulitis is stably entrenched. Here, we have exploited a highly synchronous and easily manipulable transfer system to determine precisely when CTLA-4 must be engaged to check the diabetogenicity of islet-reactive T cells. Our results indicate that CTLA-4 interactions during initial priming of the T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes are not determinant. Rather, the critical interactions occur when the T cells secondarily reencounter their antigen in the target organ, the pancreatic islets. In addition, we made use of CTLA-4-deficient mice to bolster our interpretation that CTLA-4 engagement has a dampening rather than an enhancing influence on diabetes progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Luhder
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicalé/Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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260
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Abstract
Modification of the tumor microenvironment with gene transfer techniques stimulates two immune mechanisms that effectuate tumor destruction. One involves improved tumor-antigen presentation for the development of specific cellular and humoral immunity. The second involves compromise of the tumor vasculature by soluble factors and leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mach
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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261
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Abstract
Advances in our understanding of T cell costimulatory molecules have provided a vast array of novel approaches to tumor immunotherapy. In the past year, combinatorial immunotherapy based on earlier studies of CTLA-4 blockade, the identification of novel B7-family members, the modulation of CD40 to reverse tolerance to tumor-associated antigens and the use of OX40 to enhance antitumor responses of CD4+ T cells have all contributed to the development of more-powerful immunomodulatory cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hurwitz
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse 13210, USA.
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262
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van den Eertwegh AJ, Pinedo HM. New developments in autologous tumor cell vaccination therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2000; 2:369-71. [PMID: 11122867 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-000-0053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J van den Eertwegh
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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263
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Masteller EL, Chuang E, Mullen AC, Reiner SL, Thompson CB. Structural analysis of CTLA-4 function in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5319-27. [PMID: 10799894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.5319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of T cell activation may be accomplished by competition for ligands and/or by signals mediated through the intracellular domain. Studies have implicated Tyr201 in the cytoplasmic domain of CTLA-4 in regulating CTLA-4 signal transduction and intracellular trafficking. To investigate the mechanism of CTLA-4 function in vivo, transgenes encoding wild-type CTLA-4 (FL), a mutant lacking the cytoplasmic domain of CTLA-4 (DeltaCTLA-4 tail), or a CTLA-4 Tyr201 mutant (Y201V) were introduced into CTLA-4-deficient mice. CTLA-4-/- mice display an autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder resulting in tissue destruction and early death. When either the FL or the Y201V transgene was bred into CTLA-4-/- animals, a complete rescue from lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity was observed. In contrast, CTLA-4-/- mice expressing the DeltaCTLA-4 tail transgene were long lived with no evidence of multiorgan lymphocytic infiltration, but exhibited lymphadenopathy and accumulated large numbers of activated T cells. Furthermore, these animals displayed a Th2-biased phenotype which conferred susceptibility to Leishmania infection. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of CTLA-4 is mediated in part through the ability of the extracellular domain to compete for ligands. The cytoplasmic domain of CTLA-4, however, is required for complete inhibitory function of the receptor and for regulation of Th cell differentiation in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Crosses, Genetic
- Genes, Lethal/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunophenotyping
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphatic Diseases/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Splenomegaly/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Masteller
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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264
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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265
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Frauwirth KA, Alegre ML, Thompson CB. Induction of T cell anergy in the absence of CTLA-4/B7 interaction. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2987-93. [PMID: 10706686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.6.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunologic tolerance in T lymphocytes is maintained through both thymic and peripheral contributions. One peripheral tolerance mechanism is the induction of T cell anergy, a form of nonresponsiveness resulting from incomplete T cell activation, such as stimulation through the TCR in the absence of costimulation. Recent reports have suggested that engagement of the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 by its B7 ligand is critical for the initiation of anergy. We tested the importance of CTLA-4 in anergy induction in primary T cells with an in vitro anergy system. Using both CTLA-4/B7-blocking agents and CTLA-4-deficient T cells, we found that T cell anergy can be established in the absence of CTLA-4 expression and/or function. Even in the absence of CTLA-4 signal transduction, T cells activated solely through TCR ligation lose the ability to proliferate as a result of autocrine IL-2 production upon subsequent receptor engagement. Thus, CTLA-4 signaling is not required for the development of T cell anergy.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/pharmacology
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Line
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Immunoconjugates
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Frauwirth
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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266
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Green JE, Shibata MA, Yoshidome K, Liu ML, Jorcyk C, Anver MR, Wigginton J, Wiltrout R, Shibata E, Kaczmarczyk S, Wang W, Liu ZY, Calvo A, Couldrey C. The C3(1)/SV40 T-antigen transgenic mouse model of mammary cancer: ductal epithelial cell targeting with multistage progression to carcinoma. Oncogene 2000; 19:1020-7. [PMID: 10713685 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 5' flanking region of the C3(1) component of the rat prostate steroid binding protein (PSBP) has been used to successfully target the expression of the SV40 large T-antigen (Tag) to the epithelium of both the mammary and prostate glands resulting in models of mammary and prostate cancers which histologically resemble the human diseases. Atypia of the mammary ductal epithelium develops at about 8 weeks of age, progressing to mammary intraepithelial neoplasia (resembling human ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS]) at about 12 weeks of age with the development of invasive carcinomas at about 16 weeks of age in 100% of female mice. The carcinomas share features to what has been classified in human breast cancer as infiltrating ductal carcinomas. All FVB/N female mice carrying the transgene develop mammary cancer with about a 15% incidence of lung metastases. Approximately 10% of older male mice develop anaplastic mammary carcinomas. Unlike many other transgenic models in which hormones and pregnancy are used to induce a mammary phenotype, C3(1)/Tag mice develop mammary tumors in the mammary epithelium of virgin animals without hormone supplementation or pregnancy. Although mammary tumor development appears hormone-responsive at early stages, invasive carcinomas are hormone-independent, which corresponds to the loss of estrogen receptor-alpha expression during tumor progression. Molecular and biologic factors related to mammary tumor progression can be studied in this model since lesions evolve over a predictable time course. Genomic alterations have been identified during tumor progression, including an amplification of the distal portion of chromosome 6 containing ki-ras and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in other chromosomal regions. We have demonstrated that stage specific alterations in the expression of genes which are critical regulators of the cell cycle and apoptosis are functionally important in vivo. C3(1)/Tag mice appear useful for testing particular therapies since growth of the mammary tumors can be reduced using chemopreventive agents, cytokines, and an anti-angiogenesis agent.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen-Binding Protein/genetics
- Androgen-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein
- Pregnancy
- Prostatein
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- Rats
- Secretoglobins
- Uteroglobin
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Green
- Transgenic Oncogenesis Group, Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, Building 41, Room C629, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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267
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Weinberg AD, Rivera MM, Prell R, Morris A, Ramstad T, Vetto JT, Urba WJ, Alvord G, Bunce C, Shields J. Engagement of the OX-40 receptor in vivo enhances antitumor immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2160-9. [PMID: 10657670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The OX-40 receptor (OX-40R), a member of the TNFR family, is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. Engagement of the OX-40R, with either OX-40 ligand (OX-40L) or an Ab agonist, delivers a strong costimulatory signal to effector T cells. OX-40R+ T cells isolated from inflammatory lesions in the CNS of animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are the cells that respond to autoantigen (myelin basic protein) in vivo. We identified OX-40R+ T cells within primary tumors and tumor-invaded lymph nodes of patients with cancer and hypothesized that they are the tumor-Ag-specific T cells. Therefore, we investigated whether engagement of the OX-40R in vivo during tumor priming would enhance a tumor-specific T cell response. Injection of OX-40L:Ig or anti-OX-40R in vivo during tumor priming resulted in a significant improvement in the percentage of tumor-free survivors (20-55%) in four different murine tumors derived from four separate tissues. This anti-OX-40R effect was dose dependent and accentuated tumor-specific T cell memory. The data suggest that engagement of the OX-40R in vivo augments tumor-specific priming by stimulating/expanding the natural repertoire of the host's tumor-specific CD4+ T cells. The identification of OX-40R+ T cells clustered around human tumor cells in vivo suggests that engagement of the OX-40R may be a practical approach for expanding tumor-reactive T cells and thereby a method to improve tumor immunotherapy in patients with cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptors, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/administration & dosage
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA.
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268
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Strong TV. Gene therapy for carcinoma of the breast: Genetic immunotherapy. Breast Cancer Res 2000; 2:15-21. [PMID: 11250688 PMCID: PMC521209 DOI: 10.1186/bcr24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1999] [Accepted: 11/18/1999] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in gene transfer technology have greatly expanded the opportunities for developing immunotherapy strategies for breast carcinoma. Genetic immunotherapy approaches include the transfer of genes encoding cytokines and costimulatory molecules to modulate immune function, as well as genetic immunization strategies which rely on the delivery of cloned tumor antigens. Improved gene transfer vectors, coupled with a better understanding of the processes that are necessary to elicit an immune response and an expanding number of target breast tumor antigens, have led to renewed enthusiasm that effective immunotherapy may be achieved. It is likely that immunotherapeutic interventions will find their greatest clinical application as adjuvants to traditional first-line therapies, targeting micrometastatic disease and thereby reducing the risk of cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Strong
- Gene Therapy Cewnter, Division of Heamtology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA.
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269
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Shrikant P, Khoruts A, Mescher MF. CTLA-4 blockade reverses CD8+ T cell tolerance to tumor by a CD4+ T cell- and IL-2-dependent mechanism. Immunity 1999; 11:483-93. [PMID: 10549630 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A tumor-specific CD8+ T cell response was studied using adoptive transfer of OT-I TCR transgenic cells. Upon i.p. challenge with E.G7 tumor, OT-I cells undergo CD4+ T cell-independent expansion at the tumor site and develop lytic function. Before tumor elimination, however, they leave the peritoneal cavity (PC) and appear in the LN and spleen where they exhibit "split anergy" and cannot further proliferate to antigen. Administering anti-CTLA-4 mAb early caused sustained OT-1 expansion in the PC, and late administration caused the OT-I cells to return to the PC and further expand; in both cases, tumor was controlled. These effects required CD4+ T cells and IL-2 and appear to result from reversal of the nonresponsive state of the CD8+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Clonal Anergy
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peritoneal Cavity/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Thymoma/immunology
- Thymoma/pathology
- Thymus Neoplasms/immunology
- Thymus Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shrikant
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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270
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Sotomayor EM, Borrello I, Tubb E, Allison JP, Levitsky HI. In vivo blockade of CTLA-4 enhances the priming of responsive T cells but fails to prevent the induction of tumor antigen-specific tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:11476-81. [PMID: 10500201 PMCID: PMC18058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.20.11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of cancer is limited by peripheral tolerance to tumor antigens. In vivo blockade of CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T cell function, can induce the regression of established tumors and can augment the tumor rejection achieved through therapeutic vaccination. These outcomes may reflect enhanced tumor-specific T cell priming and/or interference with the development of tolerance to tumor antigens. We examined the effect of CTLA-4 blockade on the fate and function of T cells specific for a model tumor antigen in the tumor-bearing host. We found that while CTLA-4 blockade enhanced the priming of responsive T cells, it did not prevent the induction of tolerance to tumor antigens. These results demonstrate that there is a critical window in which the combination of CTLA-4 blockade and vaccination achieves an optimal response, and they point to mechanisms other than CTLA-4 engagement in mediating peripheral T cell tolerance to tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Sotomayor
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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271
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Borrello I, Sotomayor EM, Cooke S, Levitsky HI. A universal granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing bystander cell line for use in the formulation of autologous tumor cell-based vaccines. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:1983-91. [PMID: 10466632 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950017347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Irradiated tumor cells transduced with the gene encoding the cytokine GM-CSF have been extensively studied as a vaccine formulation capable of priming systemic antitumor immune responses in the tumor-bearing host. In spite of the therapeutic promise of this vaccine strategy demonstrated in both animal models and early-phase clinical trials, clinical development has been limited by difficulties pertaining to the need to establish in culture the tumor of each patient and to perform individualized gene transfer. To circumvent these issues, we generated an HLA-negative human cell line producing large quantities of human GM-CSF for use as a universal bystander cell to be mixed with unmodified autologous tumor cells in the formulation of a vaccine. This line is easily propagated as a suspension culture in defined, serum-free medium. In a mouse model, we find that vaccination with a mixture of autologous tumor cells and an MHC-negative allogeneic GM-CSF-producing bystander cell primes antitumor immune responses that are equivalent or better than those achieved using autologous tumor cells directly transduced to secrete GM-CSF. This strategy greatly simplifies further clinical development of autologous tumor cell-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Borrello
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
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272
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van Elsas A, Hurwitz AA, Allison JP. Combination immunotherapy of B16 melanoma using anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing vaccines induces rejection of subcutaneous and metastatic tumors accompanied by autoimmune depigmentation. J Exp Med 1999; 190:355-66. [PMID: 10430624 PMCID: PMC2195583 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 768] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effectiveness of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade, alone or in combination with a granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing tumor cell vaccine, on rejection of the highly tumorigenic, poorly immunogenic murine melanoma B16-BL6. Recently established tumors could be eradicated in 80% (68/85) of the cases using combination treatment, whereas each treatment by itself showed little or no effect. Tumor rejection was dependent on CD8(+) and NK1.1(+) cells but occurred irrespective of the presence of CD4(+) T cells. Mice surviving a primary challenge rejected a secondary challenge with B16-BL6 or the parental B16-F0 line. The same treatment regimen was found to be therapeutically effective against outgrowth of preestablished B16-F10 lung metastases, inducing long-term survival. Of all mice surviving B16-BL6 or B16-F10 tumors after combination treatment, 56% (38/68) developed depigmentation, starting at the site of vaccination or challenge and in most cases progressing to distant locations. Depigmentation was found to occur in CD4-depleted mice, strongly suggesting that the effect was mediated by CTLs. This study shows that CTLA-4 blockade provides a powerful tool to enhance T cell activation and memory against a poorly immunogenic spontaneous murine tumor and that this may involve recruitment of autoreactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Female
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Hair Color/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Proteins/immunology
- Skin Pigmentation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vitiligo/immunology
- Vitiligo/pathology
- Vitiligo/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea van Elsas
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
| | - Arthur A. Hurwitz
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
| | - James P. Allison
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
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273
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Gabri MR, Menna PL, Scursoni AM, Gomez DE, Alonso DF. Role of tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in mice bearing a highly invasive and metastatic mammary carcinoma. Pathobiology 1999; 67:180-5. [PMID: 10738179 DOI: 10.1159/000028070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in tumor-bearing BALB/c mice using the syngeneic F3II mammary carcinoma. In the present model, progression of subcutaneous tumors induced massive myelopoiesis in bone marrow and spleen due to GM-CSF secretion by tumor cells. In vitro, the addition of recombinant mouse GM-CSF (5- 25 ng/ml) caused a significant increase in F3II cell growth, either in the presence or absence of serum. Zymographic analysis of conditioned media from F3II monolayers showed that GM-CSF exerted a dose-dependent enhancement in the metalloproteinases MMP-9 (105 kD) and MMP-2 (70 kD), key enzymes in mammary tumor cell invasion. Our data suggest that ectopic GM-CSF production stimulates myelopoiesis and may also play an important role in tumor progression and metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gabri
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University, Bernal, Argentina
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274
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French RR, Chan HT, Tutt AL, Glennie MJ. CD40 antibody evokes a cytotoxic T-cell response that eradicates lymphoma and bypasses T-cell help. Nat Med 1999; 5:548-53. [PMID: 10229232 DOI: 10.1038/8426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD40 is essential in enabling antigen-presenting cells to process and present antigen effectively to T cells. We demonstrate here that when antibody against CD40 is used to treat mice with syngeneic lymphoma, a rapid cytotoxic T-cell response independent of T-helper cells occurs, with tenfold expansion of CD8+ T cells over a period of 5 days. This response eradicates the lymphoma and provides protection against tumor rechallenge without further antibody treatment. Thus, it seems that by treating mice with monoclonal antibody against CD40, we are immunizing against syngeneic tumors. The phenomenon proved reproducible with two antibodies against CD40 (3/23 and FGK-45) in three CD40+ lymphomas (A20, A31 and BCL1) and gave partial protection in one of two CD40- lymphomas (EL4 and Ten1). Although the nature of the target antigens on these lymphomas is unknown, CD8+ T cells recovered from responding mice showed powerful cytotoxic activity against the target B-cell lymphoma in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R French
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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275
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Zheng XX, Markees TG, Hancock WW, Li Y, Greiner DL, Li XC, Mordes JP, Sayegh MH, Rossini AA, Strom TB. CTLA4 Signals Are Required to Optimally Induce Allograft Tolerance with Combined Donor-Specific Transfusion and Anti-CD154 Monoclonal Antibody Treatment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Sensitization to donor Ags is an enormous problem in clinical transplantation. In an islet allograft model, presensitization of recipients through donor-specific transfusion (DST) 4 wk before transplantation results in accelerated rejection. We demonstrate that combined DST with anti-CD154 (CD40L) therapy not only prevents the deleterious presensitization produced by pretransplant DST in the islet allograft model, it also induces broad alloantigen-specific tolerance and permits subsequent engraftment of donor islet or cardiac grafts without further treatment. In addition, our data strongly indicate that CTLA4-negative T cell signals are required to achieve prolonged engraftment of skin allograft or tolerance to islet allograft in recipients treated with a combination of pretransplant DST and anti-CD154 mAb. We provide direct evidence that a CD28-independent CTLA4 signal delivers a strong negative signal to CD4+ T cells that can block alloimmune MLR responses. In this study immune deviation into a Th2 (IL-4) response was associated with, but did not insure, graft tolerance, as the inopportune timing of B7 blockade with CTLA4/Ig therapy prevented uniform tolerance but did not prevent Th2-type immune deviation. While CTLA4-negative signals are necessary for tolerance induction, Th1 to Th2 immune deviation cannot be sufficient for tolerance induction. Combined pretransplant DST with anti-CD154 mAb treatment may be attractive for clinical deployment, and strategies aimed to selectively block CD28 without interrupting CTLA4/B7 interaction might prove highly effective in the induction of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiao Zheng
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and
| | - Thomas G. Markees
- ‡Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | | | - Yongsheng Li
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- ‡Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Xian Chan Li
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and
| | - John P. Mordes
- ‡Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Mohammed H. Sayegh
- †Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Brigham Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Aldo A. Rossini
- ‡Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Terry B. Strom
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and
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276
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McCoy KD, Hermans IF, Fraser JH, Le Gros G, Ronchese F. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) can regulate dendritic cell-induced activation and cytotoxicity of CD8(+) T cells independently of CD4(+) T cell help. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1157-62. [PMID: 10190907 PMCID: PMC2193004 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.7.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate the strength and duration of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell activity determine the effectiveness of an antitumor immune response. To better understand the antitumor effects of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antibody treatment, we analyzed the effect of CTLA-4 signaling on CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, cross-linking of CTLA-4 on purified CD8(+) T cells caused decreased proliferative responses to anti-CD3 stimulation and rapid loss of activation marker expression. In vivo, blockade of CTLA-4 by neutralizing anti-CTLA-4 mAb greatly enhanced the accumulation, activation, and cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) T cells induced by immunization with Ag on dendritic cells (DC). This enhanced response did not require the expression of MHC class II molecules on DC or the presence of CD4(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that CTLA-4 blockade is able to directly enhance the proliferation and activation of specific CD8(+) T cells, indicating its potential for tumor immunotherapy even in situations in which CD4(+) T cell help is limited or absent.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunoconjugates
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K D McCoy
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington School of Medicine, Wellington, New Zealand
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277
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Abstract
During the past several years, the critical role of costimulatory molecules in regulating T cell responses has been demonstrated. Costimulatory molecule CD28 enhances whereas CTLA-4 downmodulates T cell responses. An understanding of the integration of the signals mediated by costimulatory molecules and the T cell receptor at the cellular and molecular levels is just beginning to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Chambers
- Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 415 Life Science Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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