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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell senescence is a major process regulating tissue mass, architecture and function, and underlies many diseases of ageing. Recent studies have elucidated some of the regulatory pathways leading to cell senescence, and senescence has also been found in the vasculature. However, assessment of cell senescence is problematic, and the effects of vascular cell senescence are in most cases unproven. The present article will review how senescence is assessed, how it is regulated, where senescence has been described, and the role of cell senescence in atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Senescence results in expression of multiple proteins, both intracellular and secreted. However, to date, none of these are specific for senescence, and multiple markers must be used together for positive identification. Despite these shortfalls, cell senescence is detectable in the vasculature in ageing and in human atherosclerosis, and recent studies in mice have indicated that cell senescence promotes both atherogenesis and multiple features of 'vulnerable' lesions in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. SUMMARY The almost ubiquitous presence of cell senescence in atherosclerosis and the fundamental role of senescence in regulating plaque development and stability suggest that prevention or amelioration of senescence in atherosclerosis is a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Martin Garrido
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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252
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Al-Khalaf HH, Aboussekhra A. p16INK4Ainduces senescence and inhibits EMT through microRNA-141/microRNA-146b-5p-dependent repression of AUF1. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:985-999. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huda H. Al-Khalaf
- The National Center for Genomics Research; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Oncology; King Faisal Specialist Hospital Research Center; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelilah Aboussekhra
- Department of Molecular Oncology; King Faisal Specialist Hospital Research Center; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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253
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Ghosh K, Capell BC. The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype: Critical Effector in Skin Cancer and Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2133-2139. [PMID: 27543988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a state of stable cell cycle arrest in response to cellular stress, is an indispensable mechanism to counter tumorigenesis by halting the proliferation of damaged cells. However, through the secretion of an array of diverse cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), senescent cells can paradoxically promote carcinogenesis. Consistent with this, removal of senescent cells delays the onset of cancer and prolongs lifespan in vivo, potentially in part through SASP reduction. In this review, we consider the evidence for the SASP and "SASP-like" inflammation in driving skin carcinogenesis, emphasizing how further understanding of both the roles and mechanisms of SASP expression may offer new targets for skin cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanad Ghosh
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian C Capell
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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254
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Papaconstantinou J, Wang CZ, Zhang M, Yang S, Deford J, Bulavin DV, Ansari NH. Attenuation of p38α MAPK stress response signaling delays the in vivo aging of skeletal muscle myofibers and progenitor cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:718-33. [PMID: 26423835 PMCID: PMC4600628 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional competence and self-renewal of mammalian skeletal muscle myofibers and progenitor cells declines with age. Progression of the muscle aging phenotype involves the decline of juvenile protective factors i.e., proteins whose beneficial functions translate directly to the quality of life, and self-renewal of progenitor cells. These characteristics occur simultaneously with the age-associated increase of p38α stress response signaling. This suggests that the maintenance of low levels of p38α activity of juvenile tissues may delay or attenuate aging. We used the dominant negative haploinsufficient p38α mouse (DN-p38αAF/+) to demonstrate that in vivo attenuation of p38α activity in the gastrocnemius of the aged mutant delays age-associated processes that include: a) the decline of the juvenile protective factors, BubR1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A1), and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2); b) attenuated expression of p16Ink4a and p19Arf tumor suppressor genes of the Cdkn2a locus; c) decreased levels of hydroxynonenal protein adducts, expression of COX2 and iNOS; d) decline of the senescent progenitor cell pool level and d) the loss of gastrocnemius muscle mass. We propose that elevated P-p38α activity promotes skeletal muscle aging and that the homeostasis of p38α impacts the maintenance of a beneficial healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Papaconstantinou
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551-06743, USA
| | - Chen Z Wang
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551-06743, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551-06743, USA
| | - San Yang
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551-06743, USA
| | - James Deford
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551-06743, USA
| | - Dmitry V Bulavin
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice, INSERM, U1081-UMR CNRS 7284, University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Naseem H Ansari
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551-06743, USA
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255
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Wiley CD, Campisi J. From Ancient Pathways to Aging Cells-Connecting Metabolism and Cellular Senescence. Cell Metab 2016; 23:1013-1021. [PMID: 27304503 PMCID: PMC4911819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a complex stress response that permanently arrests the proliferation of cells at risk for oncogenic transformation. However, senescent cells can also drive phenotypes associated with aging. Although the senescence-associated growth arrest prevents the development of cancer, and the metabolism of cancer cells has been studied in depth, the metabolic causes and consequences of cellular senescence were largely unexplored until recently. New findings reveal key roles for several aspects of cellular metabolism in the establishment and control of senescent phenotypes. These discoveries have important implications for both cancer and aging. In this review, we highlight some of the recent links between metabolism and phenotypes that are commonly associated with senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Wiley
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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256
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Capell BC, Drake AM, Zhu J, Shah PP, Dou Z, Dorsey J, Simola DF, Donahue G, Sammons M, Rai TS, Natale C, Ridky TW, Adams PD, Berger SL. MLL1 is essential for the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Genes Dev 2016; 30:321-36. [PMID: 26833731 PMCID: PMC4743061 DOI: 10.1101/gad.271882.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Capell et al. show that MLL1 inhibition represses expression of critical proproliferative cell cycle regulators required for DNA replication and DNA damage response activation, thus disabling senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) expression. These inhibitory effects of MLL1 on SASP gene expression do not impair oncogene-induced senescence and abolish the ability of the SASP to enhance cancer cell proliferation. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and therapy-induced senescence (TIS), while tumor-suppressive, also promote procarcinogenic effects by activating the DNA damage response (DDR), which in turn induces inflammation. This inflammatory response prominently includes an array of cytokines known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Previous observations link the transcription-associated methyltransferase and oncoprotein MLL1 to the DDR, leading us to investigate the role of MLL1 in SASP expression. Our findings reveal direct MLL1 epigenetic control over proproliferative cell cycle genes: MLL1 inhibition represses expression of proproliferative cell cycle regulators required for DNA replication and DDR activation, thus disabling SASP expression. Strikingly, however, these effects of MLL1 inhibition on SASP gene expression do not impair OIS and, furthermore, abolish the ability of the SASP to enhance cancer cell proliferation. More broadly, MLL1 inhibition also reduces “SASP-like” inflammatory gene expression from cancer cells in vitro and in vivo independently of senescence. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MLL1 inhibition may be a powerful and effective strategy for inducing cancerous growth arrest through the direct epigenetic regulation of proliferation-promoting genes and the avoidance of deleterious OIS- or TIS-related tumor secretomes, which can promote both drug resistance and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Capell
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Adam M Drake
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Parisha P Shah
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zhixun Dou
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jean Dorsey
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daniel F Simola
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Greg Donahue
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Morgan Sammons
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Taranjit Singh Rai
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA12BE, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Natale
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Todd W Ridky
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Peter D Adams
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611BD, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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257
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Ruhland MK, Loza AJ, Capietto AH, Luo X, Knolhoff BL, Flanagan KC, Belt BA, Alspach E, Leahy K, Luo J, Schaffer A, Edwards JR, Longmore G, Faccio R, DeNardo DG, Stewart SA. Stromal senescence establishes an immunosuppressive microenvironment that drives tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11762. [PMID: 27272654 PMCID: PMC4899869 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a significant risk factor for the development of cancer. However, the mechanisms that drive age-related increases in cancer remain poorly understood. To determine if senescent stromal cells influence tumorigenesis, we develop a mouse model that mimics the aged skin microenvironment. Using this model, here we find that senescent stromal cells are sufficient to drive localized increases in suppressive myeloid cells that contributed to tumour promotion. Further, we find that the stromal-derived senescence-associated secretory phenotype factor interleukin-6 orchestrates both increases in suppressive myeloid cells and their ability to inhibit anti-tumour T-cell responses. Significantly, in aged, cancer-free individuals, we find similar increases in immune cells that also localize near senescent stromal cells. This work provides evidence that the accumulation of senescent stromal cells is sufficient to establish a tumour-permissive, chronic inflammatory microenvironment that can shelter incipient tumour cells, thus allowing them to proliferate and progress unabated by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Ruhland
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Andrew J Loza
- Department of Medicine,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Aude-Helene Capietto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Xianmin Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Brett L Knolhoff
- Department of Medicine,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Kevin C Flanagan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Brian A Belt
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Elise Alspach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen Leahy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Andras Schaffer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - John R Edwards
- Department of Medicine,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Center For Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Gregory Longmore
- Department of Medicine,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - David G DeNardo
- Department of Medicine,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Department of Medicine,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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258
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Prime SS, Cirillo N, Hassona Y, Lambert DW, Paterson IC, Mellone M, Thomas GJ, James ENL, Parkinson EK. Fibroblast activation and senescence in oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:82-88. [PMID: 27237745 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that the tumour stroma plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancers of epithelial origin. The pre-eminent cell type of the stroma is carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. These cells demonstrate remarkable heterogeneity with activation and senescence being common stress responses. In this review, we summarise the part that these cells play in cancer, particularly oral cancer, and present evidence to show that activation and senescence reflect a unified programme of fibroblast differentiation. We report advances concerning the senescent fibroblast metabolome, mechanisms of gene regulation in these cells and ways in which epithelial cell adhesion is dysregulated by the fibroblast secretome. We suggest that the identification of fibroblast stress responses may be a valuable diagnostic tool in the determination of tumour behaviour and patient outcome. Further, the fact that stromal fibroblasts are a genetically stable diploid cell population suggests that they may be ideal therapeutic targets and early work in this context is encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Prime
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - N Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Y Hassona
- Department of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - D W Lambert
- Integrated Biosciences, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - I C Paterson
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Co-ordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Mellone
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E N L James
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E K Parkinson
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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259
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Malaquin N, Martinez A, Rodier F. Keeping the senescence secretome under control: Molecular reins on the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Exp Gerontol 2016; 82:39-49. [PMID: 27235851 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is historically associated with cancer suppression and aging. Recently, the reach of the senescence genetic program has been extended to include the ability of senescent cells to actively participate in tissue remodelling during many physiological processes, including placental biology, embryonic patterning, wound healing, and tissue stress responses caused by cancer therapy. Besides growth arrest, a significant feature of senescent cells is their ability to modify their immediate microenvironment using a senescence-associated (SA) secretome, commonly termed the SA secretory phenotype (SASP). Among others, the SASP contains growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular proteases that modulate the majority of both the beneficial and detrimental microenvironmental phenotypes caused by senescent cells. The SASP is thus becoming an obvious pharmaceutical target to manipulate SA effects. Herein, we review known signalling pathways underlying the SASP, including the DNA damage response (DDR), stress kinases, inflammasome, alarmin, inflammation- and cell survival-related transcription factors, miRNAs, RNA stability, autophagy, chromatin components, and metabolic regulators. We also describe the SASP as a temporally regulated dynamic sub-program of senescence that can be divided into a rapid DDR-associated phase, an early self-amplification phase, and a late "mature" phase, the late phase currently being the most widely studied SASP signature. Finally, we discuss how deciphering the signalling pathways regulating the SASP reveal targets that can be manipulated to harness the SA effects to benefit therapies for cancer and other age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francis Rodier
- CRCHUM et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de radiologie, radio-oncologie et médecine nucléaire, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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260
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Abstract
Ageing-associated changes that affect articular tissues promote the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Although ageing and OA are closely linked, they are independent processes. Several potential mechanisms by which ageing contributes to OA have been elucidated. This Review focuses on the contributions of the following factors: age-related inflammation (also referred to as 'inflammaging'); cellular senescence (including the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)); mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress; dysfunction in energy metabolism due to reduced activity of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is associated with reduced autophagy; and alterations in cell signalling due to age-related changes in the extracellular matrix. These various processes contribute to the development of OA by promoting a proinflammatory, catabolic state accompanied by increased susceptibility to cell death that together lead to increased joint tissue destruction and defective repair of damaged matrix. The majority of studies to date have focused on articular cartilage, and it will be important to determine whether similar mechanisms occur in other joint tissues. Improved understanding of ageing-related mechanisms that promote OA could lead to the discovery of new targets for therapies that aim to slow or stop the progression of this chronic and disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Loeser
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, 3300 Thurston Building, Campus Box 7280, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7280, USA
| | - John A Collins
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, 3300 Thurston Building, Campus Box 7280, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7280, USA
| | - Brian O Diekman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Campus Box 7295, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
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261
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Luc JGY, Paulin R, Zhao JY, Freed DH, Michelakis ED, Nagendran J. 2-Methoxyestradiol: A Hormonal Metabolite Modulates Stimulated T-Cells Function and proliferation. Transplant Proc 2016; 47:2057-66. [PMID: 26293097 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is an endogenous metabolite of estrogen that is nonestrogenic and has been studied in cancer as an antimitotic agent that is beneficial by its selectivity for cancer cells without toxicity to nonmalignant cells. Because the effect of 2ME2 in a transplant rejection setting remains unknown, we hypothesized that 2ME2 can inhibit stimulated T-cell function. METHODS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured and pretreated with 2ME2 before stimulation. The cultured medium was collected for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and whole-cell lysates were collected for Western immunoblotting. Proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed and analyzed by means of flow cytometry. RESULTS Tumor necrosis factor -α and interferon-γ cytokine production in 2ME2-treated stimulated PBMCs were modestly reduced relative to control samples. T-cell proliferation was blunted by treatment with 2ME2, and a decrease in apoptosis correlated with a decrease in caspase-9 activity. Additionally, 2ME2 was able to block stress-induced senescence caused by stimulation of T-cells. CONCLUSIONS 2ME2 is a hormone-based therapy that blunts stimulated T-cell proliferation and does not induce apoptosis or stress-induced senescence. Stimulated T-cells treated with 2ME2 are still able to produce normal levels of cytokines. Therefore, 2ME2 may lead to an oral immunomodulatory adjunct therapy with a low side effect profile for individuals undergoing transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Y Luc
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Paulin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Y Zhao
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D H Freed
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Transplant Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Canadian National Transplant Research Program, Canada
| | - E D Michelakis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Nagendran
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Transplant Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Canadian National Transplant Research Program, Canada.
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262
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Marazita MC, Dugour A, Marquioni-Ramella MD, Figueroa JM, Suburo AM. Oxidative stress-induced premature senescence dysregulates VEGF and CFH expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Implications for Age-related Macular Degeneration. Redox Biol 2016; 7:78-87. [PMID: 26654980 PMCID: PMC4683426 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has a critical role in the pathogenesis of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a multifactorial disease that includes age, gene variants of complement regulatory proteins and smoking as the main risk factors. Stress-induced premature cellular senescence (SIPS) is postulated to contribute to this condition. In this study, we hypothesized that oxidative damage, promoted by endogenous or exogenous sources, could elicit a senescence response in RPE cells, which would in turn dysregulate the expression of major players in AMD pathogenic mechanisms. We showed that exposure of a human RPE cell line (ARPE-19) to a cigarette smoke concentrate (CSC), not only enhanced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, but also induced 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine-immunoreactive (8-OHdG) DNA lesions and phosphorylated-Histone 2AX-immunoreactive (p-H2AX) nuclear foci. CSC-nuclear damage was followed by premature senescence as shown by positive senescence associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining, and p16(INK4a) and p21(Waf-Cip1) protein upregulation. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment, a ROS scavenger, decreased senescence markers, thus supporting the role of oxidative damage in CSC-induced senescence activation. ARPE-19 senescent cultures were also established by exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is an endogenous stress source produced in the retina under photo-oxidation conditions. Senescent cells upregulated the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, the main markers of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Most important, we show for the first time that senescent ARPE-19 cells upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and simultaneously downregulated complement factor H (CFH) expression. Since both phenomena are involved in AMD pathogenesis, our results support the hypothesis that SIPS could be a principal player in the induction and progression of AMD. Moreover, they would also explain the striking association of this disease with cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela C Marazita
- Cell and Molecular Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar B1629AHJ, Argentina
| | - Andrea Dugour
- Fundación Pablo Cassará, Buenos Aires C1440 FFX, Argentina
| | - Melisa D Marquioni-Ramella
- Cell and Molecular Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar B1629AHJ, Argentina
| | | | - Angela M Suburo
- Cell and Molecular Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar B1629AHJ, Argentina.
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263
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Cordani M, Pacchiana R, Butera G, D'Orazi G, Scarpa A, Donadelli M. Mutant p53 proteins alter cancer cell secretome and tumour microenvironment: Involvement in cancer invasion and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:303-9. [PMID: 27045472 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of studies highlight the role of mutant p53 proteins in the alteration of cancer cell secretome and in the modification of tumour microenvironment, sustaining an invasive phenotype of cancer cell. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between mutant p53 proteins and the microenvironment is becoming fundamental for the identification of both efficient anticancer therapeutic strategies and novel serum biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the novel findings concerning the regulation of secreted molecules by cancer cells bearing mutant TP53 gene. In particular, we highlight data from available literature, suggesting that mutant p53 proteins are able to (i) alter the secretion of enzymes involved in the modulation of extracellular matrix components; (ii) alter the secretion of inflammatory cytokines; (iii) increase the extracellular acidification; and (iv) regulate the crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordani
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pacchiana
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Butera
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Applied Research on Cancer Centre (ARC-Net) and Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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264
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Perrigue PM, Najbauer J, Barciszewski J. Histone demethylase JMJD3 at the intersection of cellular senescence and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:237-44. [PMID: 26957416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is defined by an irreversible growth arrest and is an important biological mechanism for suppression of tumor formation. Although deletion/mutation to DNA sequences is one mechanism by which cancer cells can escape senescence, little is known about the epigenetic factors contributing to this process. Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling related to the function of a histone demethylase, jumonji domain-containing protein 3 (JMJD3; also known as KDM6B), play an important role in development, tissue regeneration, stem cells, inflammation, and cellular senescence and aging. The role of JMJD3 in cancer is poorly understood and its function may be at the intersection of many pathways promoted in a dysfunctional manner such as activation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) observed in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Perrigue
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Joseph Najbauer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Jan Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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265
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Loaiza N, Demaria M. Cellular senescence and tumor promotion: Is aging the key? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:155-67. [PMID: 26845683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The senescence response is a potent tumor suppressor mechanism characterized by an irreversible growth arrest in response to potentially oncogenic signals to prevent the proliferation of damaged cells. Late in life, some of the features of senescent cells seem to mediate the development of age-related pathologies, including cancer. In the present review, we present a summary of the current knowledge regarding the causes, effector pathways and cellular features of senescence. We also discuss how the senescence response, initially a tumor suppressor mechanism, turns into a tumor promoter apparently as a consequence of aging. We argue that three age-related phenomena--senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) dysregulation, decline in the immune system function and genomic instability--could contribute, independently or synergistically, to deteriorate the efficacy of the senescence response in stopping cancer. As a consequence, senescent cells could be considered premalignant cells, and targeting senescent cells could be a preventive and therapeutic strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Loaiza
- University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Demaria
- University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands; European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), Groningen, The Netherlands.
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266
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Maciel-Barón LA, Morales-Rosales SL, Aquino-Cruz AA, Triana-Martínez F, Galván-Arzate S, Luna-López A, González-Puertos VY, López-Díazguerrero NE, Torres C, Königsberg M. Senescence associated secretory phenotype profile from primary lung mice fibroblasts depends on the senescence induction stimuli. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:26. [PMID: 26867806 PMCID: PMC5005892 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a multifactorial phenomenon of growth arrest and distorted function, which has been recognized as an important feature during tumor suppression mechanisms and a contributor to aging. Senescent cells have an altered secretion pattern called Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) that comprises a complex mix of factors including cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. SASP has been related with local inflammation that leads to cellular transformation and neurodegenerative diseases. Various pathways for senescence induction have been proposed; the most studied is replicative senescence due to telomere attrition called replicative senescence (RS). However, senescence can be prematurely achieved when cells are exposed to diverse stimuli such as oxidative stress (stress-induced premature senescence, SIPS) or proteasome inhibition (proteasome inhibition-induced premature senescence, PIIPS). SASP has been characterized in RS and SIPS but not in PIIPS. Hence, our aim was to determine SASP components in primary lung fibroblasts obtained from CD-1 mice induced to senescence by PIIPS and compare them to RS and SIPS. Our results showed important variations in the 62 cytokines analyzed, while SIPS and RS showed an increase in the secretion of most cytokines, and in PIIPS only 13 were incremented. Variations in glutathione-redox balance were also observed in SIPS and RS, and not in PIIPS. All senescence types SASP displayed a pro-inflammatory profile and increased proliferation in L929 mice fibroblasts exposed to SASP. However, the behavior observed was not exactly the same, suggesting that the senescence induction pathway might encompass dissimilar responses in adjacent cells and promote different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Maciel-Barón
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, AP 55-535, México D.F., 09340, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental., México D.F., Mexico
| | - S L Morales-Rosales
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, AP 55-535, México D.F., 09340, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental., México D.F., Mexico
| | - A A Aquino-Cruz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, AP 55-535, México D.F., 09340, Mexico
| | - F Triana-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, AP 55-535, México D.F., 09340, Mexico
| | - S Galván-Arzate
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, México D.F., 14269, Mexico
| | - A Luna-López
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, SSA, México, D.F., 14080, Mexico
| | - V Y González-Puertos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, AP 55-535, México D.F., 09340, Mexico
| | - N E López-Díazguerrero
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, AP 55-535, México D.F., 09340, Mexico
| | - C Torres
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Mina Königsberg
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, AP 55-535, México D.F., 09340, Mexico.
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267
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miR-29c-3p promotes senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells by targeting CNOT6 through p53-p21 and p16-pRB pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:520-32. [PMID: 26792405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are important seed cells for tissue engineering and are promising targets for cell-based therapies. However, the replicative senescence of MSCs during in vitro culture limits their research and clinical applications. The molecular mechanisms underlying the replicative senescence of MSCs are not fully understood. Evidence suggests that miRNAs play important roles in replicative senescence. A microarray analysis found that the miR-29c-3p level was significantly increased during the MSC senescence process. In our study, we investigated the roles of miR-29c-3p in senescence of MSCs. We cultured MSCs for long periods of time, up and down-regulated the miR-29c-3p expression in MSCs, and examined the senescent phenotype changes. The over-expression of miR-29c-3p led to enhanced senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), senescence associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF), reduced proliferation ability, retarded osteogenic differentiation and corresponding changes in senescence markers, whereas the miR-29c-3p down-regulation had the opposite results. Dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that CNOT6 is the target gene of miR-29c-3p. Knockdown of CNOT6 confirmed its inhibitory effects on the senescence of MSCs. In addition, Western blot results showed that both the p53-p21 and the p16-pRB pathways were activated during the miR-29c-3p-induced senescence of MSCs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that miR-29c-3p promotes the senescence of MSCs by targeting CNOT6 through p53-p21 and p16-pRB pathways and highlight the contribution of post-transcriptional regulation to stem cell senescence.
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268
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269
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Pole A, Dimri M, P. Dimri G. Oxidative stress, cellular senescence and ageing. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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270
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Luo X, Fu Y, Loza AJ, Murali B, Leahy KM, Ruhland MK, Gang M, Su X, Zamani A, Shi Y, Lavine KJ, Ornitz DM, Weilbaecher KN, Long F, Novack DV, Faccio R, Longmore GD, Stewart SA. Stromal-Initiated Changes in the Bone Promote Metastatic Niche Development. Cell Rep 2015; 14:82-92. [PMID: 26725121 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 85% of advanced breast cancer patients suffer from metastatic bone lesions, yet the mechanisms that facilitate these metastases remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that tumor-derived factors initiate changes within the tumor microenvironment to facilitate metastasis. However, whether stromal-initiated changes are sufficient to drive increased metastasis in the bone remains an open question. Thus, we developed a model to induce reactive senescent osteoblasts and found that they increased breast cancer colonization of the bone. Analysis of senescent osteoblasts revealed that they failed to mineralize bone matrix and increased local osteoclastogenesis, the latter process being driven by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype factor, IL-6. Neutralization of IL-6 was sufficient to limit senescence-induced osteoclastogenesis and tumor cell localization to bone, thereby reducing tumor burden. Together, these data suggest that a reactive stromal compartment can condition the niche, in the absence of tumor-derived signals, to facilitate metastatic tumor growth in the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yujie Fu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew J Loza
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bhavna Murali
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen M Leahy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan K Ruhland
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Margery Gang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xinming Su
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ali Zamani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fanxin Long
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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271
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O'Loghlen A, Brookes S, Martin N, Rapisarda V, Peters G, Gil J. CBX7 and miR-9 are part of an autoregulatory loop controlling p16(INK) (4a). Aging Cell 2015; 14:1113-21. [PMID: 26416703 PMCID: PMC4693451 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complexes (PRC1 and PRC2) are epigenetic regulators that act in coordination to influence multiple cellular processes including pluripotency, differentiation, cancer and senescence. The role of PRCs in senescence can be mostly explained by their ability to repress the INK4/ARF locus. CBX7 is one of five mammalian orthologues of Drosophila Polycomb that forms part of PRC1. Despite the relevance of CBX7 for regulating senescence and pluripotency, we have a limited understanding of how the expression of CBX7 is regulated. Here we report that the miR‐9 family of microRNAs (miRNAS) downregulates the expression of CBX7. In turn, CBX7 represses miR‐9‐1 and miR‐9‐2 as part of a regulatory negative feedback loop. The miR‐9/CBX7 feedback loop is a regulatory module contributing to induction of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p16INK4a during senescence. The ability of the miR‐9 family to regulate senescence could have implications for understanding the role of miR‐9 in cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana O'Loghlen
- Cell Proliferation Group; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre; Imperial College London; Hammersmith Campus London W12 0NN UK
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory; CRUK London Research Institute; 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields London WC2A 3LY UK
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group; Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; 4 Newark Street London E1 2AT UK
| | - Sharon Brookes
- Cell Proliferation Group; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre; Imperial College London; Hammersmith Campus London W12 0NN UK
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory; CRUK London Research Institute; 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields London WC2A 3LY UK
| | - Nadine Martin
- Cell Proliferation Group; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre; Imperial College London; Hammersmith Campus London W12 0NN UK
| | - Valentina Rapisarda
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group; Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; 4 Newark Street London E1 2AT UK
| | - Gordon Peters
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory; CRUK London Research Institute; 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields London WC2A 3LY UK
| | - Jesús Gil
- Cell Proliferation Group; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre; Imperial College London; Hammersmith Campus London W12 0NN UK
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272
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Donato AJ, Morgan RG, Walker AE, Lesniewski LA. Cellular and molecular biology of aging endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:122-35. [PMID: 25655936 PMCID: PMC4522407 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and aging is a major risk factor for CVD development. One of the major age-related arterial phenotypes thought to be responsible for the development of CVD in older adults is endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial function is modulated by traditional CVD risk factors in young adults, but advancing age is independently associated with the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction. This endothelial dysfunction results from a reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability downstream of endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation that can be further modulated by traditional CVD risk factors in older adults. Greater endothelial oxidative stress with aging is a result of augmented production from the intracellular enzymes NADPH oxidase and uncoupled eNOS, as well as from mitochondrial respiration in the absence of appropriate increases in antioxidant defenses as regulated by relevant transcription factors, such as FOXO. Interestingly, it appears that NFkB, a critical inflammatory transcription factor, is sensitive to this age-related endothelial redox change and its activation induces transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can further suppress endothelial function, thus creating a vicious feed-forward cycle. This review will discuss the two macro-mechanistic processes, oxidative stress and inflammation, that contribute to endothelial dysfunction with advancing age as well as the cellular and molecular events that lead to the vicious cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress in the aged endothelium. Other potential mediators of this pro-inflammatory endothelial phenotype are increases in immune or senescent cells in the vasculature. Of note, genomic instability, telomere dysfunction or DNA damage has been shown to trigger cell senescence via the p53/p21 pathway and result in increased inflammatory signaling in arteries from older adults. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the emerging concepts of senescence and genomic instability as mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and inflammation in the aged endothelium. Lastly, energy sensitive/stress resistance pathways (SIRT-1, AMPK, mTOR) are altered in endothelial cells and/or arteries with aging and these pathways may modulate endothelial function via key oxidative stress and inflammation-related transcription factors. This review will also discuss what is known about the role of "energy sensing" longevity pathways in modulating endothelial function with advancing age. With the growing population of older adults, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction with age is critical to establishing appropriate and measured strategies to utilize pharmacological and lifestyle interventions aimed at alleviating CVD risk. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "SI: CV Aging".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Donato
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - R Garrett Morgan
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashley E Walker
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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273
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Bennett DC. Genetics of melanoma progression: the rise and fall of cell senescence. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 29:122-40. [PMID: 26386262 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are many links between cell senescence and the genetics of melanoma, meaning both familial susceptibility and somatic-genetic changes in sporadic melanoma. For example, CDKN2A, the best-known melanoma susceptibility gene, encodes two effectors of cell senescence, while other familial melanoma genes are related to telomeres and their maintenance. This article aimed to analyze our current knowledge of the genetic or epigenetic driver changes necessary to generate a cutaneous metastatic melanoma, the commonest order in which these occur, and the relation of these changes to the biology and pathology of melanoma progression. Emphasis is laid on the role of cell senescence and the escape from senescence leading to cellular immortality, the ability to divide indefinitely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
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274
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Wang J, Uryga AK, Reinhold J, Figg N, Baker L, Finigan A, Gray K, Kumar S, Clarke M, Bennett M. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence Promotes Atherosclerosis and Features of Plaque Vulnerability. Circulation 2015; 132:1909-19. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Although vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is implicated in atherogenesis, VSMCs in advanced plaques and cultured from plaques show evidence of VSMC senescence and DNA damage. In particular, plaque VSMCs show shortening of telomeres, which can directly induce senescence. Senescence can have multiple effects on plaque development and morphology; however, the consequences of VSMC senescence or the mechanisms underlying VSMC senescence in atherosclerosis are mostly unknown.
Methods and Results—
We examined the expression of proteins that protect telomeres in VSMCs derived from human plaques and normal vessels. Plaque VSMCs showed reduced expression and telomere binding of telomeric repeat-binding factor-2 (TRF2), associated with increased DNA damage. TRF2 expression was regulated by p53-dependent degradation of the TRF2 protein. To examine the functional consequences of loss of TRF2, we expressed TRF2 or a TRF2 functional mutant (T188A) as either gain- or loss-of-function studies in vitro and in apolipoprotein E
–/–
mice. TRF2 overexpression bypassed senescence, reduced DNA damage, and accelerated DNA repair, whereas TRF2
188A
showed opposite effects. Transgenic mice expressing VSMC-specific TRF2
T188A
showed increased atherosclerosis and necrotic core formation in vivo, whereas VSMC-specific TRF2 increased the relative fibrous cap and decreased necrotic core areas. TRF2 protected against atherosclerosis independent of secretion of senescence-associated cytokines.
Conclusions—
We conclude that plaque VSMC senescence in atherosclerosis is associated with loss of TRF2. VSMC senes cence promotes both atherosclerosis and features of plaque vulnerability, identifying prevention of senescence as a potential target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wang
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K. Uryga
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Reinhold
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Figg
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Baker
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Finigan
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Gray
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sheetal Kumar
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Murray Clarke
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Bennett
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Adrados I, Larrasa-Alonso J, Galarreta A, López-Antona I, Menéndez C, Abad M, Gil J, Moreno-Bueno G, Palmero I. The homeoprotein SIX1 controls cellular senescence through the regulation of p16INK4A and differentiation-related genes. Oncogene 2015; 35:3485-94. [PMID: 26500063 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an antiproliferative response with essential functions in tumor suppression and tissue homeostasis. Here we show that SIX1, a member of the SIX family of homeobox transcriptional factors, is a novel repressor of senescence. Our data show that SIX1 is specifically downregulated in fibroblasts upon oncogenic stress and other pro-senescence stimuli, as well as in senescent skin premalignant lesions. Silencing of SIX1 in human fibroblasts suffices to trigger senescence, which is mediated by p16INK4A and lacks a canonical senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Interestingly, SIX1-associated senescence is further characterized by the expression of a set of development and differentiation-related genes that significantly overlap with genes associated with SIX1 in organogenesis or human tumors, and show coincident regulation in oncogene-induced senescence. Mechanistically, we show that gene regulation by SIX1 during senescence is mediated, at least in part, by cooperation with Polycomb repressive complexes. In summary, our results identify SIX1, a key development regulator altered in human tumors, as a critical repressor of cellular senescence, providing a novel connection between senescence, differentiation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Adrados
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Larrasa-Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Galarreta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - I López-Antona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Menéndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Abad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Gil
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - G Moreno-Bueno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, IdiPAZ (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz) and Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Palmero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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276
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Kang C, Xu Q, Martin TD, Li MZ, Demaria M, Aron L, Lu T, Yankner BA, Campisi J, Elledge SJ. The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. Science 2015; 349:aaa5612. [PMID: 26404840 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a terminal stress-activated program controlled by the p53 and p16(INK4a) tumor suppressor proteins. A striking feature of senescence is the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), a pro-inflammatory response linked to tumor promotion and aging. We have identified the transcription factor GATA4 as a senescence and SASP regulator. GATA4 is stabilized in cells undergoing senescence and is required for the SASP. Normally, GATA4 is degraded by p62-mediated selective autophagy, but this regulation is suppressed during senescence, thereby stabilizing GATA4. GATA4 in turn activates the transcription factor NF-κB to initiate the SASP and facilitate senescence. GATA4 activation depends on the DNA damage response regulators ATM and ATR, but not on p53 or p16(INK4a). GATA4 accumulates in multiple tissues, including the aging brain, and could contribute to aging and its associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhee Kang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qikai Xu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy D Martin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marco Demaria
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Liviu Aron
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce A Yankner
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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277
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Tomé M, Sepúlveda JC, Delgado M, Andrades JA, Campisi J, González MA, Bernad A. miR-335 correlates with senescence/aging in human mesenchymal stem cells and inhibits their therapeutic actions through inhibition of AP-1 activity. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2229-44. [PMID: 24648336 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, small noncoding RNAs, regulate gene expression primarily at the posttranscriptional level. We previously found that miR-335 is critically involved in the regulation and differentiation capacity of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro. In this study, we investigated the significance of miR-335 for the therapeutic potential of hMSCs. Analysis of hMSCs in ex vivo culture demonstrated a significant and progressive increase in miR-335 that is prevented by telomerase. Expression levels of miR-335 were also positively correlated with donor age of hMSCs, and were increased by stimuli that induce cell senescence, such as γ-irradiation and standard O2 concentration. Forced expression of miR-335 resulted in early senescence-like alterations in hMSCs, including: increased SA-β-gal activity and cell size, reduced cell proliferation capacity, augmented levels of p16 protein, and the development of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-335 abolished the in vivo chondro-osseous potential of hMSCs, and disabled their immunomodulatory capacity in a murine experimental model of lethal endotoxemia. These effects were accompanied by a severely reduced capacity for cell migration in response to proinflammatory signals and a marked reduction in Protein Kinase D1 phosphorylation, resulting in a pronounced decrease of AP-1 activity. Our results demonstrate that miR-335 plays a key role in the regulation of reparative activities of hMSCs and suggests that it might be considered a marker for the therapeutic potency of these cells in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tomé
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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278
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Gonzalez LC, Ghadaouia S, Martinez A, Rodier F. Premature aging/senescence in cancer cells facing therapy: good or bad? Biogerontology 2015; 17:71-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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279
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Combined CSL and p53 downregulation promotes cancer-associated fibroblast activation. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1193-204. [PMID: 26302407 PMCID: PMC4699446 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stromal fibroblast senescence has been linked to aging-associated cancer risk. However, density and proliferation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are frequently increased. Loss or down-modulation of the Notch effector CSL/RBP-Jκ in dermal fibroblasts is sufficient for CAF activation and ensuing keratinocyte-derived tumors. We report that CSL silencing induces senescence of primary fibroblasts from dermis, oral mucosa, breast and lung. CSL functions in these cells as direct repressor of multiple senescence- and CAF-effector genes. It also physically interacts with p53, repressing its activity. CSL is down-modulated in stromal fibroblasts of premalignant skin actinic keratosis lesions and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), while p53 expression and function is down-modulated only in the latter, with paracrine FGF signaling as likely culprit. Concomitant loss of CSL and p53 overcomes fibroblast senescence, enhances expression of CAF effectors and promotes stromal and cancer cell expansion. The findings support a CAF activation/stromal co-evolution model under convergent CSL/p53 control.
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280
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Caliò A, Zamò A, Ponzoni M, Zanolin ME, Ferreri AJM, Pedron S, Montagna L, Parolini C, Fraifeld VE, Wolfson M, Yanai H, Pizzolo G, Doglioni C, Vinante F, Chilosi M. Cellular Senescence Markers p16INK4a and p21CIP1/WAF Are Predictors of Hodgkin Lymphoma Outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26199387 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence that Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) could display some molecular and morphologic markers of cellular senescence (CS). We hypothesized that CS mechanisms may have potential prognostic relevance in cHL and investigated whether the expression of the well-established CS biomarkers p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p16(INK4a) by HRS cells might be predictive of the probability of event-free survival (EFS). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The study analyzed a retrospective cohort of 147 patients and the results were validated on a cohort of 91 patients independently diagnosed and treated in a different institution. p16(INK4a) and p21(CIP1/WAF1) were categorized as dichotomous variables (< or ≥ 30% of HRS cells at diagnosis) and evaluated in univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Both molecules were independent prognostic factors. A positive staining of one of the two molecules in more than 30% HRS cells predicted a better EFS (P < 0.01). p16(INK4a)/p21(CIP1/WAF1) together as a unique categorical variable (both <30%, either <30%, both ≥ 30%) sorted out three prognostic groups with better, intermediate, or worse outcome either overall or within I-II, bulky and advanced stages. The presence or the lack of the robust expression of p21(CIP1/WAF1) and/or p16(INK4a) defined the prognosis in our series. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to (i) the relevance of CS-related mechanisms in cHL, and to (ii) the prognostic value of a simple, reproducible, and low-cost immunohistochemical evaluation of p16(INK4a) and p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caliò
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Zamò
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Pathology and Lymphoid Malignancies Units, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabetta Zanolin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrés J M Ferreri
- Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Division of Onco-Hematological Medicine, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Pedron
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Licia Montagna
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudia Parolini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vadim E Fraifeld
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Marina Wolfson
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Hagai Yanai
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Giovanni Pizzolo
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Pathology and Lymphoid Malignancies Units, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vinante
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Marco Chilosi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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281
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Goronzy JJ, Fang F, Cavanagh MM, Qi Q, Weyand CM. Naive T cell maintenance and function in human aging. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4073-80. [PMID: 25888703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In studies of immune aging, naive T cells frequently take center stage. Describing the complexity of the human naive T cell repertoire remains a daunting task; however, emerging data suggest that homeostatic mechanisms are robust enough to maintain a large and diverse CD4 T cell repertoire with age. Compartment shrinkage and clonal expansions are challenges for naive CD8 T cells. In addition to population aspects, identification of potentially targetable cellular defects is receiving renewed interest. The last decade has seen remarkable progress in identifying genetic and biochemical pathways that are pertinent for aging in general and that are instructive to understand naive T cell dysfunction. One hallmark sets naive T cell aging apart from most other tissues except stem cells: they initiate but do not complete differentiation programs toward memory cells. Maintaining quiescence and avoiding differentiation may be the ultimate challenge to maintain the functions unique for naive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Fengqin Fang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Mary M Cavanagh
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Qian Qi
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
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282
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Schaue D, McBride WH. Opportunities and challenges of radiotherapy for treating cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12:527-40. [PMID: 26122185 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years have seen dramatic changes in the delivery of radiation therapy, but the impact of radiobiology on the clinic has been far less substantial. A major consideration in the use of radiotherapy has been on how best to exploit differences between the tumour and host tissue characteristics, which in the past has been achieved empirically by radiation-dose fractionation. New advances are uncovering some of the mechanistic processes that underlie this success story. In this Review, we focus on how these processes might be targeted to improve the outcome of radiotherapy at the individual patient level. This approach would seem a more productive avenue of treatment than simply trying to increase the radiation dose delivered to the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room B3-109, Center for Health Sciences, Westwood, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room B3-109, Center for Health Sciences, Westwood, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
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283
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Prattichizzo F, Giuliani A, Ceka A, Rippo MR, Bonfigli AR, Testa R, Procopio AD, Olivieri F. Epigenetic mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:56. [PMID: 26015812 PMCID: PMC4443613 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications is largely due to the complex interaction between genetic factors and environmental influences, mainly dietary habits and lifestyle, which can either accelerate or slow down disease progression. Recent findings suggest the potential involvement of epigenetic mechanisms as a crucial interface between the effects of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The common denominator of environmental factors promoting T2DM development and progression is that they trigger an inflammatory response, promoting inflammation-mediated insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Proinflammatory stimuli, including hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and other inflammatory mediators, can affect epigenetic mechanisms, altering the expression of specific genes in target cells without changes in underlying DNA sequences. DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications (PTHMs) are the most extensively investigated epigenetic mechanisms. Over the past few years, non-coding RNA, including microRNAs (miRNAs), have also emerged as key players in gene expression modulation. MiRNAs can be actively released or shed by cells in the bloodstream and taken up in active form by receiving cells, acting as efficient systemic communication tools. The miRNAs involved in modulation of inflammatory pathways (inflammamiRs), such as miR-146a, and those highly expressed in endothelial lineages and hematopoietic progenitor cells (angiomiRs), such as miR-126, are the most extensively studied circulating miRNAs in T2DM. However, data on circulating miRNA signatures associated with specific diabetic complications are still lacking. Since immune cells and endothelial cells are primarily involved in the vascular complications of T2DM, their relative contribution to circulating miRNA signatures needs to be elucidated. An integrated approach encompassing different epigenetic mechanisms would have the potential to provide new mechanistic insights into the genesis of diabetes and its severe vascular complications and identify a panel of epigenetic markers with diagnostic/prognostic and therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Prattichizzo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Artan Ceka
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Rippo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Testa
- Experimental Models in Clinical Pathology, National Institute INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Domenico Procopio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy ; Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, National Institute INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy ; Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, National Institute INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
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284
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Tominaga K. The emerging role of senescent cells in tissue homeostasis and pathophysiology. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2015; 5:27743. [PMID: 25994420 PMCID: PMC4439419 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v5.27743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of permanent growth arrest and is thought to play a pivotal role in tumor suppression. Cellular senescence may play an important role in tumor suppression, wound healing, and protection against tissue fibrosis in physiological conditions in vivo. However, accumulating evidence that senescent cells may have harmful effects in vivo and may contribute to tissue remodeling, organismal aging, and many age-related diseases also exists. Cellular senescence can be induced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Both p53/p21 and p16/RB pathways are important for irreversible growth arrest in senescent cells. Senescent cells secret numerous biologically active factors. This specific secretion phenotype by senescent cells may largely contribute to physiological and pathological consequences in organisms. Here I review the molecular basis of cell cycle arrest and the specific secretion phenotype in cellular senescence. I also summarize the current knowledge of the role of cellular senescence in vivo in physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tominaga
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan;
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285
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Hu Z, Klein JD, Mitch WE, Zhang L, Martinez I, Wang XH. MicroRNA-29 induces cellular senescence in aging muscle through multiple signaling pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:160-75. [PMID: 24659628 PMCID: PMC4012934 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the development of aging-induced muscle atrophy are unclear. By microRNA array and individual qPCR analyses, we found significant up-regulation of miR-29 in muscles of aged rodents vs. results in young. With aging, p85α, IGF-1 and B-myb muscle levels were lower while the expression of certain cell arrest proteins (p53, p16 and pRB) increased. When miR-29 was expressed in muscle progenitor cells (MPC), their proliferation was impaired while SA-βgal expression increased signifying the development of senescence. Impaired MPC proliferation resulted from interactions between miR-29 and the 3'-UTR of p85a, IGF-1 and B-myb, suppressing the translation of these mediators of myoblast proliferation. In vivo, electroporation of miR-29 into muscles of young mice suppressed the proliferation and increased levels of cellular arrest proteins, recapitulating aging-induced responses in muscle. A potential stimulus of miR-29 expression is Wnt-3a since we found that exogenous Wnt-3a stimulated miR-29 expression 2.7-fold in primary cultures of MPCs. Thus, aging-induced muscle senescence results from activation of miR-29 by Wnt-3a leading to suppressed expression of several signaling proteins (p85α, IGF-1 and B-myb) that act coordinately to impair the proliferation of MPCs contributing to muscle atrophy. The increase in miR-29 provides a potential mechanism for aging-induced sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyong Hu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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286
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Mombach JCM, Vendrusculo B, Bugs CA. A Model for p38MAPK-Induced Astrocyte Senescence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125217. [PMID: 25954815 PMCID: PMC4425668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that aging leads to accumulation of senescent cells in tissues and they develop a secretory phenotype (also known as SASP, for senescence-associated secretory phenotype) that can contribute to chronic inflammation and diseases. Recent results have showed that markers of senescence in astrocytes from aged brains are increased in brains with Alzheimer’s disease. These studies strongly involved the stress kinase p38MAPK in the regulation of the secretory phenotype of astrocytes, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of senescence and SASP activation remain unclear. In this work, we propose a discrete logical model for astrocyte senescence determined by the level of DNA damage (reparable or irreparable DNA strand breaks) where the kinase p38MAPK plays a central role in the regulation of senescence and SASP. The model produces four alternative stable states: proliferation, transient cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence (and SASP) computed from its inputs representing DNA damages. Perturbations of the model were performed through gene gain or loss of functions and compared with results concerning cultures of normal and mutant astrocytes showing agreement in most cases. Moreover, the model allows some predictions that remain to be tested experimentally.
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287
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Montes M, Nielsen MM, Maglieri G, Jacobsen A, Højfeldt J, Agrawal-Singh S, Hansen K, Helin K, van de Werken HJG, Pedersen JS, Lund AH. The lncRNA MIR31HG regulates p16(INK4A) expression to modulate senescence. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6967. [PMID: 25908244 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) can occur in response to oncogenic insults and is considered an important tumour suppressor mechanism. Here we identify the lncRNA MIR31HG as upregulated in OIS and find that knockdown of MIR31HG promotes a strong p16(INK4A)-dependent senescence phenotype. Under normal conditions, MIR31HG is found in both nucleus and cytoplasm, but following B-RAF expression MIR31HG is located mainly in the cytoplasm. We show that MIR31HG interacts with both INK4A and MIR31HG genomic regions and with Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, and that MIR31HG is required for PcG-mediated repression of the INK4A locus. We further identify a functional enhancer, located between MIR31HG and INK4A, which becomes activated during OIS and interacts with the MIR31HG promoter. Data from melanoma patients show a negative correlation between MIR31HG and p16(INK4A) expression levels, suggesting a role for this transcript in cancer. Hence, our data provide a new lncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism for the tumour suppressor p16(INK4A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Montes
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Morten M Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Århus University Hospital, Skejby, Århus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Giulia Maglieri
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Anders Jacobsen
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jonas Højfeldt
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Shuchi Agrawal-Singh
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Klaus Hansen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Kristian Helin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | | | - Jakob S Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Århus University Hospital, Skejby, Århus N 8200, Denmark.,Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders H Lund
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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288
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Yaswen P, MacKenzie KL, Keith WN, Hentosh P, Rodier F, Zhu J, Firestone GL, Matheu A, Carnero A, Bilsland A, Sundin T, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Helferich B, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Niccolai E, Aquilano K, Ashraf SS, Nowsheen S, Yang X. Therapeutic targeting of replicative immortality. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S104-S128. [PMID: 25869441 PMCID: PMC4600408 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of malignant cell populations is the ability to undergo continuous proliferation. This property allows clonal lineages to acquire sequential aberrations that can fuel increasingly autonomous growth, invasiveness, and therapeutic resistance. Innate cellular mechanisms have evolved to regulate replicative potential as a hedge against malignant progression. When activated in the absence of normal terminal differentiation cues, these mechanisms can result in a state of persistent cytostasis. This state, termed “senescence,” can be triggered by intrinsic cellular processes such as telomere dysfunction and oncogene expression, and by exogenous factors such as DNA damaging agents or oxidative environments. Despite differences in upstream signaling, senescence often involves convergent interdependent activation of tumor suppressors p53 and p16/pRB, but can be induced, albeit with reduced sensitivity, when these suppressors are compromised. Doses of conventional genotoxic drugs required to achieve cancer cell senescence are often much lower than doses required to achieve outright cell death. Additional therapies, such as those targeting cyclin dependent kinases or components of the PI3K signaling pathway, may induce senescence specifically in cancer cells by circumventing defects in tumor suppressor pathways or exploiting cancer cells’ heightened requirements for telomerase. Such treatments sufficient to induce cancer cell senescence could provide increased patient survival with fewer and less severe side effects than conventional cytotoxic regimens. This positive aspect is countered by important caveats regarding senescence reversibility, genomic instability, and paracrine effects that may increase heterogeneity and adaptive resistance of surviving cancer cells. Nevertheless, agents that effectively disrupt replicative immortality will likely be valuable components of new combinatorial approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | - Jiyue Zhu
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | | | | | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, HUVR, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universdad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amr Amin
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - S Salman Ashraf
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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289
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Characterization of Skin Aging-Associated Secreted Proteins (SAASP) Produced by Dermal Fibroblasts Isolated from Intrinsically Aged Human Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1954-1968. [PMID: 25815425 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most molecular hallmarks of cellular senescence have been identified in studies of cells aged in vitro by driving them into replicative or stress-induced senescence. Comparatively, less is known about the characteristic features of cells that have aged in vivo. Here we provide a systematic molecular analysis of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) that were isolated from intrinsically aged human skin of young versus middle aged versus old donors. Intrinsically aged NHDFs in culture exhibited more frequently nuclear foci positive for p53 binding protein 1 and promyelocytic leukemia protein reminiscent of 'DNA segments with chromatin alterations reinforcing senescence (DNA-SCARS)'. Formation of such foci was neither accompanied by increased DNA double strand breaks, nor decreased cell viability, nor telomere shortening. However, it was associated with the development of a secretory phenotype, indicating incipient cell senescence. By quantitative analysis of the entire secretome present in conditioned cell culture supernatant, combined with a multiplex cytokine determination, we identified 998 proteins secreted by intrinsically aged NHDFs in culture. Seventy of these proteins exhibited an age-dependent secretion pattern and were accordingly denoted 'skin aging-associated secreted proteins (SAASP)'. Systematic comparison of SAASP with the classical senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) revealed that matrix degradation as well as proinflammatory processes are common aspects of both conditions. However, secretion of 27 proteins involved in the biological processes of 'metabolism' and 'adherens junction interactions' was unique for NHDFs isolated from intrinsically aged skin. In conclusion, fibroblasts isolated from intrinsically aged skin exhibit some, but not all, molecular hallmarks of cellular senescence. Most importantly, they secrete a unique pattern of proteins that is distinct from the canonical SASP and might reflect specific processes of skin aging.
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290
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Burton DGA, Faragher RGA. Cellular senescence: from growth arrest to immunogenic conversion. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:27. [PMID: 25787341 PMCID: PMC4365077 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence was first reported in human fibroblasts as a state of stable in vitro growth arrest following extended culture. Since that initial observation, a variety of other phenotypic characteristics have been shown to co-associate with irreversible cell cycle exit in senescent fibroblasts. These include (1) a pro-inflammatory secretory response, (2) the up-regulation of immune ligands, (3) altered responses to apoptotic stimuli and (4) promiscuous gene expression (stochastic activation of genes possibly as a result of chromatin remodeling). Many features associated with senescent fibroblasts appear to promote conversion to an immunogenic phenotype that facilitates self-elimination by the immune system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can attract and activate immune cells, the presentation of membrane bound immune ligands allows for specific recognition and promiscuous gene expression may function to generate an array of tissue restricted proteins that could subsequently be processed into peptides for presentation via MHC molecules. However, the phenotypes of senescent cells from different tissues and species are often assumed to be broadly similar to those seen in senescent human fibroblasts, but the data show a more complex picture in which the growth arrest mechanism, tissue of origin and species can all radically modulate this basic pattern. Furthermore, well-established triggers of cell senescence are often associated with a DNA damage response (DDR), but this may not be a universal feature of senescent cells. As such, we discuss the role of DNA damage in regulating an immunogenic response in senescent cells, in addition to discussing less established "atypical" senescent states that may occur independent of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. A. Burton
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - R. G. A. Faragher
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Brighton, UK
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291
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Malaquin N, Carrier-Leclerc A, Dessureault M, Rodier F. DDR-mediated crosstalk between DNA-damaged cells and their microenvironment. Front Genet 2015; 6:94. [PMID: 25815006 PMCID: PMC4357297 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade that senses and responds to double-strand DNA breaks by organizing downstream cellular events, ranging from appropriate DNA repair to cell cycle checkpoints. In higher organisms, the DDR prevents neoplastic transformation by directly protecting the information contained in the genome and by regulating cell fate decisions, like apoptosis and senescence, to ensure the removal of severely damaged cells. In addition to these well-studied cell-autonomous effects, emerging evidence now shows that the DDR signaling cascade can also function in a paracrine manner, thus influencing the biology of the surrounding cellular microenvironment. In this context, the DDR plays an emerging role in shaping the damaged tumor microenvironment through the regulation of tissue repair and local immune responses, thereby providing a promising avenue for novel therapeutic interventions. Additionally, while DDR-mediated extracellular signals can convey information to surrounding, undamaged cells, they can also feedback onto DNA-damaged cells to reinforce selected signaling pathways. Overall, these extracellular DDR signals can be subdivided into two time-specific waves: a rapid bystander effect occurring within a few hours of DNA damage; and a late, delayed, senescence-associated secretory phenotype generally requiring multiple days to establish. Here, we highlight and discuss examples of rapid and late DDR–mediated extracellular alarm signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Malaquin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (CRCHUM), et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Carrier-Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (CRCHUM), et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mireille Dessureault
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (CRCHUM), et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Rodier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (CRCHUM), et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Département de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médicine Nucléaire, Université de Montréal Montreal, QC, Canada
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292
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Perrigue PM, Silva ME, Warden CD, Feng NL, Reid MA, Mota DJ, Joseph LP, Tian YI, Glackin CA, Gutova M, Najbauer J, Aboody KS, Barish ME. The histone demethylase jumonji coordinates cellular senescence including secretion of neural stem cell-attracting cytokines. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:636-50. [PMID: 25652587 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 (JMJD3/KDM6B) demethylates lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3), a repressive epigenetic mark controlling chromatin organization and cellular senescence. To better understand the functional consequences of JMJD3 its expression was investigated in brain tumor cells. Querying patient expression profile databases confirmed JMJD3 overexpression in high-grade glioma. Immunochemical staining of two glioma cell lines, U251 and U87, indicated intrinsic differences in JMJD3 expression levels that were reflected in changes in cell phenotype and variations associated with cellular senescence, including senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Overexpressing wild-type JMJD3 (JMJD3wt) activated SASP-associated genes, enhanced SA-β-gal activity, and induced nuclear blebbing. Conversely, overexpression of a catalytically inactive dominant negative mutant JMJD3 (JMJD3mut) increased proliferation. In addition, a large number of transcripts were identified by RNA-seq as altered in JMJD3 overexpressing cells, including cancer- and inflammation-related transcripts as defined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. These results suggest that expression of the SASP in the context of cancer undermines normal tissue homeostasis and contributes to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. These studies are therapeutically relevant because inflammatory cytokines have been linked to homing of neural stem cells and other stem cells to tumor loci. IMPLICATIONS This glioma study brings together actions of a normal epigenetic mechanism (JMJD3 activity) with dysfunctional activation of senescence-related processes, including secretion of SASP proinflammatory cytokines and stem cell tropism toward tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Perrigue
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California. Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Michael E Silva
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Charles D Warden
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Nathan L Feng
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Michael A Reid
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California. Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Daniel J Mota
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Lauren P Joseph
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Yangzi Isabel Tian
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Carlotta A Glackin
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Margarita Gutova
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Joseph Najbauer
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Karen S Aboody
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California. Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Michael E Barish
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California.
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293
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294
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Mar FA, Debnath J, Stohr BA. Autophagy-independent senescence and genome instability driven by targeted telomere dysfunction. Autophagy 2015; 11:527-37. [PMID: 25751002 PMCID: PMC4502814 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction plays a complex role in tumorigenesis. While dysfunctional telomeres can block the proliferation of incipient cancer clones by inducing replicative senescence, fusion of dysfunctional telomeres can drive genome instability and oncogenic genomic rearrangements. Therefore, it is important to define the regulatory pathways that guide these opposing effects. Recent work has shown that the autophagy pathway regulates both senescence and genome instability in various contexts. Here, we apply models of acute telomere dysfunction to determine whether autophagy modulates the resulting genome instability and senescence responses. While telomere dysfunction rapidly induces autophagic flux in human fibroblast cell lines, inhibition of the autophagy pathway does not have a significant impact upon the transition to senescence, in contrast to what has previously been reported for oncogene-induced senescence. Our results suggest that this difference may be explained by disparities in the development of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. We also show that chromosome fusions induced by telomere dysfunction are comparable in autophagy-proficient and autophagy-deficient cells. Altogether, our results highlight the complexity of the senescence-autophagy interface and indicate that autophagy induction is unlikely to play a significant role in telomere dysfunction-driven senescence and chromosome fusions.
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Key Words
- ACD/Tpp1, adrenocortical dysplasia homolog (mouse)
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5, ATG7, autophagy-related 7
- B2M, β-2-microglobulin
- HBSS, Hank's buffered salt solution
- HMECs, human mammary epithelial cells
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MT-HsTER, mutant template-Homo sapiens template-containing RNA
- MT-MmTER, mutant template-Mus musculus template-containing RNA
- OIS, oncogene-induced senescence
- RBBP8/CtIP, retinoblastoma binding protein 8
- SA-β-Gal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase
- SASP
- SASP, senescence associated secretory phenotype
- TDIS, telomere dysfunction-induced senescence
- TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase
- TIFs, telomere dysfunction-induced foci
- autophagy
- chromosome fusions
- genome instability
- senescence
- telomerase
- telomeres
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Affiliation(s)
- Florie A Mar
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Pathology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Bradley A Stohr
- Department of Pathology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
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295
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Chen F, Qi X, Qian M, Dai Y, Sun Y. Tackling the tumor microenvironment: what challenge does it pose to anticancer therapies? Protein Cell 2014; 5:816-26. [PMID: 25185441 PMCID: PMC4225463 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly aggressive and devastating disease, and impediments to a cure arise not just from cancer itself. Targeted therapies are difficult to achieve since the majority of cancers are more intricate than ever imagined. Mainstream methodologies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy as routine clinical regimens frequently fail, eventually leading to pathologies that are refractory and incurable. One major cause is the gradual to rapid repopulation of surviving cancer cells during intervals of multiple-dose administration. Novel stress-responsive molecular pathways are increasingly unmasked and show promise as emerging targets for advanced strategies that aim at both de novo and acquired resistance. We highlight recent data reporting that treatments particularly those genotoxic can induce highly conserved damage responses in non-cancerous constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TMEN). Master regulators, including but not limited to NF-kB and C/EBP-β, are implicated and their signal cascades culminate in a robust, chronic and genome-wide secretory program, forming an activated TMEN that releases a myriad of soluble factors. The damage-elicited but essentially off target and cell non-autonomous secretory phenotype of host stroma causes adverse consequences, among which is acquired resistance of cancer cells. Harnessing signals arising from the TMEN, a pathophysiological niche frequently damaged by medical interventions, has the potential to promote overall efficacy and improve clinical outcomes provided that appropriate actions are ingeniously integrated into contemporary therapies. Thereby, anticancer regimens should be well tuned to establish an innovative clinical avenue, and such advancement will allow future oncological treatments to be more specific, accurate, thorough and personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xinyi Qi
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Min Qian
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yue Dai
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yu Sun
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
- VA Seattle Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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296
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Storer M, Keyes WM. Developing senescence to remodel the embryo. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:970969. [PMID: 26842300 PMCID: PMC4594451 DOI: 10.4161/cib.29098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible form of cell cycle arrest that has been linked to several pathological conditions. In particular, senescence can function as a tumor suppressor mechanism, but is also thought to contribute to organismal aging. Paradoxically however, through the secretion of various factors, collectively termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), senescent cells can also have tumor-promoting and tissue-remodeling functions. In addition, senescent cells can play beneficial roles in tissue repair and wound healing, and reconciling these contradictory features from an evolutionary standpoint has been challenging. Moreover, senescent cells had not previously been documented in non-pathological conditions. Recently however, 2 studies have identified cellular senescence as a programmed mechanism that contributes to tissue patterning and remodeling during normal embryonic development. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of cellular senescence and help to clarify the paradoxes and the evolutionary origin of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekayla Storer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona, Spain
| | - William M Keyes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona, Spain
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297
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Mombach JCM, Bugs CA, Chaouiya C. Modelling the onset of senescence at the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 7:S7. [PMID: 25573782 PMCID: PMC4243082 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s7-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage (single or double-strand breaks) triggers adapted cellular responses. These responses are elicited through signalling pathways, which activate cell cycle checkpoints and basically lead to three cellular fates: cycle arrest promoting DNA repair, senescence (permanent arrest) or cell death. Cellular senescence is known for having a tumour-suppressive function and its regulation arouses a growing scientific interest. Here, we advance a qualitative model covering DNA damage response pathways, focusing on G1/S checkpoint enforcement, supposedly more sensitive to arrest than G2/M checkpoint. RESULTS We define a discrete, logical model encompassing ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) pathways activation upon DNA damage, as well as G1/S checkpoint main components. It also includes the stress responsive protein p38MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase 14) known to be involved in the regulation of senescence. The model has four outcomes that convey alternative cell fates: proliferation, (transient) cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence. Different levels of DNA damage are considered, defined by distinct combinations of single and double-strand breaks. Each leads to a single stable state denoting the cell fate adopted upon this specific damage. A range of model perturbations corresponding to gene loss-of-function or gain-of-function is compared to experimental mutations. CONCLUSIONS As a step towards an integrative model of DNA-damage response pathways to better cover the onset of senescence, our model focuses on G1/S checkpoint enforcement. This model qualitatively agrees with most experimental observations, including experiments involving mutations. Furthermore, it provides some predictions.
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298
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Llanos AA, Dumitrescu RG, Brasky TM, Liu Z, Mason JB, Marian C, Makambi KH, Spear SL, Kallakury BVS, Freudenheim JL, Shields PG. Relationships among folate, alcohol consumption, gene variants in one-carbon metabolism and p16INK4a methylation and expression in healthy breast tissues. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:60-7. [PMID: 25344837 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p16(INK4a) is a tumor suppressor gene, frequently hypermethylated in breast cancer; this epigenetic silencing of p16(INK4a) occurs early in carcinogenesis. The risk factors and functional consequences of p16(INK4a) methylation are unknown. Alcohol consumption, a breast cancer risk factor, impedes folate metabolism and may thereby alter gene methylation since folate plays a pivotal role in DNA methylation. In a cross-sectional study of 138 women with no history of breast cancer who underwent reduction mammoplasty, we studied breast cancer risk factors, plasma and breast folate concentrations, variation in one-carbon metabolism genes, p16(INK4a) promoter methylation and P16 protein expression. Logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). p16(INK4a) methylation was negatively correlated with P16 expression (r = -0.28; P = 0.002). Alcohol consumption was associated with lower breast folate (P = 0.03), higher p16(INK4a) promoter methylation (P = 0.007) and less P16 expression (P = 0.002). Higher breast folate concentrations were associated with lower p16(INK4a) promoter methylation (P = 0.06). Genetic variation in MTRR (rs1801394) and MTHFD1 (rs1950902) was associated with higher p16 (INK4a) promoter methylation (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.11-6.42 and OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.12-6.66, respectively), whereas variation in TYMS (rs502396) was associated with less P16 protein expression (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.99). Given that this is the first study to indicate that alcohol consumption, breast folate and variation in one-carbon metabolism genes are associated with p16(INK4a) promoter methylation and P16 protein expression in healthy tissues; these findings require replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adana A Llanos
- Division of Population Sciences, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA, Department of Epidemiology, RBHS-School of Public Health and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Ramona G Dumitrescu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Department of Medical Genetics and Epidemiology, Basic Sciences Program, Saba University School of Medicine, Saba, Dutch Caribbean, The Netherlands
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Joel B Mason
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Catalin Marian
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Kepher H Makambi
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Scott L Spear
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Peter G Shields
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
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299
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de Castro A, Minty F, Hattinger E, Wolf R, Parkinson EK. The secreted protein S100A7 (psoriasin) is induced by telomere dysfunction in human keratinocytes independently of a DNA damage response and cell cycle regulators. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:8. [PMID: 25621169 PMCID: PMC4304136 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Replicative senescence is preceded by loss of repeat sequences of DNA from the telomeres that eventually leads to telomere dysfunction, the accumulation of irreparable DNA double strand breaks and a DNA damage response (DDR). However, we have previously reported that whilst telomere dysfunction in human keratinocytes is associated with a permanent cell cycle arrest, the DDR was very weak and transcriptional profiling also revealed several molecules normally associated with keratinocytes terminal differentiation, including S100A7 (psoriasin). Results We show here that S100A7 and the closely related S100A15 (koebnerisin) are not induced by repairable or irreparable DSBs, ruling out the hypotheses that these genes are induced either by the low DDR observed or by non-specific cell cycle arrest. We next tested whether S100A7 was induced by the cell cycle effectors ARF (p14ARF), CDKN2A (p16INK4A) and TP53 (p53) and found that, although all induced a similar level of acute and permanent cell cycle arrest to telomere dysfunction, none induced S100A7 (except p53 over-expression at high levels), showing that cell cycle arrest is not sufficient for its induction. The closely related transcript S100A15 was also upregulated by telomere dysfunction, to a similar extent by p16INK4A and p53 and to a lesser extent by p14ARF. Conclusions Our results show that mere cell cycle arrest, the upregulation of senescence-associated cell cycle effectors and DNA damage are not sufficient for the induction of the S100 transcripts; they further suggest that whilst the induction of S100A15 expression is linked to both telomere-dependent and -independent senescence, S100A7 expression is specifically associated with telomere-dependent senescence in normal keratinocytes. As both S100A7 and S100A15 are secreted proteins, they may find utility in the early detection of human keratinocyte telomere dysfunction and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice de Castro
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Fay Minty
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Eva Hattinger
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK ; Blizard Building, 4, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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Chinta SJ, Woods G, Rane A, Demaria M, Campisi J, Andersen JK. Cellular senescence and the aging brain. Exp Gerontol 2014; 68:3-7. [PMID: 25281806 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a potent anti-cancer mechanism that arrests the proliferation of mitotically competent cells to prevent malignant transformation. Senescent cells accumulate with age in a variety of human and mouse tissues where they express a complex 'senescence-associated secretory phenotype' (SASP). The SASP includes many pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and proteases that have the potential to cause or exacerbate age-related pathology, both degenerative and hyperplastic. While cellular senescence in peripheral tissues has recently been linked to a number of age-related pathologies, its involvement in brain aging is just beginning to be explored. Recent data generated by several laboratories suggest that both aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by an increase in SASP-expressing senescent cells of non-neuronal origin in the brain. Moreover, this increase correlates with neurodegeneration. Senescent cells in the brain could therefore constitute novel therapeutic targets for treating age-related neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Woods
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Anand Rane
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Marco Demaria
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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