251
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Huang Y, Li Y, Hu Z, Yue X, Proetto MT, Jones Y, Gianneschi NC. Mimicking Melanosomes: Polydopamine Nanoparticles as Artificial Microparasols. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:564-569. [PMID: 28691067 PMCID: PMC5492417 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A primary role of melanin in skin is the prevention of UV-induced nuclear DNA damage to human skin cells, where it serves to screen out harmful UV radiation. Melanin is delivered to keratinocytes in the skin after being excreted as melanosomes from melanocytes. Defects in melanin production in humans can cause diseases, many of which currently lack effective treatments due to their genetic origins (e.g., skin cancer, vitiligo, and albinism). The widespread prevalence of melanin-related diseases and an increasing interest in the performance of various polymeric materials related to melanin necessitates novel synthetic routes for preparing melanin-like materials. In this work, we prepared melanin-like nanoparticles (MelNPs) via spontaneous oxidation of dopamine, as biocompatible, synthetic analogues of naturally occurring melanosomes, and investigated their uptake, transport, distribution, and UV-protective capabilities in human keratinocytes. Critically, we demonstrate that MelNPs are endocytosed, undergo perinuclear aggregation, and form a supranuclear cap, or so-called microparasol in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa), mimicking the behavior of natural melananosomes in terms of cellular distribution and the fact that they serve to protect the cells from UV damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Huang
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yiwen Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ziying Hu
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiujun Yue
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Maria T. Proetto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Jones
- Electron
Microscopy Core Facility, University of
California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- E-mail:
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253
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Cecchini MM, Reale S, Manini P, d'Ischia M, De Angelis F. Modeling Fungal Melanin Buildup: Biomimetic Polymerization of 1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene Mapped by Mass Spectrometry. Chemistry 2017; 23:8092-8098. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Maya Cecchini
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Via Vetoio Coppito, L'Aquila Italy
| | - Samantha Reale
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Via Vetoio Coppito, L'Aquila Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”-; Faculties of Monte Sant'Angelo; Via Cinthia Naples Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”-; Faculties of Monte Sant'Angelo; Via Cinthia Naples Italy
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Via Vetoio Coppito, L'Aquila Italy
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254
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Chang L, Chen F, Zhang X, Kuang T, Li M, Hu J, Shi J, Lee LJ, Cheng H, Li Y. Synthetic Melanin E-Ink. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16553-16560. [PMID: 28452460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been devoted to the development of surfactant-free electronic ink (E-ink) with excellent display resolution for high-definition resolution display. Herein, we report the use of polydopamine-based synthetic melanin, a class of functional nanoparticles with similar chemical compositions and physical properties to those of naturally occurring melanin, as a new E-ink material. It was found that such E-ink displays could achieve ultrahigh resolution (>10 000 ppi) and low power consumption (operation voltage of only 1 V) in aqueous solutions. Interestingly, simple oxidation of synthetic melanin nanoparticles enables the generation of intrinsic fluorescence, allowing further development of fluorescent E-ink displays with nanoscale resolution. We describe these bioinspired materials in an initial proof-of-concept study and propose that synthetic melanin nanoparticles will be suitable for electronic nanoinks with a potential wide range of applications in molecular patterning and fluorescence bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Chang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43209, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tairong Kuang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mi Li
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiaming Hu
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43209, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43209, United States
| | - Ly James Lee
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43209, United States
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
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255
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Wakamatsu K, Nagao A, Watanabe M, Nakao K, Ito S. Pheomelanogenesis is promoted at a weakly acidic pH. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:372-377. [PMID: 28271633 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes of humans has been largely attributed to the diversity of pH in melanosomes with an acidic pH being proposed to suppress melanin production, especially eumelanogenesis. We previously showed that an acidic pH greatly suppresses the late stage of eumelanogenesis after the dopachrome stage. The oxidation of tyrosine by tyrosinase in the presence of cysteine forms cysteinyldopa isomers, which are further oxidized to give rise to pheomelanin via benzothiazine intermediates. However, how those steps are controlled by pH has not been characterized. We therefore examined whether pheomelanin synthesis is chemically promoted at an acidic pH. We found that pheomelanin production either from dopa or tyrosine in the presence of cysteine by tyrosinase was greatest at pH values of 5.8-6.3, while eumelanin production was suppressed at pH 5.8. This suggests that mixed melanogenesis is chemically shifted to more pheomelanic states at a weakly acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayano Nagao
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakao
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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256
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Ambrico M, Ambrico PF, Ligonzo T, Cardone A, Bridelli MG, Casamassima G, Manini P, d'Ischia M. Hydration-controlled anisotropic and giant permittivity in TEG-functionalized eumelanin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:9432-9443. [PMID: 28332659 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08643h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although it has long been known that the peculiar electronic-ionic conductor behavior of eumelanin is critically dependent on hydration, the detailed mechanisms by which water-polymer interactions control and affect the conduction properties have remained largely obscure. In this paper, we report a remarkable anisotropy and giant polarization effect in a synthetic eumelanin (TEGMe) chemically functionalized with hydrophilic TEG residues. FT-IR analyses of water sorption isotherms and AC measurements were consistent with a microporous structure binding or hosting mainly isolated water molecules. In contrast, similar experiments on a commercial synthetic eumelanin (AMe) used as a reference were suggestive of a bulk macroporous scaffold binding or hosting liquid water. These data disclosed for the first time the differential impact on eumelanin conductivity of vapor, liquid and ice-like forms of water adsorbed onto or embedded into the polymer layer. It is thus demonstrated, for the first time, that hydration controls the conduction properties of eumelanin in a more complex manner than is commonly believed, involving, besides the reported semiquinone comproportionation equilibria, the mode of interaction of water molecules as governed by both the chemical and morphological features of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ambrico
- CNR-Istituto di Nanotecnologia Via Amendola 122/D, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Paolo F Ambrico
- CNR-Istituto di Nanotecnologia Via Amendola 122/D, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Teresa Ligonzo
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universita' degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardone
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici-ICCOM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-CNR, Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bridelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Casamassima
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universita' degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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257
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of vitiligo involves interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic melanocyte defects, innate immune inflammation, and T-cell-mediated melanocyte destruction. The goal of treatment is to not only halt disease progression but also promote repigmentation through melanocyte regeneration, proliferation, and migration. Treatment strategies that address all aspects of disease pathogenesis and repigmentation are likely to have greatest efficacy, a strategy that may require combination therapies. Current treatments generally involve nontargeted suppression of autoimmunity, whereas emerging treatments are likely to use a more targeted approach based on in-depth understanding of disease pathogenesis, which may provide higher efficacy with a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rashighi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 415 Taleqani Avenue, Tehran 1416613675, Iran
| | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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258
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Bonavolontà C, Lisio CD, d'Ischia M, Maddalena P, Manini P, Pezzella A, Valentino M. Anomalous evolution of broadband optical absorption reveals dynamic solid state reorganization during eumelanin build-up in thin films. Sci Rep 2017; 7:522. [PMID: 28364123 PMCID: PMC5428701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of eumelanin optical properties remains a formidable conundrum preventing a detailed understanding of the complex photo-protective role of these widespread natural pigments and the rational design of innovative bioinspired materials for optoelectronic applications. Here we report the unusual kinetic and thickness-dependent evolution of the optical properties of black eumelanin polymers generated by spontaneous aerial polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) thin films (0.1-1 μm), consistent with peculiar solid state reorganization mechanisms governing broadband absorption. The complete reversal of eumelanin UV-visible transmittance spectrum curvature on passing from 0.2 to 0.5 μm thick films, the marked increase in visible extinction coefficients with increasing film thickness and the higher UV extinction coefficients in slowly vs. rapidly generated polymers concur to support distinct dynamic regimes of solid-state molecular reorganization at the nanoscale level and to do affect the development of broadband visible absorption. Solid state control of molecular reorganization disclosed herein may delineate new rational strategies for tuning optical properties in eumelanin thin films for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Bonavolontà
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Corrado de Lisio
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- CNR-SPIN U.O.S. di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Maddalena
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Na), Italy.
| | - Massimo Valentino
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- CNR-SPIN U.O.S. di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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259
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Bräm S, Wolfram E. Recent Advances in Effect-directed Enzyme Assays based on Thin-layer Chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:74-86. [PMID: 28146298 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) together with its more modern form high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a rapid and cost effective analytical tool with a long tradition in quality control of medicinal plants, extracts and natural products. Separated compounds are fixed on the solid silica phase to form a compound library. Through direct coupling of visualisable enzyme reactions on the TLC plate, this compound library can also be used for activity screening. Such TLC-based bioautographic enzyme and enzyme inhibition assays complement first stage development activity screening assays. They provide not only phytochemical results by chromatographic separation, but also additional information about the activity of constituents or fractions in multi-compound mixtures, and thus can reveal and distinguish artefacts generated by certain compound classes. This review summarises recently introduced TLC bioautographic enzyme assays as well as advances in already existing procedures. Bioautographic enzyme and enzyme inhibitory assays offer a rapid, high-throughput method for screening of secondary metabolite profiles for potential enzyme and enzyme inhibitory activities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bräm
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Phytopharmacy and Natural Products Research Group, CH, -8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Evelyn Wolfram
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Phytopharmacy and Natural Products Research Group, CH, -8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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260
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Herraiz C, Garcia-Borron JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Olivares C. MC1R signaling. Intracellular partners and pathophysiological implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2448-2461. [PMID: 28259754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) preferentially expressed in melanocytes is best known as a key regulator of the synthesis of epidermal melanin pigments. Its paracrine stimulation by keratinocyte-derived melanocortins also activates DNA repair pathways and antioxidant defenses to build a complex, multifaceted photoprotective response. Many MC1R actions rely on cAMP-dependent activation of two transcription factors, MITF and PGC1α, but pleiotropic MC1R signaling also involves activation of mitogen-activated kinases and AKT. MC1R partners such as β-arrestins, PTEN and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MGRN1 differentially regulate these pathways. The MC1R gene is complex and polymorphic, with frequent variants associated with skin phenotypes and increased cancer risk. We review current knowledge of signaling from canonical MC1R, its splice isoforms and natural polymorphic variants. Recently discovered intracellular targets and partners are also discussed, to highlight the diversity of mechanisms that may contribute to normal and pathological variation of pigmentation and sensitivity to solar radiation-induced damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose C Garcia-Borron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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261
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Im KM, Kim TW, Jeon JR. Metal-Chelation-Assisted Deposition of Polydopamine on Human Hair: A Ready-to-Use Eumelanin-Based Hair Dyeing Methodology. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:628-636. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Im
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, ‡Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), and §Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wan Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, ‡Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), and §Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Rok Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, ‡Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), and §Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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262
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Brożyna AA, Jóźwicki W, Roszkowski K, Filipiak J, Slominski AT. Melanin content in melanoma metastases affects the outcome of radiotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17844-53. [PMID: 26910282 PMCID: PMC4951254 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin possess radioprotective and scavenging properties, and its presence can affect the behavior of melanoma cells, its surrounding environment and susceptibility to the therapy, as showed in vitro experiments. To determine whether melanin presence in melanoma affects the efficiency of radiotherapy (RTH) we evaluated the survival time after RTH treatment in metastatic melanoma patients (n = 57). In another cohort of melanoma patients (n = 84), the relationship between melanin level and pT and pN status was determined. A significantly longer survival time was found in patients with amelanotic metastatic melanomas in comparison to the melanotic ones, who were treated with either RTH or chemotherapy (CHTH) and RTH. These differences were more significant in a group of melanoma patients treated only with RTH. A detailed analysis of primary melanomas revealed that melanin levels were significantly higher in melanoma cells invading reticular dermis than the papillary dermis. A significant reduction of melanin pigmentation in pT3 and pT4 melanomas in comparison to pT1 and T2 tumors was observed. However, melanin levels measured in pT3-pT4 melanomas developing metastases (pN1-3, pM1) were higher than in pN0 and pM0 cases. The presence of melanin in metastatic melanoma cells decreases the outcome of radiotherapy, and melanin synthesis is related to higher disease advancement. Based on our previous cell-based and clinical research and present research we also suggest that inhibition of melanogenesis can improve radiotherapy modalities. The mechanism of relationship between melanogenesis and efficacy of RTH requires additional studies, including larger melanoma patients population and orthotopic, imageable mouse models of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Tumour Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jóźwicki
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Tumour Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Roszkowski
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Filipiak
- Department of Chemotherapy, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Laboratory Service of The VA Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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263
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Micillo R, Panzella L, Iacomino M, Prampolini G, Cacelli I, Ferretti A, Crescenzi O, Koike K, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. Eumelanin broadband absorption develops from aggregation-modulated chromophore interactions under structural and redox control. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41532. [PMID: 28150707 PMCID: PMC5288692 DOI: 10.1038/srep41532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eumelanins, the chief photoprotective pigments in man and mammals, owe their black color to an unusual broadband absorption spectrum whose origin is still a conundrum. Excitonic effects from the interplay of geometric order and disorder in 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI)-based oligomeric/polymeric structures play a central role, however the contributions of structural (scaffold-controlled) and redox (π-electron-controlled) disorder have remained uncharted. Herein, we report an integrated experimental-theoretical entry to eumelanin chromophore dynamics based on poly(vinyl alcohol)-controlled polymerization of a large set of 5,6-dihydroxyindoles and related dimers. The results a) uncover the impact of the structural scaffold on eumelanin optical properties, disproving the widespread assumption of a universal monotonic chromophore; b) delineate eumelanin chromophore buildup as a three-step dynamic process involving the rapid generation of oxidized oligomers, termed melanochromes (phase I), followed by a slow oxidant-independent band broadening (phase II) leading eventually to scattering (phase III); c) point to a slow reorganization-stabilization of melanochromes via intermolecular redox interactions as the main determinant of visible broadband absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Micillo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Iacomino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Prampolini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ivo Cacelli
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferretti
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Orlando Crescenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Kenzo Koike
- Hair care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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264
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Galván I, Inácio Â, Romero-Haro AA, Alonso-Alvarez C. Adaptive downregulation of pheomelanin-related Slc7a11 gene expression by environmentally induced oxidative stress. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:849-858. [PMID: 27988976 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pheomelanin is a sulphur-containing yellow-to-reddish pigment whose synthesis consumes the main intracellular antioxidant (glutathione; GSH) and its precursor cysteine. Cysteine used for pheomelanogenesis cannot be used for antioxidant protection. We tested whether the expression of Slc7a11, the gene regulating the transport of cysteine to melanocytes for pheomelanogenesis, is environmentally influenced when cysteine/GSH are most required for antioxidant protection. We found that zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata developing pheomelanin-pigmented feathers during a 12-day exposure to the pro-oxidant diquat dibromide downregulated the expression of Slc7a11 in feather melanocytes, but not the expression of other genes that affect pheomelanogenesis by mechanisms different from cysteine transport such as MC1R and Slc45a2. Accordingly, diquat-treated birds did not suffer increased oxidative stress. This indicates that some animals have evolved an adaptive epigenetic lability that avoids damage derived from pheomelanogenesis. This mechanism should be explored in human Slc7a11 to help combat some cancer types related to cysteine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ângela Inácio
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Angela Romero-Haro
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) - CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) - CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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265
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Ito S, Kikuta M, Koike S, Szewczyk G, Sarna M, Zadlo A, Sarna T, Wakamatsu K. Roles of reactive oxygen species in UVA-induced oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid-melanin as studied by differential spectrophotometric method. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 29:340-51. [PMID: 26920809 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Eumelanin photoprotects pigmented tissues from ultraviolet (UV) damage. However, UVA-induced tanning seems to result from the photooxidation of preexisting melanin and does not contribute to photoprotection. We investigated the mechanism of UVA-induced degradation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA)-melanin taking advantage of its solubility in a neutral buffer and using a differential spectrophotometric method to detect subtle changes in its structure. Our methodology is suitable for examining the effects of various agents that interact with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to determine how ROS is involved in the UVA-induced oxidative modifications. The results show that UVA radiation induces the oxidation of DHICA to indole-5,6-quinone-2-carboxylic acid in eumelanin, which is then cleaved to form a photodegraded, pyrrolic moiety and finally to form free pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid. The possible involvement of superoxide radical and singlet oxygen in the oxidation was suggested. The generation and quenching of singlet oxygen by DHICA-melanin was confirmed by direct measurements of singlet oxygen phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Marina Kikuta
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shota Koike
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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266
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Del Amo EM, Rimpelä AK, Heikkinen E, Kari OK, Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Schmitt M, Pelkonen L, Bhattacharya M, Richardson D, Subrizi A, Turunen T, Reinisalo M, Itkonen J, Toropainen E, Casteleijn M, Kidron H, Antopolsky M, Vellonen KS, Ruponen M, Urtti A. Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 57:134-185. [PMID: 28028001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology, because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or blindness. Currently, intravitreal injections are the method of choice to administer drugs to the retina, but this approach is applicable only in selected cases (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble receptors). There are two basic approaches that can be adopted to improve retinal drug delivery: prolonged and/or retina targeted delivery of intravitreal drugs and use of other routes of drug administration, such as periocular, suprachoroidal, sub-retinal, systemic, or topical. Properties of the administration route, drug and delivery system determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors determine the required dosing rates and doses that are needed for drug action. In addition, tolerability factors limit the use of many materials in ocular drug delivery. This review article provides a critical discussion of retinal drug delivery, particularly from the pharmacokinetic point of view. This article does not include an extensive review of drug delivery technologies, because they have already been reviewed several times recently. Instead, we aim to provide a systematic and quantitative view on the pharmacokinetic factors in drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. This review is based on the literature and unpublished data from the authors' laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Otto K Kari
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Ramsay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mechthild Schmitt
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Pelkonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique Richardson
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Turunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Itkonen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marco Casteleijn
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Antopolsky
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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267
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Thompson A, Robles FE, Wilson JW, Deb S, Calderbank R, Warren WS. Dual-wavelength pump-probe microscopy analysis of melanin composition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36871. [PMID: 27833147 PMCID: PMC5104978 DOI: 10.1038/srep36871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pump-probe microscopy is an emerging technique that provides detailed chemical information of absorbers with sub-micrometer spatial resolution. Recent work has shown that the pump-probe signals from melanin in human skin cancers correlate well with clinical concern, but it has been difficult to infer the molecular origins of these differences. Here we develop a mathematical framework to describe the pump-probe dynamics of melanin in human pigmented tissue samples, which treats the ensemble of individual chromophores that make up melanin as Gaussian absorbers with bandwidth related via Frenkel excitons. Thus, observed signals result from an interplay between the spectral bandwidths of the individual underlying chromophores and spectral proximity of the pump and probe wavelengths. The model is tested using a dual-wavelength pump-probe approach and a novel signal processing method based on gnomonic projections. Results show signals can be described by a single linear transition path with different rates of progress for different individual pump-probe wavelength pairs. Moreover, the combined dual-wavelength data shows a nonlinear transition that supports our mathematical framework and the excitonic model to describe the optical properties of melanin. The novel gnomonic projection analysis can also be an attractive generic tool for analyzing mixing paths in biomolecular and analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thompson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | | | - Jesse W. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Sanghamitra Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Robert Calderbank
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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268
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Critical Analysis of the Melanogenic Pathway in Insects and Higher Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101753. [PMID: 27775611 PMCID: PMC5085778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals synthesize melanin pigments for the coloration of their skin and use it for their protection from harmful solar radiation. Insects use melanins even more ingeniously than mammals and employ them for exoskeletal pigmentation, cuticular hardening, wound healing and innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of melanogenesis process occurring in higher animals and insects. A special attention is given to number of aspects that are not previously brought to light: (1) the molecular mechanism of dopachrome conversion that leads to the production of two different dihydroxyindoles; (2) the role of catecholamine derivatives other than dopa in melanin production in animals; (3) the critical parts played by various biosynthetic enzymes associated with insect melanogenesis; and (4) the presence of a number of important gaps in both melanogenic and sclerotinogenic pathways. Additionally, importance of the melanogenic process in insect physiology especially in the sclerotization of their exoskeleton, wound healing reactions and innate immune responses is highlighted. The comparative biochemistry of melanization with sclerotization is also discussed.
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269
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Ito S, Kolbe L. Tyrosine peptides provide a color palette upon tyrosinase oxidation: nanosize does matter. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 30:4-5. [PMID: 27704681 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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270
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Seong ZK, Lee SY, Poudel A, Oh SR, Lee HK. Constituents of Cryptotaenia japonica Inhibit Melanogenesis via CREB- and MAPK-Associated Signaling Pathways in Murine B16 Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101296. [PMID: 27689982 PMCID: PMC6273111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin plays an important role in protecting the skin against ultraviolet light and is responsible for skin color. However, overproduction of melanin is related to several skin disorders, such as age spots, freckles, café au lait spots, Becker’s nevus and other hyperpigmentation syndromes. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of kaempferol-7-O-β-d-glucuronide (K7G) and tilianin, isolated from Cryptotaenia japonica, on melanogenesis and their mechanisms of action in murine B16 melanoma cells. The α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin production was significantly inhibited by K7G and tilianin in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of these compounds on the signaling pathway of melanogenesis were examined. K7G and tilianin downregulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanocyte-specific enzymes, i.e., tyrosinase and TRP1. These compounds also inhibited the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, these compounds increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but decreased the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in B16 cells. Based on the above results, the anti-melanogenic effects of these compounds are caused by suppression of the MAPK signaling pathway through the down-regulation of α-MSH-induced CREB accumulation. This finding suggests that K7G and tilianin may be good candidates for further research to develop therapeutic agents for hyperpigmentation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuh-Kyung Seong
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Yeongudanji-ro 30, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea.
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-roYuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Sung-Yoon Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Yeongudanji-ro 30, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea.
| | - Amrit Poudel
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Yeongudanji-ro 30, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea.
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Yeongudanji-ro 30, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea.
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-roYuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Hyeong-Kyu Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Yeongudanji-ro 30, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea.
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-roYuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
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271
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Beberok A, Wrześniok D, Rzepka Z, Rok J, Delijewski M, Otręba M, Respondek M, Buszman E. Effect of fluoroquinolones on melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes HEMn-DP: a comparative in vitro study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2016; 36:169-175. [PMID: 27572617 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2016.1229674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluoroquinolones are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics. However, their use is often connected with high risk of phototoxic reactions that lead to various skin or eye disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin and fluoroquinolone derivatives with different phototoxic potential, on the viability and melanogenesis in melanocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal human epidermal melanocytes, dark pigmented (HEMn-DP) were used as an in vitro model system. The effect of the tested antibiotics on cell viability and melanization in pigmented cells was investigated using a spectrophotometric method. The WST-1 assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effect of antibiotics. RESULTS Ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin and moxifloxacin induced the concentration-dependent loss in melanocytes viability. The values of EC50 for the tested fluoroquinolone derivatives were found to be 2.0 mM for ciprofloxacin, 0.51 mM for lomefloxacin and 0.27 mM for moxifloxacin. The exposure of cells to different concentrations of the analyzed drugs resulted in decrease in melanin content and tyrosinase activity. The highest decrease was observed for lomefloxacin which may explain its high phototoxic potential in vivo. The role of melanin in the mechanism of the toxicity of fluoroquinolones was discussed and the obtained results were compared with the previously obtained data concerning light-pigmented melanocytes (HEMa-LP). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in vitro suggest that the phototoxic potential of fluoroquinolones in vivo depends on specific drug-melanin interaction, the ability of drugs to affect melanogenesis as well as on the degree of melanocytes pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Beberok
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Michał Otręba
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Michalina Respondek
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
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272
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Edwards NP, van Veelen A, Anné J, Manning PL, Bergmann U, Sellers WI, Egerton VM, Sokaras D, Alonso-Mori R, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Wogelius RA. Elemental characterisation of melanin in feathers via synchrotron X-ray imaging and absorption spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34002. [PMID: 27658854 PMCID: PMC5034265 DOI: 10.1038/srep34002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a critical component of biological systems, but the exact chemistry of melanin is still imprecisely known. This is partly due to melanin’s complex heterogeneous nature and partly because many studies use synthetic analogues and/or pigments extracted from their natural biological setting, which may display important differences from endogenous pigments. Here we demonstrate how synchrotron X-ray analyses can non-destructively characterise the elements associated with melanin pigment in situ within extant feathers. Elemental imaging shows that the distributions of Ca, Cu and Zn are almost exclusively controlled by melanin pigment distribution. X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrates that the atomic coordination of zinc and sulfur is different within eumelanised regions compared to pheomelanised regions. This not only impacts our fundamental understanding of pigmentation in extant organisms but also provides a significant contribution to the evidence-based colour palette available for reconstructing the appearance of fossil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Edwards
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Arjen van Veelen
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jennifer Anné
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Phillip L Manning
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,College of Charleston, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - William I Sellers
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Victoria M Egerton
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,College of Charleston, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University, School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University, School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Roy A Wogelius
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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273
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Szewczyk G, Zadlo A, Sarna M, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Sarna T. Aerobic photoreactivity of synthetic eumelanins and pheomelanins: generation of singlet oxygen and superoxide anion. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:669-678. [PMID: 27505632 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined photoreactivity of synthetic eumelanins, formed by autooxidation of DOPA, or enzymatic oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid and synthetic pheomelanins obtained by enzymatic oxidation of 5-S-cysteinyldopa or 1:1 mixture of DOPA and cysteine. Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry and spin trapping were used to measure oxygen consumption and formation of superoxide anion induced by irradiation of melanin with blue light, and time-resolved near-infrared luminescence was employed to determine the photoformation of singlet oxygen between 300 and 600 nm. Both superoxide anion and singlet oxygen were photogenerated by the synthetic melanins albeit with different efficiency. At 450-nm, quantum yield of singlet oxygen was very low (~10-4 ) but it strongly increased in the UV region. The melanins quenched singlet oxygen efficiently, indicating that photogeneration and quenching of singlet oxygen may play an important role in aerobic photochemistry of melanin pigments and could contribute to their photodegradation and photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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274
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Kim E, Leverage WT, Liu Y, Panzella L, Alfieri ML, Napolitano A, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Paraquat-Melanin Redox-Cycling: Evidence from Electrochemical Reverse Engineering. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1057-67. [PMID: 27246915 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with oxidative stress and the death of melanin-containing neurons of the substantia nigra. Epidemiological evidence links exposure to the pesticide paraquat (PQ) to Parkinson's disease, and this link has been explained by a redox cycling mechanism that induces oxidative stress. Here, we used a novel electrochemistry-based reverse engineering methodology to test the hypothesis that PQ can undergo reductive redox cycling with melanin. In this method, (i) an insoluble natural melanin (from Sepia melanin) and a synthetic model melanin (having a cysteinyldopamine-melanin core and dopamine-melanin shell) were entrapped in a nonconducting hydrogel film adjacent to an electrode, (ii) the film-coated electrode was immersed in solutions containing PQ (putative redox cycling reductant) and a redox cycling oxidant (ferrocene dimethanol), (iii) sequences of input potentials (i.e., voltages) were imposed to the underlying electrode to systematically engage reductive and oxidative redox cycling, and (iv) output response currents were analyzed for signatures of redox cycling. The response characteristics of the PQ-melanin systems to various input potential sequences support the hypothesis that PQ can directly donate electrons to melanin. This observation of PQ-melanin redox interactions demonstrates an association between two components that have been individually linked to oxidative stress and Parkinson's disease. Potentially, melanin's redox activity could be an important component in understanding the etiology of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland 5115 Plant Sciences Building College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - W. Taylor Leverage
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland 5115 Plant Sciences Building College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland 5115 Plant Sciences Building College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cintia
4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Alfieri
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cintia
4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cintia
4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland 5115 Plant Sciences Building College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland 5115 Plant Sciences Building College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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275
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Vij M, Grover R, Gotherwal V, Wani NA, Joshi P, Gautam H, Sharma K, Chandna S, Gokhale RS, Rai R, Ganguli M, Natarajan VT. Bioinspired Functionalized Melanin Nanovariants with a Range of Properties Provide Effective Color Matched Photoprotection in Skin. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2912-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manika Vij
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research, CSIR campus, CSIR Road, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Ritika Grover
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research, CSIR campus, CSIR Road, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Vishvabandhu Gotherwal
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research, CSIR campus, CSIR Road, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Naiem Ahmad Wani
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Prashant Joshi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Hemlata Gautam
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi 110 020, India
| | - Kanupriya Sharma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. SK Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Sudhir Chandna
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. SK Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Rajesh S. Gokhale
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research, CSIR campus, CSIR Road, Chennai 600113, India
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajkishor Rai
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research, CSIR campus, CSIR Road, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Vivek T. Natarajan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research, CSIR campus, CSIR Road, Chennai 600113, India
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276
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mrówczyński
- NanoBioMedical Centre; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 85 61-614 Poznan Poland
| | - Roksana Markiewicz
- NanoBioMedical Centre; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 85 61-614 Poznan Poland
| | - Jürgen Liebscher
- National Institute of Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technologies; Donat 67-103 RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca Romania
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-University Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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277
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Piacenti-Silva M, Matos AA, Paulin JV, Alavarce RADS, de Oliveira RC, Graeff CFO. Biocompatibility investigations of synthetic melanin and melanin analogue for application in bioelectronics. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Piacenti-Silva
- DF-FC, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01 17033-360 Bauru SP Brazil
| | - Adriana Arruda Matos
- USP Campus Bauru - Universidade de São Paulo; Alameda Dr Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75 17012-901 Bauru SP Brazil
| | - João Vitor Paulin
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; POSMAT - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais; Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01 Bauru SP Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- USP Campus Bauru - Universidade de São Paulo; Alameda Dr Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75 17012-901 Bauru SP Brazil
| | - Carlos FO Graeff
- DF-FC, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01 17033-360 Bauru SP Brazil
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; POSMAT - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais; Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01 Bauru SP Brazil
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278
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279
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Jin Z, Fan H. The modulation of melanin-like materials: methods, characterization and applications. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Jin
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Fan
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
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280
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Manchineella S, Thrivikraman G, Khanum KK, Ramamurthy PC, Basu B, Govindaraju T. Pigmented Silk Nanofibrous Composite for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1222-32. [PMID: 27226037 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201501066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) employs designed biomaterial scaffolds for promoting myogenic differentiation of myoblasts to functional myotubes. Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the biocompatibility of biomaterials as well as in the fate of myoblasts during myogenesis and is also associated with pathological conditions such as myotonic dystrophy. The inherent electrical excitability of muscle cells inspired the use of electroactive scaffolds for SMTE. Conducting polymers attracted the attention of researchers for their use in muscle tissue engineering. However, poor biocompatibility, biodegradability and development of oxidative stress associated immunogenic response limits the extensive use of synthetic conducting polymers for SMTE. In order to address the limitations of synthetic polymers, intrinsically electroactive and antioxidant silk fibroin/melanin composite films and electrospun fiber mats were fabricated and evaluated as scaffolds for promoting myogenesis in vitro. Melanin incorporation modulated the thermal stability, electrical conductivity of scaffolds, fiber alignment in electrospun mats and imparted good antioxidant properties to the scaffolds. The composite electrospun scaffolds promoted myoblast assembly and differentiation into uniformly aligned high aspect ratio myotubes. The results highlight the significance of scaffold topography along with conductivity in promoting myogenesis and the potential application of silk nanofibrous composite as electoractive platform for SMTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad Manchineella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; New Chemistry Unit; Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research; Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India
| | - Greeshma Thrivikraman
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Materials Research Centre; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Khadija K. Khanum
- Organic Nano Electronic Laboratory; Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Praveen C. Ramamurthy
- Organic Nano Electronic Laboratory; Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Materials Research Centre; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru 560012 Karnataka India
| | - T. Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; New Chemistry Unit; Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research; Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India
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281
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Melanocytes Affect Nodal Expression and Signaling in Melanoma Cells: A Lesson from Pediatric Large Congenital Melanocytic Nevi. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:418. [PMID: 27011171 PMCID: PMC4813269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of Nodal, a Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) related growth factor, is associated with aggressive melanoma. Nodal expression in adult dysplastic nevi may predict the development of aggressive melanoma in some patients. A subset of pediatric patients diagnosed with giant or large congenital melanocytic nevi (LCMN) has shown increased risk for development of melanoma. Here, we investigate whether Nodal expression can help identify the rare cases of LCMN that develop melanoma and shed light on why the majority of these patients do not. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining results show varying degree of Nodal expression in pediatric dysplastic nevi and LCMN. Moreover, median scores from Nodal IHC expression analysis were not significantly different between these two groups. Additionally, none of the LCMN patients in this study developed melanoma, regardless of Nodal IHC levels. Co-culture experiments revealed reduced tumor growth and lower levels of Nodal and its signaling molecules P-SMAD2 and P-ERK1/2 when melanoma cells were grown in vivo or in vitro with normal melanocytes. The same was observed in melanoma cells cultured with melanocyte conditioned media containing pigmented melanocyte derived melanosomes (MDM). Since MDM contain molecules capable of inactivating radical oxygen species, to investigate potential anti-oxidant effect of MDM on Nodal expression and signaling in melanoma, melanoma cells were treated with either N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a component of the anti-oxidant glutathione or synthetic melanin, which in addition to providing pigmentation can also exert free radical scavenging activity. Melanoma cells treated with NAC or synthetic melanin showed reduced levels of Nodal, P-SMAD2 and P-ERK1/2 compared to untreated melanoma cells. Thus, the potential role for Nodal in melanoma development in LCMN is less evident than in adult dysplastic nevi possibly due to melanocyte cross-talk in LCMN capable of offsetting or delaying the pro-melanoma effects of Nodal via anti-oxidant effects of MDM.
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282
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Galván I, Wakamatsu K. Color measurement of the animal integument predicts the content of specific melanin forms. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The slope of the reflectance spectra of feathers and hairs predicts their content of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA)-eumelanin and benzothiazole-pheomelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology
- Doñana Biological Station – CSIC
- 41092 Sevilla
- Spain
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
- Toyoake
- Japan
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283
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Barra M, Bonadies I, Carfagna C, Cassinese A, Cimino F, Crescenzi O, Criscuolo V, Marco D, Maglione MG, Manini P, Migliaccio L, Musto A, Napolitano A, Navarra A, Panzella L, Parisi S, Pezzella A, Prontera CT, Tassini P. Eumelanin-Based Organic Bioelectronics: Myth or Reality? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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284
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Schartl M, Larue L, Goda M, Bosenberg MW, Hashimoto H, Kelsh RN. What is a vertebrate pigment cell? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 29:8-14. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Department Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken; University of Würzburg; University Clinic Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes CNRS UMR3347 INSERM U1021 Equipe labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Orsay France
| | - Makoto Goda
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Marcus W. Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath UK
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