251
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Sequence Analysis of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Thymidine Kinase and DNA Polymerase Genes from over 300 Clinical Isolates from 1973 to 2014 Finds Novel Mutations That May Be Relevant for Development of Antiviral Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4938-45. [PMID: 26055375 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00977-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 302 clinical herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strains, collected over 4 decades from 1973 to 2014, were characterized retrospectively for drug resistance. All HSV-1 isolates were analyzed genotypically for nonsynonymous mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (Pol) genes. The resistance phenotype against acyclovir (ACV) and/or foscarnet (FOS) was examined in the case of novel, unclear, or resistance-related mutations. Twenty-six novel natural polymorphisms could be detected in the TK gene and 69 in the DNA Pol gene. Furthermore, three novel resistance-associated mutations (two in the TK gene and one in the DNA Pol gene) were analyzed, and eight known but hitherto unclear amino acid substitutions (two encoded in TK and six in the DNA Pol gene) could be clarified. Between 1973 and 2014, the distribution of amino acid changes related to the natural gene polymorphisms of TK and DNA Pol remained largely stable. Resistance to ACV was confirmed phenotypically for 16 isolates, and resistance to ACV plus FOS was confirmed for 1 isolate. Acyclovir-resistant strains were observed from the year 1995 onwards, predominantly in immunosuppressed patients, especially those with stem cell transplantation, and the number of ACV-resistant strains increased during the last 2 decades. The data confirm the strong genetic variability among HIV-1 isolates, which is more pronounced in the DNA Pol gene than in the TK gene, and will facilitate considerably the rapid genotypic diagnosis of HSV-1 resistance.
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252
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Pleyer U, Chee SP. Current aspects on the management of viral uveitis in immunocompetent individuals. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:1017-28. [PMID: 26089633 PMCID: PMC4467646 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s60394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a fundamental etiology of ocular inflammation, which may affect all structures of the organ. Advances in molecular diagnostics reveal an increasingly broader spectrum of virus-associated intraocular inflammation, including all members of the herpes family, rubella virus, and other more rare causes such as Epstein–Barr and chikungunya virus. In particular, viruses of the herpes family are important causes of anterior and posterior uveitis. Owing to their often fulminant clinical course and persistence in ocular tissues, a clear differential diagnosis between alpha- and beta-type herpes viruses is essential to guide acute and long-term treatment. Here, we review the epidemiology, clinical, and laboratory findings of virus-associated uveitis with emphasis on their therapy and management and include our own experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Pleyer
- Augenklinik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soon-Phaik Chee
- Augenklinik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany ; Ocular Inflammation and Immunology Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore ; Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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253
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Cañón M, Manrique M, Ibáñez M, Caicedo L, Grillo-Ardila CF. Episodic therapy for recurrent genital herpes in non-immunocompromized adults. Hippokratia 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cañón
- Fundación Universitaria Sanitas; School of Medicine; Bogotá Distrito Capital Colombia
| | | | - Milciades Ibáñez
- Fundación Universitaria Sanitas; Clinical Research Institute; Bogotá Colombia
| | - Lina Caicedo
- Fundación Universitaria Sanitas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Bogotá Colombia
| | - Carlos F Grillo-Ardila
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Carrera 30 No 45-03 Bogota Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Clinical Research Institute; Bogota Colombia
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254
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Todorov D, Shishkova K, Dragolova D, Hinkov A, Kapchina-Toteva V, Shishkov S. Antiviral activity of medicinal plantNepeta nuda. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1047215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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255
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Sheinboim D, Hindiyeh M, Mendelson E, Albeck M, Sredni B, Dovrat S. The immunomodulator, ammonium trichloro[1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate, suppresses the propagation of herpes simplex virus 2 by reducing the infectivity of the virus progeny. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:231-8. [PMID: 25936393 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent investigations for the identification of novel anti-herpetic drugs are being conducted worldwide, as current treatment options are sometimes insufficient. The immunomodulator, ammonium trichloro[1,2‑ethanediolato‑O,O']‑tellurate (AS101), a non‑toxic tellurium (Ⅳ) compound, has been shown to exhibit anti‑viral activity against a variety of viruses in cell cultures and in animal models. In the present study, the anti‑viral activity of AS101 against herpes simplex virus (HSV)‑1 and 2 was investigated in vitro. The results demonstrated that AS101 significantly restricted HSV‑2-induced plaque formation and reduced the infectivity of the HSV‑2 yield, while HSV‑1 was affected to a lesser extent. The incubation of mature HSV‑1 and HSV‑2 viruses with AS101 had no effect on viral infectivity, indicating that the compound interrupts de novo viral synthesis. The addition of AS101 at up to 9 h post‑infection had almost the same effect as did the addition of the drug together with the virus (it maintained 80% of its total anti‑viral capacity). Quantitative PCR and immunofluoresence staining of viral structural proteins revealed that the viral DNA and protein synthesis stages were not interrupted by the administration of AS101. By contrast, in the presence of the compound, significantly fewer viable viruses (≥2 log reduction) were recovered from the AS10‑treated cell cultures. Of note, when we determined the viability of the intracellular virus, formed in the presence of the compound, a less severe (≤1 log) effect was observed. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that AS101 primarily interferes with late stages of viral replication, such as viral particle envelopment or egress, leading to the production of a defective virus progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sheinboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat‑Gan, Israel
| | - M Hindiyeh
- Central Virology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat‑Gan, Israel
| | - E Mendelson
- Central Virology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat‑Gan, Israel
| | - M Albeck
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar‑Ilan University, Ramat‑Gan, Israel
| | - B Sredni
- The SAFDIÉ Cancer, AIDS and Immunology Research (CAIR) Institute, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar‑Ilan University, Ramat‑Gan, Israel
| | - S Dovrat
- Central Virology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat‑Gan, Israel
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256
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Cosenza VA, Navarro DA, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Stortz CA. Partial and total C-6 oxidation of gelling carrageenans. Modulation of the antiviral activity with the anionic character. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 128:199-206. [PMID: 26005156 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The optimal conditions for the full C-6 oxidation of κ- and ι-carrageenans using (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl)oxy (TEMPO) in the presence of sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide were assessed. The fully oxidized products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Partially oxidized products were also obtained and analyzed by chemical and spectroscopical methods. The antiviral activity of carrageenans against herpes simplex virus HSV-1 and HSV-2 determined by plaque reduction assay, was not largely affected by full oxidation of the polysaccharides, but an increase in activity was detected by partial oxidation. A specific overoxidation on C-2 of the 3,6-anhydrogalactose moiety of κ-carrageenan was identified, solved experimentally and rationalized through the application of molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina A Cosenza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A Navarro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica - IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica - IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Stortz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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257
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Komazin-Meredith G, Cardinale SC, Comeau K, Magalhaes KJ, Hartline CB, Williams JD, Opperman TJ, Prichard MN, Bowlin TL. TAOK3 phosphorylates the methylenecyclopropane nucleoside MBX 2168 to its monophosphate. Antiviral Res 2015; 119:23-7. [PMID: 25857706 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monohydroxymethyl methylenecyclopropane nucleosides (MCPNs) with ether or thioether substituents at the 6-position show promise as broad-spectrum herpes virus inhibitors. Their proposed mechanism of action involves sequential phosphorylation to a triphosphate, which can then inhibit viral DNA polymerase. The inhibition of herpes simplex virus (HSV) by these compounds is not dependent on the viral thymidine kinase (TK), which is known to phosphorylate acyclovir (ACV), a standard treatment for HSV infections. Previous studies on the mechanism of action of these compounds against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) implicated a host kinase in addition to HCMV UL97 kinase in performing the initial phosphorylation. After first eliminating other candidate HSV-1 encoded kinases (UL13 and US3) as well as potential host nucleoside kinases, using activity-based fractionation, we have now identified the host serine-threonine protein kinase TAOK3 as the kinase responsible for transforming the representative monohydroxymethyl MCPN analog MBX 2168 to its monophosphate.
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258
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Le Doare K, Menson E, Patel D, Lim M, Lyall H, Herberg J. Fifteen minute consultation: managing neonatal and childhood herpes encephalitis. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2015; 100:58-63. [PMID: 25112286 PMCID: PMC4392236 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common single cause of viral encephalitis in infants and children. Treated or untreated, it can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, and its presentation is usually insidious and non-specific. Prompt and careful investigation is important in order to establish the diagnosis so that treatment can be optimised. We address some common questions arising when diagnosing and treating presumed HSE throughout childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Le Doare
- Wellcome Trust/Imperial Centre for Global Health Research, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Esse Menson
- Department of General Paediatrics, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Deepak Patel
- Imperial College NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ming Lim
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hermione Lyall
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Imperial College NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jethro Herberg
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK
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259
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de Oliveira A, Prince D, Lo CY, Lee LH, Chu TC. Antiviral activity of theaflavin digallate against herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral Res 2015; 118:56-67. [PMID: 25818500 PMCID: PMC7113870 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Black tea theaflavins show significant anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) effect on both A549 and Vero cells. Theaflavin is able to inhibit the entry of HSV-1 to its host by blocking the adsorption and penetration processes. Application of these agents as natural topical remedy to prevent and treat HSV-1 infection and spreading is promising.
Tea is the second most consumed drink in the world. The beneficial effects of tea have been mostly attributed to its catechin content. Black tea is derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis plant, and it is rich in theaflavin polyphenols, in particular theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-monogallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3′-monogallate (TF2B), and theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF3). Vero and A549 cells were used to evaluate the effect of purified individual black tea theaflavins as anti-herpes simplex virus 1 agents. With the rise of HSV resistant strains, there is a critical need to develop novel antiherpesviral treatments. Results of the cytotoxicity assay tested by MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] showed that TF1, TF2, and TF3 are not toxic to Vero and A549 cells at a concentration up to 75 μM. The antiviral activity of the individual theaflavins was tested by plaque reduction assay, MTS assay, flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopy observations. The results showed that TF1, TF2, and TF3 exhibit potent, dose-dependent anti-HSV-1 effect, with TF3 being the most efficient in both Vero and A549 cells. A concentration of 50 μM TF3 and above was sufficient to inhibit >99% of the production of HSV-1 viral particles. The anti-HSV-1 effect of TF3 is due to a direct effect on the virions, and treating Vero or A549 cells with TF3 for 1 h prior to infection, or treating the cells at different times post infection does not inhibit HSV-1 production. TF3 is stable at vaginal pH, indicating its potential to be a promising natural and affordable remedy against herpes simplex viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Derek Prince
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Chih-Yu Lo
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Lee H Lee
- Department of Biology & Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Tin-Chun Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
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260
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Gnabre J, Bates R, Huang RC. Creosote bush lignans for human disease treatment and prevention: Perspectives on combination therapy. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 5:119-26. [PMID: 26151022 PMCID: PMC4488564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal properties of the most successful plant in the deserts of the western hemisphere, the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), are evidenced by the long traditional usage of the plants by the Native Americans Indian tribes in Southwestern North America and the Amerindians from South America. The plant is rich in simple bisphenyl lignans and tricyclic lignans known as cyclolignans. These compounds are responsible for many of the pharmacological activities of extracts of the plants. Some of these activities, namely antiherpes, antioxidant, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory, were known a century ago. Only recently have further studies revealed other crucial activities of the same plant molecules as powerful agents against human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and symptoms of aging. Molecular mechanisms underlying the antiviral and anticancer activities have been elucidated and involve the inhibition of SP1 dependent gene transcription. This review summarizes the recent findings on creosote bush lignans. We introduce the concept of a cocktail of safe well-characterized natural products from the creosote bush that would represent a bridge between oriental herbal medicines and Western drug-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gnabre
- Mal-4 Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ru Chih Huang
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
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261
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Quantitation of endogenous nucleoside triphosphates and nucleosides in human cells by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3693-704. [PMID: 25749797 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides and nucleoside triphosphates are the building blocks of nucleic acids and important bioactive metabolites, existing in all living cells. In the present study, two liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed to quantify both groups of compounds from the same sample with a shared extraction procedure. After a simple protein precipitation with methanol, the nucleosides were separated with reversed phase chromatography on an Atlantis T3 column while for the separation of the nucleoside triphosphates, an anion exchange column (BioBasic AX) was used. No addition of ion pair reagent was required. A 5500 QTrap was used as analyzer, operating as triple quadrupole. The analytical method for the nucleoside triphosphates has been validated according to the guidelines of the US Food and Drug Administration. The lower limit of quantification values were determined as 10 pg on column (0.5 ng/mL in the injection solution) for deoxyadenosine triphosphate and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, 20 pg (1 ng/mL) for deoxycytidine triphosphate and thymidine triphosphate, 100 pg (5 ng/mL) for cytidine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate, and 500 pg (25 ng/mL) for adenosine triphosphate und uridine triphosphate respectively. This methodology has been applied to the quantitation of nucleosides and nucleoside triphosphates in primary human CD4 T lymphocytes and macrophages. As expected, the concentrations for ribonucleosides and ribonucleoside triphophates were considerably higher than those obtained for the deoxy derivatives. Upon T cell receptor activation, the levels of all analytes, with the notable exceptions of deoxyadenosine triphosphate and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, were found to be elevated in CD4 T cells.
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262
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Hung PY, Ho BC, Lee SY, Chang SY, Kao CL, Lee SS, Lee CN. Houttuynia cordata targets the beginning stage of herpes simplex virus infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115475. [PMID: 25643242 PMCID: PMC4314066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a common latent virus in humans, causes certain severe diseases. Extensive use of acyclovir (ACV) results in the development of drug-resistant HSV strains, hence, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs to treat HSV infection. Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata), a natural herbal medicine, has been reported to exhibit anti-HSV effects which is partly NF-κB-dependent. However, the molecular mechanisms by which H. cordata inhibits HSV infection are not elucidated thoroughly. Here, we report that H. cordata water extracts (HCWEs) inhibit the infection of HSV-1, HSV-2, and acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 mainly via blocking viral binding and penetration in the beginning of infection. HCWEs also suppress HSV replication. Furthermore, HCWEs attenuate the first-wave of NF-κB activation, which is essential for viral gene expressions. Further analysis of six compounds in HCWEs revealed that quercetin and isoquercitrin inhibit NF-κB activation and additionally, quercetin also has an inhibitory effect on viral entry. These results indicate that HCWEs can inhibit HSV infection through multiple mechanisms and could be a potential lead for development of new drugs for treating HSV.
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MESH Headings
- Acyclovir/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Drug Resistance, Viral/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/physiology
- Hot Temperature
- Houttuynia/chemistry
- Humans
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Virion/drug effects
- Virion/physiology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Water/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yun Hung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Ching Ho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Liang Kao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shoei-Sheng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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263
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Jin F, Zhuo C, He Z, Wang H, Liu W, Zhang R, Wang Y. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of polysaccharides from Eucheuma gelatinae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:453-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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264
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Ramjee G, Abbai NS, Naidoo S. Women and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2015.57056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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265
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Alekseev O, Limonnik V, Donovan K, Azizkhan-Clifford J. Activation of checkpoint kinase 2 is critical for herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in corneal epithelium. Ophthalmic Res 2014; 53:55-64. [PMID: 25531207 PMCID: PMC4380435 DOI: 10.1159/000366228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I keratitis remains a leading cause of corneal morbidity, despite the availability of effective antiviral drugs. Improved understanding of virus-host interactions at the level of the host DNA damage response (DDR), a known factor in the development of HSV-1 keratitis, may shed light on potential new therapeutic targets. This report examines the role of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a DDR mediator protein, in corneal epithelial HSV-1 infection. METHODS A small-molecule inhibitor of Chk2 (Chk2 inhibitor II) was applied to HSV-1-infected cultured human corneal epithelial cells (hTCEpi and HCE) as well as to explanted and organotypically cultured human and rabbit corneas. Infection levels were assessed by plaque assay and real-time PCR. RNAi-mediated depletion of Chk2 was performed to confirm the effect of the inhibitor. RESULTS Inhibition of the Chk2 kinase activity greatly suppresses the cytopathic effect, genome replication and infectious progeny production in vitro and ex vivo. CONCLUSION This report demonstrates the critical role of Chk2 kinase in the establishment of HSV-1 corneal epithelial infection. These data contribute to our understanding of herpesvirus-host interactions and underscore the significance of DDR activation in HSV-1 keratitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Checkpoint Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Checkpoint Kinase 2/metabolism
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Epithelium, Corneal/drug effects
- Epithelium, Corneal/virology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Keratitis, Herpetic/enzymology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Phosphorylation
- Rabbits
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Alekseev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
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266
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James SH, Larson KB, Acosta EP, Prichard MN. Helicase-primase as a target of new therapies for herpes simplex virus infections. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 97:66-78. [PMID: 25670384 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The seminal discovery of acyclovir 40 years ago heralded the modern era of truly selective antiviral therapies and this drug remains the therapy of choice for herpes simplex virus infections. Yet by modern standards, its antiviral activity is modest and new drugs against novel molecular targets such as the helicase-primase have the potential to improve clinical outcome, particularly in high-risk patients. A brief synopsis of current therapies for these infections and clinical need is provided to help provide an initial perspective. The function of the helicase-primase complex is then summarized and the development of new inhibitors of the helicase-primase complex, such as pritelivir and amenamevir, is discussed. We review their mechanism of action, propensity for drug resistance, and pharmacokinetic characteristics and discuss their potential to advance current therapeutic options. Strategies that include combinations of these inhibitors with acyclovir are also considered, as they will likely maximize clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H James
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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267
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Animal models of herpes simplex virus immunity and pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2014; 21:8-23. [PMID: 25388226 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses are ubiquitous human pathogens represented by two distinct serotypes: herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1); and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). In the general population, adult seropositivity rates approach 90% for HSV-1 and 20-25% for HSV-2. These viruses cause significant morbidity, primarily as mucosal membrane lesions in the form of facial cold sores and genital ulcers, with much less common but more severe manifestations causing death from encephalitis. HSV infections in humans are difficult to study in many cases because many primary infections are asymptomatic. Moreover, the neurotropic properties of HSV make it much more difficult to study the immune mechanisms controlling reactivation of latent infection within the corresponding sensory ganglia and crossover into the central nervous system of infected humans. This is because samples from the nervous system can only be routinely obtained at the time of autopsy. Thus, animal models have been developed whose use has led to a better understanding of multiple aspects of HSV biology, molecular biology, pathogenesis, disease, and immunity. The course of HSV infection in a spectrum of animal models depends on important experimental parameters including animal species, age, and genotype; route of infection; and viral serotype, strain, and dose. This review summarizes the animal models most commonly used to study HSV pathogenesis and its establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency. It focuses particularly on the immune response to HSV during acute primary infection and the initial invasion of the ganglion with comparisons to the events governing maintenance of viral latency.
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268
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Simultaneous titration and phenotypic antiviral drug susceptibility testing for herpes simplex virus 1 and 2. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:382-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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269
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Frobert E, Burrel S, Ducastelle-Lepretre S, Billaud G, Ader F, Casalegno JS, Nave V, Boutolleau D, Michallet M, Lina B, Morfin F. Resistance of herpes simplex viruses to acyclovir: An update from a ten-year survey in France. Antiviral Res 2014; 111:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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270
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Orlowski P, Tomaszewska E, Gniadek M, Baska P, Nowakowska J, Sokolowska J, Nowak Z, Donten M, Celichowski G, Grobelny J, Krzyzowska M. Tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles show antiviral activity in herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104113. [PMID: 25117537 PMCID: PMC4130517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between silver nanoparticles and herpesviruses is attracting great interest due to their antiviral activity and possibility to use as microbicides for oral and anogenital herpes. In this work, we demonstrate that tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles sized 13 nm, 33 nm and 46 nm are capable of reducing HSV-2 infectivity both in vitro and in vivo. The antiviral activity of tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles was size-related, required direct interaction and blocked virus attachment, penetration and further spread. All tested tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles reduced both infection and inflammatory reaction in the mouse model of HSV-2 infection when used at infection or for a post-infection treatment. Smaller-sized nanoparticles induced production of cytokines and chemokines important for anti-viral response. The corresponding control buffers with tannic acid showed inferior antiviral effects in vitro and were ineffective in blocking in vivo infection. Our results show that tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles are good candidates for microbicides used in treatment of herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Orlowski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Tomaszewska
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Baska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julita Nowakowska
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Sokolowska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Donten
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Celichowski
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Grobelny
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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271
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Ohara Y, Morita A. [The cutting-edge of medicine: application of molecular diagnostics for central nervous system infections]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2014; 103:1942-1947. [PMID: 25654891 DOI: 10.2169/naika.103.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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272
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Ellagitannins as synergists of ACV on the replication of ACV-resistant strains of HSV 1 and 2. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:104-14. [PMID: 25111906 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plant-derived polyphenolic compounds castalagin, vescalagin and grandinin (C-glucosidic ellagitannins containing nonahydroxyterphenoyl) manifested a strong inhibitory effect on the replication of acyclovir-resistant strains of herpes simplex viruses (HSV) type 1 and 2 in MDBK cells in focus forming units (i.e., microscopically registered microplaques) reduction assay and in two variants of cytopathic effect inhibition test. The effect on the acyclovir (ACV)-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain was markedly higher compared to that on the ACV-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The three compounds showed comparable levels of antiviral activity against ACV-resistant HSV strains, in contrast with previous results where castalagin exerted the highest degree of activity against wild type HSV strains (Vilhelmova et al., 2011). Combinations of ellagitannins and ACV were tested on the ACV-resistant strains of both HSV-1 and 2 and produced synergistic effects that were revealed by applying the three-dimensional approach of Prichard and Shipman (1990). The ellagitannin(s)-ACV combination applied against ACV-resistant HSV-1 produced a much stronger synergistic effect compared to the effect observed against ACV-resistant HSV-2. The study of the effects of the combination ellagitannin(s)-ACF on intact cell monolayers did not show any toxicity resulting from interaction between the two substances. Altogether, the results obtained in this study demonstrate the highly promising potential of these plant polyphenols as antiherpetic agents.
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273
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Coronaviruses resistant to a 3C-like protease inhibitor are attenuated for replication and pathogenesis, revealing a low genetic barrier but high fitness cost of resistance. J Virol 2014; 88:11886-98. [PMID: 25100843 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01528-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral protease inhibitors are remarkably effective at blocking the replication of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, but they inevitably lead to the selection of inhibitor-resistant mutants, which may contribute to ongoing disease. Protease inhibitors blocking the replication of coronavirus (CoV), including the causative agents of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), provide a promising foundation for the development of anticoronaviral therapeutics. However, the selection and consequences of inhibitor-resistant CoVs are unknown. In this study, we exploited the model coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), to investigate the genotype and phenotype of MHV quasispecies selected for resistance to a broad-spectrum CoV 3C-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitor. Clonal sequencing identified single or double mutations within the 3CLpro coding sequence of inhibitor-resistant virus. Using reverse genetics to generate isogenic viruses with mutant 3CLpros, we found that viruses encoding double-mutant 3CLpros are fully resistant to the inhibitor and exhibit a significant delay in proteolytic processing of the viral replicase polyprotein. The inhibitor-resistant viruses also exhibited postponed and reduced production of infectious virus particles. Biochemical analysis verified double-mutant 3CLpro enzyme as impaired for protease activity and exhibiting reduced sensitivity to the inhibitor and revealed a delayed kinetics of inhibitor hydrolysis and activity restoration. Furthermore, the inhibitor-resistant virus was shown to be highly attenuated in mice. Our study provides the first insight into the pathogenicity and mechanism of 3CLpro inhibitor-resistant CoV mutants, revealing a low genetic barrier but high fitness cost of resistance. Importance: RNA viruses are infamous for their ability to evolve in response to selective pressure, such as the presence of antiviral drugs. For coronaviruses such as the causative agent of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), protease inhibitors have been developed and shown to block virus replication, but the consequences of selection of inhibitor-resistant mutants have not been studied. Here, we report the low genetic barrier and relatively high deleterious consequences of CoV resistance to a 3CLpro protease inhibitor in a coronavirus model system, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). We found that although mutations that confer resistance arise quickly, the resistant viruses replicate slowly and do not cause lethal disease in mice. Overall, our study provides the first analysis of the low barrier but high cost of resistance to a CoV 3CLpro inhibitor, which will facilitate the further development of protease inhibitors as anti-coronavirus therapeutics.
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274
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James SH, Prichard MN. Current and future therapies for herpes simplex virus infections: mechanism of action and drug resistance. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 8:54-61. [PMID: 25036916 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Forty years after the discovery of acyclovir (ACV), it remains the mainstay of therapy for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. Since then, other antiviral agents have also been added to the armamentarium for these infections but ACV remains the therapy of choice. As the efficacy of ACV is reassessed, however, it is apparent that a therapy with increased efficacy, reduced potential for resistance, and improved pharmacokinetics would improve clinical outcome, particularly in high risk patients. Inhibitors of viral targets other than the DNA polymerase, such as the helicase primase complex, are of particular interest and will be valuable as new therapeutic approaches are conceived. This review focuses on currently approved HSV therapies as well as new systemic therapies in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H James
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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275
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Alvarez-Ros MC, Palafox MA. Conformational analysis, molecular structure and solid state simulation of the antiviral drug acyclovir (zovirax) using density functional theory methods. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:695-722. [PMID: 24915059 PMCID: PMC4078516 DOI: 10.3390/ph7060695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The five tautomers of the drug acyclovir (ACV) were determined and optimised at the MP2 and B3LYP quantum chemical levels of theory. The stability of the tautomers was correlated with different parameters. On the most stable tautomer N1 was carried out a comprehensive conformational analysis, and the whole conformational parameters (R, β, Φ, φ1, φ2, φ3, φ4, φ5) were studied as well as the NBO Natural atomic charges. The calculations were carried out with full relaxation of all geometrical parameters. The search located at least 78 stable structures within 8.5 kcal/mol electronic energy range of the global minimum, and classified in two groups according to the positive or negative value of the torsional angle j1. In the nitrogen atoms and in the O2' and O5' oxygen atoms of the most stable conformer appear a higher reactivity than in the natural nucleoside deoxyguanosine. The solid state was simulated through a dimer and tetramer forms and the structural parameters were compared with the X-ray crystal data available. Several general conclusions were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Clara Alvarez-Ros
- Departamento de Química-Física I. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Mauricio Alcolea Palafox
- Departamento de Química-Física I. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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276
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Zhong M, Zheng K, Chen M, Xiang Y, Jin F, Ma K, Qiu X, Wang Q, Peng T, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Heat-shock protein 90 promotes nuclear transport of herpes simplex virus 1 capsid protein by interacting with acetylated tubulin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99425. [PMID: 24901434 PMCID: PMC4047101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) can inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the role of Hsp90 in HSV-1 entry and the antiviral mechanisms of Hsp90 inhibitors remain unclear. In this study, we found that Hsp90 inhibitors have potent antiviral activity against standard or drug-resistant HSV-1 strains and viral gene and protein synthesis are inhibited in an early phase. More detailed studies demonstrated that Hsp90 is upregulated by virus entry and it interacts with virus. Hsp90 knockdown by siRNA or treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors significantly inhibited the nuclear transport of viral capsid protein (ICP5) at the early stage of HSV-1 infection. In contrast, overexpression of Hsp90 restored the nuclear transport that was prevented by the Hsp90 inhibitors, suggesting that Hsp90 is required for nuclear transport of viral capsid protein. Furthermore, HSV-1 infection enhanced acetylation of α-tubulin and Hsp90 interacted with the acetylated α-tubulin, which is suppressed by Hsp90 inhibition. These results demonstrate that Hsp90, by interacting with acetylated α-tubulin, plays a crucial role in viral capsid protein nuclear transport and may provide novel insight into the role of Hsp90 in HSV-1 infection and offer a promising strategy to overcome drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meigong Zhong
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Maoyun Chen
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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277
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Bache M, Andrei G, Bindl L, Bofferding L, Bottu J, Géron C, Neuhäuser C, Gillemot S, Fiten P, Opdenakker G, Snoeck R. Antiviral Drug-Resistance Typing Reveals Compartmentalization and Dynamics of Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) in a Case of Neonatal Herpes. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2014; 3:e24-7. [PMID: 26625375 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pit045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A neonate suffering from herpes simplex virus type 2 disease with central nervous system involvement developed an early recurrence under acyclovir therapy. Isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid and skin lesions were acyclovir resistant, while viruses from blood and trachea were not. Acyclovir combined with foscavir followed by long-term suppressive acyclovir therapy supported normal neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bache
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | | | - Lutz Bindl
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Léon Bofferding
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Jean Bottu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Christine Géron
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Pierre Fiten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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278
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LeGoff J, Péré H, Bélec L. Diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection in the clinical laboratory. Virol J 2014; 11:83. [PMID: 24885431 PMCID: PMC4032358 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the type of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection affects prognosis and subsequent counseling, type-specific testing to distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2 is always recommended. Although PCR has been the diagnostic standard method for HSV infections of the central nervous system, until now viral culture has been the test of choice for HSV genital infection. However, HSV PCR, with its consistently and substantially higher rate of HSV detection, could replace viral culture as the gold standard for the diagnosis of genital herpes in people with active mucocutaneous lesions, regardless of anatomic location or viral type. Alternatively, antigen detection—an immunofluorescence test or enzyme immunoassay from samples from symptomatic patients--could be employed, but HSV type determination is of importance. Type-specific serology based on glycoprotein G should be used for detecting asymptomatic individuals but widespread screening for HSV antibodies is not recommended. In conclusion, rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of HSV is now become a necessity, given the difficulty in making the clinical diagnosis of HSV, the growing worldwide prevalence of genital herpes and the availability of effective antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme LeGoff
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Microbiology laboratory, Inserm U941, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France.
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279
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Antiherpesvirus activities of two novel 4'-thiothymidine derivatives, KAY-2-41 and KAH-39-149, are dependent on viral and cellular thymidine kinases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4328-40. [PMID: 24820089 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02825-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant herpesviruses represents a significant problem in clinical practice, primarily in immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, effective antiviral therapies against gammaherpesvirus-associated diseases are lacking. Here, we present two thiothymidine derivatives, KAY-2-41 and KAH-39-149, with different spectra of antiviral activity from those of the reference antiherpetic drugs, showing inhibitory activities against herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and particularly against Epstein-Barr virus, with high selectivity in vitro. While KAY-2-41- and KAH-39-149-resistant herpesviruses were found to harbor mutations in the viral thymidine kinase (TK), these mutations conferred only low levels of resistance to these drugs but high levels to other TK-dependent drugs. Also, antiviral assays in HeLa TK-deficient cells showed a lack of KAY-2-41 and KAH-39-149 activities against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 TK-deficient mutants. Furthermore, enzymatic TK assays showed the ability of HSV-1 TK, VZV TK, and cellular TK1 and TK2 to recognize and phosphorylate KAY-2-41 and KAH-39-149. These results demonstrate that the compounds depend on both viral and host TKs to exert antiviral activity. Additionally, the antiviral efficacy of KAH-39-149 proved to be superior to that of KAY-2-41 in a mouse model of gammaherpesvirus infection, highlighting the potential of this class of antiviral agents for further development as selective therapeutics against Epstein-Barr virus.
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280
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acyclovir (ACV) is the first-line treatment for the management of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) diseases. Long-term administration of the drug for the treatment of chronic infections in the immunocompromised host can lead to the development of ACV-resistance. This review provides an update of the mutations linked to drug-resistance and issues to be considered in the management of HSV infections refractory to antiviral therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data have shown that HSV drug-resistance should be taken into account not only in immunocompromised individuals but also in immunocompetent persons when HSV infections involve 'immune-privileged sites'. Thus, drug-resistance typing is recommended in cases of ACV unresponsive herpetic keratitis and herpes simplex encephalitis. Several issues regarding HSV drug-resistance were highlighted by recent studies. Phenotypic and genotypic antiviral resistance may vary not only from different compartments but also over time, highlighting the importance of characterizing longitudinal HSV isolates from all sites. Combination therapy should be considered when viruses with distinct phenotype/genotype are identified at one or at distinct body sites. SUMMARY Surveillance of HSV drug-resistance is highly recommended in immunocompromised patients and in immunocompetent individuals with infections implicating 'immune-privileged sites' to rationally adapt antiviral treatment.
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281
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Jin F, Li S, Zheng K, Zhuo C, Ma K, Chen M, Wang Q, Zhang P, Fan J, Ren Z, Wang Y. Silencing herpes simplex virus type 1 capsid protein encoding genes by siRNA: a promising antiviral therapeutic approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96623. [PMID: 24794394 PMCID: PMC4008601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a member of the herpesviridae, causes a variety of human viral diseases globally. Although a series of antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of infection and suppression of dissemination, HSV-1 remains highly prevalent worldwide. Therefore, the development of novel antiviral agents with different mechanisms of action is a matter of extreme urgency. During the proliferation of HSV-1, capsid assembly is essential for viral growth, and it is highly conserved in all HSV-1 strains. In this study, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against the HSV-1 capsid protein were screened to explore the influence of silencing capsid expression on the replication of HSV-1. We designed and chemically synthesized siRNAs for the capsid gene and assessed their inhibitory effects on the expression of target mRNA and the total intracellular viral genome loads by quantitative real-time PCR, as well as on the replication of HSV-1 via plaque reduction assays and electron microscopy. Our results showed that siRNA was an effective approach to inhibit the expression of capsid protein encoding genes including UL18, UL19, UL26, UL26.5, UL35 and UL38 in vitro. Interference of capsid proteins VP23 (UL18) and VP5 (UL19) individually or jointly greatly affected the replication of clinically isolated acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 as well as HSV-1/F and HSV-2/333. Plaque numbers and intracellular virions were significantly reduced by simultaneous knockdown of UL18 and UL19. The total intracellular viral genome loads were also significantly decreased in the UL18 and UL19 knockdown groups compared with the viral control. In conclusion, interfering with UL18 and UL19 gene expression could inhibit HSV-1 replication efficiently in vitro. Our research offers new targets for an RNA interference-based therapeutic strategy against HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kai Zheng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuiqin Zhuo
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Maoyun Chen
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zhe Ren
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (ZR); (YFW)
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (ZR); (YFW)
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282
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Burrel
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
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283
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Bernstein DI, Cardin RD, Bravo FJ, Earwood J, Clark JR, Li Y, Mishra P, Li C, Nayak BP, Miller AT, Wu TYH, Cooke MP, Valiante NM. Topical SMIP-7.7, a toll-like receptor 7 agonist, protects against genital herpes simplex virus type-2 disease in the guinea pig model of genital herpes. Antivir Chem Chemother 2014; 23:189-96. [PMID: 23232327 DOI: 10.3851/imp2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of more effective therapies for genital herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections remains a priority. The toll-like receptors (TLR) are attractive targets for the immunomodulation of primary and recurrent genital herpes infection. The guinea pig model of genital HSV-2 disease was therefore used to evaluate the efficacy of a new TLR-7 agonist, SMIP-7.7. METHODS The effects of SMIP-7.7 at concentrations between 0.90% and 0.09% were compared to the vehicle control or Aldara(®) (3M Health Care Limited, Northridge, CA, USA) as treatment for genital HSV-2 infections. Following intravaginal inoculation of Hartley guinea pigs with 10(6) pfu HSV-2 (MS strain), animals were treated intravaginally beginning at 36 h post-infection. Animals were evaluated for acute disease, acute virus replication, recurrent disease and shedding, as well as infection of the dorsal root ganglia. RESULTS Treatment with SMIP-7.7 significantly decreased mean total lesion scores during primary infection (all doses, P<0.01 compared with vehicle control, and similar to Aldara(®)). Vaginal virus titres were reduced in treated animals compared with vehicle control (P<0.001 for each treatment versus vehicle control on day 4). Treatment with SMIP-7.7 also significantly decreased the number of recurrent lesion days, the number of days with recurrent virus shedding and the infection of the dorsal root ganglia compared to the vehicle control, and was similar to Aldara(®). As opposed to Aldara(®), SMIP-7.7 did not induce fever or weight loss during treatment. CONCLUSIONS SMIP-7.7 improves the outcome of primary and recurrent HSV-2 disease comparable to Aldara(®) but without some of the side effects associated with Aldara(®).
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284
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Alekseev O, Donovan K, Limonnik V, Azizkhan-Clifford J. Nonthermal Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Replication in Corneal Epithelium. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:2. [PMID: 24757592 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes keratitis (HK) is the leading cause of cornea-derived and infection-associated blindness in the developed world. Despite the availability of effective antivirals, some patients develop refractory disease, drug-resistant infection, and topical toxicity. A nonpharmaceutical treatment modality may offer a unique advantage in the management of such cases. This study investigated the antiviral effect of nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, a partially ionized gas that can be applied to organic substances to produce various biological effects. METHODS Human corneal epithelial cells and explanted corneas were infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and exposed to culture medium treated with nonthermal DBD plasma. The extent of infection was measured by plaque assay, quantitative PCR, and Western blot. Corneal toxicity assessment was performed with fluorescein staining, histologic examination, and 8-OHdG detection. RESULTS Application of DBD plasma-treated medium to human corneal epithelial cells and explanted corneas produced a dose-dependent reduction of the cytopathic effect, viral genome replication, and the overall production of infectious viral progeny. Toxicity studies showed lack of detrimental effects in explanted human corneas. CONCLUSIONS Nonthermal DBD plasma substantially suppresses corneal HSV-1 infection in vitro and ex vivo without causing pronounced toxicity. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Nonthermal plasma is a versatile tool that holds great biomedical potential for ophthalmology, where it is being investigated for wound healing and sterilization and is already in use for ocular microsurgery. The anti-HSV-1 activity of DBD plasma demonstrated here could be directly translated to the clinic for use against drug-resistant herpes keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Alekseev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelly Donovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vladimir Limonnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jane Azizkhan-Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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285
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Zheng K, Chen M, Xiang Y, Ma K, Jin F, Wang X, Wang X, Wang S, Wang Y. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 entry by chloride channel inhibitors tamoxifen and NPPB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:990-6. [PMID: 24657267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is very common worldwide and can cause significant health problems from periodic skin and corneal lesions to encephalitis. Appearance of drug-resistant viruses in clinical therapy has made exploring novel antiviral agents emergent. Here we show that chloride channel inhibitors, including tamoxifen and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB), exhibited extensive antiviral activities toward HSV-1 and ACV-resistant HSV viruses. HSV-1 infection induced chloride ion influx while treatment with inhibitors reduced the increase of intracellular chloride ion concentration. Pretreatment or treatment of inhibitors at different time points during HSV-1 infection all suppressed viral RNA synthesis, protein expression and virus production. More detailed studies demonstrated that tamoxifen and NPPB acted as potent inhibitors of HSV-1 early entry step by preventing viral binding, penetration and nuclear translocation. Specifically the compounds appeared to affect viral fusion process by inhibiting virus binding to lipid rafts and interrupting calcium homeostasis. Taken together, the observation that tamoxifen and NPPB can block viral entry suggests a stronger potential for these compounds as well as other ion channel inhibitors in antiviral therapy against HSV-1, especially the compound tamoxifen is an immediately actionable drug that can be reused for treatment of HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maoyun Chen
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; College of pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; College of pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoxiang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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286
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Piret J, Boivin G. Antiviral drug resistance in herpesviruses other than cytomegalovirus. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:186-218. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; Laval University; Quebec City QC Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; Laval University; Quebec City QC Canada
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287
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Nelfinavir (NFV) is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor with demonstrated antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and several other herpesviruses. However, the stages of HSV-1 replication inhibited by NFV have not been explored. In this study, we investigated the effects of NFV on capsid assembly and envelopment. We confirmed the inhibitory effects of NFV on HSV-1 replication by plaque assay and found that treatment with NFV did not affect capsid assembly, activity of the HSV-1 maturational protease, or formation of DNA-containing capsids in the nucleus. Confocal and electron microscopy studies showed that these capsids were transported to the cytoplasm but failed to complete secondary envelopment and subsequent exit from the cell. Consistent with the microscopy results, a light-scattering band corresponding to enveloped virions was not evident following sucrose gradient rate-velocity separation of lysates from drug-treated cells. Evidence of a possibly related effect of NFV on viral glycoprotein maturation was also discovered. NFV also inhibited the replication of an HSV-1 thymidine kinase mutant resistant to nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir. Given that NFV is neither a nucleoside mimic nor a known inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis, this was expected and suggests its potential as a coinhibitor or alternate antiviral therapeutic agent in cases of resistance. IMPORTANCE Nelfinavir (NFV) is a clinically important antiviral drug that inhibits production of infectious HIV. It was reported to inhibit herpesviruses in cell culture. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections are common and often associated with several diseases. The studies we describe here confirm and extend earlier findings by investigating how NFV interferes with HSV-1 replication. We show that early steps in virus formation (e.g., assembly of DNA-containing capsids in the nucleus and their movement into the cytoplasm) appear to be unaffected by NFV, whereas later steps (e.g., final envelopment in the cytoplasm and release of infectious virus from the cell) are severely restricted by the drug. Our findings provide the first insight into how NFV inhibits HSV-1 replication and suggest that this drug may have applications for studying the herpesvirus envelopment process. Additionally, NFV may have therapeutic value alone or in combination with other antivirals in treating herpesvirus infections.
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288
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A dihydro-pyrido-indole potently inhibits HSV-1 infection by interfering the viral immediate early transcriptional events. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:126-34. [PMID: 24576908 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In our continued quest for identifying novel molecules from ethnomedicinal source we have isolated an alkaloid 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole, also known as Harmaline (HM), from an ethnomedicinal herb Ophiorrhiza nicobarica. The compound exhibited a potent anti-HSV-1 activity against both wild type and clinical isolates of HSV-1. Further we demonstrated that HM did not interfere in viral entry but the recruitment of lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and the binding of immediate-early (IE) complex on ICP0 promoter. This leads to the suppression of viral IE gene synthesis and thereby the reduced expression of ICP4 and ICP27. Moreover, HM at its virucidal concentration is nontoxic and reduced virus yields in cutaneously infected Balb/C mice. Thus, the interference in the binding of IE complex, a decisive factor for HSV lytic cycle or latency by HM reveals an interesting target for developing non-nucleotide antiherpetic agent with different mode of action than Acyclovir.
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289
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Seang S, Boutolleau D, Burrel S, Regnier S, Epelboin L, Voujon D, Valantin MA, Katlama C, Agut H, Caumes E. Long-term follow-up of HIV-infected patients once diagnosed with acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infection. Int J STD AIDS 2014; 25:676-82. [PMID: 24535691 DOI: 10.1177/0956462413518034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is common in immunocompromised patients, but the course of such infection is little known. We describe the long-term follow-up of HIV-infected patients diagnosed once with acyclovir-resistant HSV infections. We retrospectively studied all HIV-infected patients between 2000 and 2010 diagnosed with virologically confirmed acyclovir-resistant HSV infection. Patients' socio-demographic and immunovirological characteristics were described. Response to foscarnet or cidofovir and recurrences were reported. Among 5295 HIV-infected patients, 13 (0.2%) were once diagnosed with an acyclovir-resistant HSV infection. Twelve patients were men, nine patients were of African origin. All patients reported previous acyclovir exposure and median CD4 count was 183 cells/mm(3) Ten patients presented exclusively with cutaneous lesions. Initially, 11 patients were treated with foscarnet and two with cidofovir. The median follow-up was 67 months (6-145). All patients recurred, 10 presenting at least one acyclovir-resistant HSV recurrence. The median number of acyclovir-resistant HSV recurrences per patient was 2 (0 - 5). Regarding the first and second recurrences, 7/13 (54%) and 5/11 (45%) HSV clinical isolates exhibited resistance to acyclovir, respectively. Acyclovir-resistant HSV infection prevalence was low in our cohort. The rate of acyclovir-resistant HSV episodes averaged 50% during the two first recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Seang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France INSERM UMR-S943 and University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - David Boutolleau
- UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Burrel
- UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Regnier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Loic Epelboin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Voujon
- Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Valantin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France INSERM UMR-S943 and University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Christine Katlama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France INSERM UMR-S943 and University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Henri Agut
- UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Caumes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France INSERM UMR-S943 and University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France
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290
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Alekseev O, Donovan K, Azizkhan-Clifford J. Inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:706-15. [PMID: 24370835 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes keratitis (HK) remains the leading cause of cornea-derived blindness in the developed world, despite the availability of effective antiviral drugs. Treatment toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance highlight the need for additional therapeutic approaches. This study examined ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), an apical kinase in the host DNA damage response, as a potential new target for the treatment of HK. METHODS Small molecule inhibitor of ATM (KU-55933) was used to treat herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in three experimental models: (1) in vitro--cultured human corneal epithelial cells, hTCEpi, (2) ex vivo--organotypically explanted human and rabbit corneas, and (3) in vivo--corneal infection in young C57BL/6J mice. Infection productivity was assayed by plaque assay, real-time PCR, Western blot, and disease scoring. RESULTS Robust ATM activation was detected in HSV-1-infected human corneal epithelial cells. Inhibition of ATM greatly suppressed viral replication in cultured cells and in explanted human and rabbit corneas, and reduced the severity of stromal keratitis in mice. The antiviral effect of KU-55933 in combination with acyclovir was additive, and KU-55933 suppressed replication of a drug-resistant HSV-1 strain. KU-55933 caused minimal toxicity, as monitored by clonogenic survival assay and fluorescein staining. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies ATM as a potential target for the treatment of HK. ATM inhibition by KU-55933 reduces epithelial infection and stromal disease severity without producing appreciable toxicity. These findings warrant further investigations into the DNA damage response as an area for therapeutic intervention in herpetic ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Alekseev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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291
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Fissore EN, Domingo CS, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Rojas AM, Gerschenson LN. Upgrading of residues of bracts, stems and hearts of Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus to functional fractions enriched in soluble fiber. Food Funct 2014; 5:463-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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292
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Ghannadi A, Fattahian K, Shokoohinia Y, Behbahani M, Shahnoush A. Anti-Viral Evaluation of Sesquiterpene Coumarins from Ferula assa-foetida against HSV-1. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2014; 13:523-30. [PMID: 25237347 PMCID: PMC4157027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several complications attributed with Herpes virus related infections and the emergence of drug resistant viruses prompt scientists to search for new drugs. Several terpenoids and coumarins have shown anti HSV effects while no sesquiterpene coumarins have been previously tested for HSV treatment. Three sesquiterpene coumarins badrakemin acetate (1), kellerin (2) and samarcandin diastereomer (3) were isolated from the gum resin of Ferula assa-foetida, a herbal medicine with antimicrobial, antiprotozoal and antiviral effects. Compounds were identified by 1D and 2D- NMR spectroscopies and comparison with literature data. A comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity showed that kellerin (2) could significantly inhibit the cytopathic effects and reduce the viral titre of the herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA viral strain KOS at concentrations of 10, 5 and 2.5 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghannadi
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Fattahian
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Yalda Shokoohinia
- Novel Drug Delivery Research Center & Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Mandana Behbahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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293
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Dokey AT, Haug SJ, McDonald HR, Cunningham ET, Lujan BJ, Fu AD, Jumper JM. Acute retinal necrosis secondary to multidrug-resistant herpes simplex virus 2 in an immunocompetent adolescent. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2014; 8:260-264. [PMID: 25372523 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the clinical course of a patient with acute retinal necrosis resulting from a multidrug-resistant strain of herpes simplex virus 2. METHODS Observational case report. RESULTS A 17-year-old man with no identifiable immune deficiency presented with pain and decreased vision in his left eye. He had dense anterior and posterior segment inflammation with retinal whitening suggestive of acute retinal necrosis, which progressed despite treatment with intravenous acyclovir, methylprednisolone, and ganciclovir. A transition to intravitreal and intravenous foscarnet led to clinical improvement. Genetic analysis revealed the etiology to be a multidrug-resistant strain of herpes simplex virus 2. CONCLUSION Antiviral resistance is an uncommon finding among viruses causing acute retinal necrosis in immunocompetent patients. Patients with these infections may be adequately treated with prompt recognition and a change in therapy to alternative antiviral agents such as foscarnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T Dokey
- *Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California; †West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, California; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; and §Department of Vision Science, Berkeley School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California
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294
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Karampuri S, Ojha D, Bag P, Chakravarty H, Bal C, Chattopadhyay D, Sharon A. Anti-HSV activity and mode of action study of α-pyrone carboxamides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01303d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential anti-HSV lead candidate3d(EC50= 9.8 μg ml−1) and its possible binding mode to utilize cavity-A and cavity-B of viral enzyme HSV polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Karampuri
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit
- ID & BG Hospital
- Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Paromita Bag
- ICMR Virus Unit
- ID & BG Hospital
- Kolkata 700010, India
| | | | - Chandralata Bal
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi 835215, India
| | | | - Ashoke Sharon
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi 835215, India
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295
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Abstract
Resistance testing of antivirals to herpes simplex virus type 1 can be done by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The determination of a resistant phenotype is based on the calculation of inhibitory concentrations for the antiviral drug, which should be tested. The main advantage is a clear interpretation of laboratory findings, but the method is time consuming and a considerable experience is required for handling infectious virus. Genotypic resistance testing is based on the detection of resistance-related mutations in viral genes encoding the thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase by means of amplification and sequencing. This approach has the advantage of being faster, but only frameshift mutations and stops of translation can be interpreted without doubt and numerous amino acid substitutions are diagnostically less conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sauerbrei
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Clinic, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Hans-Knoell-Straße 2, 07745, Jena, Germany,
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296
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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of induced acyclovir-resistant clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:306-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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297
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Burrel S, Aime C, Hermet L, Ait-Arkoub Z, Agut H, Boutolleau D. Surveillance of herpes simplex virus resistance to antivirals: A 4-year survey. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:365-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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298
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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acyclovir-resistant corneal HSV-1 isolates from immunocompetent patients with recurrent herpetic keratitis. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:321-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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299
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Silicone-acyclovir controlled release devices suppress primary herpes simplex virus-2 and varicella zoster virus infections in vitro. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2013; 2013:915159. [PMID: 23983683 PMCID: PMC3747620 DOI: 10.1155/2013/915159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following initial infection, herpesviruses retreat into a permanent latent state with periodic reactivation resulting in an enhanced likelihood of transmission and clinical disease. The nucleoside analogue acyclovir reduces clinical symptoms of the three human alpha herpesviruses, HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. Long-term administration of acyclovir (ACV) can reduce the frequency and severity of reactivation, but its low bioavailability and short half-life require a daily drug regimen. Our lab is working to develop a subcutaneous delivery system to provide long-lasting, sustained release of ACV. Previously, we demonstrated that an implantable silicone (MED-4050) device, impregnated with ACV protected against HSV-1 both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we extend our in vitro observations to include protection against both HSV-2 and VZV. We also demonstrate protection against HSV-2 in vitro using MED-4750, a silicone polymer designed for long-term use in humans. When release of ACV from MED-4750 is quantitated on a daily basis, an initial burst of 5 days is observed, followed by a long period of slow release with near-zero-order kinetics, with an average daily release of 1.3923 ± 0.5908 μg ACV over days 20–60. Development of a slow-release implant has the potential to significantly impact the treatment of human alpha herpesvirus infections.
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300
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Molecular characterization of herpes simplex virus 2 strains by analysis of microsatellite polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3616-23. [PMID: 23966512 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01714-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete 154-kbp linear double-stranded genomic DNA sequence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), consisting of two extended regions of unique sequences bounded by a pair of inverted repeat elements, was published in 1998 and since then has been widely employed in a wide range of studies. Throughout the HSV-2 genome are scattered 150 microsatellites (also referred to as short tandem repeats) of 1- to 6-nucleotide motifs, mainly distributed in noncoding regions. Microsatellites are considered reliable markers for genetic mapping to differentiate herpesvirus strains, as shown for cytomegalovirus and HSV-1. The aim of this work was to characterize 12 polymorphic microsatellites within the HSV-2 genome by use of 3 multiplex PCR assays in combination with length polymorphism analysis for the rapid genetic differentiation of 56 HSV-2 clinical isolates and 2 HSV-2 laboratory strains (gHSV-2 and MS). This new system was applied to a specific new HSV-2 variant recently identified in HIV-1-infected patients originating from West Africa. Our results confirm that microsatellite polymorphism analysis is an accurate tool for studying the epidemiology of HSV-2 infections.
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