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Jung J, Song EH, Park SY, Lee SR, Park SJ, Sung H, Kim MN, Kim SH, Lee SO, Choi SH, Woo JH, Kim YS, Chong YP. Emergence of Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive ST8-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (USA300 clone) in Korea causing healthcare-associated and hospital-acquired bacteraemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1323-9. [PMID: 27209287 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)-positive sequence type (ST)8-MRSA-SCCmec IVa (USA300) is the epidemic strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in North America. USA300 is extremely rare in South Korea, and PVL-negative ST72 SCCmec type IVc is the predominant CA-MRSA clone. In a multicentre, prospective cohort study of S. aureus bacteraemia, we identified PVL-positive ST8-MRSA isolates by performing multilocus sequence typing and PCR for PVL. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with PVL-positive ST8-MRSA bacteraemia, and performed SCCmec, spa, and agr typing, PCR for arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), virulence gene profiling, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among a total of 818 MRSA isolates, we identified ten isolates of PVL-positive ST8-MRSA (USA300) (3 from Hospital D, 4 from Hospital G, and 3 from Hospital A), all of which involved exclusively healthcare-associated (5 isolates) and hospital-acquired bacteraemia (5 isolates). This strain accounted for 8~10 % of the hospital-acquired MRSA bacteraemia in Hospitals D and G. Bacteraemia of unknown origin was the most common type of infection followed by pneumonia. All the isolates were SCCmec type IVa, spa type t008, and agr group I. Eight of the isolates harboured ACME. In a PFGE analysis, four isolates were identical to the USA300 control strain, five differed by a single band, and the remaining one differed by two bands. All the isolates were pulsed-field type USA300. This is the first report of healthcare-associated and hospital-acquired bacteraemia caused by USA300 in South Korea. USA300 seems to be an emerging hospital clone in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - E H Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - S Y Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - S-R Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - S-J Park
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genetics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M-N Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - S-O Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Woo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Y S Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Y P Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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252
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Staphylococcus aureus colonization related to severity of hand eczema. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1355-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Comparison of Virulence Gene Identification, Ribosomal Spacer PCR, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cases of Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1871-1876. [PMID: 27194685 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03282-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens causing contagious mastitis in dairy cattle worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine if recently described S. aureus genotype B was present among previously characterized isolates from cases of bovine intramammary infection in the United States and to compare pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to the combination of ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) and virulence gene identification for typing of S. aureus strains. The hypothesis was that isolates that were previously characterized as contagious would be identified as genotype B and that the results of the two strain-typing methods would be comparable. Isolates were selected from a collection of S. aureus isolates from eight dairy farms. Mammary quarter milk somatic cell count (SCC) and N-acetyl-β-d-gluconaminidase (NAGase) activity data were known and used to evaluate strain pathogenicity. RS-PCR was performed with conventional gel electrophoresis, and PCR was used for toxin gene identification. RS-PCR patterns were associated with a specific virulence gene pattern, as previously reported. Five RS-PCR banding patterns were identified. None of the isolates were characterized as genotype B. No association between RS-PCR types and milk SCC was found; however, NAGase activity was significantly higher in milk from mammary glands infected with RS-PCR banding type 1 (RSP type 1) than in milk from those infected with RSP type 2. The discriminatory power values were 1.0 and 0.46 for PFGE and RS-PCR, respectively. These data suggest that genotype B may have a limited geographic distribution and that PFGE is more discriminatory than RS-PCR performed with conventional gel electrophoresis for typing of S. aureus isolates of bovine origin.
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254
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Nair R, Thapaliya D, Su Y, Smith TC. Resistance to zinc and cadmium in Staphylococcus aureus of human and animal origin. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 35 Suppl 3:S32-9. [PMID: 25222896 DOI: 10.1086/677834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies conducted in Europe have observed resistance to trace metals such as zinc chloride and copper sulfate in livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of zinc and cadmium resistance in S. aureus isolated in the United States. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of convenience sample of S. aureus isolates. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred forty-nine S. aureus isolates, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) obtained from human, swine, and retail meat were included in the sample set. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction was used to test for the presence of genes for zinc and cadmium resistance (czrC), methicillin resistance (mecA), and staphylococcal complement inhibitor (scn). Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was tested using the broth microdilution method. Data were analyzed using the multivariable logistic regression method. RESULTS Twenty-nine percent (102/349) of S. aureus isolates were czrC positive. MRSA isolates were more likely to be czrC positive compared to MSSA (MRSA czrC positive: 12/61, 19.6%; MSSA czrC positive: 12/183, 6.6%). After adjustment for oxacillin and clindamycin susceptibility in analysis, multidrug-resistant S. aureus was observed to have low odds of being czrC positive (P = .03). The odds of being czrC positive were observed to be significantly high in tetracycline-resistant S. aureus isolated from noninfection samples (P = .009) and swine (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Resistance to zinc and cadmium was observed to be associated with MRSA, a finding consistently observed in European studies. Prolonged exposure to zinc in livestock feeds and fertilizers could propagate resistance to the metal ion, thereby hindering use of zinc-based topical agents in treating S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Nair
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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255
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Peptidoglycan-linked protein A promotes T cell-dependent antibody expansion during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5718-23. [PMID: 27140614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524267113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Staphylococcus aureus disease in humans is persistent infections without development of protective immune responses. Infected patients generate VH3 plasmablast expansions and increased VH3 idiotype Ig; however, the mechanisms for staphylococcal modification of immune responses are not known. We report here that S. aureus-infected mice generate VH3 antibody expansions via a mechanism requiring MHC-restricted antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells and staphylococcal protein A (SpA), a cell wall-anchored surface molecule that binds Fcγ and VH3 variant heavy chains of Ig. VH3 expansion occurred with peptidoglycan-linked SpA from the bacterial envelope but not with recombinant SpA, and optimally required five tandem repeats of its Ig-binding domains. Signaling via receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) was essential for implementing peptidoglycan-linked SpA superantigen activity. VH3 clan IgG from S. aureus-infected or SpA-treated animals was not pathogen-specific, suggesting that SpA cross-linking of VH3 idiotype B-cell receptors and activation via attached peptidoglycan are the determinants of staphylococcal escape from adaptive immune responses.
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256
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Prospective multicenter surveillance identifies Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by livestock-associated strains in an agricultural state. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:360-366. [PMID: 27198741 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a surveillance study to investigate the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections in Iowa, using a convenience sample. Diagnostic laboratories submitted 20 S. aureus isolates per month for a 20-month period between 2011 and 2013. Of the 2226 isolates analyzed, 73.6% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 26.4% were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). S. aureus infections in 25 patients (1%) were caused by ST398- and ST9-associated strain types, and appeared to be a common occurrence in areas of the state with the highest numbers of hogs and hog farms. Twenty nine (5.1%) of MSSA isolates and 10 (40.0%) livestock-associated strains were multi-drug resistant.
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257
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Wang B, Pachaiyappan B, Gruber JD, Schmidt MG, Zhang YM, Woster PM. Antibacterial Diamines Targeting Bacterial Membranes. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3140-51. [PMID: 26964758 PMCID: PMC5927580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to human health exacerbated by a lack of new antibiotics. We now describe a series of substituted diamines that produce rapid bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and stationary-phase bacteria. These compounds reduce biofilm formation and promote biofilm dispersal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most potent analogue, 3 (1,13-bis{[(2,2-diphenyl)-1-ethyl]thioureido}-4,10-diazatridecane), primarily acts by depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane and permeabilization of the bacterial outer membrane. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that 3 disrupts membrane integrity rapidly. Compound 3 is also synergistic with kanamycin, demonstrated by the checkerboard method and by time-kill kinetic experiments. In human cell toxicity assays, 3 showed limited adverse effects against the HEK293T human kidney embryonic cells and A549 human adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, 3 produced no adverse effects on Caenorhabditis elegans development, survival, and reproduction. Collectively, diamines related to 3 represent a new class of broad-spectrum antibacterials against drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Boobalan Pachaiyappan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Jordon D. Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Michael G. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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258
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Dündar D, Willke A, Sayan M, Koc MM, Akan OA, Sumerkan B, Saltoglu N, Yaman A, Ayaz C, Koksal I. Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Turkey: A multicentre study. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 6:44-49. [PMID: 27530838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological and molecular features of clinical meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in Turkey. MRSA isolates were collected from six regions of Turkey. The mecA and nuc genes were detected by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by the disk diffusion method. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing were performed by the sequencing method for 270 randomly selected MRSA isolates. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition was used for epidemiological diagnosis of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Resistance rates of MRSA to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline were 93.4%, 81.2%, 38.5%, 57.8%, 93.9%, 1.1% and 93.1%, respectively. The most frequent SCCmec type was SCCmec III (91.1%). SCCmec type IV was found in 5.2% of the isolates. The most frequent spa type was t030 (81.1%). Five isolates were CA-MRSA if only the epidemiological definition was used (5/725; 0.7%). Two isolates were defined as CA-MRSA both by epidemiological features and SCCmec typing (2/270; 0.7%). Of 14 SCCmec type IV isolates, 12 were not defined as CA-MRSA by epidemiological features. In conclusion, this is the most comprehensive multicentre study in Turkey investigating MRSA using both epidemiological and genotypic features. The CA-MRSA rate is low in Turkey. Combined use of epidemiological and genotypic methods is the most accurate approach for the diagnosis of CA-MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Murat Sayan
- Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey; Research Center of Experimental Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
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259
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Kim NH, Kang YM, Han WD, Park KU, Park KH, Yoo JI, Lee DG, Park C, Song KH, Kim ES, Park SW, Kim NJ, Oh MD, Kim HB. Small-Colony Variants in Persistent and Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 22:538-544. [PMID: 26982169 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus is associated with intracellular persistence and reduced antimicrobial susceptibility, which can lead to therapeutic failure. Since SCVs grow slowly and have a confusing morphology, the identification of infections due to SCV is difficult. We have identified SCVs in two patients who presented with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia complicated by surgical site infections after cardiothoracic surgery. Nine blood isolates were collected from the two patients for species identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Colonies on Columbia blood agar were pinpoint, nonpigmented, nonhemolytic, and reverted to normal colonies after 48 hr of incubation on Schaedler agar. Auxotrophy assays revealed hemin dependence. Susceptibility to vancomycin (minimal inhibitory concentrations 1.0 μg/mL) was confirmed by E-test and broth microdilution test. All the isolates were identified as MRSA by multiplex polymerase chain reaction specific for the mecA, femA, and 16S rRNA genes, and all had the same genotype: Multilocus sequence typing ST5, SCCmec type II, agr type II, and spa type t2460. Moreover pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing revealed that all nine isolates belonged to the same clone. Mutations in the relA gene were not found, and none of the isolates was identified as hVISA by population analysis profiling-AUC ratio. A high level of suspicion is required to detect SCVs, and although it is not common, the possibility of the SCV phenotype has to be considered in persistent S. aureus bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak-Hyun Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Min Kang
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Dae Han
- 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Un Park
- 3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kay-Hyun Park
- 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Yoo
- 5 Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health , Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- 6 Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Park
- 6 Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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260
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Heikinheimo A, Johler S, Karvonen L, Julmi J, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Stephan R. New dominant spa type t2741 in livestock-associated MRSA (CC398-MRSA-V) in Finnish fattening pigs at slaughter. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2016; 5:6. [PMID: 26941953 PMCID: PMC4776440 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-016-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of livestock-associated MRSA has become a growing public health concern worldwide. Studies elucidating the population structure, as well as resistance phenotypes and virulence gene profiles of livestock-associated MRSA strains are needed to improve risk assessment and to develop effective control measures. The objective of this study therefore was to determine i) clonal complexes and spa types, as well as ii) resistance phenotypes and iii) virulence and resistance gene profiles of livestock-associated MRSA isolated from Finnish fattening pigs at slaughter. METHODS Fifty MRSA isolates collected from Finnish fattening pigs at slaughter were characterized by spa typing and DNA microarray profiling. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. RESULTS MRSA isolates were assigned to clonal complexes CC1 (n = 4) and CC398 (n = 46). One dominant spa type (t2741) was present in 33 out of 50 investigated isolates, originating from 15 out of 18 farms. The remaining isolates were assigned to spa types t034 (n = 7), t108 (n = 5), and t011 (n = 1). Although each herd exhibited isolates assigned to one clonal complex only, five herds harbored MRSA isolates of either two or three different spa types. All tested MRSA isolates were phenotypically resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, cefoxitin, and tetracycline. With the exception of the isolates assigned to t108, all isolates exhibited resistance to clindamycin. On the genomic level, all isolates exhibited mecA, blaZ/I/R, and tetK, and were assigned to SCCmec type V. Many isolates also harbored tetM (46/50 isolates), lnuB (41/50 isolates), ermB (26/50 isolates), and one isolate was positive for aadD. DNA microarray profiling showed that all isolates of the dominant CC398/t2741 MRSA-V type belonged to agr type I, capsule type 5, and were negative for fnbB. Interestingly, one isolate of CC398/t2741 MRSA-V was agr negative and also lacked hld. CONCLUSIONS A new dominant LA-MRSA clone (CC398/t2741, SCCmec type V) was identified among fattening pigs in Finland. This is the first study identifying t2741 as a common spa type in LA-MRSA in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Heikinheimo
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sophia Johler
- />Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Karvonen
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jérôme Julmi
- />Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger Stephan
- />Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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261
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Diseminación de cepas Staphylococcus aureus sensible a meticilina (SASM) relacionadas genéticamente, pertenecientes al CC45, entre portadores nasales sanos de hogares infantiles de Medellín, Colombia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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262
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Locatelli C, Cremonesi P, Bertocchi L, Zanoni M, Barberio A, Drigo I, Varisco G, Castiglioni B, Bronzo V, Moroni P. Short communication: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of dairy cows and effect of swine population density. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2151-2156. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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263
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Whitehouse J, Flaxman A, Rollier C, O'Shea MK, Fallowfield J, Lindsay M, Gunner F, Knox K, Wyllie DH, Yamaguchi Y. Population variation in anti-S. aureus IgG isotypes influences surface protein A mediated immune subversion. Vaccine 2016; 34:1792-9. [PMID: 26921780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen which causes life-threatening infection, the incidence of which rises during adult life. This, together with the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the expansion of more susceptible elderly populations, represents the rationale for the ongoing development of S. aureus vaccines targeting adult populations. Humoral responses to S. aureus naturally develop early in life, influence susceptibility to infection, and potentially influence the effect of vaccination. Despite this, the nature of pre-existing anti-S. aureus antibodies in healthy adult populations is not fully characterised. METHODS Immunoglobulin levels against S. aureus surface antigens were measured by a filter membrane enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using fixed ΔSpA S. aureus as an antigen in serum samples obtained from three clinical cohorts comprising 133 healthy adult volunteers from 19 to 65 years of age. Functional capacity of antibody was also assessed, using antibody-mediated attachment of FITC-stained S. aureus to differentiated HL-60 cells. RESULTS Wide variation in the concentrations of immunoglobulins recognising S. aureus surface antigens was observed among individuals in all three cohorts. There was a decline of anti-S. aureus IgG1 with age, and a similar trend was observed in IgM, but not in IgA or other IgG sub-classes. Antibody mediated bacterial attachment to cells was associated with IgG1 and IgG3 concentrations in serum. The presence of SpA on the bacterial cell surface reduced antibody-mediated binding of bacteria to phagocytes in serum with low, but not high, levels of naturally occurring anti-S. aureus IgG3 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Naturally acquired immunoglobulin responses to S. aureus are heterogeneous in populations and their concentrations alter during adulthood. Elevated IgG1 or IgG3 titres against S. aureus enhance S. aureus recognition by phagocytosis and may be correlates of natural protection and/or vaccine efficacy in adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Whitehouse
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Drive, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Department of Academic Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Fallowfield
- Environmental Medicine and Science Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Hampshire PO12 2DL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lindsay
- Environmental Medicine and Science Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Hampshire PO12 2DL, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Gunner
- Environmental Medicine and Science Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Hampshire PO12 2DL, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle Knox
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, New Radcliffe House, 2nd floor, Walton Street, Jericho OX2 6NW, United Kingdom
| | - David H Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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Narvaez-Bravo C, Toufeer M, Weese S, Diarra M, Deckert A, Reid-Smith R, Aslam M. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
in Canadian commercial pork processing plants. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:770-80. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Narvaez-Bravo
- Department of Food Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - M. Toufeer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Lacombe Research Centre; Lacombe AB Canada
| | - S.J. Weese
- Department of Pathobiology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - M.S. Diarra
- Guelph Food Research Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Guelph ON Canada
| | - A.E. Deckert
- Public Health Agency of Canada; Guelph ON Canada
| | | | - M. Aslam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Lacombe Research Centre; Lacombe AB Canada
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265
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Brennan GI, Abbott Y, Burns A, Leonard F, McManus BA, O’Connell B, Coleman DC, Shore AC. The Emergence and Spread of Multiple Livestock-Associated Clonal Complex 398 Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains among Animals and Humans in the Republic of Ireland, 2010-2014. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149396. [PMID: 26886749 PMCID: PMC4757405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal complex (CC) 398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) are associated with carriage and infection among animals and humans but only a single case of CC398 MRSA has been reported in the Republic of Ireland (ROI). The present study investigated the molecular epidemiology of CC398 MRSA (n = 22) and MSSA (n = 10) from animals and humans in the ROI from 2010-2014. Isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, spa typing, DNA microarray profiling and PCR for CC398-associated resistance genes. All MRSA underwent SCCmec IV or V subtyping. Four distinct CC398-MRSA incidents were identified from (i) a man in a nursing home (spa type t011-SCCmec IVa, immune evasion complex (IEC) negative), (ii) a horse and veterinarian who had recently travelled to Belgium (t011-IVa, IEC positive), (iii) pigs (n = 9) and farm workers (n = 9) on two farms, one which had been restocked with German gilts and the other which was a finisher farm (t034-VT, IEC negative, 3/9 pigs; t011-VT, IEC negative, 6/9 pigs & 9/9 farm workers), and (iv) a child who had worked on a pig farm in the UK (t034-VT, IEC negative). Isolates also carried different combinations of multiple resistance genes including erm(A), erm(B), tet(K), tet(M) & tet(L), fexA, spc, dfrG, dfrK aacA-aphD and aadD further highlighting the presence of multiple CC398-MRSA strains. CC398 MSSA were recovered from pigs (n = 8) and humans (n = 2). CC398 MSSA transmission was identified among pigs but zoonotic transmission was not detected with animal and human isolates exhibiting clade-specific traits. This study highlights the importation and zoonotic spread of CC398 MRSA in the ROI and the spread of CC398 MSSA among pigs. Increased surveillance is warranted to prevent further CC398 MRSA importation and spread in a country that was considered CC398 MRSA free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne I. Brennan
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, James’s St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Yvonne Abbott
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aisling Burns
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Finola Leonard
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Brenda A. McManus
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, James’s St., Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Brian O’Connell
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, James’s St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, St. James’s Hospital, James’s St., Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - David C. Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anna C. Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, St. James’s Hospital, James’s St., Dublin 8, Ireland
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266
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Montanaro L, Ravaioli S, Ruppitsch W, Campoccia D, Pietrocola G, Visai L, Speziale P, Allerberger F, Arciola CR. Molecular Characterization of a Prevalent Ribocluster of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus from Orthopedic Implant Infections. Correspondence with MLST CC30. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:8. [PMID: 26909340 PMCID: PMC4754407 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading etiologic agent of orthopedic implant infections. Here a ribocluster of 27 S. aureus strains underwent further molecular characterization and subtyping by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa-typing. This cluster had been detected by automated ribotyping (with the EcoRI restriction enzyme) of 200 S. aureus isolates from periprosthetic infections of patients who underwent revision at the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute. The ribocluster, consisting of agr type III strains, with a 74% co-occurrence of bone sialoprotein-binding (bbp) and collagen-binding (cna) genes, lacked mecA and IS256, and exhibited a high prevalence of the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst, 85%). Strains' relatedness was analyzed by BURP and eBURST. Two predominant spa types, t012 (32%) and t021 (36%), and one predominant sequence type, ST30 (18/27, 67%) were identified: a S. aureus lineage spread worldwide belonging to MLST CC30. Two new sequence types (ST2954, ST2960) and one new spa type (t13129) were detected for the first time. Interestingly, the 27-strain cluster detected by ribotyping corresponded exactly to MLST CC30, the sole CC identified by eBURST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Montanaro
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Division of Human Medicine, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Molecular Medicine Department, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of PaviaPavia, Italy; Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, S. Maugeri FoundationIRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Franz Allerberger
- Division of Human Medicine, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Vienna, Austria
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
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267
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Parker D, Ahn D, Cohen T, Prince A. Innate Immune Signaling Activated by MDR Bacteria in the Airway. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:19-53. [PMID: 26582515 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care-associated bacterial pneumonias due to multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens are an important public health problem and are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, these organisms have adapted to the milieu of the human airway and have acquired resistance to the innate immune clearance mechanisms that normally prevent pneumonia. Given the limited efficacy of antibiotics, bacterial clearance from the airway requires an effective immune response. Understanding how specific airway pathogens initiate and regulate innate immune signaling, and whether this response is excessive, leading to host-induced pathology may guide future immunomodulatory therapy. We will focus on three of the most important causes of health care-associated pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and review the mechanisms through which an inappropriate or damaging innate immune response is stimulated, as well as describe how airway pathogens cause persistent infection by evading immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Danielle Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Taylor Cohen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alice Prince
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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268
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Chang HH, Dordel J, Donker T, Worby CJ, Feil EJ, Hanage WP, Bentley SD, Huang SS, Lipsitch M. Identifying the effect of patient sharing on between-hospital genetic differentiation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Genome Med 2016; 8:18. [PMID: 26873713 PMCID: PMC4752745 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common healthcare-associated pathogens. To examine the role of inter-hospital patient sharing on MRSA transmission, a previous study collected 2,214 samples from 30 hospitals in Orange County, California and showed by spa typing that genetic differentiation decreased significantly with increased patient sharing. In the current study, we focused on the 986 samples with spa type t008 from the same population. Methods We used genome sequencing to determine the effect of patient sharing on genetic differentiation between hospitals. Genetic differentiation was measured by between-hospital genetic diversity, FST, and the proportion of nearly identical isolates between hospitals. Results Surprisingly, we found very similar genetic diversity within and between hospitals, and no significant association between patient sharing and genetic differentiation measured by FST. However, in contrast to FST, there was a significant association between patient sharing and the proportion of nearly identical isolates between hospitals. We propose that the proportion of nearly identical isolates is more powerful at determining transmission dynamics than traditional estimators of genetic differentiation (FST) when gene flow between populations is high, since it is more responsive to recent transmission events. Our hypothesis was supported by the results from coalescent simulations. Conclusions Our results suggested that there was a high level of gene flow between hospitals facilitated by patient sharing, and that the proportion of nearly identical isolates is more sensitive to population structure than FST when gene flow is high. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0274-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Han Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Janina Dordel
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Tjibbe Donker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Colin J Worby
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Edward J Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - William P Hanage
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Susan S Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Health Policy Research Institute, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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269
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Rapid Detection of Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:883-90. [PMID: 26763961 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02428-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is the standard of care for the treatment of invasive methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infections. Infections with vancomycin-nonsusceptible MRSA, including vancomycin-intermediateS. aureus(VISA) and heterogeneous VISA (hVISA), are clinically challenging and are associated with poor patient outcomes. The identification of VISA in the clinical laboratory depends on standard susceptibility testing, which takes at least 24 h to complete after isolate subculture, whereas hVISA is not routinely detected in clinical labs. We therefore sought to determine whether VISA and hVISA can be differentiated from vancomycin-susceptibleS. aureus(VSSA) using the spectra produced by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Strains of MRSA were characterized for vancomycin susceptibility phenotype by broth microdilution and modified population analysis. We tested 21 VISA, 21 hVISA, and 38 VSSA isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. Susceptibility phenotypes were separated by using a support vector machine (SVM) machine learning algorithm. The resulting model was validated by leave-one-out cross validation. Models were developed and validated by using spectral profiles generated under various subculture conditions, as well as with and without hVISA strains. Using SVM, we correctly identified 100% of the VISA and 97% of the VSSA isolates with an overall classification accuracy of 98%. Addition of hVISA to the model resulted in 76% hVISA identification, 100% VISA identification, and 89% VSSA identification, for an overall classification accuracy of 89%. We conclude that VISA/hVISA and VSSA isolates are separable by MALDI-TOF MS with SVM analysis.
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270
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Al Yousef SA, Taha EM. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Saudi Arabia: Genotypes Distribution Review. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 4:2-8. [PMID: 30787687 PMCID: PMC6298269 DOI: 10.4103/1658-631x.170880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections in hospital have obviously imposed a significant burden of morbidity and mortality, and strain on healthcare resources. Here, we review the genotype distribution of these pathogens in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A PubMed literature search (until May 2014) specified 12 articles that characterized MRSA clones in KSA. Only two regions (Riyadh and Damamm) were represented in ten articles. Data from these articles showed that the pandemic Vienna/Hungarian/Brazilian clone (CC8/ST239-III) is the most frequent in Saudi regions (Riyadh and Damamm). Several other clones such as Barnim/UK-EMRSA-15 (CC22-IV), Southwest Pacific clone (ST30-IV) and European community-associated-MRSA clone (CC80-IV) have been detected in the Riyadh region. A variety of MRSA clones is beginning to circulate in Saudi hospitals. Continued collection and molecular characterization of MRSA is crucial for the effective prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman A Al Yousef
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eihab M Taha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
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271
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Aung M, Zi H, Nwe K, Maw W, Aung M, Min W, Nyein N, Kawaguchiya M, Urushibara N, Sumi A, Kobayashi N. Drug resistance and genetic characteristics of clinical isolates of staphylococci in Myanmar: high prevalence of PVL among methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus belonging to various sequence types. New Microbes New Infect 2016; 10:58-65. [PMID: 27257489 PMCID: PMC4877606 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence, drug resistance and genetic characteristics were analysed for a total of 128 clinical isolates of staphylococci obtained from a tertiary hospital in Myanmar. The dominant species were S. aureus (39%) and S. haemolyticus (35%), followed by S. epidermidis (6%) and S. saprophyticus (5%). The majority of S. haemolyticus isolates (71.1%) harboured mecA, showing high resistance rates to ampicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin and levofloxacin, while methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was only 8% (four isolates) among S. aureus with type IV SCCmec. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were detected in 20 isolates of S. aureus (40%), among which only one isolate was MRSA belonging to sequence type (ST) 88/agr-III/coa-IIIa, and the other 19 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were classified into six STs (ST88, ST121, ST1153, ST1155, ST1930, ST3206). An ST1153 MSSA isolate with PVL was revealed to belong to a novel coa type, XIIIa. ST121 S. aureus was the most common in the PVL-positive MSSA (47%, 9/19), harbouring genes of bone sialoprotein and variant of elastin binding protein as a distinctive feature. Although PVL-positive MSSA was susceptible to most of the antimicrobial agents examined, ST1930 isolates were resistant to erythromycin and levofloxacin. ST59 PVL-negative MRSA and MSSA had more resistance genes than other MRSA and PVL-positive MSSA, showing resistance to more antimicrobial agents. This study indicated higher prevalence of mecA associated with multiple drug resistance in S. haemolyticus than in S. aureus, and dissemination of PVL genes to multiple clones of MSSA, with ST121 being dominant, among hospital isolates in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H. Zi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - K.M. Nwe
- National Health Laboratory, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - W.W. Maw
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - M.T. Aung
- Pathology Department, Microbiology Section, North Okkalapa General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - W.W. Min
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine Magway, Magway, Myanmar
| | - N. Nyein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - M. Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N. Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - A. Sumi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N. Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Corresponding author: N. Kobayashi, Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1 W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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272
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Parhizgari N, Khoramrooz SS, Malek Hosseini SAA, Marashifard M, Yazdanpanah M, Emaneini M, Gharibpour F, Mirzaii M, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Moein M, Naraki M. High frequency of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with SCCmec type III and Spa types t037 and t631 isolated from burn patients in southwest of Iran. APMIS 2015; 124:221-8. [PMID: 26709106 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methicilin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are the major challenges in hospitals, especially in the burn units. The use of molecular typing methods is essential for tracking the spread of S. aureus infection and epidemiological investigations. The aim of this study was to find the profile of the spa types and also the prevalence of each SCCmec type of S. aureus strains in a central burn hospital in southwest of Iran. A total of 81 non-duplicate S. aureus were isolated from burn patients between April 2011 and February 2012. The susceptibility of the isolates against 13 different antibiotics was tested by disk agar diffusion (DAD) method. MRSA strains were identified by amplification of mecA gene. Multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to determine the SCCmec types of MRSA strains and all the S. aureus isolates were typed by spa typing method. Detection of mecA gene showed that 70 (86.4%) of the isolates were MRSA. The highest rate of resistance was observed for penicillin (97.5%) and erythromycin (77.8%). None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Sixty-seven of the 70 MRSA isolates harbored only SCCmec type III and three untypeable isolates. Five different spa types were detected. The most common spa types were t037 (42.5%) and t631 (34.5%) and were only found in MRSA isolates. Only SCCmec type III was found in burn patients which emphasizes the HA-MRSA origin of these strains. Only five different spa types identified in this study are in accordance with one SCCmec type which indicates that a limited number of bacterial colons are circulated in the burn unit in this hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Parhizgari
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Masoud Marashifard
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Mirzaii
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahrood University of Medical Sciences, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Moein
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mahmood Naraki
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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273
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Huang CC, Ho CM, Chen HC, Li CY, Tien N, Fan HM, Ge MC, Lu JJ. Evaluation of double locus (clfB and spa) sequence typing for studying molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2015; 50:604-612. [PMID: 26705140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the "gold standard" for epidemiological investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but several DNA sequence-based methods have been developed in MRSA typing because of the unambiguous results. METHODS Ninety-one MRSA isolates were collected from the blood cultures of different patients from July 2008 to December 2008 in central Taiwan. The molecular characteristics of each isolate, including double locus sequence typing (DLST; spa and clfB typing), Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), and PFGE were determined for comparison. RESULTS Five major clfB types (types A-E), 18 spa types, 33 DLST genotypes, five SCCmec types, 17 pulsotypes have been observed. Three major DLST genotypes (A1-t002, C0-t037, and B1-t437) and two major pulsotypes (6 and 8) were identified. Most clfB type A isolates (97.1%) were SCCmec type II and all clfB type C isolates (100%) were SCCmec type III. Most clfB type B isolates (88.9%) were SCCmec type IV (59.3%) and VT (29.6%). All (100%) clfB subtypes A1, A2, and C isolates and 70.4% of clfB type B isolates belonged to healthcare-associated-MRSA. The average congruence was 57.7% between DLST and PFGE, and 96.6% between clfB and SCCmec type. The index of discrimination of SCCmec, clfB, spa, PFGE, and DLST was 0.72, 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, and 0.87, respectively. CONCLUSION ClfB type has high congruence with SCCmec type. The DLST method in this study yielded a higher discriminatory power than PFGE in local investigation of molecular epidemiology of MRSA and a promising alternative to PFGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Cheng Huang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Mao Ho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Li
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ni Tien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Cheng Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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274
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Characterisation of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST97 and ST5 isolated from pigs in Japan. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2015; 3:283-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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275
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Skallerup P, Espinosa-Gongora C, Jørgensen CB, Guardabassi L, Fredholm M. Genome-wide association study reveals a locus for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Danish crossbred pigs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:290. [PMID: 26612358 PMCID: PMC4662016 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important human opportunistic pathogen residing on skin and mucosae of healthy people. Pigs have been identified as a source of human colonization and infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and novel measures are needed to control zoonotic transmission. A recent longitudinal study indicated that a minority of pigs characterized by high nasal load and stable carriage may be responsible for the maintenance of S. aureus within farms. The primary objective of the present study was to detect genetic loci associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus in Danish crossbred pigs (Danish Landrace/Yorkshire/Duroc). Results Fifty-six persistent carriers and 65 non-carriers selected from 15 farms surveyed in the previous longitudinal study were genotyped using Illumina’s Porcine SNP60 beadchip. In addition, spa typing was performed on 126 S. aureus isolates from 37 pigs to investigate possible relationships between host and S. aureus genotypes. A single SNP (MARC0099960) on chromosome 12 was found to be associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus at a genome-wide level after permutation testing (p = 0.0497) whereas the association of a neighboring SNP was found to be borderline (p = 0.114). Typing of S. aureus isolates led to detection of 11 spa types belonging to the three main S. aureus clonal complexes (CC) previously described in pigs (CC9, CC30 and CC398). Individual carriers often harbored multiple S. aureus genotypes and the host-pathogen interaction seems to be independent of S. aureus genotype. Conclusion Our results suggest it may be possible to select pigs genetically resistant to S. aureus nasal colonization as a tool to control transmission of livestock-associated MRSA to humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0599-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Skallerup
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | | | - Claus B Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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276
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de Oliveira LM, van der Heijden IM, Golding GR, Abdala E, Freire MP, Rossi F, D' alburquerque LC, Levin AS, Costa SF. Staphylococcus aureus isolates colonizing and infecting cirrhotic and liver-transplantation patients: comparison of molecular typing and virulence factors. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:264. [PMID: 26572493 PMCID: PMC4647648 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S. aureus is an important agent of colonization and infection in liver transplant patients. It harbors several virulence factors that can increase its pathogenicity. However, studies of virulence and molecular typing of MRSA in cirrhotic and liver transplantation patients are scarce. RESULTS Here we use SCCmec, PFGE, spa typing, MLST and virulence factors to characterize MRSA isolates in pre and post liver transplantation patients. Sixteen (13%) of 126 cirrhotic and 15 of the 64 liver-transplanted patients (23%) were colonized by MRSA (p=0.091). SCCmec types I, II and III that are generally associated with nosocomial infections were identified in 91% of the isolates. None of the isolates carried PVL, adhesion factors and fib gene. Only three MRSA colonized isolates carried tst gene and were characterized as SCCmec type I and t149. Ten spa types and five STs were identified; t002 and ST105 were the most frequent profiles. Spa types and ST1510 never described in Brazil and a new spa type t14789 were identified. Nineteen PFGE subtypes were found and grouped into nine types. There was a predominant cluster, which was related to the New York/Japanese epidemic clone and harboured SCCmec type II identified in both cirrhotic and post-transplantation patients. Based on SCCmec and virulence factors the MRSA isolates belonged to NY/Jpn clone seen be more similar to the USA100 MRSA isolates. CONCLUSIONS Although without significance, liver-transplantation was more frequently colonized by MRSA than cirrhotic patients. The most frequent SCCmec was type II, and the predominant cluster was related to the New York/Japanese clone. A new spa t14789, and ST1510 never reported in Brazil were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Marques de Oliveira
- Department of Infection Control, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Medical Investigation 54 (LIM-54), Hospital Das Clínicas FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Inneke Marie van der Heijden
- Department of Infection Control, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Medical Investigation 54 (LIM-54), Hospital Das Clínicas FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Edson Abdala
- Liver Transplantation Unit, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maristela P Freire
- Liver Transplantation Unit, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Rossi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz C D' alburquerque
- Liver Transplantation Unit, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Anna S Levin
- Department of Infection Control, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Medical Investigation 54 (LIM-54), Hospital Das Clínicas FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Silvia F Costa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation 54 (LIM-54), Hospital Das Clínicas FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, LIM-54, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
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277
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Thammavongsa V, Kim HK, Missiakas D, Schneewind O. Staphylococcal manipulation of host immune responses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 13:529-43. [PMID: 26272408 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial commensal of the human nares and skin, is a frequent cause of soft tissue and bloodstream infections. A hallmark of staphylococcal infections is their frequent recurrence, even when treated with antibiotics and surgical intervention, which demonstrates the bacterium's ability to manipulate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we highlight how S. aureus virulence factors inhibit complement activation, block and destroy phagocytic cells and modify host B cell and T cell responses, and we discuss how these insights might be useful for the development of novel therapies against infections with antibiotic resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilasack Thammavongsa
- 1] Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. [2] Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 755 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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278
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Santos Costa S, Viveiros M, Rosato AE, Melo-Cristino J, Couto I. Impact of efflux in the development of multidrug resistance phenotypes in Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:232. [PMID: 26498754 PMCID: PMC4619429 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efflux has been recognized as a resistance mechanism to antimicrobials in Staphylococcus aureus; however its role on the development of clinically relevant resistance is still poorly characterized. This study aimed to examine the impact of efflux on development of resistance to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobials in S. aureus strains representing relevant phenotypes in terms of antibiotic susceptibility and efflux activity. Methods Two closely related methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains, with different efflux capacity and the pan-susceptible strain ATCC25923 were exposed to constant concentrations of the efflux pump (EP) substrates ciprofloxacin, ethidium bromide and cetrimide. Parental and exposed strains were tested regarding their susceptibility towards antibiotics, biocides and ethidium bromide, efflux capacity and levels of EP gene expression. Occurrence of resistance-associated mutations was screened by sequencing. Results Multidrug resistance phenotypes emerged upon exposure, independently of the substrate or its concentration, which were correlated with increased efflux capacity of the exposed strains. The temporal pattern of EP gene expression disclosed an early-response with high expression of several genes, followed by a late-response, characterized by overexpression of specific genes. The overall cell response was more pronounced for strains with an initial basal efflux activity. Remarkably, detection of the IS256 element in the promoter regions of mgrA and norA, in some cases associated with increased gene expression, suggests that these genes may be hot spots for IS256 insertion events. The results obtained with exposure of ATCC25923 to ciprofloxacin were particularly striking, revealing a step-wise development of fluoroquinolone resistance, with a first efflux-mediated response, followed by the occurrence of a mutation in grlA that resulted in phenotypic resistance. Additionally, challenge by non-fluoroquinolone agents, particularly cetrimide, promoted cross resistance to fluoroquinolones, revealing the potential role of biocides as selective pressure for the emergence of resistance to these antibiotics. Conclusions This study reveals efflux as a significant component of S. aureus resistance to fluoroquinolones and biocides and as a primary mechanism to withstand stress imposed by antimicrobials. This efflux-mediated response can result in the emergence of multidrug resistance in healthcare environments and should be taken into account in the management of this major pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0572-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Santos Costa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Adriana E Rosato
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - José Melo-Cristino
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte E.P.E., Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
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279
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Rao Q, Shang W, Hu X, Rao X. Staphylococcus aureus ST121: a globally disseminated hypervirulent clone. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1462-1473. [PMID: 26445995 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infections in hospitals and communities worldwide. With the development of typing methods, several pandemic clones have been well characterized, including the extensively spreading hospital-associated meticillin-resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA) clone ST239 and the emerging hypervirulent community-associated (CA) MRSA clone USA300. The multilocus sequence typing method was set up based on seven housekeeping genes; S. aureus groups were defined by the sharing of alleles at ≥ 5 of the seven loci. In many cases, the predicted founder of a group would also be the most prevalent ST within the group. As a predicted founder of major S. aureus groups, approximately 90 % of ST121 strains was meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The majority of ST121 strains carry accessory gene regulator type IV, whereas staphylococcal protein A gene types for ST121 are exceptionally diverse. More than 90 % of S. aureus ST121 strains have Panton-Valentine leukocidin; other enterotoxins, haemolysins, leukocidins and exfoliative toxins also contribute to the high virulence of ST121 strains. Patients suffering from S. aureus ST121 infections often need longer hospitalization and prolonged antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we tried to summarize the epidemiology of the S. aureus clone ST121 and focused on the molecular types, toxin carriage and disease spectrum of this globally disseminated clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Weilong Shang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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280
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Davis MF, Misic AM, Morris DO, Moss JT, Tolomeo P, Beiting DP, Nachamkin I, Lautenbach E, Rankin SC. Genome sequencing reveals strain dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the same household in the context of clinical disease in a person and a dog. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:304-7. [PMID: 26411322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The strain dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from people and the household dog were investigated. The isolates were identified in the context of a randomized controlled trial that tested household-wide decolonization of people. Genotypic comparison of MRSA isolates obtained from two household members, the dog, and home surfaces over a three-month period failed to implicate the pet or the home environment in recurrent colonization of the household members. However, it did implicate the pet's bed in exposure of the dog prior to the dog's infection. Whole genome sequencing was performed to differentiate the isolates. This report also describes introduction of diverse strains of MRSA into the household within six weeks of cessation of harmonized decolonization treatment of people and treatment for infection in the dog. These findings suggest that community sources outside the home may be important for recurrent MRSA colonization or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ana M Misic
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John T Moss
- Brandywine Valley Veterinary Hospital, 2580 Strasburg Rd., Coatesville, PA 19320, USA
| | - Pam Tolomeo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Bldging 421, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Irving Nachamkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Bldging 421, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Ebbing Lautenbach
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Bldging 421, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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281
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Roussel S, Felix B, Vingadassalon N, Grout J, Hennekinne JA, Guillier L, Brisabois A, Auvray F. Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in France: comparison of different molecular typing methods, including MLVA. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:882. [PMID: 26441849 PMCID: PMC4566840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (SFPOs) are frequently reported in France. However, most of them remain unconfirmed, highlighting a need for a better characterization of isolated strains. Here we analyzed the genetic diversity of 112 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 76 distinct SFPOs that occurred in France over the last 30 years. We used a recently developed multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) protocol and compared this method with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa-typing and carriage of genes (se genes) coding for 11 staphylococcal enterotoxins (i.e., SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, SEI, SEJ, SEP, SER). The strains known to have an epidemiological association with one another had identical MLVA types, PFGE profiles, spa-types or se gene carriage. MLVA, PFGE and spa-typing divided 103 epidemiologically unrelated strains into 84, 80, and 50 types respectively demonstrating the high genetic diversity of S. aureus strains involved in SFPOs. Each MLVA type shared by more than one strain corresponded to a single spa-type except for one MLVA type represented by four strains that showed two different-but closely related-spa-types. The 87 enterotoxigenic strains were distributed across 68 distinct MLVA types that correlated all with se gene carriage except for four MLVA types. The most frequent se gene detected was sea, followed by seg and sei and the most frequently associated se genes were sea-seh and sea-sed-sej-ser. The discriminatory ability of MLVA was similar to that of PFGE and higher than that of spa-typing. This MLVA protocol was found to be compatible with high throughput analysis, and was also faster and less labor-intensive than PFGE. MLVA holds promise as a suitable method for investigating SFPOs and tracking the source of contamination in food processing facilities in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Roussel
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Maisons-AlfortFrance
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Mazi W, Sangal V, Sandstrom G, Saeed A, Yu J. Evaluation of spa-typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using high-resolution melting analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 38:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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283
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Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Strain Type at Various Body Sites among Patients with a Closed Abscess and Uninfected Controls at U.S. Emergency Departments. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3478-84. [PMID: 26292314 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01371-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a prevalent cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), but the association between CA-MRSA colonization and infection remains uncertain. We studied the carriage frequency at several body sites and the diversity of S. aureus strains from patients with and without SSTI. Specimens from the nares, throat, rectum, and groin of case subjects with a closed skin abscess (i.e., without drainage) and matched control subjects without a skin infection (n = 147 each) presenting to 10 U.S. emergency departments were cultured using broth enrichment; wound specimens were cultured from abscess cases. Methicillin resistance testing and spa typing were performed for all S. aureus isolates. S. aureus was found in 85/147 (57.8%) of abscesses; 49 isolates were MRSA, and 36 were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). MRSA colonization was more common among cases (59/147; 40.1%) than among controls (27/147; 18.4%) overall (P < 0.001) and at each body site; no differences were observed for MSSA. S. aureus-infected subjects were usually (75/85) colonized with the infecting strain; among MRSA-infected subjects, this was most common in the groin. The CC8 lineage accounted for most of both infecting and colonizing isolates, although more than 16 distinct strains were identified. Nearly all MRSA infections were inferred to be USA300. There was more diversity among colonizing than infecting isolates and among those isolated from controls versus cases. CC8 S. aureus is a common colonizer of persons with and without skin infections. Detection of S. aureus colonization, and especially MRSA, may be enhanced by extranasal site culture.
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284
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Mendes RE, Deshpande LM, Costello AJ, Farrell DJ, Jones RN, Flamm RK. Genotypic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Recovered at Baseline from Phase 3 Pneumonia Clinical Trials for Ceftobiprole. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 22:53-8. [PMID: 26230870 PMCID: PMC4722542 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Baseline methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients with nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia collected during Phase 3 trials for ceftobiprole were characterized. Eighty-four unique isolates from patients enrolled in Europe (50.0%), Asia-Western Pacific region (APAC; 20.2%), North America (19.0%), Latin America (8.3%), and South Africa (2.4%) were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution and isolates screened for Panton-Valentine leukocidin. SCCmec and agr types were determined. Strains were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa typing. Clonal complexes (CCs) were assigned based on spa and/or multilocus sequence typing. Most isolates were CC5-MRSA-I/II/IV (44.0%; 37/84), followed by CC8-MRSA-IV (22.6%; 19/84) and CC239-MRSA-III (21.4%; 18/84). Other MRSA formed seven clonal clusters. Isolates from North America were associated with USA100, while those from South America belonged to the Cordobes/Chilean CC. A greater clonal diversity was observed in Europe; however, each country had CC5, CC8, or CC239 as prevalent lineages. Isolates from APAC were CC5-MRSA-II (47.1%; 8/17) or CC239-MRSA-III (47.1%; 8/17). Isolates carrying SCCmec I and III had ceftobiprole MIC50 values of 2 μg/ml, while those isolates with SCCmec II and IV had MIC50 values of 1 μg/ml. Ceftobiprole inhibited 96% and 100.0% of the isolates at ≤2 and ≤4 μg/ml, respectively. These isolates represented common circulating MRSA clones. Ceftobiprole demonstrated in vitro activity with a slight variation of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) according to SCCmec or clonal type.
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285
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Cremonesi P, Pozzi F, Raschetti M, Bignoli G, Capra E, Graber HU, Vezzoli F, Piccinini R, Bertasi B, Biffani S, Castiglioni B, Luini M. Genomic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with high within-herd prevalence of intramammary infections in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6828-38. [PMID: 26233457 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of mastitis in dairy cattle. Based on previous research, Staph. aureus genotypes with different pathogenic and contagious properties can cause intramammary infection (IMI) and coexist in the same herd. Our study aimed to compare Staph. aureus strains from herds that differed in IMI prevalence using different molecular approaches such as ribosomal spacer (RS)-PCR, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multiplex PCR. For this purpose, 31 dairy herds with Staph. aureus IMI were selected, and 16 of these were chosen for a comparison study: the 8 high-prevalence (HP) herds had Staph. aureus IMI prevalence >28% and the 8 low-prevalence (LP) herds had an IMI prevalence <4%. A total of 650 isolates of Staph. aureus from mammary quarters of all positive cows were genotyped with RS-PCR, a technique based on amplification of a portion of the intergenic spacer 16S-23S rRNA, and a subset of 54 strains was also analyzed by multiplex PCR, ribotyping, PFGE, MLST, and spa typing. The RS-PCR analysis revealed 12 different profiles. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 5 out of 8 HP herds showed a profile identical to the genotype B (GTB), described in previous studies as being strongly associated with high within-herd prevalence of Staph. aureus mastitis and the presence of the genes coding for enterotoxins sea, sed, and sej, a long x-region of spa gene, and 3 lukE fragments. Moreover, all strains isolated in the HP herds possessed genes coding for staphylococcal enterotoxins. In LP herds, a limited number of strains of 6 genotypes, different from those isolated in HP herds, were identified and GTB was not found. Within these genotypes, 4 strains were positive for the mecA gene. Preliminary results and comparison with other genotyping methods confirmed that genotyping by RS-PCR is an accurate, rapid, and inexpensive tool for future field studies on Staph. aureus mastitis strains and generates clinically relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Pozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Sezione di Lodi, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - M Raschetti
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Bignoli
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - E Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Sezione di Lodi, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - R Piccinini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - B Bertasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Reparto Tecnologie Acidi Nucleici Applicate agli Alimenti, via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - S Biffani
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Sezione di Lodi, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
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Zhao Z, Sun HQ, Wei SS, Li B, Feng Q, Zhu J, Zeng H, Zou QM, Wu C. Multiple B-cell epitope vaccine induces a Staphylococcus enterotoxin B-specific IgG1 protective response against MRSA infection. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26201558 PMCID: PMC4511869 DOI: 10.1038/srep12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
No vaccine against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been currently approved for use in humans. Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of the most potent MRSA exotoxins. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy and immunologic mechanisms of an SEB multiple B-cell epitope vaccine against MRSA infection. Synthetic overlapping peptide ELISA identified three novel B-cell immunodominant SEB epitopes (in addition to those previously known): SEB31–48, SEB133–150, and SEB193–210. Six B-cell immunodominant epitopes (amino acid residues 31–48, 97–114, 133–150, 193–210, 205–222, and 247–261) were sufficient to induce robust IgG1/IgG2b-specific protective responses against MRSA infection. Therefore, we constructed a recombinant MRSA SEB-specific multiple B-cell epitope vaccine Polypeptides by combining the six SEB immunodominant epitopes and demonstrated its ability to induce a robust SEB-specific IgG1 response to MRSA, as well as a Th2-directing isotype response. Moreover, Polypeptides-induced antisera stimulated synergetic opsonophagocytosis killing of MRSA. Most importantly, Polypeptides was more effective at clearing the bacteria in MRSA-infected mice than the whole SEB antigen, and was able to successfully protect mice from infection by various clinical MRSA isolates. Altogether, these results support further evaluation of the SEB multiple B-cell epitope-vaccine to address MRSA infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - He-Qiang Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Qiang Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Chao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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287
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Wi YM, Park YK, Moon C, Ryu SY, Lee H, Ki HK, Cheong HS, Son JS, Lee JS, Kwon KT, Kim JM, Ha YE, Kang CI, Ko KS, Chung DR, Peck KR, Song JH. The cefazolin inoculum effect in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus blood isolates: their association with dysfunctional accessory gene regulator (agr). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 83:286-91. [PMID: 26277619 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical significance of the cefazolin inoculum effect (CIE) in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. In total, 146 isolates were recovered from patients with MSSA bacteremia at 9 hospitals in Korea. The CIE was observed in 16 MSSA isolates, and while type A was the only detected β-lactamase in MSSA isolates exhibiting the CIE, no strains expressing type B, C, or D β-lactamases exhibited this effect. The CIE was only observed in agr group III and I isolates and was significantly more common in isolates with agr dysfunction than in those with functional agr (P<0.001). Even among isolates producing type A β-lactamase, the CIE was also prevalent in isolates with dysfunctional agr than in isolates with functional agr (P=0.025). This study demonstrates an association between the CIE of MSSA isolates and agr dysfunction, in addition to those between the CIE and type A β-lactamase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Wi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chisook Moon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeol Ryu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyun Ki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Suk Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seong Son
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seo Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - June Myong Kim
- Department of Medicine, The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Ha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol In Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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288
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Chao G, Bao G, Cao Y, Yan W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhou L, Wu Y. Prevalence and diversity of enterotoxin genes with genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different origins in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26210294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) induce toxin-mediated diseases, such as food poisoning. In the present study, 568 isolates from different sources were tested for the prevalence of 18 SE genes and performed spa typing. In addition, we characterized the relationships between the distribution of SE genes and molecular clones based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing in selected 250 isolates. Approximately 54.40% of the isolates from different sources harbored one or more SE genes forming 120 distinct gene profiles. Seven genes, sea, seb, seg, seo, sem, seq, and sel were more frequently detected. The distributions of the SE genes among the isolates from human, animals, and foodborne origins were highly different with isolates from environments (P<0.01). The classic SE genes in both foodborne and human origin isolates were significantly higher than that in animal origin isolates (P<0.01), whereas the prevalence of genes of egc cluster and the other genes was similar in human, animal, and foodborne origin isolates (P>0.05). We identified two important gene clusters, sea-sek-seq, which is closely related to hospital-acquired (HA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-III, and the egc cluster, which accounts for nearly half of all genes. Approximately 71% isolates could be typed by spa, yielding 103 spa types, of which 18 spa types were primary types. In clonal complex (CC) 239, an important Asian HA-MRSA-III clone from humans, nearly all isolates harbored complete or partial sea-sek-seq cluster; the main spa types were t030 and t037. In CC630, an important new community-associated (CA) MRSA-V CC in China, only sporadic SE genes, three main spa types, t4549, t2196, and t377 were observed. The egc cluster coexisting with other genes was present in isolates of CC5, CC9, CC1281, CC1301, CC30 and sequence type (ST) 25, but completely absent in isolates of CC239, CC59, CC7, and CC88. The results illustrate the genetic clonal diversity and the identity of S. aureus isolates from different sources with respect to SE genes and highlight a correlation between SE genes or gene clusters and CCs, spa, and MRSA clones. The foodborne and human origin isolates were the main potential causes of classic staphylococcal foodborne poisonings, whereas isolates harboring novel genes were new potential hazards to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Guangyu Bao
- Yangzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yongzhong Cao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenguang Yan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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289
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Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, Neela V, van Wamel W, Hamat RA, Shamsudin MN, Hussin NSC, Aziz MN, Haspani MSM, Johar A, Thevarajah S, Vos M, van Belkum A. Nasal carriers are more likely to acquire exogenous Staphylococcus aureus strains than non-carriers. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:998.e1-7. [PMID: 26183299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We performed a prospective observational study in a clinical setting to test the hypothesis that prior colonization by a Staphylococcus aureus strain would protect, by colonization interference or other processes, against de novo colonization and, hence, possible endo-infections by newly acquired S. aureus strains. Three hundred and six patients hospitalized for >7 days were enrolled. For every patient, four nasal swabs (days 1, 3, 5, and 7) were taken, and patients were identified as carriers when a positive nasal culture for S. aureus was obtained on day 1 of hospitalization. For all patients who acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-susceptible S. aureus via colonization and/or infection during hospitalization, strains were collected. We note that our study may suffer from false-negative cultures, local problems with infection control and hospital hygiene, or staphylococcal carriage at alternative anatomical sites. Among all patients, 22% were prior carriers of S. aureus, including 1.9% whom carried MRSA upon admission. The overall nasal staphylococcal carriage rate among dermatology patients was significantly higher than that among neurosurgery patients (n = 25 (55.5%) vs. n = 42 (16.1%), p 0.005). This conclusion held when the carriage definition included individuals who were nasal culture positive on day 1 and day 3 of hospitalization (p 0.0001). All MRSA carriers were dermatology patients. There was significantly less S. aureus acquisition among non-carriers than among carriers during hospitalization (p 0.005). The mean number of days spent in the hospital before experiencing MRSA acquisition in nasal carriers was 5.1, which was significantly lower than the score among non-carriers (22 days, p 0.012). In conclusion, we found that nasal carriage of S. aureus predisposes to rather than protects against staphylococcal acquisition in the nose, thereby refuting our null hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - V Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - W van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Hamat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Nor Shamsudin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Marine Science Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - M N Aziz
- Pathology Laboratories, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - A Johar
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Thevarajah
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Vos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A van Belkum
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; bioMérieux, R&D Microbiology, La Balme les Grottes, France
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290
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Thapaliya D, O'Brien AM, Wardyn SE, Smith TC. Epidemiology of necrotizing infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes at an Iowa hospital. J Infect Public Health 2015; 8:634-41. [PMID: 26163423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to characterize the epidemiology of necrotizing soft tissue infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (n=14) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=14) isolates collected at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. An additional 9 S. pyogenes isolates were collected from patients being treated for mild respiratory infections and served as a comparison sample in the analysis. Patient data corresponding to the isolates (n=37) were also collected in order to identify risk factors or comorbid conditions possibly correlated with necrotizing fasciitis (NF). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus among the study isolates was 35.7% (5/14), and the prevalence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene was 57% (8/14). The S. pyogenes NF (wound) isolates (n=14) belonged to 10 different emm types, none of which appeared to be associated with more severe disease when compared to the milder infection (throat) samples (n=9). Comorbid conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease were significantly associated with NF. The results indicate that there may be a high prevalence of the PVL virulence factor in NF infections and that spa type t008 may be responsible for the increasing incidence of S. aureus NF infections in Iowa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Thapaliya
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashley M O'Brien
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shylo E Wardyn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tara C Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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291
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Wang J, Lin DC, Guo XM, Wei HK, Liu XQ, Chen XJ, Guo JY, Zeng ZL, Liu J. Distribution of the Multidrug Resistance GenecfrinStaphylococcusIsolates from Pigs, Workers, and the Environment of a Hog Market and a Slaughterhouse in Guangzhou, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:598-605. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Chuan Lin
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Mu Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Kun Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian–Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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292
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Sinlapasorn S, Lulitanond A, Angkititrakul S, Chanawong A, Wilailuckana C, Tavichakorntrakool R, Chindawong K, Seelaget C, Krasaesom M, Chartchai S, Wonglakorn L, Sribenjalux P. SCCmec IX in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from pigs and workers at pig farms in Khon Kaen, Thailand. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1087-1093. [PMID: 26296763 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, clonal complex (CC) 398, has been reported in Europe, whereas CC9 MRSA has mostly been found in Asia. Therefore, we aimed to detect MRSA on pig farms in north-eastern Thailand. A total of 257 nasal swabs (159 samples from pigs and 98 from pig-farm workers) were collected from three pig farms in north-eastern Thailand from 2010 to 2011. MRSA isolates were confirmed for femA and mecA genes by PCR. The MICs of eight antimicrobials, namely vancomycin (VA), cefazolin (CZ), ofloxacin (OF), tetracycline (TET), erythromycin (ER), oxacillin (OX), cefoxitin (FOX) and gentamicin (GN), were tested by agar dilution method. The virulence genes for Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin (lukSF-PV), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) and α-haemolysin (hla) were detected by PCR. Strain typing was performed by staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec, agr, spa and multilocus sequence typing. Four MRSA were isolated: three from workers and one from a pig. All the MRSA isolates were resistant to OX, GN, ER, TET and CZ, and they all carried hla only. Two MRSA from humans carried SCCmec II-sequence type (ST)764-agrII, whereas the two remaining MRSA (one each from a human and a pig) contained SCCmec IX-ST9-agrII. Interestingly, meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates carrying SCCmec IX were also obtained from five workers and three pigs. This study suggests that the SCCmec IX element is distributed among the Staphylococcus found in pigs and pig-farm workers, and pigs may be a reservoir for MRSA in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwaporn Sinlapasorn
- Graduate School, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Aroonlug Lulitanond
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sunpetch Angkititrakul
- Research Group for Preventive Technology in Livestock, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Aroonwadee Chanawong
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chotechana Wilailuckana
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ratree Tavichakorntrakool
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanoksak Chindawong
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Charinya Seelaget
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Mana Krasaesom
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Chartchai
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Lumyai Wonglakorn
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pipat Sribenjalux
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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293
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Hadjirin NF, Lay EM, Paterson GK, Harrison EM, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Zadoks RN, Holmes MA. Detection of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in retail pork, United Kingdom, February 2015. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:21156. [PMID: 26111237 PMCID: PMC4841384 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.24.21156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus belonging to clonal complex 398 (LA-MRSA CC398) is an important cause of zoonotic infections in many countries. Here, we describe the isolation of LA-MRSA CC398 from retail meat samples of United Kingdom (UK) farm origin. Our findings indicate that this lineage is probably established in UK pig farms and demonstrate a potential pathway for the transmission of LA-MRSA CC398 from livestock to humans in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Hadjirin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - E M Lay
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - G K Paterson
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - E M Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J Parkhill
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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294
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Luini M, Cremonesi P, Magro G, Bianchini V, Minozzi G, Castiglioni B, Piccinini R. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with low within-herd prevalence of intra-mammary infections in dairy cows: Genotyping of isolates. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:270-4. [PMID: 26009302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common mastitis-causing pathogens worldwide. In the last decade, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) infections have been described in several species, included the bovines. Hence, this paper investigates the diffusion of MRSA within Italian dairy herds; the strains were further characterized using a DNA microarray, which detects 330 different sequences, including the methicillin-resistance genes mecA and mecC and SCCmec typing. The analysis of overall patterns allows the assignment to Clonal Complexes (CC). Overall 163 S. aureus isolates, collected from quarter milk samples in 61 herds, were tested. MRSA strains were further processed using spa typing. Fifteen strains (9.2%), isolated in 9 herds (14.75%), carried mecA, but none harboured mecC. MRSA detection was significantly associated (P<0.011) with a within-herd prevalence of S. aureus intra-mammary infections (IMI) ≤5%. Ten MRSA strains were assigned to CC398, the remaining ones to CC97 (n=2), CC1 (n=2) or CC8 (n=1). In 3 herds, MRSA and MSSA co-existed: CC97-MRSA with CC398-MSSA, CC1-MRSA with CC8-MSSA and CC398-MRSA with CC126-MSSA. The results of spa typing showed an overall similar profile of the strains belonging to the same CC: t127-CC1, t1730-CC97, t899 in 8 out of 10 CC398. In the remaining 2 isolates a new spa type, t14644, was identified. The single CC8 was a t3092. The SCCmec cassettes were classified as type IV, type V or type IV/V composite. All or most strains harboured the genes encoding the β-lactamase operon and the tetracycline resistance. Streptogramin resistance gene was related to CC398. Enterotoxin and leukocidin genes were carried only by CC1, CC8 and CC97-MRSA. The persistence of MRSA clones characterized by broader host range, in epidemiologically unrelated areas and in dairy herds with low prevalence of S. aureus IMI, might enhance the risk for adaptation to human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Magro
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - V Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Minozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - R Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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295
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Biber A, Parizade M, Taran D, Jaber H, Berla E, Rubin C, Rahav G, Glikman D, Regev-Yochay G. Molecular epidemiology of community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Israel. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1603-13. [PMID: 25972251 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Data on community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Israel are scarce. The objective of this study was to characterize the major CA-MRSA clones in Israel. All clinical MRSA isolates detected in the community during a period of 2.5 years (2011-2013) from individuals insured by a major health maintenance organization in Israel were collected, with additional data from medical records. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing were determined. SCCmec IV and V isolates were further typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, and detection of a panel of toxin genes. MRSA were detected in 280 patients, mostly from skin infections. Patients with SCCmec IV (n = 120, 43 %) were younger (p < 0.0001) and reported less contact with healthcare facilities. Almost all isolates were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole susceptible (98 %). spa-CC032, a typical nosocomial MRSA clone, accounted for 28 % of SCCmec IV. The two major CA-MRSA clones were t008 USA300 (13 %) and t991 (10 %); t991 was isolated mainly from children (75 %), was Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) negative but eta-positive, and was typically susceptible to most antibiotic groups. PVL-positive strains (n = 31) included mainly USA300 (52 %) and t019 (13 %). While multiple genetic lineages were evident among community-onset MRSA in Israel, approximately 20 % are typical CA-MRSA clones, mainly USA300 and a local clone, t991.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biber
- Infectious Dis. Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, The Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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296
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Bouchiat C, El-Zeenni N, Chakrakodi B, Nagaraj S, Arakere G, Etienne J. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Bangalore, India: emergence of the ST217 clone and high rate of resistance to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin in the community. New Microbes New Infect 2015; 7:15-20. [PMID: 26110062 PMCID: PMC4475830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and the circulating clones in Bangalore, India. Susceptibility testing was performed for all cases of SA infections in a tertiary-care hospital. Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) encoding genes were detected, and sequence type and spa type were determined. Out of the 92 collected strains, 52.2% were methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA), isolated from community-acquired (CA) infections in 60.4% and hospital-acquired (HA) infections in 39.6%. S. aureus isolates were also highly resistant to erythromycin (54.3%) and ciprofloxacin (70.6%) in methicillin-susceptible SA (MSSA) and MRSA, as well as in CA and HA infections. MRSA were found to be significantly more resistant to gentamicin (p <0.001), cotrimoxazole (p <0.001) and ciprofloxacin (p 0.001) than MSSA, but no significant difference was observed between CA- and HA-SA. ST217 appeared as a new emerging and prevalent clone, but ST772 remained the predominant clone, all being PVL-positive isolates. Our study points out the high prevalence of MRSA, even in the community, and the worrying increase of resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin among CA-MSSA. Emergence of clone ST217 is reported for the first time in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bouchiat
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Centre de biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France ; Faculté de medicine, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon, Lyon, France ; Centre national de référence des staphylocoques, Lyon, France
| | - N El-Zeenni
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Centre de biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - B Chakrakodi
- Society for Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - S Nagaraj
- St. John's Hospital and Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - G Arakere
- Society for Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - J Etienne
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Centre de biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France ; Laboratoire de bactériologie, Centre de biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France ; Faculté de medicine, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon, Lyon, France
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297
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Verhoeven PO, Haddar CH, Grattard F, Carricajo A, Botelho-Nevers E, Pozzetto B, Berthelot P. Does pharyngeal sampling improve the detection of nasopharyngeal persistent carriers of Staphylococcus aureus? J Infect 2015; 70:549-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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298
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Staphylococcus aureus is More Prevalent in Retail Beef Livers than in Pork and other Beef Cuts. Pathogens 2015; 4:182-98. [PMID: 25927961 PMCID: PMC4493469 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the top five pathogens contributing to acquired foodborne illnesses causing an estimated quarter million cases every year in the US. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Methicillin Susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in retail beef livers, beef, and pork meats sold in Tulsa, Oklahoma and to characterize the recovered strains for their virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Ninety six chilled retail beef (50 beef livers and 46 beef other cuts), and 99 pork meat samples were collected. The prevalence in beef livers was 40/50 (80%) followed by other beef cuts 23/46 (50%) then pork 43/99 (43.3%). No isolates were positive for MRSA since none harbored the mecA or mecC gene. A total of 334 recovered S. aureus isolates (143 beef livers, 76 beef, and 115 pork isolates) were screened for their antimicrobial susceptibility against 16 different antimicrobials and their possession of 18 different toxin genes. Multidrug resistance was more prevalent in the pork isolates followed by beef then beef livers. The prevalence of enterotoxin genes such as seg, seh, and sei and the toxic shock syndrome gene tst was higher in the pork isolates than in the beef ones. The hemolysin genes, particularly hlb, were more prevalent in isolates from beef livers. Molecular typing of a subset of the recovered isolates showed that they are highly diverse where spa typing was more discriminatory than PFGE. The alarmingly high incidence of S. aureus in retail beef livers in this study should raise awareness about the food safety of such meat products.
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299
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Incidence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Toxin Genes Possession Screening of Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Chicken Livers and Gizzards. Foods 2015; 4:115-129. [PMID: 28231192 PMCID: PMC5302321 DOI: 10.3390/foods4020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Few recent outbreaks in Europe and the US involving Campylobacter and Salmonella were linked to the consumption of chicken livers. Studies investigating Staphylococcus aureus in chicken livers and gizzards are very limited. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence of S. aureus and MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) in retail chicken livers and gizzards in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In this study, 156 chicken livers and 39 chicken gizzards samples of two brands were collected. While one of the brands showed very low prevalence of 1% (1/100) for S. aureus in chicken livers and gizzards, the second brand showed prevalence of 37% (31/95). No MRSA was detected since none harbored the mecA or mecC gene. Eighty seven S. aureus isolates from livers and 28 from gizzards were screened for antimicrobial resistance to 16 antimicrobials and the possession of 18 toxin genes. Resistance to most of the antimicrobials screened including cefoxitin and oxacillin was higher in the chicken gizzards isolates. While the prevalence of enterotoxin genes seg and sei was higher in the gizzards isolates, the prevalence of hemolysin genes hla, hlb, and hld was higher in the livers ones. The lucocidin genes lukE-lukD was equally prevalent in chicken livers and gizzards isolates. Using spa typing, a subset of the recovered isolates showed that they are not known to be livestock associated and, hence, may be of a human origin. In conclusion, this study stresses the importance of thorough cooking of chicken livers and gizzards since it might contain multidrug resistant enterotoxigenic S. aureus. To our knowledge this is the first study to specifically investigate the prevalence of S. aureus in chicken livers and gizzards in the US.
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300
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Molecular characteristics of bap-positiveStaphylococcus aureusstrains from dairy cow mastitis. J DAIRY RES 2015; 82:312-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029915000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biofilm-associated protein (Bap) ofStaphylococcus aureusis a high molecular weight cell-wall-anchored protein involved in biofilm formation, first described in bovine mastitis strains from Spain. So far, studies regarding Bap were mainly based on the Spanish strain V329 and its mutants, but no information on the genetic variability ofbap-positiveStaph. aureusstrains is yet available in the literature. The present study investigated the molecular characteristics of 8bap-positiveStaph. aureusstrains from subclinical bovine mastitis, isolated in 5 herds; somatic cell counts (SCC) of milk samples were also registered. Strains were characterised using MLST, SPA typing and microarray and the results were compared with V329. All isolates from this study and V329 were assigned to ST126, t605, but some molecular differences were observed. Only herd A and B strains harboured the genes for β-lactams resistance; the leukocidin D/E gene, a type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease subunit, 3rd locus gene and serin-protease A and B were carried by all strains, but not by V329, while serin-protease E was absent in V329 and in another isolate. Four isolates and V329 harboured the fibronectin-binding protein B gene. SCC showed the highest value in the milk sample affected by the only strain carrying all the virulence factors considered. Potential large variability of virulence was evidenced among V329 and allbap-positiveStaph. aureusstrains considered: the carriage offnbcould enhance the accumulation of biofilm, but the lack oflukD/EandsplA, BorEmight decrease the invasiveness of strain.
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