251
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Enteroviruses infect human enteroids and induce antiviral signaling in a cell lineage-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1672-1677. [PMID: 28137842 PMCID: PMC5320971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617363114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common viral infectious agents of humans and are primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route. However, the events associated with enterovirus infections of the human gastrointestinal tract remain largely unknown. Here, we used stem cell-derived enteroids from human small intestines to study enterovirus infections of the intestinal epithelium. We found that enteroids were susceptible to infection by diverse enteroviruses, including echovirus 11 (E11), coxsackievirus B (CVB), and enterovirus 71 (EV71), and that contrary to an immortalized intestinal cell line, enteroids induced antiviral and inflammatory signaling pathways in response to infection in a virus-specific manner. Furthermore, using the Notch inhibitor dibenzazepine (DBZ) to drive cellular differentiation into secretory cell lineages, we show that although goblet cells resist E11 infection, enteroendocrine cells are permissive, suggesting that enteroviruses infect specific cell populations in the human intestine. Taken together, our studies provide insights into enterovirus infections of the human intestine, which could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and/or strategies to prevent or treat infections by these highly clinically relevant viruses.
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252
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Saxena K, Simon LM, Zeng XL, Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Sastri NP, Karandikar UC, Ajami NJ, Zachos NC, Kovbasnjuk O, Donowitz M, Conner ME, Shaw CA, Estes MK. A paradox of transcriptional and functional innate interferon responses of human intestinal enteroids to enteric virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E570-E579. [PMID: 28069942 PMCID: PMC5278484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium can limit enteric pathogens by producing antiviral cytokines, such as IFNs. Type I IFN (IFN-α/β) and type III IFN (IFN-λ) function at the epithelial level, and their respective efficacies depend on the specific pathogen and site of infection. However, the roles of type I and type III IFN in restricting human enteric viruses are poorly characterized as a result of the difficulties in cultivating these viruses in vitro and directly obtaining control and infected small intestinal human tissue. We infected nontransformed human intestinal enteroid cultures from multiple individuals with human rotavirus (HRV) and assessed the host epithelial response by using RNA-sequencing and functional assays. The dominant transcriptional pathway induced by HRV infection is a type III IFN-regulated response. Early after HRV infection, low levels of type III IFN protein activate IFN-stimulated genes. However, this endogenous response does not restrict HRV replication because replication-competent HRV antagonizes the type III IFN response at pre- and posttranscriptional levels. In contrast, exogenous IFN treatment restricts HRV replication, with type I IFN being more potent than type III IFN, suggesting that extraepithelial sources of type I IFN may be the critical IFN for limiting enteric virus replication in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Saxena
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lukas M Simon
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Narayan P Sastri
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Margaret E Conner
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
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253
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Du J, Lan Z, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Li X, Guo T. Detailed analysis of BALB/c mice challenged with wild type rotavirus EDIM provide an alternative for infection model of rotavirus. Virus Res 2016; 228:134-140. [PMID: 27932206 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse is one of the infection animal models for rotavirus. Since the optimal age of mouse sensitive to rotavirus infection thus far has not been unified, we elucidated clinical symptoms, immune responses and pathological changes of mice in different ages after challenged by murine rotavirus wild strain EDIM (Epidemic Diarrhea of Infant Mice) to provide data for the estimation. One-week-old, two-week-old, and three-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with EDIM in the challenge dose of 235 ID50, 470 ID50 and 705 ID50 respectively and were compared to mock-infected controls. Diarrhea illness, mobility, bodyweight were recorded, viral shedding and immune responses including serum IgA, fecal sIgA were detected, and small intestine tissue was evaluated for virus distribution and pathological changes. All the mice in one-week-old and two-week-old groups were completely unavoidable to be infected by EDIM and have been found to be malaise, activity reduced and even diarrhea, while three-week-old mice partly resist the challenge with 40% mice free from diarrhea. Meanwhile, EDIM infection has greater impact to the bodyweight of two-week-old group than those of one-week-old, three-week-old (0.9860 vs 1.2340, 1.2375g/day). One peak of virus shedding in three groups was observed in day 1-2 post infection, but the duration shortened with age increase. Feces sIgA in both two-week-old and three-week-old groups began to increase in day 4, 2-3days earlier than that in one-week-old group, and grow to the peak in day 8, which is about 2 fold of that in one-week-old group. Stronger serum IgA response was found in two-week-old group, it increased to the peak in day 15 and the level was 2 fold of three-week-old group and 4 fold of one-week-old group. The pathological changes included vacuolar degeneration, edema and congestion of intestinal wall, integrity destruction of enteric epithelium, and the changes relieved with the increase of age. Besides, rotavirus particles were found in small intestine tissues, especially in the surface and crypt of villi. In conclusion, the two-week-old mice were more sensitive to EDIM infection and initiated more effective immune response. In combination with that 14days old mice equals to 2 months infant when the first dose of rotavirus vaccine should be administrated, two-week-old mice is preferred to be used as infection model for the study of pathogenicity and immunogenicity of rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Du
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhiling Lan
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyue Liu
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanchao Li
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiangming Li
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tai Guo
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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254
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In JG, Foulke-Abel J, Estes MK, Zachos NC, Kovbasnjuk O, Donowitz M. Human mini-guts: new insights into intestinal physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13:633-642. [PMID: 27677718 PMCID: PMC5079760 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of indefinitely propagating human 'mini-guts' has led to a rapid advance in gastrointestinal research related to transport physiology, developmental biology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology. These mini-guts, also called enteroids or colonoids, are derived from LGR5+ intestinal stem cells isolated from the small intestine or colon. Addition of WNT3A and other growth factors promotes stemness and results in viable, physiologically functional human intestinal or colonic cultures that develop a crypt-villus axis and can be differentiated into all intestinal epithelial cell types. The success of research using human enteroids has highlighted the limitations of using animals or in vitro, cancer-derived cell lines to model transport physiology and pathophysiology. For example, curative or preventive therapies for acute enteric infections have been limited, mostly due to the lack of a physiological human intestinal model. However, the human enteroid model enables specific functional studies of secretion and absorption in each intestinal segment as well as observations of the earliest molecular events that occur during enteric infections. This Review describes studies characterizing these human mini-guts as a physiological model to investigate intestinal transport and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G In
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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255
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Three-dimensional cell culture models for investigating human viruses. Virol Sin 2016; 31:363-379. [PMID: 27822716 PMCID: PMC7090760 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture models are physiologically relevant, as they provide reproducible results, experimental flexibility and can be adapted for high-throughput experiments. Moreover, these models bridge the gap between traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures and animal models. 3D culture systems have significantly advanced basic cell science and tissue engineering, especially in the fields of cell biology and physiology, stem cell research, regenerative medicine, cancer research, drug discovery, and gene and protein expression studies. In addition, 3D models can provide unique insight into bacteriology, virology, parasitology and host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes and analyzes recent progress in human virological research with 3D cell culture models. We discuss viral growth, replication, proliferation, infection, virus-host interactions and antiviral drugs in 3D culture models.
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256
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Ding S, Mooney N, Li B, Kelly MR, Feng N, Loktev AV, Sen A, Patton JT, Jackson PK, Greenberg HB. Comparative Proteomics Reveals Strain-Specific β-TrCP Degradation via Rotavirus NSP1 Hijacking a Host Cullin-3-Rbx1 Complex. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005929. [PMID: 27706223 PMCID: PMC5051689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children, accounting for half a million deaths annually worldwide. RV encodes non-structural protein 1 (NSP1), a well-characterized interferon (IFN) antagonist, which facilitates virus replication by mediating the degradation of host antiviral factors including IRF3 and β-TrCP. Here, we utilized six human and animal RV NSP1s as baits and performed tandem-affinity purification coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to comprehensively characterize NSP1-host protein interaction network. Multiple Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes were identified. Importantly, inhibition of cullin-3 (Cul3) or RING-box protein 1 (Rbx1), by siRNA silencing or chemical perturbation, significantly impairs strain-specific NSP1-mediated β-TrCP degradation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that NSP1 localizes to the Golgi with the host Cul3-Rbx1 CRL complex, which targets β-TrCP and NSP1 for co-destruction at the proteasome. Our study uncovers a novel mechanism that RV employs to promote β-TrCP turnover and provides molecular insights into virus-mediated innate immunity inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Nancie Mooney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Marcus R. Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Loktev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Adrish Sen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter K. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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257
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Liu F, Huang J, Ning B, Liu Z, Chen S, Zhao W. Drug Discovery via Human-Derived Stem Cell Organoids. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:334. [PMID: 27713700 PMCID: PMC5032635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cell lines and animal models have proven invaluable for the understanding of human intestinal diseases and for drug development although both inherently comprise disadvantages and caveats. Many genetically determined intestinal diseases occur in specific tissue microenvironments that are not adequately modeled by monolayer cell culture. Likewise, animal models incompletely recapitulate the complex pathologies of intestinal diseases of humans and fall short in predicting the effects of candidate drugs. Patient-derived stem cell organoids are new and effective models for the development of novel targeted therapies. With the use of intestinal organoids from patients with inherited diseases, the potency and toxicity of drug candidates can be evaluated better. Moreover, owing to the novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein-9 genome-editing technologies, researchers can use organoids to precisely modulate human genetic status and identify pathogenesis-related genes of intestinal diseases. Therefore, here we discuss how patient-derived organoids should be grown and how advanced genome-editing tools may be applied to research on modeling of cancer and infectious diseases. We also highlight practical applications of organoids ranging from basic studies to drug screening and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, HoustonTX, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, HoustonTX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangshaHunan, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangshaHunan, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, ChangshaHunan, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, ChangshaHunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, ChangshaHunan, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston TX, USA
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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258
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Modeling infectious diseases and host-microbe interactions in gastrointestinal organoids. Dev Biol 2016; 420:262-270. [PMID: 27640087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell research have allowed the development of 3-dimensional (3D) primary cell cultures termed organoid cultures, as they closely mimic the in vivo organization of different cell lineages. Bridging the gap between 2-dimensional (2D) monotypic cancer cell lines and whole organisms, organoids are now widely applied to model development and disease. Organoids hold immense promise for addressing novel questions in host-microbe interactions, infectious diseases and the resulting inflammatory conditions. Researchers have started to use organoids for modeling infection with pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori or Salmonella enteritica, gut-microbiota interactions and inflammatory bowel disease. Future studies will broaden the spectrum of microbes used and continue to establish organoids as a standard model for human host-microbial interactions. Moreover, they will increasingly exploit the unique advantages of organoids, for example to address patient-specific responses to microbes.
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259
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Ettayebi K, Crawford SE, Murakami K, Broughman JR, Karandikar U, Tenge VR, Neill FH, Blutt SE, Zeng XL, Qu L, Kou B, Opekun AR, Burrin D, Graham DY, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids. Science 2016; 353:1387-1393. [PMID: 27562956 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 939] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The major barrier to research and development of effective interventions for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) has been the lack of a robust and reproducible in vitro cultivation system. HuNoVs are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. We report the successful cultivation of multiple HuNoV strains in enterocytes in stem cell-derived, nontransformed human intestinal enteroid monolayer cultures. Bile, a critical factor of the intestinal milieu, is required for strain-dependent HuNoV replication. Lack of appropriate histoblood group antigen expression in intestinal cells restricts virus replication, and infectivity is abrogated by inactivation (e.g., irradiation, heating) and serum neutralization. This culture system recapitulates the human intestinal epithelium, permits human host-pathogen studies of previously noncultivatable pathogens, and allows the assessment of methods to prevent and treat HuNoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R Broughman
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Umesh Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Qu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Baijun Kou
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antone R Opekun
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas Burrin
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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260
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Mills M, Estes MK. Physiologically relevant human tissue models for infectious diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1540-1552. [PMID: 27352632 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of animal infection models have engendered longstanding obstacles in basic science and translational research. Lack of suitable animal models, the need for better predictors of human immune responses and pathogens that grow poorly or not at all outside the human host impact our ability to study infectious agents that cause human disease, generation of essential tools for genetic manipulation of microbial pathogens and development of vaccines, therapeutics and host-targeted immunotherapies. The advent of conceptual and methodological advances in tissue engineering along with collaborative efforts between the bioengineering and infectious diseases scientific communities hold great promise to overcome these significant barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Mills
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Estes
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine-GI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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261
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Crawford SE, Desselberger U. Lipid droplets form complexes with viroplasms and are crucial for rotavirus replication. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:11-5. [PMID: 27341619 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that a variety of pathogens target cellular lipid metabolism for their replication. Lipid droplets are a major contributor to lipid homeostasis and contain neutral fats but are also recognized as dynamic organelles involved in signal transduction, membrane trafficking and modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Rotaviruses co-opt lipid droplets for their replication. Rotavirus viroplasms, sites of viral RNA replication and immature particle assembly, form complexes with cellular lipid droplets early in infection. Chemical compounds blocking fatty acid synthesis or interfering with lipid droplet homeostasis decrease viroplasm formation and the yield of infectious viral progeny. Lipid droplets are vital for the replication of rotaviruses as well as various members of the Flaviviridae family and several intracellular bacteria. Chemical compounds decreasing intracellular triglyceride content reduced rotavirus replication in an animal model and should be considered as potential therapeutic agents against disease caused by rotaviruses, flaviviruses and intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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262
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Rotavirus replication and the role of cellular lipid droplets: New therapeutic targets? J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 115:389-94. [PMID: 27017233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. These viruses infect the villous epithelium of the small intestine. Part of their replication occurs in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies termed viroplasms. Viroplasms and the lipid droplets (LDs) of cellular organelles are known to interact both physically and functionally. Compounds interfering with the homoeostasis of LDs significantly decrease the production of infectious RV progeny. There is considerable scope for more detailed exploration of such compounds as potential antiviral agents for a disease for which at present no specific therapy exists.
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263
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Ramani S, Hu L, Venkataram Prasad B, Estes MK. Diversity in Rotavirus-Host Glycan Interactions: A "Sweet" Spectrum. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:263-273. [PMID: 28090561 PMCID: PMC5042371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interaction with cellular glycans is a critical initial step in the pathogenesis of many infectious agents. Technological advances in glycobiology have expanded the repertoire of studies delineating host glycan-pathogen interactions. For rotavirus, the VP8* domain of the outer capsid spike protein VP4 is known to interact with cellular glycans. Sialic acid was considered the key cellular attachment factor for rotaviruses for decades. Although this is true for many rotavirus strains causing infections in animals, glycan array screens show that many human rotavirus strains bind nonsialylated glycoconjugates, called histo-blood group antigens, in a strain-specific manner. The expression of histo-blood group antigens is determined genetically and is regulated developmentally. Variations in glycan binding between different rotavirus strains are biologically relevant and provide new insights into multiple aspects of virus pathogenesis such as interspecies transmission, host range restriction, and tissue tropism. The genetics of glycan expression may affect susceptibility to different rotavirus strains and vaccine viruses, and impact the efficacy of rotavirus vaccination in different populations. A multidisciplinary approach to understanding rotavirus-host glycan interactions provides molecular insights into the interaction between microbial pathogens and glycans, and opens up new avenues to translate findings from the bench to the human population.
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Key Words
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- Glycans
- HBGA, histo-blood group antigen
- HIE, human intestinal enteroid
- Histo-Blood Group Antigens
- LNT, lacto-N-tetraose
- LNnT, lacto-N-neotetraose
- LacNAc, N-acetyllactosamine
- Le, Lewis
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- Neu5Ac, N-acetylneuraminic acid
- Neu5Gc, N-glycolylneuraminic acid
- RBC, red blood cell
- Rotavirus
- Sia
- Sia, sialic acid
- VP, viral protein
- VP8*
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sasirekha Ramani, PhD, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030. fax: (713) 798-3586.Department of Molecular Virology and MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas 77030
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - B.V. Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Foulke-Abel J, In J, Yin J, Zachos NC, Kovbasnjuk O, Estes MK, de Jonge H, Donowitz M. Human Enteroids as a Model of Upper Small Intestinal Ion Transport Physiology and Pathophysiology. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:638-649.e8. [PMID: 26677983 PMCID: PMC4766025 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human intestinal crypt-derived enteroids are a model of intestinal ion transport that require validation by comparison with cell culture and animal models. We used human small intestinal enteroids to study neutral Na(+) absorption and stimulated fluid and anion secretion under basal and regulated conditions in undifferentiated and differentiated cultures to show their functional relevance to ion transport physiology and pathophysiology. METHODS Human intestinal tissue specimens were obtained from an endoscopic biopsy or surgical resections performed at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Crypts were isolated, enteroids were propagated in culture, induced to undergo differentiation, and transduced with lentiviral vectors. Crypt markers, surface cell enzymes, and membrane ion transporters were characterized using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, or immunofluorescence analyses. We used multiphoton and time-lapse confocal microscopy to monitor intracellular pH and luminal dilatation in enteroids under basal and regulated conditions. RESULTS Enteroids differentiated upon withdrawal of WNT3A, yielding decreased crypt markers and increased villus-like characteristics. Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 activity was similar in undifferentiated and differentiated enteroids, and was affected by known inhibitors, second messengers, and bacterial enterotoxins. Forskolin-induced swelling was completely dependent on cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and partially dependent on Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 and Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter 1 inhibition in undifferentiated and differentiated enteroids. Increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate with forskolin caused enteroid intracellular acidification in HCO3(-)-free buffer. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-induced enteroid intracellular pH acidification as part of duodenal HCO3(-) secretion appears to require cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and electrogenic Na(+)/HCO3(-) cotransporter 1. CONCLUSIONS Undifferentiated or crypt-like, and differentiated or villus-like, human enteroids represent distinct points along the crypt-villus axis; they can be used to characterize electrolyte transport processes along the vertical axis of the small intestine. The duodenal enteroid model showed that electrogenic Na(+)/HCO3(-) cotransporter 1 might be a target in the intestinal mucosa for treatment of secretory diarrheas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie In
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hugo de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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