251
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Transcranial direct current stimulation versus caffeine as a fatigue countermeasure. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:1070-1078. [PMID: 28851554 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the efficacy of using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to remediate the deleterious effects of fatigue induced by sleep deprivation and compare these results to caffeine, a commonly used fatigue countermeasure. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Based on previous research, tDCS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can modulate attention and arousal. The authors hypothesize that tDCS can be an effective fatigue countermeasure. METHODS Five groups of ten participants each received either active tDCS and placebo gum at 1800, caffeine gum with sham tDCS at 1800, active tDCS and placebo gum at 0400, caffeine gum with sham tDCS at 0400, or sham tDCS with placebo gum at 1800 and 0400 during 36-h of sustained wakefulness. Participants completed a vigilance task, working memory task, psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), and a procedural game beginning at 1800 h and continued every two hours throughout the night until 1900 the next day. RESULTS tDCS dosed at 1800 provided 6 h of improved attentional accuracy and reaction times compared to the control group. Caffeine did not produce an effect. Both tDCS groups also had an improved effect on mood. Participants receiving tDCS reported feeling more vigor, less fatigue, and less bored throughout the night compared to the control and caffeine groups. CONCLUSIONS We believe tDCS could be a powerful fatigue countermeasure. The effects appear to be comparable or possibly more beneficial than caffeine because they are longer lasting and mood remains more positive.
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252
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Basic and functional effects of transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)-An introduction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 85:81-92. [PMID: 28688701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been gaining increased popularity in human neuroscience research during the last years. Among the emerging NIBS tools is transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), whose main modalities are transcranial direct, and alternating current stimulation (tDCS, tACS). In tES, a small current (usually less than 3mA) is delivered through the scalp. Depending on its shape, density, and duration, the applied current induces acute or long-lasting effects on excitability and activity of cerebral regions, and brain networks. tES is increasingly applied in different domains to (a) explore human brain physiology with regard to plasticity, and brain oscillations, (b) explore the impact of brain physiology on cognitive processes, and (c) treat clinical symptoms in neurological and psychiatric diseases. In this review, we give a broad overview of the main mechanisms and applications of these brain stimulation tools.
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Mazzoleni S, Tran VD, Iardella L, Dario P, Posteraro F. Randomized, sham-controlled trial based on transcranial direct current stimulation and wrist robot-assisted integrated treatment on subacute stroke patients: Intermediate results. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2017; 2017:555-560. [PMID: 28813878 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2017.8009306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study is to analyse the effects of combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and wrist robot-assisted therapy in subacute stroke patients. Twenty-four patients were included in this study and randomly assigned to the experimental (EG) or control group (CG). All participants performed wrist robot-assisted training a) in conjunction with tDCS (real stimulation for patients in EG) or b) without tDCS (sham stimulation for patients in CG). Clinical scales and kinematic parameters recorded by the robot were used for the assessment. Clinical outcome measures show a significant decrease in motor impairment after the treatment in both groups. Kinematic data show several significant improvements after the integrated therapy in both groups. However, no significant differences in both clinical outcome measures and kinematic parameters was found between two groups. The potential advantages of combined tDCS and wrist robot-assisted therapy in subacute stroke patients are still unclear.
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254
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Addition of transcranial direct current stimulation to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee osteoarthritis: A pilot randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180328. [PMID: 28665989 PMCID: PMC5493377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomised, assessor- and participant-blind, sham-controlled trial was conducted to assess the safety and feasibility of adding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee osteoarthritis (OA), and provide data to inform a fully powered trial. Participants were randomised to receive active tDCS+exercise (AT+EX) or sham tDCS+exercise (ST+EX) twice weekly for 8 weeks whilst completing home exercises twice per week. Feasibility, safety, patient-perceived response, pain, function, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were assessed before and after treatment. Fifty-seven people were screened for eligibility. Thirty (52%) entered randomisation and 25 (84%) completed the trial. One episode of headache in the AT+EX group was reported. Pain reduced in both groups following treatment (AT+EX: p<0.001, partial η2 = 0.55; ST+EX: p = 0.026, partial η2 = 0.18) but no between-group differences were observed (p = 0.18, partial η2 = 0.08). Function improved in the AT+EX (p = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.22), but not the ST+EX (p = 0.16, partial η2 = 0.08) group, between-group differences did not reach significance (p = 0.28, partial η2 = 0.052). AT+EX produced greater improvements in PPTs than ST+EX (p<0.05) (superolateral knee: partial η2 = 0.17; superior knee: partial η2 = 0.3; superomedial knee: partial η2 = 0.26). CPM only improved in the AT+EX group but no between-group difference was observed (p = 0.054, partial η2 = 0.158). This study provides the first feasibility and safety data for the addition of tDCS to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee OA. Our data suggest AT+EX may improve pain, function and pain mechanisms beyond that of ST+EX, and provides support for progression to a fully powered randomised controlled trial.
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255
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Yi GS, Wang J, Deng B, Wei XL. Morphology controls how hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron responds to uniform electric fields: a biophysical modeling study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3210. [PMID: 28607422 PMCID: PMC5468310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Responses of different neurons to electric field (EF) are highly variable, which depends on intrinsic properties of cell type. Here we use multi-compartmental biophysical models to investigate how morphologic features affect EF-induced responses in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We find that the basic morphologies of neuronal elements, including diameter, length, bend, branch, and axon terminals, are all correlated with somatic depolarization through altering the current sources or sinks created by applied field. Varying them alters the EF threshold for triggering action potentials (APs), and then determines cell sensitivity to suprathreshold field. Introducing excitatory postsynaptic potential increases cell excitability and reduces morphology-dependent EF firing threshold. It is also shown that applying identical subthreshold EF results in distinct polarizations on cell membrane with different realistic morphologies. These findings shed light on the crucial role of morphologies in determining field-induced neural response from the point of view of biophysical models. The predictions are conducive to better understanding the variability in modulatory effects of EF stimulation at the cellular level, which could also aid the interpretations of how applied fields activate central nervous system neurons and affect relevant circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Yi
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Bin Deng
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xi-Le Wei
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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256
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Murillo G, Blanquer A, Vargas-Estevez C, Barrios L, Ibáñez E, Nogués C, Esteve J. Electromechanical Nanogenerator-Cell Interaction Modulates Cell Activity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28437016 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive methods for in situ electrical stimulation of human cells open new frontiers to future bioelectronic therapies, where controlled electrical impulses could replace the use of chemical drugs for disease treatment. Here, this study demonstrates that the interaction of living cells with piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) induces a local electric field that self-stimulates and modulates their cell activity, without applying an additional chemical or physical external stimulation. When cells are cultured on top of the NGs, based on 2D ZnO nanosheets, the electromechanical NG-cell interactions stimulate the motility of macrophages and trigger the opening of ion channels present in the plasma membrane of osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) inducing intracellular calcium transients. In addition, excellent cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation are validated. This in situ cell-scale electrical stimulation of osteoblast-like cells can be extrapolated to other excitable cells such as neurons or muscle cells, paving the way for future bioelectronic medicines based on cell-targeted electrical impulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Murillo
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Andreu Blanquer
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Vargas-Estevez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lleonard Barrios
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carme Nogués
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaume Esteve
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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257
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The role of the prefrontal cortex in freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: insights from a deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation exploratory study. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2463-2472. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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258
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Deng B, Li S, Li B, Wang J, Zhang Z. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Using Strong-Coupling Effect of Resonant Magnetics. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2017; 53:1-9. [DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2017.2661244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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259
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Khedr E, Sharkawy E, Attia A, Ibrahim Osman N, Sayed Z. Role of transcranial direct current stimulation on reduction of postsurgical opioid consumption and pain in total knee arthroplasty: Double randomized clinical trial. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1355-1365. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E.M. Khedr
- Neuropsychiatry Department; Assiut University Hospital; Egypt
| | - E.S.A. Sharkawy
- Anesthesiology Department; Assiut University Hospital; Egypt
| | - A.M.A. Attia
- Anesthesiology Department; Assiut University Hospital; Egypt
| | | | - Z.M. Sayed
- Anesthesiology Department; Assiut University Hospital; Egypt
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260
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Dinkelbach L, Brambilla M, Manenti R, Brem AK. Non-invasive brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: Exploiting crossroads of cognition and mood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:407-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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261
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Suhan S, Ilona S, Chih-Chieh C, Isabelle D, Stéphane P, Antoine C, Claire M, Frédéric P. Experimental assessment of the safety and potential efficacy of high irradiance photostimulation of brain tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43997. [PMID: 28276522 PMCID: PMC5343659 DOI: 10.1038/srep43997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is widely used in fundamental neuroscience. Its potential clinical translation for brain neuromodulation requires a careful assessment of the safety and efficacy of repeated, sustained optical stimulation of large volumes of brain tissues. This study was performed in rats and not in non-human primates for ethical reasons. We studied the spatial distribution of light, potential damage, and non-physiological effects in vivo, in anesthetized rat brains, on large brain volumes, following repeated high irradiance photo-stimulation. We generated 2D irradiance and temperature increase surface maps based on recordings taken during optical stimulation using irradiance and temporal parameters representative of common optogenetics experiments. Irradiances of 100 to 600 mW/mm2 with 5 ms pulses at 20, 40, and 60 Hz were applied during 90 s. In vivo electrophysiological recordings and post-mortem histological analyses showed that high power light stimulation had no obvious phototoxic effects and did not trigger non-physiological functional activation. This study demonstrates the ability to illuminate cortical layers to a depth of several millimeters using pulsed red light without detrimental thermal damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senova Suhan
- Neurosurgery Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, PePsy department, Créteil, F-94000, France
- U955 INSERM IMRB eq.14 Université Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Scisniak Ilona
- IMNC, CNRS Univ. Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay Orsay F-91405, France
- Faculty of Physics, Univ. Warsaw, P-02-093 Poland
| | - Chiang Chih-Chieh
- IMNC, CNRS Univ. Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay Orsay F-91405, France
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu city, 300, Taiwan
| | - Doignon Isabelle
- Laboratory of Cellular interactions and liver physiopathology, INSERM, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91405 France
| | - Palfi Stéphane
- Neurosurgery Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, PePsy department, Créteil, F-94000, France
- U955 INSERM IMRB eq.14 Université Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Chaillet Antoine
- L2S, CentraleSupélec, Univ. Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, F-91192 France
| | - Martin Claire
- IMNC, CNRS Univ. Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay Orsay F-91405, France
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Pain Frédéric
- IMNC, CNRS Univ. Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay Orsay F-91405, France
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262
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Treatment-emergent Mania and Hypomania: A Review of the Literature. J Psychiatr Pract 2017; 23:150-159. [PMID: 28291043 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review focuses on treatment-emergent mania/hypomania (TEM) associated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). METHODS English-language studies involving possible rTMS-induced mania/hypomania published between 1966 and 2015 were retrieved through a Medline search using the search terms mania, hypomania, mixed affective state, treatment-emergent, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and rTMS. Fifteen case series and controlled studies describing TEM associated with rTMS treatment have been published involving 24 individuals, most of whom were diagnosed with either bipolar I or II disorder or major depressive disorder. RESULTS rTMS has been shown to possibly induce manic or hypomanic episodes in patients with depression, who are sometimes also taking antidepressants. Both high-frequency and low-frequency rTMS with different stimulus parameters may be associated with TEM in both males and females. CONCLUSIONS Given these findings, it is highly recommended that patients with bipolar disorder who are experiencing a depressive episode be prescribed a mood stabilizer and that patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder be reevaluated to consider the possibility that they might have bipolar disorder, before rTMS treatment is initiated. If TEM occurs, discontinuation of rTMS should be considered, while continuing mood-stabilizing medications. Further research is needed concerning the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and epidemiologic characteristics of TEM associated with rTMS.
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263
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Malerba P, Straudi S, Fregni F, Bazhenov M, Basaglia N. Using Biophysical Models to Understand the Effect of tDCS on Neurorehabilitation: Searching for Optimal Covariates to Enhance Poststroke Recovery. Front Neurol 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 28280482 PMCID: PMC5322214 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of worldwide disability, and up to 75% of survivors suffer from some degree of arm paresis. Recently, rehabilitation of stroke patients has focused on recovering motor skills by taking advantage of use-dependent neuroplasticity, where high-repetition of goal-oriented movement is at times combined with non-invasive brain stimulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Merging the two approaches is thought to provide outlasting clinical gains, by enhancing synaptic plasticity and motor relearning in the motor cortex primary area. However, this general approach has shown mixed results across the stroke population. In particular, stroke location has been found to correlate with the likelihood of success, which suggests that different patients might require different protocols. Understanding how motor rehabilitation and stimulation interact with ongoing neural dynamics is crucial to optimize rehabilitation strategies, but it requires theoretical and computational models to consider the multiple levels at which this complex phenomenon operate. In this work, we argue that biophysical models of cortical dynamics are uniquely suited to address this problem. Specifically, biophysical models can predict treatment efficacy by introducing explicit variables and dynamics for damaged connections, changes in neural excitability, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, plasticity mechanisms, and repetitive movement, which together can represent brain state, effect of incoming stimulus, and movement-induced activity. In this work, we hypothesize that effects of tDCS depend on ongoing neural activity and that tDCS effects on plasticity may be also related to enhancing inhibitory processes. We propose a model design for each step of this complex system, and highlight strengths and limitations of the different modeling choices within our approach. Our theoretical framework proposes a change in paradigm, where biophysical models can contribute to the future design of novel protocols, in which combined tDCS and motor rehabilitation strategies are tailored to the ongoing dynamics that they interact with, by considering the known biophysical factors recruited by such protocols and their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Malerba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Center of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maxim Bazhenov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nino Basaglia
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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264
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Cortese A, Amano K, Koizumi A, Lau H, Kawato M. Decoded fMRI neurofeedback can induce bidirectional confidence changes within single participants. Neuroimage 2017; 149:323-337. [PMID: 28163140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback studies using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) have recently incorporated the multi-voxel pattern decoding approach, allowing for fMRI to serve as a tool to manipulate fine-grained neural activity embedded in voxel patterns. Because of its tremendous potential for clinical applications, certain questions regarding decoded neurofeedback (DecNef) must be addressed. Specifically, can the same participants learn to induce neural patterns in opposite directions in different sessions? If so, how does previous learning affect subsequent induction effectiveness? These questions are critical because neurofeedback effects can last for months, but the short- to mid-term dynamics of such effects are unknown. Here we employed a within-subjects design, where participants underwent two DecNef training sessions to induce behavioural changes of opposing directionality (up or down regulation of perceptual confidence in a visual discrimination task), with the order of training counterbalanced across participants. Behavioral results indicated that the manipulation was strongly influenced by the order and the directionality of neurofeedback training. We applied nonlinear mathematical modeling to parametrize four main consequences of DecNef: main effect of change in confidence, strength of down-regulation of confidence relative to up-regulation, maintenance of learning effects, and anterograde learning interference. Modeling results revealed that DecNef successfully induced bidirectional confidence changes in different sessions within single participants. Furthermore, the effect of up- compared to down-regulation was more prominent, and confidence changes (regardless of the direction) were largely preserved even after a week-long interval. Lastly, the effect of the second session was markedly diminished as compared to the effect of the first session, indicating strong anterograde learning interference. These results are interpreted in the framework of reinforcement learning and provide important implications for its application to basic neuroscience, to occupational and sports training, and to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cortese
- Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan; Faculty of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), NICT, Osaka, Japan; Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Kaoru Amano
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), NICT, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ai Koizumi
- Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), NICT, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hakwan Lau
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan; Faculty of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), NICT, Osaka, Japan.
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265
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Castaño-Castaño S, Garcia-Moll A, Morales-Navas M, Fernandez E, Sanchez-Santed F, Nieto-Escamez F. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves visual acuity in amblyopic Long-Evans rats. Brain Res 2017; 1657:340-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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266
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267
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Seo H, Kim HI, Jun SC. The Effect of a Transcranial Channel as a Skull/Brain Interface in High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-A Computational Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40612. [PMID: 28084429 PMCID: PMC5233984 DOI: 10.1038/srep40612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A transcranial channel is an interface between the skull and brain; it consists of a biocompatible and highly conductive material that helps convey the current induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the target area. However, it has been proposed only conceptually, and there has been no concrete study of its efficacy. In this work, we conducted a computational investigation of this conceptual transcranial model with high-definition tDCS, inducing focalized neuromodulation to determine whether inclusion of a transcranial channel performs effectively. To do so, we constructed an anatomically realistic head model and compartmental pyramidal neuronal models. We analyzed membrane polarization by extracellular stimulation and found that the inclusion of a transcranial channel induced polarization at the target area 11 times greater than conventional HD-tDCS without the transcranial channel. Furthermore, the stimulation effect of the transcranial channel persisted up to approximately 80%, even when the stimulus electrodes were displaced approximately 5 mm from the target area. We investigated the efficacy of the transcranial channel and found that greatly improved stimulation intensity and focality may be achieved. Thus, the use of these channels may be promising for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seo
- Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ihl Kim
- Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Sung Chan Jun
- Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
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268
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Pondé PH, de Sena EP, Camprodon JA, de Araújo AN, Neto MF, DiBiasi M, Baptista AF, Moura LM, Cosmo C. Use of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia - a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:347-355. [PMID: 28203084 PMCID: PMC5295799 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s122016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Auditory hallucinations are defined as experiences of auditory perceptions in the absence of a provoking external stimulus. They are the most prevalent symptoms of schizophrenia with high capacity for chronicity and refractoriness during the course of disease. The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) - a safe, portable, and inexpensive neuromodulation technique - has emerged as a promising treatment for the management of auditory hallucinations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyze the level of evidence in the literature available for the use of tDCS as a treatment for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic review was performed, searching in the main electronic databases including the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE/PubMed. The searches were performed by combining descriptors, applying terms of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of Descriptors of Health Sciences and descriptors contractions. PRISMA protocol was used as a guide and the terms used were the clinical outcomes ("Schizophrenia" OR "Auditory Hallucinations" OR "Auditory Verbal Hallucinations" OR "Psychosis") searched together ("AND") with interventions ("transcranial Direct Current Stimulation" OR "tDCS" OR "Brain Polarization"). RESULTS Six randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of tDCS on the severity of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients were selected. Analysis of the clinical results of these studies pointed toward incongruence in the information with regard to the therapeutic use of tDCS with a view to reducing the severity of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Only three studies revealed a therapeutic benefit, manifested by reductions in severity and frequency of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenic patients. CONCLUSION Although tDCS has shown promising results in reducing the severity of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients, this technique cannot yet be used as a therapeutic alternative due to lack of studies with large sample sizes that portray the positive effects that have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Pondé
- Dynamics of Neuromusculoskeletal System Laboratory, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Eduardo P de Sena
- Postgraduate Program in Interactive Process of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joan A Camprodon
- Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Clinical Service, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arão Nogueira de Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Interactive Process of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mário F Neto
- Scientific Training Center Department, School of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Melany DiBiasi
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abrahão Fontes Baptista
- Functional Electrostimulation Laboratory, Biomorphology Department; Postgraduate Program on Medicine and Human Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lidia Mvr Moura
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camila Cosmo
- Postgraduate Program in Interactive Process of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Clinical Service, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Functional Electrostimulation Laboratory, Biomorphology Department; Center for Technological Innovation in Rehabilitation, Federal University of Bahia; Bahia State Health Department (SESAB), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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269
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Henrich-Noack P, Sergeeva EG, Sabel BA. Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation: from acute to late-stage treatment of central nervous system damage. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1590-1594. [PMID: 29171414 PMCID: PMC5696830 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive brain current stimulation (NIBS) is a promising and versatile tool for inducing neuroplasticity, protection and functional rehabilitation of damaged neuronal systems. It is technically simple, requires no surgery, and has significant beneficial effects. However, there are various technical approaches for NIBS which influence neuronal networks in significantly different ways. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), alternating current stimulation (ACS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) all have been applied to modulate brain activity in animal experiments under normal and pathological conditions. Also clinical trials have shown that tDCS, rTMS and ACS induce significant behavioural effects and can – depending on the parameters chosen – enhance or decrease brain excitability and influence performance and learning as well as rehabilitation and protective mechanisms. The diverse phaenomena and partially opposing effects of NIBS are not yet fully understood and mechanisms of action need to be explored further in order to select appropriate parameters for a given task, such as current type and strength, timing, distribution of current densities and electrode position. In this review, we will discuss the various parameters which need to be considered when designing a NIBS protocol and will put them into context with the envisaged applications in experimental neurobiology and medicine such as vision restoration, motor rehabilitation and cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Elena G Sergeeva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bernhard A Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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270
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the supplementary motor area (SMA) influences performance on motor tasks. Exp Brain Res 2016; 235:851-859. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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271
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O’Brien AT, Amorim R, Rushmore RJ, Eden U, Afifi L, Dipietro L, Wagner T, Valero-Cabré A. Motor Cortex Neurostimulation Technologies for Chronic Post-stroke Pain: Implications of Tissue Damage on Stimulation Currents. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:545. [PMID: 27881958 PMCID: PMC5101829 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Central post stroke pain (CPSP) is a highly refractory syndrome that can occur after stroke. Primary motor cortex (M1) brain stimulation using epidural brain stimulation (EBS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been explored as potential therapies for CPSP. These techniques have demonstrated variable clinical efficacy. It is hypothesized that changes in the stimulating currents that are caused by stroke-induced changes in brain tissue conductivity limit the efficacy of these techniques. Methods: We generated MRI-guided finite element models of the current density distributions in the human head and brain with and without chronic focal cortical infarctions during EBS, TMS, and tDCS. We studied the change in the stimulating current density distributions' magnitude, orientation, and maxima locations between the different models. Results: Changes in electrical properties at stroke boundaries altered the distribution of stimulation currents in magnitude, location, and orientation. Current density magnitude alterations were larger for the non-invasive techniques (i.e., tDCS and TMS) than for EBS. Nonetheless, the lesion also altered currents during EBS. The spatial shift of peak current density, relative to the size of the stimulation source, was largest for EBS. Conclusion: In order to maximize therapeutic efficiency, neurostimulation trials need to account for the impact of anatomically disrupted neural tissues on the location, orientation, and magnitude of exogenously applied currents. The relative current-neuronal structure should be considered when planning stimulation treatment, especially across techniques (e.g., using TMS to predict EBS response). We postulate that the effects of altered tissue properties in stroke regions may impact stimulation induced analgesic effects and/or lead to highly variable outcomes during brain stimulation treatments in CPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T. O’Brien
- Neuromodulation Lab and Center for Clinical Research and Learning – Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, BostonMA, USA
| | - Rivadavio Amorim
- Neuromodulation Lab and Center for Clinical Research and Learning – Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, BostonMA, USA
| | - R. Jarrett Rushmore
- Laboratory of Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, BostonMA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, BostonMA, USA
| | - Uri Eden
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, BostonMA, USA
| | - Linda Afifi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, BostonMA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, BostonMA, USA
| | | | - Timothy Wagner
- Highland Instruments, CambridgeMA, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, BostonMA, USA
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Laboratory of Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, BostonMA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, BostonMA, USA
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225-INSERM U1127, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle EpinièreParis, France
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, Open University of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain
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272
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Studying the magnetic stimulation of nervous tissues: A calculation framework to investigate stimulation areas. Med Eng Phys 2016; 39:38-48. [PMID: 27818076 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The electromagnetic stimulation of nervous tissue has represented an alternative to electrical stimulation since the 1980s. The growing number of potential applications has led to an increasing interest in the development of modeling tools that can help the design of novel electromagnetic stimulators. In this context, the aim of this paper is to provide a versatile calculation framework to investigate the properties of the electric field generated by a plurality of miniature coils, arranged in cuff configuration. Furthermore, the capability of the miniature coils to elicit a neuronal response in specific portions of the (peripheral) nerve will be investigated. Starting from Jefimenko's equations, a model was implemented in MATLAB. It calculates the electromagnetic field induced by coils, with arbitrary shape and spatial orientation, and the activating function around the coils through simple numerical integration. By studying the activating functions, it is possible to determine where the neurons can be excited. The model was validated by comparison with FEM simulations. A dimensional analysis was conducted to compare in terms of shape and depth of the stimulation volumes different coil geometries, regardless of design parameters such as current, number of turns and coil sizes.The dimensionless groups identified according to Buckingham's theorem provide a direct estimate of the stimulation depth reached within the nerve.The calculation tools developed in this paper can be used in the design of coils to quickly compare different geometries and spatial distribution of coils in order to identify the optimal configurations for the specific application addressed by the designer.
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273
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Lee W, Chung YA, Jung Y, Song IU, Yoo SS. Simultaneous acoustic stimulation of human primary and secondary somatosensory cortices using transcranial focused ultrasound. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:68. [PMID: 27784293 PMCID: PMC5081675 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) is gaining momentum as a novel non-invasive brain stimulation method, with promising potential for superior spatial resolution and depth penetration compared to transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation. We examined the presence of tactile sensations elicited by FUS stimulation of two separate brain regions in humans—the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory areas of the hand, as guided by individual-specific functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Results Under image-guidance, acoustic stimulations were delivered to the SI and SII areas either separately or simultaneously. The SII areas were divided into sub-regions that are activated by four types of external tactile sensations to the palmar side of the right hand—vibrotactile, pressure, warmth, and coolness. Across the stimulation conditions (SI only, SII only, SI and SII simultaneously), participants reported various types of tactile sensations that arose from the hand contralateral to the stimulation, such as the palm/back of the hand or as single/neighboring fingers. The type of tactile sensations did not match the sensations that are associated with specific sub-regions in the SII. The neuro-stimulatory effects of FUS were transient and reversible, and the procedure did not cause any adverse changes or discomforts in the subject’s mental/physical status. Conclusions The use of multiple FUS transducers allowed for simultaneous stimulation of the SI/SII in the same hemisphere and elicited various tactile sensations in the absence of any external sensory stimuli. Stimulation of the SII area alone could also induce perception of tactile sensations. The ability to stimulate multiple brain areas in a spatially restricted fashion can be used to study causal relationships between regional brain activities and their cognitive/behavioral outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0303-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhye Lee
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yong An Chung
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Jung
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Uk Song
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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274
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Thomas F, Moulier V, Valéro-Cabré A, Januel D. Brain connectivity and auditory hallucinations: In search of novel noninvasive brain stimulation therapeutic approaches for schizophrenia. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:653-679. [PMID: 27742234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are among the most characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia and have been linked to likely disturbances of structural and functional connectivity within frontal, temporal, parietal and subcortical networks involved in language and auditory functions. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown that alterations in the functional connectivity activity of the default-mode network (DMN) may also subtend hallucinations. Noninvasive neurostimulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have the ability to modulate activity of targeted cortical sites and their associated networks, showing a high potential for modulating altered connectivity subtending schizophrenia. Notwithstanding, the clinical benefit of these approaches remains weak and variable. Further studies in the field should foster a better understanding concerning the status of networks subtending AVH and the neural impact of rTMS in relation with symptom improvement. Additionally, the identification and characterization of clinical biomarkers able to predict response to treatment would be a critical asset allowing better care for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Thomas
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Établissement Public de Santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne cedex, France.
| | - V Moulier
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Établissement Public de Santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne cedex, France
| | - A Valéro-Cabré
- UMR 7225 CRICM CNRS, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, CNRS UMR 7225-Inserm UMRS S975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), 75013 Paris, France; Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity & Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Januel
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Établissement Public de Santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne cedex, France
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275
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Kunze T, Hunold A, Haueisen J, Jirsa V, Spiegler A. Transcranial direct current stimulation changes resting state functional connectivity: A large-scale brain network modeling study. Neuroimage 2016; 140:174-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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276
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Imaging transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the prefrontal cortex—correlation or causality in stimulation-mediated effects? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:333-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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277
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Hu XS, Fisher CA, Munz SM, Toback RL, Nascimento TD, Bellile EL, Rozek L, Eisbruch A, Worden FP, Danciu TE, DaSilva AF. Feasibility of Non-invasive Brain Modulation for Management of Pain Related to Chemoradiotherapy in Patients with Advanced Head and Neck Cancer. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:466. [PMID: 27729853 PMCID: PMC5037215 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with head and neck cancer often experience a significant decrease in their quality of life during chemoradiotherapy (CRT) due to treatment-related pain, which is frequently classified as severe. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a method of non-invasive brain stimulation that has been frequently used in experimental and clinical pain studies. In this pilot study, we investigated the clinical impact and central mechanisms of twenty primary motor cortex (M1) stimulation sessions with tDCS during 7 weeks of CRT for head and neck cancer. From 48 patients screened, seven met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled. Electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded before and after tDCS stimulation as well as across the trial to monitor short and long-term impact on brain function. The compliance rate during the long trial was extremely high (98.4%), and patients mostly reported mild side effects in line with the literature (e.g., tingling). Compared to a large standard of care study from our institution, our initial results indicate that M1-tDCS stimulation has a pain relief effect during the CRT that resulted in a significant attenuation of weight reduction and dysphagia normally observed in these patients. These results translated to our patient cohort not needing feeding tubes or IV fluids. Power spectra analysis of EEG data indicated significant changes in α, β, and γ bands immediately after tDCS stimulation and, in addition, α, δ, and θ bands over the long term in the seventh stimulation week (p < 0.05). The independent component EEG clustering analysis showed estimated functional brain regions including precuneus and superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in the seventh week of tDCS stimulation. These areas colocalize with our previous positron emission tomography (PET) study where there was activation in the endogenous μ-opioid system during M1-tDCS. This study provides preliminary evidence demonstrating the feasibility and safety of M1-tDCS as a potential adjuvant neuromechanism-driven analgesic therapy for head and neck cancer patients receiving CRT, inducing immediate and long-term changes in the cortical activity and clinical measures, with minimal side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Su Hu
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort Lab, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Clayton A. Fisher
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort Lab, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Munz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Hospital Dentistry, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Toback
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort Lab, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thiago D. Nascimento
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort Lab, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily L. Bellile
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort Lab, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Biostatistics Department, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura Rozek
- Biostatistics Department, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Avraham Eisbruch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Francis P. Worden
- Department of Internal Medicine Oncology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Theodora E. Danciu
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort Lab, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
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278
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Farzan F, Vernet M, Shafi MMD, Rotenberg A, Daskalakis ZJ, Pascual-Leone A. Characterizing and Modulating Brain Circuitry through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Electroencephalography. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:73. [PMID: 27713691 PMCID: PMC5031704 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concurrent combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is a powerful technology for characterizing and modulating brain networks across developmental, behavioral, and disease states. Given the global initiatives in mapping the human brain, recognition of the utility of this technique is growing across neuroscience disciplines. Importantly, TMS-EEG offers translational biomarkers that can be applied in health and disease, across the lifespan, and in humans and animals, bridging the gap between animal models and human studies. However, to utilize the full potential of TMS-EEG methodology, standardization of TMS-EEG study protocols is needed. In this article, we review the principles of TMS-EEG methodology, factors impacting TMS-EEG outcome measures, and the techniques for preventing and correcting artifacts in TMS-EEG data. To promote the standardization of this technique, we provide comprehensive guides for designing TMS-EEG studies and conducting TMS-EEG experiments. We conclude by reviewing the application of TMS-EEG in basic, cognitive and clinical neurosciences, and evaluate the potential of this emerging technology in brain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Farzan
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marine Vernet
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mouhsin M D Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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279
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Cucca A, Biagioni MC, Fleisher JE, Agarwal S, Son A, Kumar P, Brys M, Di Rocco A. Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: from pathophysiology to emerging therapies. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:431-46. [PMID: 27599588 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is 'an episodic inability to generate effective stepping in the absence of any known cause other than parkinsonism or high level gait disorders'. FOG is one of the most disabling symptoms in Parkinson's disease, especially in its more advanced stages. Early recognition is important as FOG is related to higher fall risk and poorer prognosis. Although specific treatments are still elusive, there have been recent advances in the development of new therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is to present the latest knowledge regarding the phenomenology, pathogenesis, diagnostic assessment and conventional treatment of FOG in Parkinson's disease. A review of the evidence supporting noninvasive brain stimulation will follow to highlight the potential of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cucca
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Medicine, Surgery & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Clinica Neurologica, Trieste, Italy
| | - Milton C Biagioni
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jori E Fleisher
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shashank Agarwal
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andre Son
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miroslaw Brys
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alessandro Di Rocco
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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280
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Yang LZ, Yang Z, Zhang X. Non-invasive Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Nicotine Addiction: Potential and Challenges. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:550-556. [PMID: 27590484 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco consumption is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. However, it is difficult to give up smoking by relying on the help of traditional treatments only. Recent years have witnessed emerging positive evidence that non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation, can reduce smoking-related behaviors. Although their potential has been implied by advances in research, several methodological issues restrict the clinical application of NIBS to treating nicotine dependence. In this review, we critically evaluate related studies and give suggestions for future research and applications to meet these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhuang Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
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281
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Oberman LM, Ifert-Miller F, Najib U, Bashir S, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Picker J, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Abnormal Mechanisms of Plasticity and Metaplasticity in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Fragile X Syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:617-24. [PMID: 27218148 PMCID: PMC5111832 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple lines of evidence from genetic linkage studies to animal models implicate aberrant cortical plasticity and metaplasticity in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). However, direct experimental evidence of these alterations in humans with these disorders is scarce. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive tool for probing mechanisms of plasticity and metaplasticity in vivo, in humans. The aim of the current study was to examine mechanisms of plasticity and metaplasticity in humans with ASD and FXS. We employed a repetitive TMS protocol developed specifically to probe cortical plasticity, namely continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS). METHODS We applied a 40-second train of cTBS to primary motor cortex (M1) to healthy control participants and individuals with ASD or FXS, and we measured the cTBS-induced modulation in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in a contralateral intrinsic hand muscle. Each participant completed two sessions of the same protocol on two consecutive days. The degree of modulation in MEPs after cTBS on the first day was evaluated as a putative index of cortical plasticity. Examination of the changes in the effects of cTBS on the second day, as conditioned by the effects on the first day, provided an index of metaplasticity, or the propensity of a given cortical region to undergo plastic change based on its recent history. RESULTS After a 40-second cTBS train, individuals with ASD show a significantly longer duration of suppression in MEP amplitude as compared with healthy controls, whereas individuals with FXS show a significantly shorter duration. After a second train of cTBS, 24 hours later, the ASD group was indistinguishable from the control group, and while in the FXS group MEPs were paradoxically facilitated by cTBS. CONCLUSION These findings offer insights into the pathophysiology of ASD and FXS, specifically providing direct experimental evidence that humans with these disorders show distinct alterations in plasticity and metaplasticity, consistent with the findings in animal models. If confirmed in larger test-retest studies, repeated TMS measures of plasticity and metaplasticity may provide a valuable physiologic phenotype for ASD and FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Oberman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fritz Ifert-Miller
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Umer Najib
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Picker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Institut Universitari Guttmann, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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282
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Au J, Katz B, Buschkuehl M, Bunarjo K, Senger T, Zabel C, Jaeggi SM, Jonides J. Enhancing Working Memory Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1419-32. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a fundamental cognitive ability that supports complex thought but is limited in capacity. Thus, WM training interventions have become very popular as a means of potentially improving WM-related skills. Another promising intervention that has gained increasing traction in recent years is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive form of brain stimulation that can modulate cortical excitability and temporarily increase brain plasticity. As such, it has the potential to boost learning and enhance performance on cognitive tasks. This study assessed the efficacy of tDCS to supplement WM training. Sixty-two participants were randomized to receive either right prefrontal, left prefrontal, or sham stimulation with concurrent visuospatial WM training over the course of seven training sessions. Results showed that tDCS enhanced training performance, which was strikingly preserved several months after training completion. Furthermore, we observed stronger effects when tDCS was spaced over a weekend break relative to consecutive daily training, and we also demonstrated selective transfer in the right prefrontal group to nontrained tasks of visual and spatial WM. These findings shed light on how tDCS may be leveraged as a tool to enhance performance on WM-intensive learning tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Au
- 1University of California, Irvine
- 2MIND Research Institute, Irvine, CA
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283
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Opitz A, Falchier A, Yan CG, Yeagle EM, Linn GS, Megevand P, Thielscher A, Deborah A. R, Milham MP, Mehta AD, Schroeder CE. Spatiotemporal structure of intracranial electric fields induced by transcranial electric stimulation in humans and nonhuman primates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31236. [PMID: 27535462 PMCID: PMC4989141 DOI: 10.1038/srep31236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is an emerging technique, developed to non-invasively modulate brain function. However, the spatiotemporal distribution of the intracranial electric fields induced by TES remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear how much current actually reaches the brain, and how it distributes across the brain. Lack of this basic information precludes a firm mechanistic understanding of TES effects. In this study we directly measure the spatial and temporal characteristics of the electric field generated by TES using stereotactic EEG (s-EEG) electrode arrays implanted in cebus monkeys and surgical epilepsy patients. We found a small frequency dependent decrease (10%) in magnitudes of TES induced potentials and negligible phase shifts over space. Electric field strengths were strongest in superficial brain regions with maximum values of about 0.5 mV/mm. Our results provide crucial information of the underlying biophysics in TES applications in humans and the optimization and design of TES stimulation protocols. In addition, our findings have broad implications concerning electric field propagation in non-invasive recording techniques such as EEG/MEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Opitz
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, USA
| | - Arnaud Falchier
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Chao-Gan Yan
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erin M. Yeagle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Gary S. Linn
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Pierre Megevand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ross Deborah A.
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, USA
| | - Ashesh D. Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Charles E. Schroeder
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
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284
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Khanna N, Gandhi D, Steven A, Frenkel V, Melhem ER. Intracranial Applications of MR Imaging-Guided Focused Ultrasound. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 38:426-431. [PMID: 27538905 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Initially used in the treatment of prostate cancer and uterine fibroids, the role of focused ultrasound has expanded as transcranial acoustic wave distortion and other limitations have been overcome. Its utility relies on focal energy deposition via acoustic wave propagation. The duty cycle and intensity of focused ultrasound influence the rate of energy deposition and result in unique physiologic and biomechanical effects. Thermal ablation via high-intensity continuous exposure generates coagulative necrosis of tissues. High-intensity, pulsed application reduces temporally averaged energy deposition, resulting in mechanical effects, including reversible, localized BBB disruption, which enhances neurotherapeutic agent delivery. While the precise mechanisms remain unclear, low-intensity, pulsed exposures can influence neuronal activity with preservation of cytoarchitecture. Its noninvasive nature, high-resolution, radiation-free features allow focused ultrasound to compare favorably with other modalities. We discuss the physical characteristics of focused ultrasound devices, the biophysical mechanisms at the tissue level, and current and emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khanna
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (N.K., D.G., A.S., V.F., E.R.M.)
| | - D Gandhi
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (N.K., D.G., A.S., V.F., E.R.M.)
| | - A Steven
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (N.K., D.G., A.S., V.F., E.R.M.)
| | - V Frenkel
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (N.K., D.G., A.S., V.F., E.R.M.) .,Greenebaum Cancer Center (V.F.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - E R Melhem
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (N.K., D.G., A.S., V.F., E.R.M.)
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285
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Seo H, Schaworonkow N, Jun SC, Triesch J. A multi-scale computational model of the effects of TMS on motor cortex. F1000Res 2016; 5:1945. [PMID: 28408973 PMCID: PMC5373428 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9277.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed biophysical mechanisms through which transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) activates cortical circuits are still not fully understood. Here we present a multi-scale computational model to describe and explain the activation of different pyramidal cell types in motor cortex due to TMS. Our model determines precise electric fields based on an individual head model derived from magnetic resonance imaging and calculates how these electric fields activate morphologically detailed models of different neuron types. We predict neural activation patterns for different coil orientations consistent with experimental findings. Beyond this, our model allows us to calculate activation thresholds for individual neurons and precise initiation sites of individual action potentials on the neurons’ complex morphologies. Specifically, our model predicts that cortical layer 3 pyramidal neurons are generally easier to stimulate than layer 5 pyramidal neurons, thereby explaining the lower stimulation thresholds observed for I-waves compared to D-waves. It also shows differences in the regions of activated cortical layer 5 and layer 3 pyramidal cells depending on coil orientation. Finally, it predicts that under standard stimulation conditions, action potentials are mostly generated at the axon initial segment of cortical pyramidal cells, with a much less important activation site being the part of a layer 5 pyramidal cell axon where it crosses the boundary between grey matter and white matter. In conclusion, our computational model offers a detailed account of the mechanisms through which TMS activates different cortical pyramidal cell types, paving the way for more targeted application of TMS based on individual brain morphology in clinical and basic research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea, South
| | | | - Sung Chan Jun
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea, South
| | - Jochen Triesch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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286
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Luu P, Essaki Arumugam EM, Anderson E, Gunn A, Rech D, Turovets S, Tucker DM. Slow-Frequency Pulsed Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Modulation of Cortical Plasticity Based on Reciprocity Targeting with Precision Electrical Head Modeling. Front Hum Neurosci 2016. [PMID: 27531976 DOI: 10.3339/fnhum.2016.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In pain management as well as other clinical applications of neuromodulation, it is important to consider the timing parameters influencing activity-dependent plasticity, including pulsed versus sustained currents, as well as the spatial action of electrical currents as they polarize the complex convolutions of the cortical mantle. These factors are of course related; studying temporal factors is not possible when the spatial resolution of current delivery to the cortex is so uncertain to make it unclear whether excitability is increased or decreased with anodal vs. cathodal current flow. In the present study we attempted to improve the targeting of specific cortical locations by applying current through flexible source-sink configurations of 256 electrodes in a geodesic array. We constructed a precision electric head model for 12 healthy individuals. Extraction of the individual's cortical surface allowed computation of the component of the induced current that is normal to the target cortical surface. In an effort to replicate the long-term depression (LTD) induced with pulsed protocols in invasive animal research and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies, we applied 100 ms pulses at 1.9 s intervals either in cortical-surface-anodal or cortical-surface-cathodal directions, with a placebo (sham) control. The results showed significant LTD of the motor evoked potential as a result of the cortical-surface-cathodal pulses in contrast to the placebo control, with a smaller but similar LTD effect for anodal pulses. The cathodal LTD after-effect was sustained over 90 min following current injection. These results support the feasibility of pulsed protocols with low total charge in non-invasive neuromodulation when the precision of targeting is improved with a dense electrode array and accurate head modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Luu
- Electrical Geodesics, Inc., EugeneOR, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, EugeneOR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergei Turovets
- Electrical Geodesics, Inc., EugeneOR, USA; NeuroInformatics Center, University of Oregon, EugeneOR, USA
| | - Don M Tucker
- Electrical Geodesics, Inc., EugeneOR, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, EugeneOR, USA
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287
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Luu P, Essaki Arumugam EM, Anderson E, Gunn A, Rech D, Turovets S, Tucker DM. Slow-Frequency Pulsed Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Modulation of Cortical Plasticity Based on Reciprocity Targeting with Precision Electrical Head Modeling. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:377. [PMID: 27531976 PMCID: PMC4969286 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In pain management as well as other clinical applications of neuromodulation, it is important to consider the timing parameters influencing activity-dependent plasticity, including pulsed versus sustained currents, as well as the spatial action of electrical currents as they polarize the complex convolutions of the cortical mantle. These factors are of course related; studying temporal factors is not possible when the spatial resolution of current delivery to the cortex is so uncertain to make it unclear whether excitability is increased or decreased with anodal vs. cathodal current flow. In the present study we attempted to improve the targeting of specific cortical locations by applying current through flexible source-sink configurations of 256 electrodes in a geodesic array. We constructed a precision electric head model for 12 healthy individuals. Extraction of the individual's cortical surface allowed computation of the component of the induced current that is normal to the target cortical surface. In an effort to replicate the long-term depression (LTD) induced with pulsed protocols in invasive animal research and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies, we applied 100 ms pulses at 1.9 s intervals either in cortical-surface-anodal or cortical-surface-cathodal directions, with a placebo (sham) control. The results showed significant LTD of the motor evoked potential as a result of the cortical-surface-cathodal pulses in contrast to the placebo control, with a smaller but similar LTD effect for anodal pulses. The cathodal LTD after-effect was sustained over 90 min following current injection. These results support the feasibility of pulsed protocols with low total charge in non-invasive neuromodulation when the precision of targeting is improved with a dense electrode array and accurate head modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Luu
- Electrical Geodesics, Inc., EugeneOR, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, EugeneOR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergei Turovets
- Electrical Geodesics, Inc., EugeneOR, USA; NeuroInformatics Center, University of Oregon, EugeneOR, USA
| | - Don M Tucker
- Electrical Geodesics, Inc., EugeneOR, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, EugeneOR, USA
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288
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Verissimo IS, Barradas IM, Santos TT, Miranda PC, Ferreira HA. Effects of prefrontal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on working-memory and reaction time. 2016 38TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY (EMBC) 2016; 2016:1790-1793. [PMID: 28268675 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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289
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Seo H, Kim D, Jun SC. Effects of electrode displacement in high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation: A computational study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2016:4618-4621. [PMID: 28269304 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand better the ways in which cortical excitability is linked to target brain areas, this study describes the effects of focalized high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), and investigates the way in which these effects persisted after the stimulus electrodes were displaced from the target area. We constructed a 3D volume conduction model of an anatomically realistic head that is ideal for HD-tDCS, as well as compartmental models of layer 3 and layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Using extracellular approaches, we observed stimulus-induced electric fields and simulated neuronal responses by combining stimulus-induced potential fields with pyramidal neuronal models coupled with the head model. We found that the stimulus-induced electric fields were focused on the hand-knob when the electrodes were placed directly above the target region; further, the neuronal responses varied, such that the upper parts of the dendrites were hyperpolarized, while the soma and axons were depolarized. The magnitude of the electric fields, as well as the maximum polarizations at each compartment decreased according to the displacement of the electrodes from the target area. Considerable excitability at the target area within the range of 5 mm displacement between electrodes and the target area was shown by means of stimulus-induced electric fields and membrane polarization. In conclusion, using detailed computational approaches, we discovered the ways in which excitability in the target area persisted even with increased distance from the active electrode.
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290
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Yadollahpour A, Hosseini SA, Shakeri A. rTMS for the Treatment of Depression: a Comprehensive Review of Effective Protocols on Right DLPFC. Int J Ment Health Addict 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-016-9669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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291
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Rachid F. Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review. Am J Addict 2016; 25:436-51. [PMID: 27442267 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotine dependence accounts for significant mortality, morbidity, and socio-economic burdens. It remains a significant public health concern since it is among the leading causes of mortality worldwide and of preventable deaths in developed countries. Despite the availability of approved medications to treat nicotine dependence, along with cognitive behavioral therapy, only 6% of the total number of smokers who report wanting to quit each year are successful in doing so for more than a month mostly with poor abstinence rates. Urgent therapeutic alternatives are therefore needed such as neurostimulation techniques. The purpose of this review is to describe studies that have evaluated the safety and efficacy of these techniques for the treatment of nicotine dependence. METHODS The electronic literature on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, theta-burst stimulation, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, cranial electro-stimulation, and deep brain stimulation in the treatment of nicotine addiction were reviewed. RESULTS Most of these studies found that some of these neurostimulation techniques are safe and potentially effective in the reduction of craving to nicotine as well as in the reduction of cigarette consumption. CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Given the promising results of some of the studies particularly with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, theta-burst stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and, possibly, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation, future controlled studies with larger samples, and optimal stimulus parameters should be designed to confirm these findings. (Am J Addict 2016;25:436-451).
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292
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Ye PP, Brown JR, Pauly KB. Frequency Dependence of Ultrasound Neurostimulation in the Mouse Brain. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:1512-30. [PMID: 27090861 PMCID: PMC4899295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound neuromodulation holds promise as a non-invasive technique for neuromodulation of the central nervous system. However, much remains to be determined about how the technique can be transformed into a useful technology, including the effect of ultrasound frequency. Previous studies have demonstrated neuromodulation in vivo using frequencies <1 MHz, with a trend toward improved efficacy with lower frequency. However, using higher frequencies could offer improved ultrasound spatial resolution. We investigate the ultrasound neuromodulation effects in mice at various frequencies both below and above 1 MHz. We find that frequencies up to 2.9 MHz can still be effective for generating motor responses, but we also confirm that as frequency increases, sonications require significantly more intensity to achieve equivalent efficacy. We argue that our results provide evidence that favors either a particle displacement or a cavitation-based mechanism for the phenomenon of ultrasound neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian R Brown
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kim Butts Pauly
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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293
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Guadagnin V, Parazzini M, Fiocchi S, Liorni I, Ravazzani P. Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Modeling of Different Coil Configurations. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:1543-50. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2498646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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294
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Liao X, Li G, Wang A, Liu T, Feng S, Guo Z, Tang Q, Jin Y, Xing G, McClure MA, Chen H, He B, Liu H, Mu Q. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as an Alternative Therapy for Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:463-72. [PMID: 26402010 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could improve cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet the results are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate recent rTMS studies conducted in mild to moderate AD patients. METHODS PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE databases and Science Direct were searched for studies of rTMS treatment on AD patients with cognitive impairment published before February 2015. The relevant primary outcomes of cognition were extracted from those included studies. A crude standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by using random effect models. RESULTS Seven studies with a total of 94 mild to moderate AD patients were included in this meta-analysis. A significant overall rTMS treatment effect on cognition was found for all AD patients (p = 0.0008, SMD = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.41-1.58). Stratification analysis showed that this effect is stimulation frequency- and hemisphere-dependent. High frequency stimulation (>1.0 Hz) (p < 0.05) but not low frequency stimulation (≤1.0 Hz) (p > 0.05) was significantly effective in improving the cognition of AD patients. Further, rTMS stimulation on right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral DLPFC (p < 0.05), but not on the left DLPFC (p > 0.05) was significantly effective in improving cognitive function of AD patients. A significant effect was observed in the rTMS subgroup (p < 0.05), rather than in the rTMS+drug subgroup (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis supports that high frequency rTMS stimulation on right- or bilateral-DLPFC has significant therapeutic effect on cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate AD. Due to small number of studies included, more well-controlled rTMS studies should be evaluated in AD patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liao
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Guangming Li
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Anguo Wang
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Shenggang Feng
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China.,Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Morgan A McClure
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Huaping Chen
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Bin He
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiwen Mu
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China.,Department of Neurology, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China.,Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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295
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Baxter BS, Edelman B, Zhang X, Roy A, He B. Simultaneous high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex and motor imagery. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2014:454-6. [PMID: 25569994 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6943626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used to affect the excitability of neurons within the cerebral cortex. Improvements in motor learning have been found in multiple studies when tDCS was applied to the motor cortex during or before task learning is performed. The application of tDCS to motor imagery, a cognitive task showing activation in similar areas to motor execution, has resulted in differing effects based on the amplitude and duration of stimulation. We utilize high definition tDCS, a more spatially localized version of tDCS, to investigate the effect of anodal stimulation on human motor imagery performance. In parallel, we model this stimulation using a finite element model to calculate stimulation area and electrical field amplitude within the brain in the motor cortex and non-stimulated frontal and parietal regions. Overall, we found a delayed increase in resting baseline power 30 minutes post stimulation in both the right and left sensorimotor cortices which resulted in an increase in event-related desynchronization.
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296
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Paffi A, Camera F, Lucano E, Apollonio F, Liberti M. Time resolved dosimetry of human brain exposed to low frequency pulsed magnetic fields. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:4452-65. [PMID: 27223143 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/12/4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An accurate dosimetry is a key issue to understanding brain stimulation and related interaction mechanisms with neuronal tissues at the basis of the increasing amount of literature revealing the effects on human brain induced by low-level, low frequency pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs). Most literature on brain dosimetry estimates the maximum E field value reached inside the tissue without considering its time pattern or tissue dispersivity. Nevertheless a time-resolved dosimetry, accounting for dispersive tissues behavior, becomes necessary considering that the threshold for an effect onset may vary depending on the pulse waveform and that tissues may filter the applied stimulatory fields altering the predicted stimulatory waveform's size and shape. In this paper a time-resolved dosimetry has been applied on a realistic brain model exposed to the signal presented in Capone et al (2009 J. Neural Transm. 116 257-65), accounting for the broadband dispersivity of brain tissues up to several kHz, to accurately reconstruct electric field and current density waveforms inside different brain tissues. The results obtained by exposing the Duke's brain model to this PMF signal show that the E peak in the brain is considerably underestimated if a simple monochromatic dosimetry is carried out at the pulse repetition frequency of 75 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Paffi
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
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297
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Sassaroli E, Vykhodtseva N. Acoustic neuromodulation from a basic science prospective. J Ther Ultrasound 2016; 4:17. [PMID: 27213044 PMCID: PMC4875658 DOI: 10.1186/s40349-016-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here biophysical models to gain deeper insights into how an acoustic stimulus might influence or modulate neuronal activity. There is clear evidence that neural activity is not only associated with electrical and chemical changes but that an electro-mechanical coupling is also involved. Currently, there is no theory that unifies the electrical, chemical, and mechanical aspects of neuronal activity. Here, we discuss biophysical models and hypotheses that can explain some of the mechanical aspects associated with neuronal activity: the soliton model, the neuronal intramembrane cavitation excitation model, and the flexoelectricity hypothesis. We analyze these models and discuss their implications on stimulation and modulation of neuronal activity by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Sassaroli
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Focused Ultrasound Lab, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Natalia Vykhodtseva
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Focused Ultrasound Lab, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
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298
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Guler S, Dannhauer M, Erem B, Macleod R, Tucker D, Turovets S, Luu P, Erdogmus D, Brooks DH. Optimization of focality and direction in dense electrode array transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). J Neural Eng 2016; 13:036020. [PMID: 27152752 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) aims to alter brain function non-invasively via electrodes placed on the scalp. Conventional tDCS uses two relatively large patch electrodes to deliver electrical current to the brain region of interest (ROI). Recent studies have shown that using dense arrays containing up to 512 smaller electrodes may increase the precision of targeting ROIs. However, this creates a need for methods to determine effective and safe stimulus patterns as the number of degrees of freedom is much higher with such arrays. Several approaches to this problem have appeared in the literature. In this paper, we describe a new method for calculating optimal electrode stimulus patterns for targeted and directional modulation in dense array tDCS which differs in some important aspects with methods reported to date. APPROACH We optimize stimulus pattern of dense arrays with fixed electrode placement to maximize the current density in a particular direction in the ROI. We impose a flexible set of safety constraints on the current power in the brain, individual electrode currents, and total injected current, to protect subject safety. The proposed optimization problem is convex and thus efficiently solved using existing optimization software to find unique and globally optimal electrode stimulus patterns. MAIN RESULTS Solutions for four anatomical ROIs based on a realistic head model are shown as exemplary results. To illustrate the differences between our approach and previously introduced methods, we compare our method with two of the other leading methods in the literature. We also report on extensive simulations that show the effect of the values chosen for each proposed safety constraint bound on the optimized stimulus patterns. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed optimization approach employs volume based ROIs, easily adapts to different sets of safety constraints, and takes negligible time to compute. An in-depth comparison study gives insight into the relationship between different objective criteria and optimized stimulus patterns. In addition, the analysis of the interaction between optimized stimulus patterns and safety constraint bounds suggests that more precise current localization in the ROI, with improved safety criterion, may be achieved by careful selection of the constraint bounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhmus Guler
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. Center for Integrative Biomedical Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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299
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Li GF, Zhao HX, Zhou H, Yan F, Wang JY, Xu CX, Wang CZ, Niu LL, Meng L, Wu S, Zhang HL, Qiu WB, Zheng HR. Improved Anatomical Specificity of Non-invasive Neuro-stimulation by High Frequency (5 MHz) Ultrasound. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24738. [PMID: 27093909 PMCID: PMC4837374 DOI: 10.1038/srep24738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Low frequency ultrasound (<1 MHz) has been demonstrated to be a promising approach for non-invasive neuro-stimulation. However, the focal width is limited to be half centimeter scale. Minimizing the stimulation region with higher frequency ultrasound will provide a great opportunity to expand its application. This study first time examines the feasibility of using high frequency (5 MHz) ultrasound to achieve neuro-stimulation in brain, and verifies the anatomical specificity of neuro-stimulation in vivo. 1 MHz and 5 MHz ultrasound stimulation were evaluated in the same group of mice. Electromyography (EMG) collected from tail muscles together with the motion response videos were analyzed for evaluating the stimulation effects. Our results indicate that 5 MHz ultrasound can successfully achieve neuro-stimulation. The equivalent diameter (ED) of the stimulation region with 5 MHz ultrasound (0.29 ± 0.08 mm) is significantly smaller than that with 1 MHz (0.83 ± 0.11 mm). The response latency of 5 MHz ultrasound (45 ± 31 ms) is also shorter than that of 1 MHz ultrasound (208 ± 111 ms). Consequently, high frequency (5 MHz) ultrasound can successfully activate the brain circuits in mice. It provides a smaller stimulation region, which offers improved anatomical specificity for neuro-stimulation in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Feng Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Hui-Xia Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing-Yao Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chang-Xi Xu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cong-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Li Niu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Long Meng
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Song Wu
- Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, China
| | - Huai-Ling Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Wei-Bao Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai-Rong Zheng
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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300
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Kim K, Ekstrom AD, Tandon N. A network approach for modulating memory processes via direct and indirect brain stimulation: Toward a causal approach for the neural basis of memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 134 Pt A:162-177. [PMID: 27066987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the brain is a unique tool to perturb endogenous neural signals, allowing us to evaluate the necessity of given neural processes to cognitive processing. An important issue, gaining increasing interest in the literature, is whether and how stimulation can be employed to selectively improve or disrupt declarative memory processes. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of both invasive and non-invasive stimulation studies aimed at modulating memory performance. The majority of past studies suggest that invasive stimulation of the hippocampus impairs memory performance; similarly, most non-invasive studies show that disrupting frontal or parietal regions also impairs memory performance, suggesting that these regions also play necessary roles in declarative memory. On the other hand, a handful of both invasive and non-invasive studies have also suggested modest improvements in memory performance following stimulation. These studies typically target brain regions connected to the hippocampus or other memory "hubs," which may affect endogenous activity in connected areas like the hippocampus, suggesting that to augment declarative memory, altering the broader endogenous memory network activity is critical. Together, studies reporting memory improvements/impairments are consistent with the idea that a network of distinct brain "hubs" may be crucial for successful memory encoding and retrieval rather than a single primary hub such as the hippocampus. Thus, it is important to consider neurostimulation from the network perspective, rather than from a purely localizationalist viewpoint. We conclude by proposing a novel approach to neurostimulation for declarative memory modulation that aims to facilitate interactions between multiple brain "nodes" underlying memory rather than considering individual brain regions in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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