251
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Ottaviani E, Franchini A, Mandrioli M, Saxena A, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I. Amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel subunits are expressed in human and mussel immunocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 26:395-402. [PMID: 11906720 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the expression of epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) subunits in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, human lymph nodes and molluscan immunocytes using non-radioactive in situ hybridization. The results showed that T lymphocytes express the ENaC gamma subunit mRNA, and B lymphocytes the ENaC beta subunit mRNA. Yet, the alpha subunit mRNA was not detected in either cell type. In molluscan immunocytes, all three homologous ENaC subunit mRNAs are present, and these data were also confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing of the PCR products. These findings show evolutionary conservation of the expression of ENaC subunits in immunocytes of invertebrates to vertebrates. The observed differential expression patterns of ENaC subunits suggest that ENaC function may be regulated differentially in different types of human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Ottaviani
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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252
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Rossier BC, Pradervand S, Schild L, Hummler E. Epithelial sodium channel and the control of sodium balance: interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Annu Rev Physiol 2002; 64:877-97. [PMID: 11826291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.082101.143243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) expressed in aldosterone-responsive epithelial cells of the kidney and colon plays a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. In lung, ENaC has a distinct role in controlling the ionic composition of the air-liquid interface and thus the rate of mucociliary transport. Loss-of-function mutations in ENaC cause a severe salt-wasting syndrome in human pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA-1). Gain-of-function mutations in ENaC beta and gamma subunits cause pseudoaldosteronism (Liddle's syndrome), a severe form of salt-sensitive hypertension. This review discusses genetically defined forms of a salt sensitivity and salt resistance in human monogenic diseases and in animal models mimicking PHA-1 or Liddle's syndrome. The complex interaction between genetic factors (ENaC mutations) and the risk factor (salt intake) can now be studied experimentally. The role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in determining salt sensitivity or salt resistance in general populations is one of the main challenges of the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C Rossier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland.
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253
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Alvarez de la Rosa D, Li H, Canessa CM. Effects of aldosterone on biosynthesis, traffic, and functional expression of epithelial sodium channels in A6 cells. J Gen Physiol 2002; 119:427-42. [PMID: 11981022 PMCID: PMC2233818 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.20028559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The collecting duct regulates Na(+) transport by adjusting the abundance/activity of epithelial Na(+) channels (ENaC). In this study we have investigated the synthesis, degradation, endocytosis, and activity of ENaC and the effects of aldosterone on these processes using endogenous channels expressed in the A6 cell line. Biochemical studies were performed with a newly raised set of specific antibodies against each of the three subunits of the amphibian ENaC. Our results indicate simultaneous transcription and translation of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits and enhancement of both processes by aldosterone: two- and fourfold increase, respectively. The biosynthesis of new channels can be followed by acquisition of endoglycosidase H-resistant oligosacharides in alpha and beta subunits and, in the case of alpha, by the appearance of a form resistant to reducing agents. The half-life of the total pool of subunits (t(1/2) 40-70 min) is longer than the fraction of channels in the apical membrane (t(1/2) 12-17 min). Aldosterone induces a fourfold increase in the abundance of the three subunits in the apical membrane without significant changes in the open probability, kinetics of single channels, or in the rate of degradation of ENaC subunits. Accordingly, the aldosterone response could be accounted by an increase in the abundance of apical channels due, at least in part, to de novo synthesis of subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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254
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Deschênes G, Feldmann D, Doucet A. [Primary molecular changes and secondary biological problems in Bartter and Gitelman syndrome]. Arch Pediatr 2002; 9:406-16. [PMID: 11998428 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(01)00801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome are primary hereditary diseases characterized by hypokaliemia, alkalosis, hypertrophy of the juxtaglomerular complex with secondary hyperaldoteronism and normal blood pressure. They result from molecular disorders leading to a defect of sodium reabsorption in respectively the Henle's loop and the distal convoluted tubule. Biological adaptations of downstream tubular segments, i.e. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, are responsible for hypokaliemia, alkalosis, renin-aldosterone activation, prostaglandins hypersecretion and dysregulation of the urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, illustrating the close integration of the regulation of different solutes in the distal tubular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Deschênes
- Service de néphrologie pédiatrique, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, 26, avenue du Docteur-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France.
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255
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Biner HL, Arpin-Bott MP, Loffing J, Wang X, Knepper M, Hebert SC, Kaissling B. Human cortical distal nephron: distribution of electrolyte and water transport pathways. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:836-847. [PMID: 11912242 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact distributions of the different salt transport systems along the human cortical distal nephron are unknown. Immunohistochemistry was performed on serial cryostat sections of healthy parts of tumor nephrectomized human kidneys to study the distributions in the distal convolution of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC), the beta subunit of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na channel (ENaC), the vasopressin-sensitive water channel aquaporin 2 (AQP2), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3), the H(+) ATPase, the Na-Ca exchanger (NCX), plasma membrane calcium-ATPase, and calbindin-D28k (CaBP). The entire human distal convolution and the cortical collecting duct (CCD) display calbindin-D28k, although in variable amounts. Approximately 30% of the distal convolution profiles reveal NCC, characterizing the distal convoluted tubule. NCC overlaps with ENaC in a short portion at the end of the distal convoluted tubule. ENaC is displayed all along the connecting tubule (70% of the distal convolution) and the CCD. The major part of the connecting tubule and the CCD coexpress aquaporin 2 with ENaC. Intercalated cells, undetected in the first 20% of the distal convolution, were interspersed among the segment-specific cells of the remainder of the distal convolution, and of the CCD. The basolateral calcium extruding proteins, Na-Ca exchanger (NCX), and the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase were found all along the distal convolution, and, in contrast to other species, along the CCD, although in varying amounts. The knowledge regarding the precise distribution patterns of transport proteins in the human distal nephron and the knowledge regarding the differences from that in laboratory animals may be helpful for diagnostic purposes and may also help refine the therapeutic management of electrolyte disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lagger Biner
- *Anatomical Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; UMR CNRS 7519, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marie-Pierre Arpin-Bott
- *Anatomical Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; UMR CNRS 7519, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Johannes Loffing
- *Anatomical Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; UMR CNRS 7519, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- *Anatomical Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; UMR CNRS 7519, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark Knepper
- *Anatomical Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; UMR CNRS 7519, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steve C Hebert
- *Anatomical Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; UMR CNRS 7519, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brigitte Kaissling
- *Anatomical Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; UMR CNRS 7519, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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256
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Abstract
The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) forms the pathway for Na+ absorption in the kidney collecting duct and other epithelia. Dominant gain-of-function mutations cause Liddle's syndrome, an inherited form of hypertension resulting from excessive renal Na+ absorption. Conversely, loss-of-function mutations cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type I, a disorder of salt wasting and hypotension. Thus, ENaC has a critical role in the maintenance of Na+ homeostasis and blood pressure control. Altered Na+ absorption in the lung may also contribute to the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis. Epithelial Na+ absorption is regulated in large part by mechanisms that control the expression of ENaC at the cell surface. Nedd4, a ubiquitin protein ligase, binds to ENaC and targets the channel for endocytosis and degradation. Liddle's syndrome mutations disrupt the interaction between ENaC and Nedd4, resulting in an increase in the number of ENaC channels at the cell surface. Aldosterone and vasopressin also regulate Na+ absorption to defend against hypotension and hypovolemia. Both hormones increase the expression of ENaC at the cell surface. The goal of this review is to summarize recent data on the regulation of ENaC expression at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Snyder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, 52422.
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257
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Abstract
The systemic actions of aldosterone are well documented; however, in comparison, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which aldosterone orchestrates these actions is rudimentary. Aldosterone exerts most of its physiological actions by modifying gene expression. It is now apparent that aldosterone represses almost as many genes as it induces. Several aldosterone-sensitive genes, including serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (sgk) and small, monomeric Kirsten Ras GTP-binding protein (Ki-ras) have recently been identified. The molecular mechanisms and elements bestowing corticosteroid sensitivity on these and many other genes are becoming clear. Induction of Ki-Ras and Sgk is necessary and sufficient for some portion of aldosterone action in epithelia. These two signaling factors are components of a converging pathway with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase positioned between them that enables both stabilizing the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) in the open state as well as increasing the number of ENaC in the apical membrane. This aldosterone-induced signaling pathway contains many potential sites for feedback regulation and cross talk from other cascades and potentially impinges directly on the activity of transport proteins and/or cellular differentiation to modify electrolyte transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Stockand
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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258
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Bryant NJ, Govers R, James DE. Regulated transport of the glucose transporter GLUT4. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3:267-77. [PMID: 11994746 DOI: 10.1038/nrm782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In muscle and fat cells, insulin stimulates the delivery of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from an intracellular location to the cell surface, where it facilitates the reduction of plasma glucose levels. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that mediate this translocation event involves integrating our knowledge of two fundamental processes--the signal transduction pathways that are triggered when insulin binds to its receptor and the membrane transport events that need to be modified to divert GLUT4 from intracellular storage to an active plasma membrane shuttle service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia J Bryant
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Road, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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259
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Faletti CJ, Perrotti N, Taylor SI, Blazer-Yost BL. sgk: an essential convergence point for peptide and steroid hormone regulation of ENaC-mediated Na+ transport. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 282:C494-500. [PMID: 11832334 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00408.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of sgk (serum, glucocorticoid-induced kinase) in hormonal regulation of Na+ transport mediated by the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), clonal cell lines stably expressing human sgk, an S422A sgk mutant, or a D222A sgk mutant were created in the background of the A6 model renal epithelial cell line. Expression of normal sgk results in a 3.5-fold enhancement of basal transport and potentiation of the natriferic response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Transfection of a S422A mutant form of sgk, which cannot be phosphorylated by phosphatidylinositol-dependent kinase (PDK)-2, results in a cell line that is indistinguishable from the parent line in basal and hormone-stimulated Na+ transport. The D222A sgk mutant, which lacks kinase activity, functions as a dominant-negative mutant inhibiting basal as well as peptide- and steroid hormone-stimulated Na+ transport. Thus sgk activity is necessary for ENaC-mediated Na+ transport. Phosphorylation and activation by PDK-2 are necessary for sgk stimulation of ENaC. Expression of normal sgk over endogenous levels results in a potentiated natriferic response to ADH, suggesting that the enzyme is a rate-limiting step for the hormone response. In contrast, sgk does not appear to be the rate-limiting step for the cellular response to aldosterone or insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Faletti
- Biology Department, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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260
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Debonneville C, Flores SY, Kamynina E, Plant PJ, Tauxe C, Thomas MA, Münster C, Chraïbi A, Pratt J, Horisberger JD, Pearce D, Loffing J, Staub O. Phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 by Sgk1 regulates epithelial Na(+) channel cell surface expression. EMBO J 2001; 20:7052-9. [PMID: 11742982 PMCID: PMC125341 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.24.7052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) plays an essential role in the regulation of whole body Na(+) balance and blood pressure. The cell surface expression of this channel, a complex of three subunits (alpha, beta and gamma ENaC), has been shown to be regulated by hormones such as aldosterone and vasopressin and by intracellular signaling, including ubiquitylation and/or phosphorylation. However, the molecular mechanisms involving phosphorylation in the regulation of ENaC are unclear. Here we show by expression studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes that the aldosterone-induced Sgk1 kinase interacts with the ubiquitin protein ligase Nedd4-2 in a PY motif-dependent manner and phosphorylates Nedd4-2 on Ser444 and, to a lesser extent, Ser338. Such phosphorylation reduces the interaction between Nedd4-2 and ENaC, leading to elevated ENaC cell surface expression. These data show that phosphorylation of an enzyme involved in the ubiquitylation cascade (Nedd4-2) controls cell surface density of ENaC and propose a paradigm for the control of ion channels. Moreover, they suggest a novel and complete signaling cascade for aldosterone-dependent regulation of ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J.Howard Pratt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne,
Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, Endocrinology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202 and Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Corresponding author e-mail: C.Debonneville and S.Y.Flores contributed equally to this work
| | | | - David Pearce
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne,
Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, Endocrinology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202 and Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Corresponding author e-mail: C.Debonneville and S.Y.Flores contributed equally to this work
| | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne,
Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, Endocrinology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202 and Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Corresponding author e-mail: C.Debonneville and S.Y.Flores contributed equally to this work
| | - Olivier Staub
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne,
Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, Endocrinology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202 and Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Corresponding author e-mail: C.Debonneville and S.Y.Flores contributed equally to this work
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261
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Wade JB. Distribution of transporters along the mouse distal nephron: something old, something borrowed, something new. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 281:F1019-20. [PMID: 11704551 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.281.6.f1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J B Wade
- Department of Physiology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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262
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Loffing J, Loffing-Cueni D, Valderrabano V, Kläusli L, Hebert SC, Rossier BC, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ, Kaissling B. Distribution of transcellular calcium and sodium transport pathways along mouse distal nephron. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 281:F1021-7. [PMID: 11704552 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.0085.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of Na(+) and Ca(2+) transport pathways along the mouse distal nephron is incompletely known. We revealed by immunohistochemistry a set of Ca(2+) and Na(+) transport proteins along the mouse distal convolution. The thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) characterized the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) colocalized with NCC in late DCT (DCT2) and extended to the downstream connecting tubule (CNT) and collecting duct (CD). In early DCT (DCT1), the basolateral Ca(2+)-extruding proteins [Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PCMA)] and the cytoplasmic Ca(2+)-binding protein calbindin D(28K) (CB) were found at very low levels, whereas the cytoplasmic Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-binding protein parvalbumin was highly abundant. NCX, PMCA, and CB prevailed in DCT2 and CNT, where we located the apical epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ECaC1). Its subcellular localization changed from apical in DCT2 to exclusively cytoplasmic at the end of CNT. NCX and PMCA decreased in parallel with the fading of ECaC1 in the apical membrane. All three of them were undetectable in CD. These findings disclose DCT2 and CNT as major sites for transcellular Ca(2+) transport in the mouse distal nephron. Cellular colocalization of Ca(2+) and Na(+) transport pathways suggests their mutual interactions in transport regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich.
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263
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Abstract
The epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) plays a key role in the regulation of Na(+) and water absorption in several epithelia, including those of the distal nephron, distal colon, and lung. Accordingly, mutations in ENaC leading to reduced or increased channel activity cause human diseases such as pseudohypoaldosteronism type I or Liddle's syndrome, respectively. The gain of ENaC function in Liddle's syndrome is associated with increased activity and stability of the channel at the plasma membrane. Thus understanding the regulation of channel processing and trafficking to and stability at the cell surface is of fundamental importance. This review describes some of the recent advances in our understanding of ENaC trafficking, including the role of glycosylation, ENaC solubility in nonionic detergent, targeting signal(s) and hormones. It also describes the regulation of ENaC stability at the cell surface and the roles of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 (and ubiquitination) and clathrin-mediated endocytosis in that regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rotin
- Program in Cell Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8.
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