251
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Saito T, Mihira N, Matsuba Y, Sasaguri H, Hashimoto S, Narasimhan S, Zhang B, Murayama S, Higuchi M, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Saido TC. Humanization of the entire murine Mapt gene provides a murine model of pathological human tau propagation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12754-12765. [PMID: 31273083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In cortical regions of brains from individuals with preclinical or clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition precedes the aggregation of pathological intracellular tau (the product of the gene microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)). To our knowledge, current mouse models of tauopathy reconstitute tau pathology by overexpressing mutant human tau protein. Here, through a homologous recombination approach that replaced the entire murine Mapt gene with the human ortholog, we developed knock-in mice with humanized Mapt to create an in vivo platform for studying human tauopathy. Of note, the humanized Mapt expressed all six tau isoforms present in humans. We next cross-bred the MAPT knock-in mice with single amyloid precursor protein (App) knock-in mice to investigate the Aβ-tau axis in AD etiology. The double-knock-in mice exhibited higher tau phosphorylation than did single MAPT knock-in mice but initially lacked apparent tauopathy and neurodegeneration, as observed in the single App knock-in mice. We further observed that tau humanization significantly accelerates cell-to-cell propagation of AD brain-derived pathological tau both in the absence and presence of Aβ-amyloidosis. In the presence of Aβ-amyloidosis, tau accumulation was intensified and closely associated with dystrophic neurites, consistently showing that Aβ-amyloidosis affects tau pathology. Our results also indicated that the pathological human tau interacts better with human tau than with murine tau, suggesting species-specific differences between these orthologous pathogenic proteins. We propose that the MAPT knock-in mice will make it feasible to investigate the behaviors and characteristics of human tau in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan .,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naomi Mihira
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukio Matsuba
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sneha Narasimhan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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252
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Shang Y, Tian L, Chen T, Liu X, Zhang J, Liu D, Wei J, Fang W, Chen Y, Shang D. CXCL1 promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells by stimulating the generation of reactive oxygen species in APP/PS1 mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:201-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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253
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Sankowski R, Huerta TS, Kalra R, Klein TJ, Strohl JJ, Al-Abed Y, Robbiati S, Huerta PT. Large-Scale Validation of the Paddling Pool Task in the Clockmaze for Studying Hippocampus-Based Spatial Cognition in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:121. [PMID: 31231197 PMCID: PMC6568215 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationally designed behavioral tests are important tools to assess the function of specific brain regions. The hippocampus is a crucial neural substrate for spatial cognition, and many studies have linked hippocampal dysfunction with defects on spatial learning and memory in neurological conditions ranging from Alzheimer's disease to autoimmune syndromes, such as neuropsychiatric lupus. While our understanding of hippocampal function, from the molecular to the system levels, has increased dramatically over the last decades, this effort has not yet translated into efficacious therapies for cognitive impairment. We think that the availability of highly validated behavioral paradigms to measure cognition in mouse models is likely to enhance the potential success of preclinical therapeutic modalities. Here, we present an extensive study of the paddling pool task (PPT), first reported by Deacon and Rawlins, in which mice learn to escape from shallow water through a peripheral exit in a circular arena dubbed the clockmaze. We show that the PPT provides highly reliable results when assaying spatial cognition in C57/BL6 mice (120 males, 40 females) and BALB/c mice (40 males, 90 females). Additionally, we develop a robust algorithm for the assessment of escape strategies with clearly quantifiable readouts, enabling fine-granular phenotyping. Notably, the use of spatial strategy increases linearly across trials in the PPT. In a separate cohort of mice, we apply muscimol injections to silence the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus and show that the use of the spatial strategy in the PPT relies on the integrity of the dorsal hippocampus. Additionally, we compare directly the PPT and the Morris water maze (MWM) task in C57/BL6 mice (20 males, 20 females) and BALB/c mice (20 males, 20 females) and we find that the PPT induces significantly lower anxiety, exhaustion and hypothermia than the MWM. We conclude that the PPT provides a robust assessment of spatial cognition in mice, which can be applied in conjunction with other tests, to facilitate hypothesis testing and drug development to combat cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sankowski
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tomás S. Huerta
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Rishi Kalra
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Toby J. Klein
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Joshua J. Strohl
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sergio Robbiati
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Patricio T. Huerta
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
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254
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Ryan B, Williams JM, Curtis MA. Plasma MicroRNAs Are Altered Early and Consistently in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. Neuroscience 2019; 411:164-176. [PMID: 31152932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathological accumulation of tau protein in brain cells is the hallmark of a group of neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies. Accumulation of tau protein begins years before the onset of symptoms, which include deficits in cognition, behavior and movement. The pre-symptomatic phase of tauopathy may be the best time to deliver disease-modifying treatments, but this is only possible if prognostic, pre-symptomatic biomarkers are identified. Here we describe the profiling of blood plasma microRNAs in a mouse model of tauopathy, in order to identify biomarkers of pre-symptomatic tauopathy. Circulating RNAs were isolated from blood plasma of 16-week-old and 53-week-old hTau mice and age-matched wild type controls (n = 28). Global microRNA profiling was performed using small RNA sequencing (Illumina) and selected microRNAs were validated using individual TaqMan RT-qPCR. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate discriminative accuracy. We identified three microRNAs (miR-150-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-375-3p) that were down-regulated in 16-week-old hTau mice, which do not yet exhibit a behavioral phenotype and therefore represent pre-symptomatic tauopathy. The discriminative accuracy was AUC 0.98, 0.95 and 1, respectively. Down-regulation of these microRNAs persisted at 53 weeks of age, when hTau mice exhibit cognitive deficits and advanced neuropathology. Bioinformatic analysis showed that these three microRNAs converge on pathways associated with neuronal signaling and phosphorylation of tau. Thus, these circulating microRNAs appear to reflect neuropathological change and are promising candidates in the development of biomarkers of pre-symptomatic tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Brain Research, New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa.
| | - Joanna M Williams
- Brain Research, New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa; Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Brain Research, New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa
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255
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Development and validation of Alzheimer’s Disease Animal Model for the Purpose of Regenerative Medicine. Cell Tissue Bank 2019; 20:141-151. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-019-09773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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256
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Downregulation of SNX27 expression does not exacerbate amyloidogenesis in the APP/PS1 Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 77:144-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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257
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Grant MKO, Shapiro SL, Ashe KH, Liu P, Zahs KR. A Cautionary Tale: Endogenous Biotinylated Proteins and Exogenously-Introduced Protein A Cause Antibody-Independent Artefacts in Western Blot Studies of Brain-Derived Proteins. Biol Proced Online 2019; 21:6. [PMID: 31019379 PMCID: PMC6474067 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-019-0095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are commonly used to detect or isolate proteins from biological samples. Much attention has been paid to the potential for poorly-characterized antibodies to lead to misleading results, but antibody-independent artefacts may also occur. Here, we recount two examples of antibody-independent artefacts that have confounded the interpretation of results in our search for molecular entities associated with memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). First, when using biotin-avidin systems for antibody detection, endogenous biotinylated proteins created spurious bands in Western blots of brain lysates from AD patients and transgenic mouse models of AD. These artefactual bands occurred in a transgene- and strain-dependent manner. A second, unexpected artefact occurred when Protein A-conjugated Sepharose beads were used to deplete lysates of endogenous immunoglobulins prior to immunopurification of target proteins. In these assays, Protein A shed from the beads, then bound to (and was eluted from) an immunoaffinity matrix designed to capture AD-related proteins. The Protein A then bound detection antibodies when the immunoaffinity eluates were analyzed by Western blot. Both of these artefacts–the endogenous biotinylated proteins and the Protein A artefact–can be monitored by including an “irrelevant” antibody as an experimental control (e.g., running a parallel protocol in which the antibody directed against the target of interest is replaced by a non-specific antibody).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne K O Grant
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,5Present address: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Samantha L Shapiro
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,6Present address: University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Karen H Ashe
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,2Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,4GRECC, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kathleen R Zahs
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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258
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Yamazaki Y, Shinohara M, Shinohara M, Yamazaki A, Murray ME, Liesinger AM, Heckman MG, Lesser ER, Parisi JE, Petersen RC, Dickson DW, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. Selective loss of cortical endothelial tight junction proteins during Alzheimer's disease progression. Brain 2019; 142:1077-1092. [PMID: 30770921 PMCID: PMC6439325 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β and tau are central events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, there is increasing evidence that cerebrovascular pathology is also abundant in Alzheimer's disease brains. In brain capillaries, endothelial cells are connected closely with one another through transmembrane tight junction proteins forming the blood-brain barrier. Because the blood-brain barrier tightly regulates the exchange of molecules between brain and blood and maintains brain homeostasis, its impairment is increasingly recognized as a critical factor contributing to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. However, the pathological relationship between blood-brain barrier properties and Alzheimer's disease progression in the human brain is not fully understood. In this study, we show that the loss of cortical tight junction proteins is a common event in Alzheimer's disease, and is correlated with synaptic degeneration. By quantifying the amounts of major tight junction proteins, claudin-5 and occludin, in 12 brain regions dissected from post-mortem brains of normal ageing (n = 10), pathological ageing (n = 14) and Alzheimer's disease patients (n = 19), we found that they were selectively decreased in cortical areas in Alzheimer's disease. Cortical tight junction proteins were decreased in association with the Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage. There was also a negative correlation between the amount of tight junction proteins and the amounts of insoluble Alzheimer's disease-related proteins, in particular amyloid-β40, in cortical areas. In addition, the amount of tight junction proteins in these areas correlated positively with those of synaptic markers. Thus, loss of cortical tight junction proteins in Alzheimer's disease is associated with insoluble amyloid-β40 and loss of synaptic markers. Importantly, the positive correlation between claudin-5 and synaptic markers, in particular synaptophysin, was present independent of insoluble amyloid-β40, amyloid-β42 and tau values, suggesting that loss of cortical tight junction proteins and synaptic degeneration is present, at least in part, independent of insoluble Alzheimer's disease-related proteins. Collectively, these results indicate that loss of tight junction proteins occurs predominantly in the neocortex during Alzheimer's disease progression. Further, our findings provide a neuropathological clue as to how endothelial tight junction pathology may contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in both synergistic and additive manners to typical amyloid-β and tau pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Akari Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lesser
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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259
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Sakakibara Y, Sekiya M, Saito T, Saido TC, Iijima KM. Amyloid-β plaque formation and reactive gliosis are required for induction of cognitive deficits in App knock-in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:13. [PMID: 30894120 PMCID: PMC6425634 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knock-in (KI) mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that endogenously overproduce Aβ without non-physiological overexpression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) provide important insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of AD. Previously, we reported that AppNL-G-F mice, which harbor three familial AD mutations (Swedish, Beyreuther/Iberian, and Arctic) exhibited emotional alterations before the onset of definitive cognitive deficits. To determine whether these mice exhibit deficits in learning and memory at more advanced ages, we compared the Morris water maze performance of AppNL-G-F and AppNL mice, which harbor only the Swedish mutation, with that of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice at the age of 24 months. To correlate cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation, we also examined Aβ plaque formation and reactive gliosis in these mice. RESULTS In the Morris water maze, a spatial task, 24-month-old AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice exhibited significantly poorer spatial learning than WT mice during the hidden training sessions, but similarly to WT mice during the visible training sessions. Not surprisingly, AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice also exhibited spatial memory deficits both 1 and 7 days after the last training session. By contrast, 24-month-old AppNL/NL mice had intact spatial learning and memory relative to WT mice. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that 24-month-old AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice developed massive Aβ plaques and reactive gliosis (microgliosis and astrocytosis) throughout the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus. By contrast, we observed no detectable brain pathology in AppNL/NL mice despite overproduction of human Aβ40 and Aβ42 in their brains. CONCLUSIONS Aβ plaque formation, followed by sustained neuroinflammation, is necessary for the induction of definitive cognitive deficits in App-KI mouse models of AD. Our data also indicate that introduction of the Swedish mutation alone in endogenous APP is not sufficient to produce either AD-related brain pathology or cognitive deficits in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Sakakibara
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511 Japan
| | - Michiko Sekiya
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511 Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Koichi M. Iijima
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511 Japan
- Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603 Japan
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260
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Cuello AC, Hall H, Do Carmo S. Experimental Pharmacology in Transgenic Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:189. [PMID: 30886583 PMCID: PMC6409318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This Mini Review discusses the merits and shortfalls of transgenic (tg) rodents modeling aspects of the human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology and their application to evaluate experimental therapeutics. It addresses some of the differences between mouse and rat tg models for these investigations. It relates, in a condensed fashion, the experience of our research laboratory with the application of anti-inflammatory compounds and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) at the earliest stages of AD-like amyloid pathology in tg mice. The application of SAM was intended to revert the global brain DNA hypomethylation unleashed by the intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-β-immunoreactive material, an intervention that restored levels of DNA methylation including of the bace1 gene. This review also summarizes experimental pharmacology observations made in the McGill tg rat model of AD-like pathology by applying “nano-lithium” or a drug with allosteric M1 muscarinic and sigma 1 receptor agonistic properties (AF710B). Extremely low doses of lithium (up to 400 times lower than used in the clinic) had remarkable beneficial effects on lowering pathology and improving cognitive functions in tg rats. Likewise, AF710B treatment, even at advanced stages of the pathology, displayed remarkable beneficial effects. This drug, in experimental conditions, demonstrated possible “disease-modifying” properties as pathology was frankly diminished and cognition improved after a month of “wash-out” period. The Mini-Review ends with a discussion on the predictive value of similar experimental pharmacological interventions in current rodent tg models. It comments on the validity of some of these approaches for early interventions at preclinical stages of AD, interventions which may be envisioned once definitive diagnosis of AD before clinical presentation is made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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261
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Croft CL, Cruz PE, Ryu DH, Ceballos-Diaz C, Strang KH, Woody BM, Lin WL, Deture M, Rodríguez-Lebrón E, Dickson DW, Chakrabarty P, Levites Y, Giasson BI, Golde TE. rAAV-based brain slice culture models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease inclusion pathologies. J Exp Med 2019; 216:539-555. [PMID: 30770411 PMCID: PMC6400529 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been challenging to produce ex vivo models of the inclusion pathologies that are hallmark pathologies of many neurodegenerative diseases. Using three-dimensional mouse brain slice cultures (BSCs), we have developed a paradigm that rapidly and robustly recapitulates mature neurofibrillary inclusion and Lewy body formation found in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, respectively. This was achieved by transducing the BSCs with recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) that express α-synuclein or variants of tau. Notably, the tauopathy BSC model enables screening of small molecule therapeutics and tracking of neurodegeneration. More generally, the rAAV BSC "toolkit" enables efficient transduction and transgene expression from neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, alone or in combination, with transgene expression lasting for many months. These rAAV-based BSC models provide a cost-effective and facile alternative to in vivo studies, and in the future can become a widely adopted methodology to explore physiological and pathological mechanisms related to brain function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Croft
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Pedro E Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Daniel H Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Kevin H Strang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Brittany M Woody
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Wen-Lang Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Michael Deture
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Edgardo Rodríguez-Lebrón
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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262
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Joel Z, Izquierdo P, Salih DA, Richardson JC, Cummings DM, Edwards FA. Improving Mouse Models for Dementia. Are All the Effects in Tau Mouse Models Due to Overexpression? COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 83:151-161. [PMID: 30745408 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2018.83.037531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease have commonly used transgenic overexpression of genes involved in production of amyloid β (APP and/or PSEN1/2) or Tau (MAPT) with mutations that result in familial forms of dementia. We discuss possible improvements that may create full models while avoiding the problems of overexpression and report synaptic results in APPKI models. We stress use of inappropriate controls without overexpression of the normal human protein and the mismatch between the learning deficits reported in mice with plaques but no tangles and the human condition. We focus on Tau overexpression, including new data that support previous reports of the grossly nonlinear relationship between Tau overexpression and neurofibrillary tangle load, with a twofold increase in Tau protein, resulting in a 100-fold increase in tangle density. These data also support the hypothesis that a high concentration of soluble Tau, in overexpression models, plays an important direct role in neurodegeneration, rather than only via aggregation. Finally, we hypothesize that there is an optimal concentration range over which Tau can bind to microtubules and a threshold beyond which much of the overexpressed protein is unable to bind. The excess thus causes toxicity in ways not necessarily related to the process in human dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelah Joel
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dervis A Salih
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jill C Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Damian M Cummings
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Frances A Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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263
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Maletínská L, Popelová A, Železná B, Bencze M, Kuneš J. The impact of anorexigenic peptides in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:R47-R72. [PMID: 30475219 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly population. Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that patients who suffer from obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus have a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction and AD. Several recent studies demonstrated that food intake-lowering (anorexigenic) peptides have the potential to improve metabolic disorders and that they may also potentially be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the neuroprotective effects of anorexigenic peptides of both peripheral and central origins are discussed. Moreover, the role of leptin as a key modulator of energy homeostasis is discussed in relation to its interaction with anorexigenic peptides and their analogs in AD-like pathology. Although there is no perfect experimental model of human AD pathology, animal studies have already proven that anorexigenic peptides exhibit neuroprotective properties. This phenomenon is extremely important for the potential development of new drugs in view of the aging of the human population and of the significantly increasing incidence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Popelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Bencze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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264
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Merchán-Rubira J, Sebastián-Serrano Á, Díaz-Hernández M, Avila J, Hernández F. Peripheral nervous system effects in the PS19 tau transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. Neurosci Lett 2019; 698:204-208. [PMID: 30677432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that transgenic mice overexpressing human tau protein with P301S mutation driven by the mouse prion protein promoter show clasping and limb retraction, hunched back and paralysis, followed by inability to feed that results in death around 12 months of age. To understand these motor deficits, we have carried out rotarod tests on PS19 line and demonstrated how they worsened during aging. Then, we have analyzed if these phenotypic characteristics correlate with sciatic nerve degeneration. We first demonstrated by western blot and immunohistochemistry that the sciatic nerve expresses the transgenic tau protein; then, electron microscopy studies showed alterations in myelin, mainly a detachment of myelin lamellae at Schmidt-Lanterman clefts. Similar motor deficits and myelin alterations have been previously reported in tau knockout and overexpressing transgenic mice; taking into account that PS19 model is widely used to study tauopathies, we suggest that analyzing the expression of transgenic tau protein and myelin abnormalities in the sciatic nerve should be considered when studying some features as motor performance or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain.
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265
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De Rossi P, Andrew RJ, Musial TF, Buggia‐Prevot V, Xu G, Ponnusamy M, Ly H, Krause SV, Rice RC, de l’Estoile V, Valin T, Salem S, Despa F, Borchelt DR, Bindokas VP, Nicholson DA, Thinakaran G. Aberrant accrual of BIN1 near Alzheimer's disease amyloid deposits in transgenic models. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:485-501. [PMID: 30506549 PMCID: PMC6542723 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) is the most significant late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility locus identified via genome-wide association studies. BIN1 is an adaptor protein that regulates membrane dynamics in the context of endocytosis and membrane remodeling. An increase in BIN1 expression and changes in the relative levels of alternatively spliced BIN1 isoforms have been reported in the brains of patients with AD. BIN1 can bind to Tau, and an increase in BIN1 expression correlates with Tau pathology. In contrast, the loss of BIN1 expression in cultured cells elevates Aβ production and Tau propagation by insfluencing endocytosis and recycling. Here, we show that BIN1 accumulates adjacent to amyloid deposits in vivo. We found an increase in insoluble BIN1 and a striking accrual of BIN1 within and near amyloid deposits in the brains of multiple transgenic models of AD. The peri-deposit aberrant BIN1 localization was conspicuously different from the accumulation of APP and BACE1 within dystrophic neurites. Although BIN1 is highly expressed in mature oligodendrocytes, BIN1 association with amyloid deposits occurred in the absence of the accretion of other oligodendrocyte or myelin proteins. Finally, super-resolution microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy analyses highlight the presence of BIN1 in proximity to amyloid fibrils at the edges of amyloid deposits. These results reveal the aberrant accumulation of BIN1 is a feature associated with AD amyloid pathology. Our findings suggest a potential role for BIN1 in extracellular Aβ deposition in vivo that is distinct from its well-characterized function as an adaptor protein in endocytosis and membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Rossi
- Department of NeurobiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | | | - Timothy F. Musial
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIL
| | | | - Guilian Xu
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative DiseaseUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | | | - Han Ly
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, and Neurology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Sofia V. Krause
- Department of NeurobiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | - Richard C. Rice
- Department of NeurobiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | | | - Tess Valin
- Department of NeurobiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | - Someya Salem
- Department of NeurobiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | - Florin Despa
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, and Neurology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - David R. Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative DiseaseUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Vytas P. Bindokas
- Integrated Light Microscopy FacilityThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | | | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Department of NeurobiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL,Departments of Neurology, and PathologyThe University of Chicago, The University of ChicagoChicagoIL
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266
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Li H, Liu CC, Zheng H, Huang TY. Amyloid, tau, pathogen infection and antimicrobial protection in Alzheimer's disease -conformist, nonconformist, and realistic prospects for AD pathogenesis. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:34. [PMID: 30603085 PMCID: PMC6306008 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal disease that threatens the quality of life of an aging population at a global scale. Various hypotheses on the etiology of AD have been developed over the years to guide efforts in search of therapeutic strategies. MAIN BODY In this review, we focus on four AD hypotheses currently relevant to AD onset: the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, the well-recognized tau hypothesis, the increasingly popular pathogen (viral infection) hypothesis, and the infection-related antimicrobial protection hypothesis. In briefly reviewing the main evidence supporting each hypothesis and discussing the questions that need to be addressed, we hope to gain a better understanding of the complicated multi-layered interactions in potential causal and/or risk factors in AD pathogenesis. As a defining feature of AD, the existence of amyloid deposits is likely fundamental to AD onset but is insufficient to wholly reproduce many complexities of the disorder. A similar belief is currently also applied to hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates within neurons, where tau has been postulated to drive neurodegeneration in the presence of pre-existing Aβ plaques in the brain. Although infection of the central nerve system by pathogens such as viruses may increase AD risk, it is yet to be determined whether this phenomenon is applicable to all cases of sporadic AD and whether it is a primary trigger for AD onset. Lastly, the antimicrobial protection hypothesis provides insight into a potential physiological role for Aβ peptides, but how Aβ/microbial interactions affect AD pathogenesis during aging awaits further validation. Nevertheless, this hypothesis cautions potential adverse effects in Aβ-targeting therapies by hindering potential roles for Aβ in anti-viral protection. CONCLUSION AD is a multi-factor complex disorder, which likely requires a combinatorial therapeutic approach to successfully slow or reduce symptomatic memory decline. A better understanding of how various causal and/or risk factors affecting disease onset and progression will enhance the likelihood of conceiving effective treatment paradigms, which may involve personalized treatment strategies for individual patients at varying stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Timothy Y. Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA USA
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267
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Low Phytanic Acid-Concentrated DHA Prevents Cognitive Deficit and Regulates Alzheimer Disease Mediators in an ApoE -/- Mice Experimental Model. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010011. [PMID: 30577526 PMCID: PMC6356727 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia and cognitive impairment. It has been associated with a significant diminution of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in the brain. Clinical trials with DHA as a treatment in neurological diseases have shown inconsistent results. Previously, we reported that the presence of phytanic acid (PhA) in standard DHA compositions could be blunting DHA’s beneficial effects. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effects of a low PhA-concentrated DHA and a standard PhA-concentrated DHA in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. Behavioral tests and protein expression of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, antioxidant factors, and AD-related mediators were evaluated. Low PhA-concentrated DHA decreased Aβ, ß-amyloid precursor protein (APP), p-tau, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), caspase 3, and catalase, and increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) when compared to standard PhA-concentrated DHA. Low PhA-concentrated DHA decreased interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein expression in ApoE−/− mice when compared to standard PhA-concentrated DHA. No significant differences were found in p22phox, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), and tau protein expression. The positive actions of a low PhA-concentrated DHA were functionally reflected by improving the cognitive deficit in the AD experimental model. Therefore, reduction of PhA content in DHA compositions could highlight a novel pathway for the neurodegeneration processes related to AD.
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268
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Kelly ÁM. Exercise-Induced Modulation of Neuroinflammation in Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:81-94. [PMID: 30564548 PMCID: PMC6296260 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive, neurodegenerative condition characterised by accumulation of toxic βeta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, is one of the leading causes of dementia globally. The cognitive impairment that is a hallmark of AD may be caused by inflammation in the brain triggered and maintained by the presence of Aβ protein, ultimately leading to neuronal dysfunction and loss. Since there is a significant inflammatory component to AD, it is postulated that anti-inflammatory strategies may be of prophylactic or therapeutic benefit in AD. One such strategy is that of regular physical activity, which has been shown in epidemiological studies to be protective against various forms of dementia including AD. Exercise induces an anti-inflammatory environment in peripheral organs and also increases expression of anti-inflammatory molecules within the brain. Here we review the evidence, mainly from animal models of AD, supporting the hypothesis that exercise can reduce or slow the cellular and cognitive impairments associated with AD by modulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine M. Kelly
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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269
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O'Leary TP, Mantolino HM, Stover KR, Brown RE. Age-related deterioration of motor function in male and female 5xFAD mice from 3 to 16 months of age. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 19:e12538. [PMID: 30426678 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to age-related cognitive and sensori-motor dysfunction. There is an increased understanding that motor dysfunction contributes to overall AD severity, and a need to ameliorate these impairments. The 5xFAD mouse develops the neuropathology, cognitive and motor impairments observed in AD, and thus may be a valuable animal model to study motor deficits in AD. Therefore, we assessed age-related changes in motor ability of male and female 5xFAD mice from 3 to 16 months of age, using a battery of behavioral tests. At 9-10 months, 5xFAD mice showed reduced body weight, reduced rearing in the open-field and impaired performance on the rotarod compared to wild-type controls. At 12-13 months, 5xFAD mice showed reduced locomotor activity on the open-field, and impaired balance on the balance beam. At 15-16 months, impairments were also seen in grip strength. Although sex differences were observed at specific ages, the development of motor dysfunction was similar in male and female mice. Given the 5xFAD mouse is commonly on a C57BL/6 × SJL hybrid background, a subset of mice may be homozygous recessive for the Dysf im mutant allele, which leads to muscular weakness in SJL mice and may exacerbate motor dysfunction. We found small effects of Dysf im on motor function, suggesting that Dysf im contributes little to motor dysfunction in 5xFAD mice. We conclude that the 5xFAD mouse may be a useful model to study mechanisms that produce motor dysfunction in AD, and to assess the efficacy of therapeutics on ameliorating motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P O'Leary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hector M Mantolino
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kurt R Stover
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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270
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Whitesell JD, Buckley AR, Knox JE, Kuan L, Graddis N, Pelos A, Mukora A, Wakeman W, Bohn P, Ho A, Hirokawa KE, Harris JA. Whole brain imaging reveals distinct spatial patterns of amyloid beta deposition in three mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:2122-2145. [PMID: 30311654 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models overexpress mutant forms of human amyloid precursor protein (APP), producing high levels of amyloid β (Aβ) and forming plaques. However, the degree to which these models mimic spatiotemporal patterns of Aβ deposition in brains of AD patients is unknown. Here, we mapped the spatial distribution of Aβ plaques across age in three APP-overexpression mouse lines (APP/PS1, Tg2576, and hAPP-J20) using in vivo labeling with methoxy-X04, high throughput whole brain imaging, and an automated informatics pipeline. Images were acquired with high resolution serial two-photon tomography and labeled plaques were detected using custom-built segmentation algorithms. Image series were registered to the Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework, a 3D reference atlas, enabling automated brain-wide quantification of plaque density, number, and location. In both APP/PS1 and Tg2576 mice, plaques were identified first in isocortex, followed by olfactory, hippocampal, and cortical subplate areas. In hAPP-J20 mice, plaque density was highest in hippocampal areas, followed by isocortex, with little to no involvement of olfactory or cortical subplate areas. Within the major brain divisions, distinct regions were identified with high (or low) plaque accumulation; for example, the lateral visual area within the isocortex of APP/PS1 mice had relatively higher plaque density compared with other cortical areas, while in hAPP-J20 mice, plaques were densest in the ventral retrosplenial cortex. In summary, we show how whole brain imaging of amyloid pathology in mice reveals the extent to which a given model recapitulates the regional Aβ deposition patterns described in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph E Knox
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington
| | - Leonard Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nile Graddis
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew Pelos
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, California
| | - Alice Mukora
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wayne Wakeman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington
| | - Phillip Bohn
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anh Ho
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington
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271
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Gür E, Fertan E, Kosel F, Wong AA, Balcı F, Brown RE. Sex differences in the timing behavior performance of 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice in the peak interval procedure. Behav Brain Res 2018; 360:235-243. [PMID: 30508608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated interval timing behavior of 10-month-old male and female 3xTg-AD mice compared with their B6129F2/J wild type controls using the peak interval procedure with a 15 s target interval. Multiple parameters reflecting different aspects of timing performance were extracted from steady-state anticipatory nose-poking behavior using two different approaches: single trial analyses and average response curve analyses. These measures can dissociate the differences in performance due to distortions in the interval timing ability or to motivational decline (i.e. apathy); both of which have been reported in Alzheimer patients. We found that the interval timing ability of male and female 3xTg-AD mice did not differ from wild-type controls. However, in measures reflecting motivational state, we found significant sex differences regardless of genotype. Specifically, female mice initiated anticipatory responding later in the trial and had lower response amplitudes than males. Although our findings can also be interpreted in terms of differences in temporal control for response initiation, they more strongly suggest the effect of differential incentive motivation between sexes on timing behavior in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Gür
- Timing and Decision Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Fertan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Filip Kosel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Aimee A Wong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Timing and Decision Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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272
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Zheng H, Cheng B, Li Y, Li X, Chen X, Zhang YW. TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease: Microglial Survival and Energy Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:395. [PMID: 30532704 PMCID: PMC6265312 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of age-related dementia among the elderly population. Recent genetic studies have identified rare variants of the gene encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) as significant genetic risk factors in late-onset AD (LOAD). TREM2 is specifically expressed in brain microglia and modulates microglial functions in response to key AD pathologies such as amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles. In this review article, we discuss recent research progress in our understanding on the role of TREM2 in microglia and its relevance to AD pathologies. In addition, we discuss evidence describing new TREM2 ligands and the role of TREM2 signaling in microglial survival and energy metabolism. A comprehensive understanding of TREM2 function in the pathogenesis of AD offers a unique opportunity to explore the potential of this microglial receptor as an alternative target in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoying Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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273
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Grant RA, Wong AA, Fertan E, Brown RE. Whisker exploration behaviours in the 5xFAD mouse are affected by sex and retinal degeneration. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 19:e12532. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A. Grant
- Division of Biology and Conservation EcologyManchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Aimee A. Wong
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Emre Fertan
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Richard E. Brown
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
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274
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The TRPM2 channel nexus from oxidative damage to Alzheimer's pathologies: An emerging novel intervention target for age-related dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:67-79. [PMID: 30009973 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative condition, is the most common cause of dementia among the elder people, but currently there is no treatment. A number of putative pathogenic events, particularly amyloid β peptide (Aβ) accumulation, are believed to be early triggers that initiate AD. However, thus far targeting Aβ generation/aggregation as the mainstay strategy of drug development has not led to effective AD-modifying therapeutics. Oxidative damage is a conspicuous feature of AD, but this remains poorly defined phenomenon and mechanistically ill understood. The TRPM2 channel has emerged as a potentially ubiquitous molecular mechanism mediating oxidative damage and thus plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. This article will review the emerging evidence from recent studies and propose a novel 'hypothesis' that multiple TRPM2-mediated cellular and molecular mechanisms cascade Aβ and/or oxidative damage to AD pathologies. The 'hypothesis' based on these new findings discusses the prospect of considering the TRPM2 channel as a novel therapeutic target for intervening AD and age-related dementia.
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275
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Saito T, Saido TC. Neuroinflammation in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:211-218. [PMID: 30546389 PMCID: PMC6282739 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurocognitive disorder. Although both amyloid β peptide deposition and neurofibrillary tangle formation in the AD brain have been established as pathological hallmarks of the disease, many other factors contribute in a complex manner to the pathogenesis of AD before clinical symptoms of the disease become apparent. Longitudinal pathophysiological processes cause patients' brains to exist in a state of chronic neuroinflammation, with glial cells acting as key regulators of the neuroinflammatory state. However, the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of glial function underlying AD pathogenesis remain elusive. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that peripheral inflammatory conditions affect glial cells in the brain through a process of neuroimmune communication. Such disease complexities make it difficult for the pathogenesis of AD to be understood, and impede the development of effective therapeutic strategies to combat the disease. Relevant AD animal models are thus likely to serve as a key resource to overcome many of these issues. Furthermore, as the pathogenesis of AD might be linked to conditions both within the brain as well as peripherally, it might become necessary for AD to be studied as a whole-body disorder. The present review aimed to summarize insights regarding current AD research, and share perspectives for understanding glial function in the context of the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience Wako Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Wako Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience Wako Japan
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276
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Kong Y, Jiang B, Luo X. Gut microbiota influences Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by regulating acetate in Drosophila model. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1117-1128. [PMID: 30043649 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of present study is to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease (AD) using Drosophila model. MATERIALS & METHODS The microbiota was characterized by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer was performed to measure the level of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolites of the commensal microbiota. RESULTS The diversity of the gut microbiota increased in AD Drosophila. As the most enriched bacteria at genus level, the proportions of Acetobacter and Lactobacillus decreased dramatically. Acetate was the most abundant SCFA derived from the dysregulated microbiota and markedly downregulated in AD Drosophila. CONCLUSION Our study on Drosophila model suggests that dysregulation of gut microbiota may participate in AD pathogenesis by influencing SCFA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education & Department of Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xuancai Luo
- Department of Neurology, Huiyang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516211, PR China
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277
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Bearer EL, Manifold-Wheeler BC, Medina CS, Gonzales AG, Chaves FL, Jacobs RE. Alterations of functional circuitry in aging brain and the impact of mutated APP expression. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:276-290. [PMID: 30055413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease of aging that results in cognitive impairment, dementia, and death. Pathognomonic features of AD are amyloid plaques composed of proteolytic fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. One type of familial AD occurs when mutant forms of APP are inherited. Both APP and tau are components of the microtubule-based axonal transport system, which prompts the hypothesis that axonal transport is disrupted in AD, and that such disruption impacts cognitive function. Transgenic mice expressing mutated forms of APP provide preclinical experimental systems to study AD. Here, we perform manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to study transport from hippocampus to forebrain in four cohorts of living mice: young and old wild-type and transgenic mice expressing a mutant APP with both Swedish and Indiana mutations (APPSwInd). We find that transport is decreased in normal aging and further altered in aged APPSwInd plaque-bearing mice. These findings support the hypothesis that transport deficits are a component of AD pathology and thus may contribute to cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Bearer
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Aaron G Gonzales
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Frances L Chaves
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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278
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O'Leary TP, Hussin AT, Gunn RK, Brown RE. Locomotor activity, emotionality, sensori-motor gating, learning and memory in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:347-354. [PMID: 29870778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse (line 85) is a double transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with familial amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mutations. These mice develop age-related behavioral changes reflective of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (altered anxiety-like behaviour, hyperactivity) and cognitive dysfunction (impaired learning and memory) observed in AD. The APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse has been used to examine the efficacy of therapeutic interventions on behaviour, despite previous difficulties in replicating behavioural phenotypes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of these phenotypes by further characterizing the behaviour of male APPswe/PS1dE9 and wild-type mice between 7 and 14 months of age. Mice were tested on the open-field over 5-days to examine emotionality, locomotor activity and inter-session habituation. Mice were also tested on the repeated-reversal water maze task and spontaneous alternation on the Y-maze to assess working memory. Sensori-motor gating was examined with acoustic startle and pre-pulse inhibition. Lastly contextual and cued (trace) memory was assessed with fear conditioning. The results show that among non-cognitive behaviours, APPswe/PS1dE9 mice have normal locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, habituation and sensori-motor gating. However, APPswe/PS1dE9 mice show impaired working memory on the repeated-reversal water-maze and impaired memory in contextual but not trace-cued fear conditioning. These results indicate that the APPswe/PS1dE9 (line 85) mice have deficits in some types of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and, at the ages tested, APPswe/PS1dE9 mice model cognitive dysfunction but not neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P O'Leary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ahmed T Hussin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Rhian K Gunn
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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279
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Schreurs A, Latif-Hernandez A, Uwineza A. Commentary: APP as a Mediator of the Synapse Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:150. [PMID: 29905239 PMCID: PMC5990595 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- An Schreurs
- Brain & Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amira Latif-Hernandez
- Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alice Uwineza
- Department of Bioscience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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280
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Zhou FQ, Jiang J, Griffith CM, Patrylo PR, Cai H, Chu Y, Yan XX. Lack of human-like extracellular sortilin neuropathology in transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mice and macaques. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:40. [PMID: 29690919 PMCID: PMC5978992 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder bearing multiple pathological hallmarks suggestive of complex cellular/molecular interplay during pathogenesis. Transgenic mice and nonhuman primates are used as disease models for mechanistic and translational research into AD; the extent to which these animal models recapitulate AD-type neuropathology is an issue of importance. Putative C-terminal fragments from sortilin, a member of the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) family, have recently been shown to deposit in the neuritic β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the human brain. METHODS We set out to explore if extracellular sortilin neuropathology exists in AD-related transgenic mice and nonhuman primates. Brains from different transgenic strains and ages developed overt cerebral Aβ deposition, including the β-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 double-transgenic (APP/PS1) mice at ~ 14 months of age, the five familial Alzheimer's disease mutations transgenic (5×FAD) mice at ~ 8 months, the triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3×Tg-AD) mice at ~ 22 months, and aged monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) were examined. Brain samples from young transgenic mice, middle-aged/aged monkeys, and AD humans were used as negative and positive pathological controls. RESULTS The C-terminal sortilin antibody, which labeled senile plaques in the AD human cerebral sections, did not display extracellular immunolabeling in the transgenic mouse or aged monkey brain sections with Aβ deposition. In Western blot analysis, sortilin fragments ~ 15 kDa were not detectable in transgenic mouse cortical lysates, but they occurred in control AD lysates. CONCLUSIONS In reference to their human brain counterparts, neuritic plaques seen in transgenic AD model mouse brains represent an incomplete form of this AD pathological hallmark. The species difference in neuritic plaque constituents also indicates more complex secondary proteopathies in the human brain relative to rodents and nonhuman primates during aging and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Chelsea M. Griffith
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA
| | - Peter R. Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan China
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281
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Southam KA, Stennard F, Pavez C, Small DH. Knockout of Amyloid β Protein Precursor (APP) Expression Alters Synaptogenesis, Neurite Branching and Axonal Morphology of Hippocampal Neurons. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:1346-1355. [PMID: 29572646 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The function of the β-A4 amyloid protein precursor (APP) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. APP has a number of putative roles in neuronal differentiation, survival, synaptogenesis and cell adhesion. In this study, we examined the development of axons, dendrites and synapses in cultures of hippocampus neutrons derived from APP knockout (KO) mice. We report that loss of APP function reduces the branching of cultured hippocampal neurons, resulting in reduced synapse formation. Using a compartmentalised culture approach, we found reduced axonal outgrowth in cultured hippocampal neurons and we also identified abnormal growth characteristics of isolated hippocampal neuron axons. Although APP has previously been suggested to play an important role in promoting cell adhesion, we surprisingly found that APPKO hippocampal neurons adhered more strongly to a poly-L-lysine substrate and their neurites displayed an increased density of focal adhesion puncta. The findings suggest that the function of APP has an important role in both dendritic and axonal growth and that endogenous APP may regulate substrate adhesion of hippocampal neurons. The results may explain neuronal and synaptic morphological abnormalities in APPKO mice and the presence of abnormal APP expression in dystrophic neurites around amyloid deposits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Southam
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia. .,Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
| | - Fiona Stennard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Cassandra Pavez
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - David H Small
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
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