1
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Montagne A, Nikolakopoulou AM, Zhao Z, Sagare AP, Si G, Lazic D, Barnes SR, Daianu M, Ramanathan A, Go A, Lawson EJ, Wang Y, Mack WJ, Thompson PM, Schneider JA, Varkey J, Langen R, Mullins E, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV. Retraction Note: Pericyte degeneration causes white matter dysfunction in the mouse central nervous system. Nat Med 2024; 30:1215. [PMID: 38580816 PMCID: PMC11036445 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angeliki M Nikolakopoulou
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Si
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Divna Lazic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Samuel R Barnes
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Madelaine Daianu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Anita Ramanathan
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ariel Go
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erica J Lawson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William J Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric Mullins
- Division of Hematology and Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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2
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Trac N, Chen Z, Oh HS, Jones L, Huang Y, Giblin J, Gross M, Sta Maria NS, Jacobs RE, Chung EJ. MRI Detection of Lymph Node Metastasis through Molecular Targeting of C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 2 and Monocyte Hitchhiking. ACS Nano 2024; 18:2091-2104. [PMID: 38212302 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Biopsy is the clinical standard for diagnosing lymph node (LN) metastasis, but it is invasive and poses significant risk to patient health. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been utilized as a noninvasive alternative but is limited by low sensitivity, with only ∼35% of LN metastases detected, as clinical contrast agents cannot discriminate between healthy and metastatic LNs due to nonspecific accumulation. Nanoparticles targeted to the C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), a biomarker highly expressed in metastatic LNs, have the potential to guide the delivery of contrast agents, improving the sensitivity of MRI. Additionally, cancer cells in metastatic LNs produce monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1), which binds to CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes and stimulates their migration. Thus, the molecular targeting of CCR2 may enable nanoparticle hitchhiking onto monocytes, providing an additional mechanism for metastatic LN targeting and early detection. Hence, we developed micelles incorporating gadolinium (Gd) and peptides derived from the CCR2-binding motif of MCP1 (MCP1-Gd) and evaluated the potential of MCP1-Gd to detect LN metastasis. When incubated with migrating monocytes in vitro, MCP1-Gd transport across lymphatic endothelium increased 2-fold relative to nontargeting controls. After administration into mouse models with initial LN metastasis and recurrent LN metastasis, MCP1-Gd detected metastatic LNs by increasing MRI signal by 30-50% relative to healthy LNs. Furthermore, LN targeting was dependent on monocyte hitchhiking, as monocyte depletion decreased accumulation by >70%. Herein, we present a nanoparticle contrast agent for MRI detection of LN metastasis mediated by CCR2-targeting and demonstrate the potential of monocyte hitchhiking for enhanced nanoparticle delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Trac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zixi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hyun-Seok Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Leila Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Joshua Giblin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mitchell Gross
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Naomi S Sta Maria
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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3
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Duro MV, Van Valkenburgh J, Ingles DE, Tran J, Cai Z, Ebright B, Wang S, Kerman BE, Galvan J, Hwang SH, Sta Maria NS, Zanderigo F, Croteau E, Cunnane SC, Rapoport SI, Louie SG, Jacobs RE, Yassine HN, Chen K. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of 22-[ 18F]Fluorodocosahexaenoic Acid as a Positron Emission Tomography Probe for Monitoring Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid Uptake Kinetics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4409-4418. [PMID: 38048230 PMCID: PMC10739598 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3), DHA], a polyunsaturated fatty acid, has an important role in regulating neuronal functions and in normal brain development. Dysregulated brain DHA uptake and metabolism are found in individuals carrying the APOE4 allele, which increases the genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and are implicated in the progression of several neurodegenerative disorders. However, there are limited tools to assess brain DHA kinetics in vivo that can be translated to humans. Here, we report the synthesis of an ω-radiofluorinated PET probe of DHA, 22-[18F]fluorodocosahexaenoic acid (22-[18F]FDHA), for imaging the uptake of DHA into the brain. Using the nonradiolabeled 22-FDHA, we confirmed that fluorination of DHA at the ω-position does not significantly alter the anti-inflammatory effect of DHA in microglial cells. Through dynamic PET-MR studies using mice, we observed the accumulation of 22-[18F]FDHA in the brain over time and estimated DHA's incorporation coefficient (K*) using an image-derived input function. Finally, DHA brain K* was validated using intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg arecoline, a natural product known to increase the DHA K* in rodents. 22-[18F]FDHA is a promising PET probe that can reveal altered lipid metabolism in APOE4 carriers, AD, and other neurologic disorders. This new probe, once translated into humans, would enable noninvasive and longitudinal studies of brain DHA dynamics by guiding both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon
Vincent V. Duro
- Department
of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Juno Van Valkenburgh
- Department
of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Diana E. Ingles
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Jenny Tran
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Zhiheng Cai
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Brandon Ebright
- Alfred
E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Bilal E. Kerman
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Jasmin Galvan
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Naomi S. Sta Maria
- Zilkha
Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Department
of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Molecular
Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York
State Psychiatric Institute, New
York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Etienne Croteau
- Sherbrooke
Center for Molecular Imaging, University
of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Stephen C. Cunnane
- Research
Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Stanley I. Rapoport
- National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9304, United States
| | - Stan G. Louie
- Alfred
E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Zilkha
Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Hussein N. Yassine
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Kai Chen
- Department
of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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4
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Bearer EL, Medina CS, Uselman TW, Jacobs RE. Harnessing axonal transport to map reward circuitry: Differing brain-wide projections from medial prefrontal cortical domains. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1278831. [PMID: 38099294 PMCID: PMC10720719 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1278831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons project long axons that contact other distant neurons. Neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex project into the limbic system to regulate responses to reward or threat. Diminished neural activity in prefrontal cortex is associated with loss of executive function leading to drug use, yet the specific circuitry that mediate these effects is unknown. Different regions within the medial prefrontal cortex may project to differing limbic system nuclei. Here, we exploited the cell biology of intracellular membrane trafficking, fast axonal transport, to map projections from two adjacent medial prefrontal cortical regions. We used Mn(II), a calcium analog, to trace medial prefrontal cortical projections in the living animal by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mn(II), a contrast agent for MRI, enters neurons through voltage-activated calcium channels and relies on kinesin-1 and amyloid-precursor protein to transport out axons to distal destinations. Aqueous MnCl2 together with fluorescent dextran (3--5 nL) was stereotactically injected precisely into two adjacent regions of the medial prefrontal cortex: anterior cingulate area (ACA) or infralimbic/prelimbic (IL/PL) region. Projections were traced, first live by manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) at four time points in 3D, and then after fixation by microscopy. Data-driven unbiased voxel-wise statistical maps of aligned normalized MR images after either ACA or IL/PL injections revealed statistically significant progression of Mn(II) over time into deeper brain regions: dorsal striatum, globus pallidus, amygdala, hypothalamus, substantia nigra, dorsal raphe and locus coeruleus. Quantitative comparisons of these distal accumulations at 24 h revealed dramatic differences between ACA and IL/PL injection groups throughout the limbic system, and most particularly in subdomains of the hypothalamus. ACA projections targeted dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, posterior part of the periventricular region and mammillary body nuclei as well as periaqueductal gray, while IL/PL projections accumulated in anterior hypothalamic areas and lateral hypothalamic nuclei as well as amygdala. As hypothalamic subsegments relay CNS activity to the body, our results suggest new concepts about mind-body relationships and specific roles of distinct yet adjacent medial prefrontal cortical segments. Our MR imaging strategy, when applied to follow other cell biological processes in the living organism, will undoubtedly lead to an expanded perspective on how minute details of cellular processes influence whole body health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L. Bearer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Christopher S. Medina
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Taylor W. Uselman
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Uselman TW, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL. Reconfiguration of brain-wide neural activity after early life adversity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.10.557058. [PMID: 38328213 PMCID: PMC10849645 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.10.557058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) predisposes individuals to both physical and mental disorders lifelong. How ELA affects brain function leading to this vulnerability is under intense investigation. Research has begun to shed light on ELA effects on localized brain regions within defined circuits. However, investigations into brain-wide neural activity that includes multiple localized regions, determines relationships of activity between regions and identifies shifts of activity in response to experiential conditions is necessary. Here, we performed longitudinal manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to image the brain in normally reared or ELA-exposed adults. Images were captured in the freely moving home cage condition, and short- and long-term after naturalistic threat. Images were analyzed with new computational methods, including automated segmentation and fractional activation or difference volumes. We found that neural activity was increased after ELA compared to normal rearing in multiple brain regions, some of which are involved in defensive and/or reward circuitry. Widely distributed patterns of neural activity, "brain states", and their dynamics after threat were altered with ELA. Upon acute threat, ELA-mice retained heightened neural activity within many of these regions, and new hyperactive responses emerged in monoaminergic centers of the mid- and hindbrain. Nine days after acute threat, heightened neural activity remained within locus coeruleus and increased within posterior amygdala, ventral hippocampus, and dorso- and ventromedial hypothalamus, while reduced activity emerged within medial prefrontal cortical regions (prelimbic, infralimbic, anterior cingulate). These results reveal that functional imbalances arise between multiple brain-systems which are dependent upon context and cumulative experiences after ELA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Uselman
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Hendricks E, Quihuis AM, Hung ST, Chang J, Dorjsuren N, Der B, Staats KA, Shi Y, Sta Maria NS, Jacobs RE, Ichida JK. The C9ORF72 repeat expansion alters neurodevelopment. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112983. [PMID: 37590144 PMCID: PMC10757587 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations that cause adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases are often expressed during embryonic stages, but it is unclear whether they alter neurodevelopment and how this might influence disease onset. Here, we show that the most common cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a repeat expansion in C9ORF72, restricts neural stem cell proliferation and reduces cortical and thalamic size in utero. Surprisingly, a repeat expansion-derived dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) not known to reduce neuronal viability plays a key role in impairing neurodevelopment. Pharmacologically mimicking the effects of the repeat expansion on neurodevelopment increases susceptibility of C9ORF72 mice to motor defects. Thus, the C9ORF72 repeat expansion stunts development of the brain regions prominently affected in C9ORF72 FTD/ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hendricks
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Alicia M Quihuis
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shu-Ting Hung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nomongo Dorjsuren
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Balint Der
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kim A Staats
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yingxiao Shi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Naomi S Sta Maria
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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7
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Duro MVV, Van Valkenburgh JS, Kerman BE, Wang S, Liu X, Sta N, Zanderigo F, Jacobs RE, Chen K, Yassine HN. Monitoring DHA and AA Brain Uptake in ApoE4 Mice with
18
F‐Fluorinated PET Tracers. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.065802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaodan Liu
- USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Naomi Sta
- USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- New York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY USA
- Columbia University New York NY USA
| | | | - Kai Chen
- USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA
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8
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Bienkowski MS, Becerra M, Montagne A, Korobkova L, Cabeen RP, Khanjani N, Sagare AP, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV. Subiculum fiber degeneration within the fornix white matter tract in 5xFAD mice. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.065987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bienkowski
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
- USC Center for Integrative Connectomics Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Marlene Becerra
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
- USC Center for Integrative Connectomics Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | | | - Ryan P Cabeen
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Neda Khanjani
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
- USC Center for Integrative Connectomics Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
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9
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Kerman BE, Duro MVV, Maria NS, Liu X, Wang S, Van Valkenburgh JS, Chen K, Jacobs RE, Yassine HN. Inhibition of calcium‐dependent phospholipase A2 improves blood‐brain barrier integrity in ApoE4 carrying mice. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.067937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaodan Liu
- USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | | | - Kai Chen
- USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Hussein N. Yassine
- Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
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10
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Van Valkenburgh J, Duro MVV, Burnham E, Chen Q, Wang S, Tran J, Kerman BE, Hwang SH, Liu X, Sta Maria NS, Zanderigo F, Croteau E, Rapoport SI, Cunnane SC, Jacobs RE, Yassine HN, Chen K. Radiosynthesis of 20-[ 18F]fluoroarachidonic acid for PET-MR imaging: Biological evaluation in ApoE4-TR mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 186:102510. [PMID: 36341886 PMCID: PMC9888757 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dysreglulated brain arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is involved in chronic inflammation and is influenced by apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype, the strongest genetic risk factor of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Visualization of AA uptake and distribution in the brain can offer insight into neuroinflammation and AD pathogenesis. Here we present a novel synthesis and radiosynthesis of 20-[18F]fluoroarachidonic acid ([18F]-FAA) for PET imaging using a convergent route and a one-pot, single-purification radiolabeling procedure, and demonstrate its brain uptake in human ApoE4 targeted replacement (ApoE4-TR) mice. By examining p38 phosphorylation in astrocytes, we found that fluorination of AA at the ω-position did not significantly alter its biochemical role in cells. The brain incorporation coefficient (K*) of [18F]-FAA was estimated via multiple methods by using an image-derived input function from the right ventricle of the heart as a proxy of the arterial input function and brain tracer concentrations assessed by dynamic PET-MR imaging. This new synthetic approach should facilitate the practical [18F]-FAA production and allow its translation into clinical use, making investigations of dysregulation of lipid metabolism more feasible in the study of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Van Valkenburgh
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America
| | - Marlon Vincent V Duro
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America
| | - Erica Burnham
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, CA, United States of America
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, CA, United States of America
| | - Jenny Tran
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, CA, United States of America
| | - Bilal E Kerman
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, CA, United States of America
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America
| | - Naomi S Sta Maria
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Etienne Croteau
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, CA, United States of America.
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America.
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11
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Uselman TW, Medina CS, Gray HB, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL. Longitudinal manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of neural projections and activity. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4675. [PMID: 35253280 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) holds exceptional promise for preclinical studies of brain-wide physiology in awake-behaving animals. The objectives of this review are to update the current information regarding MEMRI and to inform new investigators as to its potential. Mn(II) is a powerful contrast agent for two main reasons: (1) high signal intensity at low doses; and (2) biological interactions, such as projection tracing and neural activity mapping via entry into electrically active neurons in the living brain. High-spin Mn(II) reduces the relaxation time of water protons: at Mn(II) concentrations typically encountered in MEMRI, robust hyperintensity is obtained without adverse effects. By selectively entering neurons through voltage-gated calcium channels, Mn(II) highlights active neurons. Safe doses may be repeated over weeks to allow for longitudinal imaging of brain-wide dynamics in the same individual across time. When delivered by stereotactic intracerebral injection, Mn(II) enters active neurons at the injection site and then travels inside axons for long distances, tracing neuronal projection anatomy. Rates of axonal transport within the brain were measured for the first time in "time-lapse" MEMRI. When delivered systemically, Mn(II) enters active neurons throughout the brain via voltage-sensitive calcium channels and clears slowly. Thus behavior can be monitored during Mn(II) uptake and hyperintense signals due to Mn(II) uptake captured retrospectively, allowing pairing of behavior with neural activity maps for the first time. Here we review critical information gained from MEMRI projection mapping about human neuropsychological disorders. We then discuss results from neural activity mapping from systemic Mn(II) imaged longitudinally that have illuminated development of the tonotopic map in the inferior colliculus as well as brain-wide responses to acute threat and how it evolves over time. MEMRI posed specific challenges for image data analysis that have recently been transcended. We predict a bright future for longitudinal MEMRI in pursuit of solutions to the brain-behavior mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Uselman
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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12
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Uselman TW, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL. Brain‐wide Network Restructuring after Chemogenetic Locus Coeruleus Activation: Implications of Tonic Noradrenergic Activity for Neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Uselman
- PathologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | - Elaine L. Bearer
- PathologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNM
- Biology and Biological EngineeringUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNM
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13
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Bearer EL, Zhang X, Jacobs RE. Studying Axonal Transport in the Brain by Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MEMRI). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2431:111-142. [PMID: 35412274 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1990-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
From the earliest notions of dynamic movements within the cell by Leeuwenhoek, intracellular transport in eukaryotes has been primarily explored by optical imaging. The giant axon of the squid became a prime experimental model for imaging transport due to its size, optical transparency, and physiological robustness. Even the biochemical basis of transport was identified using optical assays based on video microscopy of fractionated squid axoplasm. Discoveries about the dynamics and molecular components of the intracellular transport system continued in many model organisms that afforded experimental systems for optical imaging. Yet whether these experimental systems reflected a valid picture of axonal transport in the opaque mammalian brain was unknown.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a non-destructive approach to peer into opaque tissues like the brain . The paramagnetic ion, manganese (MnII), gives a hyperintense signal in T1 weighted MRI that can serve as a marker for axonal transport. Mn(II) enters active neurons via voltage-gated calcium channels and is transported via microtubule motors down their axons by fast axonal transport. Clearance of Mn(II) is slow. Scanning live animals at successive time points reveals the dynamics of Mn(II) transport by detecting Mn(II)-induced intensity increases or accumulations along a known fiber tract, such as the optic nerve or hippocampal-forebrain projections. Mn(II)-based tract tracing also reveals projections even when not in fiber bundles, such as projections in the olfactory system or from medial prefrontal cortex into midbrain and brain stem. The rate of Mn(II) accumulation, detected as increased signal intensity by MR, serves as a proxy for transport rates. Here we describe the method for measuring transport rates and projections by mangeses-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, MEMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Bearer
- Department Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- Biology and Biological Engineering and the Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Zhao Q, Dai W, Chen HY, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV, Lund BT, Montagne A, Bonnin A. Prenatal disruption of blood-brain barrier formation via cyclooxygenase activation leads to lifelong brain inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113310119. [PMID: 35377817 PMCID: PMC9169666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113310119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational maternal immune activation (MIA) in mice induces persistent brain microglial activation and a range of neuropathologies in the adult offspring. Although long-term phenotypes are well documented, how MIA in utero leads to persistent brain inflammation is not well understood. Here, we found that offspring of mothers treated with polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] to induce MIA at gestational day 13 exhibit blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction throughout life. Live MRI in utero revealed fetal BBB hyperpermeability 2 d after MIA. Decreased pericyte–endothelium coupling in cerebral blood vessels and increased microglial activation were found in fetal and 1- and 6-mo-old offspring brains. The long-lasting disruptions result from abnormal prenatal BBB formation, driven by increased proliferation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2; Ptgs2)-expressing microglia in fetal brain parenchyma and perivascular spaces. Targeted deletion of the Ptgs2 gene in fetal myeloid cells or treatment with the inhibitor celecoxib 24 h after immune activation prevented microglial proliferation and disruption of BBB formation and function, showing that prenatal COX2 activation is a causal pathway of MIA effects. Thus, gestational MIA disrupts fetal BBB formation, inducing persistent BBB dysfunction, which promotes microglial overactivation and behavioral alterations across the offspring life span. Taken together, the data suggest that gestational MIA disruption of BBB formation could be an etiological contributor to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Weiye Dai
- Master of Science, Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Hui Yu Chen
- Master of Medical Physiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Brett T. Lund
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Axel Montagne
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh BioQuarter, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Bonnin
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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15
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Abstract
Using high angle resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (HARDI) with fiber tractography analysis we map out a meso-scale connectome of the Octopus bimaculoides brain. The brain of this cephalopod has a qualitatively different organization than that of vertebrates, yet it exhibits complex behavior, an elaborate sensory system and high cognitive abilities. Over the last 60 years wide ranging and detailed studies of octopus brain anatomy have been undertaken, including classical histological sectioning/staining, electron microscopy and neuronal tract tracing with injected dyes. These studies have elucidated many neuronal connections within and among anatomical structures. Diffusion MRI based tractography utilizes a qualitatively different method of tracing connections within the brain and offers facile three-dimensional images of anatomy and connections that can be quantitatively analyzed. Twenty-five separate lobes of the brain were segmented in the 3D MR images of each of three samples, including all five sub-structures in the vertical lobe. These parcellations were used to assay fiber tracings between lobes. The connectivity matrix constructed from diffusion MRI data was largely in agreement with that assembled from earlier studies. The one major difference was that connections between the vertical lobe and more basal supra-esophageal structures present in the literature were not found by MRI. In all, 92 connections between the 25 different lobes were noted by diffusion MRI: 53 between supra-esophageal lobes and 26 between the optic lobes and other structures. These represent the beginnings of a mesoscale connectome of the octopus brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Jacobs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA
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16
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Montagne A, Nikolakopoulou AM, Huuskonen MT, Sagare AP, Lawson EJ, Lazic D, Rege SV, Grond A, Zuniga E, Barnes SR, Prince J, Sagare M, Hsu CJ, LaDu MJ, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV. Author Correction: APOE4 accelerates advanced-stage vascular and neurodegenerative disorder in old Alzheimer's mice via cyclophilin A independently of amyloid-β. Nat Aging 2021; 1:624. [PMID: 37117809 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angeliki M Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mikko T Huuskonen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica J Lawson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Divna Lazic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanket V Rege
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Grond
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward Zuniga
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samuel R Barnes
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Prince
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meghana Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Ju Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary J LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Montagne A, Nikolakopoulou AM, Huuskonen MT, Sagare AP, Lawson EJ, Lazic D, Rege SV, Grond A, Zuniga E, Barnes SR, Prince J, Sagare M, Hsu CJ, LaDu MJ, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV. APOE4 accelerates advanced-stage vascular and neurodegenerative disorder in old Alzheimer’s mice via cyclophilin A independently of amyloid-β. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:506-520. [PMID: 35291561 PMCID: PMC8920485 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the main susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD), leads to vascular dysfunction, amyloid-β pathology, neurodegeneration and dementia. How these different pathologies contribute to advanced-stage AD remains unclear. Using aged APOE knock-in mice crossed with 5xFAD mice, we show that, compared to APOE3, APOE4 accelerates blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, loss of cerebral blood flow, neuronal loss and behavioral deficits independently of amyloid-β. BBB breakdown was associated with activation of the cyclophilin A-matrix metalloproteinase-9 BBB-degrading pathway in pericytes. Suppression of this pathway improved BBB integrity and prevented further neuronal loss and behavioral deficits in APOE4;5FAD mice while having no effect on amyloid-β pathology. Thus, APOE4 accelerates advanced-stage BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's mice via the cyclophilin A pathway in pericytes independently of amyloid-β, which has implication for the pathogenesis and treatment of vascular and neurodegenerative disorder in AD.
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18
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Uselman TW, Barto DR, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL. Evolution of brain-wide activity in the awake behaving mouse after acute fear by longitudinal manganese-enhanced MRI. Neuroimage 2020; 222:116975. [PMID: 32474079 PMCID: PMC7805483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Life threatening fear after a single exposure evolves in a subset of vulnerable individuals to anxiety, which may persist for their lifetime. Yet neither the whole brain's response to innate acute fear nor how brain activity evolves over time is known. Sustained neuronal activity may be a factor in the development of a persistent fear response. We couple two experimental protocols to provoke acute fear leading to prolonged fear: Predator stress (PS), a naturalistic approach to induce fear in rodents; and Serotonin transporter knockout mouse (SERT-KO) that responds to PS with sustained defensive behavior. Behavior was monitored before, during and at short and long times after PS in wild type (WT) and SERT-KO mice. Both genotypes responded to PS with defensive behavior. SERT-KO retained defensive behavior for 23 days, while WT mice returned to baseline exploratory behavior by 9 days. Thus, differences in neural activity between WT and SERT-KO 9 days after PS identifies neural correlates of persistent defensive behavior, in mice. We used longitudinal manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to identify brain-wide neural activity associated with different behaviors. Mn2+ accumulation in active neurons occurs in awake, behaving mice and is retrospectively imaged. Following the same two cohorts of mice, WT and SERT-KO, longitudinally allowed unbiased quantitative comparisons of brain-wide activity by statistical parametric mapping (SPM). During natural behavior in WT, only low levels of activity-induced Mn2+-accumulation were detected, while much more accumulation appeared immediately after PS in both WT and SERT-KO, and evolved at 9 days to a new activity pattern (p < 0.0001, uncorr., T = 5.4). Patterns of accumulation differed between genotypes, with more regions of the brain and larger volumes within regions involved in SERT-KO than WT. A new computational segmentation analysis, using our InVivo Atlas based on a manganese-enhanced MR image of a living mouse, revealed dynamic changes in the volume of significantly enhanced voxels within each segment that differed between genotypes across 45 of 87 segmented regions. At Day 9 after PS, the striatum and ventral pallidum were active in both genotypes but more so in the SERT-KO. SERT-KO also displayed sustained or increased volume of Mn2+ accumulations between Post-Fear and Day 9 in eight segments where activity was decreased or silenced in WT. C-fos staining, an alternative neural activity marker, of brains from the same mice fixed at conclusion of imaging sessions confirmed that MEMRI detected active neurons. Intensity measurements in 12 regions of interest (ROIs) supported the SPM results. Between group comparisons by SPM and of ROI measurements identified specific regions differing between time points and genotypes. We report brain-wide activity in response to a single exposure of acute fear, and, for the first time, its evolution to new activity patterns over time in individuals vulnerable to persistent fear. Our results show multiple regions with dynamic changes in neural activity and that the balance of activity between segments is disordered in the SERT-KO. Thus, longitudinal MEMRI represents a powerful approach to discover how brain-wide activity evolves from the natural state either after an experience or during a disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Uselman
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel R Barto
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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19
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Bearer EL, Medina CS, Uselman T, Jacobs RE. Brain connectivity and activity during Alzheimer’s disease progression in a mouse model by manganese‐‐enhanced MRI in living brain correlated with post‐mortem histopathology. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Chin DD, Poon C, Trac N, Wang J, Cook J, Joo J, Jiang Z, Maria NSS, Jacobs RE, Chung EJ. Collagenase-Cleavable Peptide Amphiphile Micelles as a Novel Theranostic Strategy in Atherosclerosis. Adv Ther (Weinh) 2020; 3:1900196. [PMID: 34295964 PMCID: PMC8294202 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by plaques that can cause sudden myocardial infarction upon rupture. Such rupture-prone plaques have thin fibrous caps due to collagenase degradation, and a noninvasive diagnostic tool and targeted therapy that can identify and treat vulnerable plaques and may inhibit the onset of acute cardiac events. Toward this goal, monocyte-binding, collagenase-inhibiting, and gadolinium-modified peptide amphiphile micelles (MCG PAMs) are developed. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) binds to C-C chemokine receptor-2 expressed on pathological cell types present within plaques. Through the peptide binding motif of MCP-1, MCG PAMs bind to monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Moreover, using magnetic resonance imaging, MCG PAMs show enhanced targeting and successful detection of plaques in diseased mice in vivo and act as contrast agents for molecular imaging. Through the collagenase-cleaving peptide sequence of collagen [VPMS-MRGG], MCG PAMs can compete for collagenases that degrade the fibrous cap of plaques, providing therapy. MCG PAM-treated mice show increased fibrous cap thickness by 61% and 113% histologically compared to nontargeting micelle- or PBS-treated mice (p = 0.0075 and 0.001, respectively). Overall, this novel multimodal nanoparticle offers new theranostic opportunities for noninvasive diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Christopher Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Noah Trac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Jackson Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Johan Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Zhangjingyi Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Naomi Sulit Sta Maria
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic, Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033 CA, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic, Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033 CA, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
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21
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Medina CS, Uselman TW, Barto DR, Cháves F, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL. Decoupling the Effects of the Amyloid Precursor Protein From Amyloid-β Plaques on Axonal Transport Dynamics in the Living Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:501. [PMID: 31849608 PMCID: PMC6901799 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the precursor to Aβ plaques. The cytoplasmic domain of APP mediates attachment of vesicles to molecular motors for axonal transport. In APP-KO mice, transport of Mn2+ is decreased. In old transgenic mice expressing mutated human (APPSwInd) linked to Familial Alzheimer’s Disease, with both expression of APPSwInd and plaques, the rate and destination of Mn2+ axonal transport is altered, as detected by time-lapse manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) of the brain in living mice. To determine the relative contribution of expression of APPSwInd versus plaque on transport dynamics, we developed a Tet-off system to decouple expression of APPSwInd from plaque, and then studied hippocampal to forebrain transport by MEMRI. Three groups of mice were compared to wild-type (WT): Mice with plaque and APPSwInd expression; mice with plaque but suppression of APPSwInd expression; and mice with APPSwInd suppressed from mating until 2 weeks before imaging with no plaque. MR images were captured before at successive time points after stereotactic injection of Mn2+ (3–5 nL) into CA3 of the hippocampus. Mice were returned to their home cage between imaging sessions so that transport would occur in the awake freely moving animal. Images of multiple mice from the three groups (suppressed or expressed) together with C57/B6J WT were aligned and processed with our automated computational pipeline, and voxel-wise statistical parametric mapping (SPM) performed. At the conclusion of MR imaging, brains were harvested for biochemistry or histopathology. Paired T-tests within-group between time points (p = 0.01 FDR corrected) support the impression that both plaque alone and APPSwInd expression alone alter transport rates and destination of Mn2+ accumulation. Expression of APPSwInd in the absence of plaque or detectable Aβ also resulted in transport defects as well as pathology of hippocampus and medial septum, suggesting two sources of pathology occur in familial Alzheimer’s disease, from toxic mutant protein as well as plaque. Alternatively mice with plaque without APPSwInd expression resemble the human condition of sporadic Alzheimer’s, and had better transport. Thus, these mice with APPSwInd expression suppressed after plaque formation will be most useful in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Medina
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Taylor W Uselman
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Daniel R Barto
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Frances Cháves
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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22
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Bearer EL, Woltjer RL, Medina CS, Barto DR, Uselman TW, Jacobs RE. P1-179: DECOUPLING APP EXPRESSION FROM PLAQUE: EFFECTS OF OVER-EXPRESSION OF APP SWIND
, PRESENCE OF PLAQUE, AND ROLE OF HERPES VIRUS. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L. Bearer
- California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA USA
- University of New Mexico; Albuquerque NM USA
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23
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Bearer EL, Barto D, Jacobs RE. Imaging the evolution acute fear: Longitudinal whole brain imaging in living mice of neural activity with MEMRI. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med Sci Meet Exhib Int Soc Magn Reson Med Sci Meet Exhib 2019; 27:3198. [PMID: 33442327 PMCID: PMC7803115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Bearer
- Pathology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Barto
- Pathology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Sweeney MD, Montagne A, Sagare AP, Nation DA, Schneider LS, Chui HC, Harrington MG, Pa J, Law M, Wang DJJ, Jacobs RE, Doubal FN, Ramirez J, Black SE, Nedergaard M, Benveniste H, Dichgans M, Iadecola C, Love S, Bath PM, Markus HS, Al-Shahi Salman R, Allan SM, Quinn TJ, Kalaria RN, Werring DJ, Carare RO, Touyz RM, Williams SCR, Moskowitz MA, Katusic ZS, Lutz SE, Lazarov O, Minshall RD, Rehman J, Davis TP, Wellington CL, González HM, Yuan C, Lockhart SN, Hughes TM, Chen CLH, Sachdev P, O'Brien JT, Skoog I, Pantoni L, Gustafson DR, Biessels GJ, Wallin A, Smith EE, Mok V, Wong A, Passmore P, Barkof F, Muller M, Breteler MMB, Román GC, Hamel E, Seshadri S, Gottesman RF, van Buchem MA, Arvanitakis Z, Schneider JA, Drewes LR, Hachinski V, Finch CE, Toga AW, Wardlaw JM, Zlokovic BV. Vascular dysfunction-The disregarded partner of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:158-167. [PMID: 30642436 PMCID: PMC6338083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence recognizes Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a multifactorial and heterogeneous disease with multiple contributors to its pathophysiology, including vascular dysfunction. The recently updated AD Research Framework put forth by the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association describes a biomarker-based pathologic definition of AD focused on amyloid, tau, and neuronal injury. In response to this article, here we first discussed evidence that vascular dysfunction is an important early event in AD pathophysiology. Next, we examined various imaging sequences that could be easily implemented to evaluate different types of vascular dysfunction associated with, and/or contributing to, AD pathophysiology, including changes in blood-brain barrier integrity and cerebral blood flow. Vascular imaging biomarkers of small vessel disease of the brain, which is responsible for >50% of dementia worldwide, including AD, are already established, well characterized, and easy to recognize. We suggest that these vascular biomarkers should be incorporated into the AD Research Framework to gain a better understanding of AD pathophysiology and aid in treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Axel Montagne
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helena C Chui
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Judy Pa
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meng Law
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fergus N Doubal
- Neuroimaging Sciences and Brain Research Imaging Center, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joel Ramirez
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Section for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwing-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth Love
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, School of Medicine, Level 2 Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Philip M Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK; Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Neuroimaging Sciences and Brain Research Imaging Center, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Terence J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rajesh N Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Steve C R Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E Lutz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hector M González
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chun Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel N Lockhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Timothy M Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christopher L H Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Leonardo Pantoni
- "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah R Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenberg, Sweden
| | - Eric E Smith
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vincent Mok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Adrian Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter Passmore
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Frederick Barkof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Majon Muller
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- Department of Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gustavo C Román
- Department of Neurology, Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Vladimir Hachinski
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Neuroimaging Sciences and Brain Research Imaging Center, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Bearer EL, Manifold-Wheeler BC, Medina CS, Gonzales AG, Chaves FL, Jacobs RE. Alterations of functional circuitry in aging brain and the impact of mutated APP expression. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:276-290. [PMID: 30055413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease of aging that results in cognitive impairment, dementia, and death. Pathognomonic features of AD are amyloid plaques composed of proteolytic fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. One type of familial AD occurs when mutant forms of APP are inherited. Both APP and tau are components of the microtubule-based axonal transport system, which prompts the hypothesis that axonal transport is disrupted in AD, and that such disruption impacts cognitive function. Transgenic mice expressing mutated forms of APP provide preclinical experimental systems to study AD. Here, we perform manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to study transport from hippocampus to forebrain in four cohorts of living mice: young and old wild-type and transgenic mice expressing a mutant APP with both Swedish and Indiana mutations (APPSwInd). We find that transport is decreased in normal aging and further altered in aged APPSwInd plaque-bearing mice. These findings support the hypothesis that transport deficits are a component of AD pathology and thus may contribute to cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Bearer
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Aaron G Gonzales
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Frances L Chaves
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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26
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Bearer EL, Barto D, Reviere ARH, Jacobs RE. Neural activation imaged by MEMRI in mouse models of PTSD: Early Life Stress and Role of the Serotonergic System in Prolonged Response to Fear. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med Sci Meet Exhib Int Soc Magn Reson Med Sci Meet Exhib 2018; 2018:2120. [PMID: 30349424 PMCID: PMC6195807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Bearer
- Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Daniel Barto
- Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Alden R H Reviere
- Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Montagne A, Nikolakopoulou AM, Zhao Z, Sagare AP, Si G, Lazic D, Barnes SR, Daianu M, Ramanathan A, Go A, Lawson EJ, Wang Y, Mack WJ, Thompson PM, Schneider JA, Varkey J, Langen R, Mullins E, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV. Pericyte degeneration causes white matter dysfunction in the mouse central nervous system. Nat Med 2018; 24:326-337. [PMID: 29400711 PMCID: PMC5840035 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse white-matter disease associated with small-vessel disease and dementia is prevalent in the elderly. The biological mechanisms, however, remain elusive. Using pericyte-deficient mice, magnetic resonance imaging, viral-based tract-tracing, and behavior and tissue analysis, we found that pericyte degeneration disrupted white-matter microcirculation, resulting in an accumulation of toxic blood-derived fibrin(ogen) deposits and blood-flow reductions, which triggered a loss of myelin, axons and oligodendrocytes. This disrupted brain circuits, leading to white-matter functional deficits before neuronal loss occurs. Fibrinogen and fibrin fibrils initiated autophagy-dependent cell death in oligodendrocyte and pericyte cultures, whereas pharmacological and genetic manipulations of systemic fibrinogen levels in pericyte-deficient, but not control mice, influenced the degree of white-matter fibrin(ogen) deposition, pericyte degeneration, vascular pathology and white-matter changes. Thus, our data indicate that pericytes control white-matter structure and function, which has implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of human white-matter disease associated with small-vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Angeliki M. Nikolakopoulou
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gabriel Si
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Divna Lazic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Samuel R. Barnes
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Madelaine Daianu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Anita Ramanathan
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ariel Go
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Erica J. Lawson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - William J. Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eric Mullins
- Division of Hematology and Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Fick RHJ, Daianu M, Pizzolato M, Wassermann D, Jacobs RE, Thompson PM, Town T, Deriche R. Comparison of Biomarkers in Transgenic Alzheimer Rats Using Multi-Shell Diffusion MRI. Computational Diffusion MRI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54130-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Santos R, Kawauchi S, Jacobs RE, Lopez-Burks ME, Choi H, Wikenheiser J, Hallgrimsson B, Jamniczky HA, Fraser SE, Lander AD, Calof AL. Conditional Creation and Rescue of Nipbl-Deficiency in Mice Reveals Multiple Determinants of Risk for Congenital Heart Defects. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000197. [PMID: 27606604 PMCID: PMC5016002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the causes of congenital heart defects is made difficult by the complex morphogenesis of the mammalian heart, which takes place early in development, involves contributions from multiple germ layers, and is controlled by many genes. Here, we use a conditional/invertible genetic strategy to identify the cell lineage(s) responsible for the development of heart defects in a Nipbl-deficient mouse model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, in which global yet subtle transcriptional dysregulation leads to development of atrial septal defects (ASDs) at high frequency. Using an approach that allows for recombinase-mediated creation or rescue of Nipbl deficiency in different lineages, we uncover complex interactions between the cardiac mesoderm, endoderm, and the rest of the embryo, whereby the risk conferred by genetic abnormality in any one lineage is modified, in a surprisingly non-additive way, by the status of others. We argue that these results are best understood in the context of a model in which the risk of heart defects is associated with the adequacy of early progenitor cell populations relative to the sizes of the structures they must eventually form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaysela Santos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Martha E Lopez-Burks
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hojae Choi
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jamie Wikenheiser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Anne L Calof
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Daianu M, Jacobs RE, Weitz TM, Town TC, Thompson PM. Multi-Shell Hybrid Diffusion Imaging (HYDI) at 7 Tesla in TgF344-AD Transgenic Alzheimer Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145205. [PMID: 26683657 PMCID: PMC4687716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is widely used to study microstructural characteristics of the brain. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and high-angular resolution imaging (HARDI) are frequently used in radiology and neuroscience research but can be limited in describing the signal behavior in composite nerve fiber structures. Here, we developed and assessed the benefit of a comprehensive diffusion encoding scheme, known as hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI), composed of 300 DWI volumes acquired at 7-Tesla with diffusion weightings at b = 1000, 3000, 4000, 8000 and 12000 s/mm2 and applied it in transgenic Alzheimer rats (line TgF344-AD) that model the full clinico-pathological spectrum of the human disease. We studied and visualized the effects of the multiple concentric "shells" when computing three distinct anisotropy maps-fractional anisotropy (FA), generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) and normalized quantitative anisotropy (NQA). We tested the added value of the multi-shell q-space sampling scheme, when reconstructing neural pathways using mathematical frameworks from DTI and q-ball imaging (QBI). We show a range of properties of HYDI, including lower apparent anisotropy when using high b-value shells in DTI-based reconstructions, and increases in apparent anisotropy in QBI-based reconstructions. Regardless of the reconstruction scheme, HYDI improves FA-, GFA- and NQA-aided tractography. HYDI may be valuable in human connectome projects and clinical research, as well as magnetic resonance research in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Daianu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Tara M. Weitz
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Terrence C. Town
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, Pediatrics, and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Sta Maria NS, Barnes SR, Weist MR, Colcher D, Raubitschek AA, Jacobs RE. Low Dose Focused Ultrasound Induces Enhanced Tumor Accumulation of Natural Killer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142767. [PMID: 26556731 PMCID: PMC4640510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital antitumor role as part of the innate immune system. Efficacy of adoptive transfer of NK cells depends on their ability to recognize and target tumors. We investigated whether low dose focused ultrasound with microbubbles (ldbFUS) could facilitate the targeting and accumulation of NK cells in a mouse xenograft of human colorectal adenocarcinoma (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing LS-174T implanted in NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice) in the presence of an anti-CEA immunocytokine (ICK), hT84.66/M5A-IL-2 (M5A-IL-2). Human NK cells were labeled with an FDA-approved ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide particle, ferumoxytol. Simultaneous with the intravenous injection of microbubbles, focused ultrasound was applied to the tumor. In vivo longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified enhanced accumulation of NK cells in the ensonified tumor, which was validated by endpoint histology. Significant accumulation of NK cells was observed up to 24 hrs at the tumor site when ensonified with 0.50 MPa peak acoustic pressure ldbFUS, whereas tumors treated with at 0.25 MPa showed no detectable NK cell accumulation. These clinically translatable results show that ldbFUS of the tumor mass can potentiate tumor homing of NK cells that can be evaluated non-invasively using MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi S. Sta Maria
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Samuel R. Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Weist
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - David Colcher
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Raubitschek
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Delora A, Gonzales A, Medina CS, Mitchell A, Mohed AF, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL. A simple rapid process for semi-automated brain extraction from magnetic resonance images of the whole mouse head. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 257:185-93. [PMID: 26455644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-developed technique in neuroscience. Limitations in applying MRI to rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders include the large number of animals required to achieve statistical significance, and the paucity of automation tools for the critical early step in processing, brain extraction, which prepares brain images for alignment and voxel-wise statistics. NEW METHOD This novel timesaving automation of template-based brain extraction ("skull-stripping") is capable of quickly and reliably extracting the brain from large numbers of whole head images in a single step. The method is simple to install and requires minimal user interaction. RESULTS This method is equally applicable to different types of MR images. Results were evaluated with Dice and Jacquard similarity indices and compared in 3D surface projections with other stripping approaches. Statistical comparisons demonstrate that individual variation of brain volumes are preserved. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS A downloadable software package not otherwise available for extraction of brains from whole head images is included here. This software tool increases speed, can be used with an atlas or a template from within the dataset, and produces masks that need little further refinement. CONCLUSIONS Our new automation can be applied to any MR dataset, since the starting point is a template mask generated specifically for that dataset. The method reliably and rapidly extracts brain images from whole head images, rendering them useable for subsequent analytical processing. This software tool will accelerate the exploitation of mouse models for the investigation of human brain disorders by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Delora
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Aaron Gonzales
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Christopher S Medina
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Adam Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Abdul Faheem Mohed
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
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Barnes SR, Ng TSC, Montagne A, Law M, Zlokovic BV, Jacobs RE. Optimal acquisition and modeling parameters for accurate assessment of low Ktrans blood-brain barrier permeability using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1967-77. [PMID: 26077645 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine optimal parameters for acquisition and processing of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) to detect small changes in near normal low blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. METHODS Using a contrast-to-noise ratio metric (K-CNR) for Ktrans precision and accuracy, the effects of kinetic model selection, scan duration, temporal resolution, signal drift, and length of baseline on the estimation of low permeability values was evaluated with simulations. RESULTS The Patlak model was shown to give the highest K-CNR at low Ktrans . The Ktrans transition point, above which other models yielded superior results, was highly dependent on scan duration and tissue extravascular extracellular volume fraction (ve ). The highest K-CNR for low Ktrans was obtained when Patlak model analysis was combined with long scan times (10-30 min), modest temporal resolution (<60 s/image), and long baseline scans (1-4 min). Signal drift as low as 3% was shown to affect the accuracy of Ktrans estimation with Patlak analysis. CONCLUSION DCE acquisition and modeling parameters are interdependent and should be optimized together for the tissue being imaged. Appropriately optimized protocols can detect even the subtlest changes in BBB integrity and may be used to probe the earliest changes in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Barnes
- Beckman Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Thomas S C Ng
- Beckman Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meng Law
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Beckman Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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Barnes SR, Ng TSC, Santa-Maria N, Montagne A, Zlokovic BV, Jacobs RE. ROCKETSHIP: a flexible and modular software tool for the planning, processing and analysis of dynamic MRI studies. BMC Med Imaging 2015; 15:19. [PMID: 26076957 PMCID: PMC4466867 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-015-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is a promising technique to characterize pathology and evaluate treatment response. However, analysis of DCE-MRI data is complex and benefits from concurrent analysis of multiple kinetic models and parameters. Few software tools are currently available that specifically focuses on DCE-MRI analysis with multiple kinetic models. Here, we developed ROCKETSHIP, an open-source, flexible and modular software for DCE-MRI analysis. ROCKETSHIP incorporates analyses with multiple kinetic models, including data-driven nested model analysis. RESULTS ROCKETSHIP was implemented using the MATLAB programming language. Robustness of the software to provide reliable fits using multiple kinetic models is demonstrated using simulated data. Simulations also demonstrate the utility of the data-driven nested model analysis. Applicability of ROCKETSHIP for both preclinical and clinical studies is shown using DCE-MRI studies of the human brain and a murine tumor model. CONCLUSION A DCE-MRI software suite was implemented and tested using simulations. Its applicability to both preclinical and clinical datasets is shown. ROCKETSHIP was designed to be easily accessible for the beginner, but flexible enough for changes or additions to be made by the advanced user as well. The availability of a flexible analysis tool will aid future studies using DCE-MRI. A public release of ROCKETSHIP is available at https://github.com/petmri/ROCKETSHIP .
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Thomas S C Ng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Naomi Santa-Maria
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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Montagne A, Barnes SR, Sweeney MD, Halliday MR, Sagare AP, Zhao Z, Toga AW, Jacobs RE, Liu CY, Amezcua L, Harrington MG, Chui HC, Law M, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus. Neuron 2015; 85:296-302. [PMID: 25611508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1283] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits entry of blood-derived products, pathogens, and cells into the brain that is essential for normal neuronal functioning and information processing. Post-mortem tissue analysis indicates BBB damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The timing of BBB breakdown remains, however, elusive. Using an advanced dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI protocol with high spatial and temporal resolutions to quantify regional BBB permeability in the living human brain, we show an age-dependent BBB breakdown in the hippocampus, a region critical for learning and memory that is affected early in AD. The BBB breakdown in the hippocampus and its CA1 and dentate gyrus subdivisions worsened with mild cognitive impairment that correlated with injury to BBB-associated pericytes, as shown by the cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Our data suggest that BBB breakdown is an early event in the aging human brain that begins in the hippocampus and may contribute to cognitive impairment. VIDEO ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Samuel R Barnes
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Melanie D Sweeney
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matthew R Halliday
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Collin Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lilyana Amezcua
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Meng Law
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Daianu M, Jahanshad N, Villalon-Reina JE, Prasad G, Jacobs RE, Barnes S, Zlokovic BV, Montagne A, Thompson PM. 7T Multi-shell Hybrid Diffusion Imaging (HYDI) for Mapping Brain Connectivity in Mice. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2015; 9413. [PMID: 25859293 DOI: 10.1117/12.2081491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is widely used to study microstructural characteristics of the brain. High angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) samples diffusivity at a large number of spherical angles, to better resolve neural fibers that mix or cross. Here, we implemented a framework for advanced mathematical analysis of mouse 5-shell HARDI (b=1000, 3000, 4000, 8000, 12000 s/mm2), also known as hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI). Using q-ball imaging (QBI) at ultra-high field strength (7 Tesla), we computed diffusion and fiber orientation distribution functions (dODF, fODF) to better detect crossing fibers. We also computed a quantitative anisotropy (QA) index, and deterministic tractography, from the peak orientation of the fODFs. We found that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the QA was significantly higher in single and multi-shell reconstructed data at the lower b-values (b=1000, 3000, 4000 s/mm2) than at higher b-values (b=8000, 12000 s/mm2); the b=1000 s/mm2 shell increased the SNR of the QA in all multi-shell reconstructions, but when used alone or in <5-shell reconstruction, it led to higher angular error for the major fibers, compared to 5-shell HYDI. Multi-shell data reconstructed major fibers with less error than single-shell data, and was most successful at reducing the angular error when the lowest shell was excluded (b=1000 s/mm2). Overall, high-resolution connectivity mapping with 7T HYDI offers great potential for understanding unresolved changes in mouse models of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Daianu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Julio E Villalon-Reina
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Gautam Prasad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, California Institute of Technology, Los Angeles
| | - Samuel Barnes
- Biological Imaging Center, California Institute of Technology, Los Angeles
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Sta Maria NS, Barnes SR, Jacobs RE. In vivo monitoring of natural killer cell trafficking during tumor immunotherapy. Magn Reson Insights 2014; 7:15-21. [PMID: 25114550 PMCID: PMC4122546 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial part of the innate immune system and play critical roles in host anti-viral, anti-microbial, and antitumor responses. The elucidation of NK cell biology and their therapeutic use are actively being pursued with 200 clinical trials currently underway. In this review, we outline the role of NK cells in cancer immunotherapies and summarize current noninvasive imaging technologies used to track NK cells in vivo to investigate mechanisms of action, develop new therapies, and evaluate efficacy of adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi S Sta Maria
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samuel R Barnes
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Ng TSC, Wert D, Sohi H, Procissi D, Colcher D, Raubitschek AA, Jacobs RE. Serial diffusion MRI to monitor and model treatment response of the targeted nanotherapy CRLX101. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2518-27. [PMID: 23532891 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted nanotherapies are being developed to improve tumor drug delivery and enhance therapeutic response. Techniques that can predict response will facilitate clinical translation and may help define optimal treatment strategies. We evaluated the efficacy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to monitor early response to CRLX101 (a cyclodextrin-based polymer particle containing the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin) nanotherapy (formerly IT-101), and explored its potential as a therapeutic response predictor using a mechanistic model of tumor cell proliferation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Diffusion MRI was serially conducted following CRLX101 administration in a mouse lymphoma model. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) extracted from the data were used as treatment response biomarkers. Animals treated with irinotecan (CPT-11) and saline were imaged for comparison. ADC data were also input into a mathematical model of tumor growth. Histological analysis using cleaved-caspase 3, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, Ki-67, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) were conducted on tumor samples for correlation with imaging results. RESULTS CRLX101-treated tumors at day 2, 4, and 7 posttreatment exhibited changes in mean ADC = 16 ± 9%, 24 ± 10%, 49 ± 17%, and size (TV) = -5 ± 3%, -30 ± 4%, and -45 ± 13%, respectively. Both parameters were statistically greater than controls [p(ADC) ≤ 0.02, and p(TV) ≤ 0.01 at day 4 and 7], and noticeably greater than CPT-11-treated tumors (ADC = 5 ± 5%, 14 ± 7%, and 18 ± 6%; TV = -15 ± 5%, -22 ± 13%, and -26 ± 8%). Model-derived parameters for cell proliferation obtained using ADC data distinguished CRLX101-treated tumors from controls (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Temporal changes in ADC specified early CRLX101 treatment response and could be used to model image-derived cell proliferation rates following treatment. Comparisons of targeted and nontargeted treatments highlight the utility of noninvasive imaging and modeling to evaluate, monitor, and predict responses to targeted nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S C Ng
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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Gallagher JJ, Zhang X, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Bearer EL, Jacobs RE. Altered reward circuitry in the norepinephrine transporter knockout mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57597. [PMID: 23469209 PMCID: PMC3587643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are modulated by their respective plasma membrane transporters, albeit with a few exceptions. Monoamine transporters remove monoamines from the synaptic cleft and thus influence the degree and duration of signaling. Abnormal concentrations of these neuronal transmitters are implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including addiction, depression, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This work concentrates on the norepinephrine transporter (NET), using a battery of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging techniques and histological correlates to probe the effects of genetic deletion of the norepinephrine transporter on brain metabolism, anatomy and functional connectivity. MRS recorded in the striatum of NET knockout mice indicated a lower concentration of NAA that correlates with histological observations of subtle dysmorphisms in the striatum and internal capsule. As with DAT and SERT knockout mice, we detected minimal structural alterations in NET knockout mice by tensor-based morphometric analysis. In contrast, longitudinal imaging after stereotaxic prefrontal cortical injection of manganese, an established neuronal circuitry tracer, revealed that the reward circuit in the NET knockout mouse is biased toward anterior portions of the brain. This is similar to previous results observed for the dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mouse, but dissimilar from work with serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout mice where Mn2+ tracings extended to more posterior structures than in wildtype animals. These observations correlate with behavioral studies indicating that SERT knockout mice display anxiety-like phenotypes, while NET knockouts and to a lesser extent DAT knockout mice display antidepressant-like phenotypic features. Thus, the mainly anterior activity detected with manganese-enhanced MRI in the DAT and NET knockout mice is likely indicative of more robust connectivity in the frontal portion of the reward circuit of the DAT and NET knockout mice compared to the SERT knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Gallagher
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George R. Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elaine L. Bearer
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ng TSC, Bading JR, Park R, Sohi H, Procissi D, Colcher D, Conti PS, Cherry SR, Raubitschek AA, Jacobs RE. Quantitative, simultaneous PET/MRI for intratumoral imaging with an MRI-compatible PET scanner. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1102-9. [PMID: 22661534 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.099861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Noninvasive methods are needed to explore the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and its modulation by therapy. Hybrid PET/MRI systems are being developed for small-animal and clinical use. The advantage of these integrated systems depends on their ability to provide MR images that are spatially coincident with simultaneously acquired PET images, allowing combined functional MRI and PET studies of intratissue heterogeneity. Although much effort has been devoted to developing this new technology, the issue of quantitative and spatial fidelity of PET images from hybrid PET/MRI systems to the tissues imaged has received little attention. Here, we evaluated the ability of a first-generation, small-animal MRI-compatible PET scanner to accurately depict heterogeneous patterns of radiotracer uptake in tumors. METHODS Quantitative imaging characteristics of the MRI-compatible PET (PET/MRI) scanner were evaluated with phantoms using calibration coefficients derived from a mouse-sized linearity phantom. PET performance was compared with a commercial small-animal PET system and autoradiography in tumor-bearing mice. Pixel and structure-based similarity metrics were used to evaluate image concordance among modalities. Feasibility of simultaneous PET/MRI functional imaging of tumors was explored by following (64)Cu-labeled antibody uptake in relation to diffusion MRI using cooccurrence matrix analysis. RESULTS The PET/MRI scanner showed stable and linear response. Activity concentration recovery values (measured and true activity concentration) calculated for 4-mm-diameter rods within linearity and uniform activity rod phantoms were near unity (0.97 ± 0.06 and 1.03 ± 0.03, respectively). Intratumoral uptake patterns for both (18)F-FDG and a (64)Cu-antibody acquired using the PET/MRI scanner and small-animal PET were highly correlated with autoradiography (r > 0.99) and with each other (r = 0.97 ± 0.01). On the basis of these data, we performed a preliminary study comparing diffusion MRI and radiolabeled antibody uptake patterns over time and visualized movement of antibodies from the vascular space into the tumor mass. CONCLUSION The MRI-compatible PET scanner provided tumor images that were quantitatively accurate and spatially concordant with autoradiography and the small-animal PET examination. Cooccurrence matrix approaches enabled effective analysis of multimodal image sets. These observations confirm the ability of the current simultaneous PET/MRI system to provide accurate observations of intratumoral function and serve as a benchmark for future evaluations of hybrid instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S C Ng
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Perles-Barbacaru TA, Procissi D, Demyanenko AV, Jacobs RE. Quantitative pharmacologic MRI in mice. NMR Biomed 2012; 25:498-505. [PMID: 21793079 PMCID: PMC3292675 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic MRI (phMRI) uses functional MRI techniques to provide a noninvasive in vivo measurement of the hemodynamic effects of drugs. The cerebral blood volume change (ΔCBV) serves as a surrogate for neuronal activity via neurovascular coupling mechanisms. By assessing the location and time course of brain activity in mouse mutant studies, phMRI can provide valuable insights into how different behavioral phenotypes are expressed in deferring brain activity response to drug challenge. In this report, we evaluate the utility of three different intravascular ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agents for phMRI using a gradient-echo technique, with temporal resolution of one min at high magnetic field. The tissue half-life of the USPIOs was studied using a nonlinear detrending model. The three USPIOs are candidates for CBV weighted phMRI experiments, with r(2)/r(1) ratios ≥ 20 and apparent half-lives ≥ 1.5 h at the described doses. An echo-time of about 10 ms or longer results in a functional contrast to noise ratio (fCNR) > 75 after USPIO injection, with negligible decrease between 1.5-2 h. phMRI experiments were conducted at 7 T using cocaine as a psychotropic substance and acetazolamide, a global vasodilator, as a positive control. Cocaine acts as a dopamine-serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, increasing extracellular concentrations of these neurotransmitters, and thus increasing dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. phMRI results showed that CBV was reduced in the normal mouse brain after cocaine challenge, with the largest effects in the nucleus accumbens, whereas after acetazolamide, blood volume was increased in both cerebral and extracerebral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Andrey V. Demyanenko
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Bearer EL, Gallagher JJ, Gonzales A, Jacobs RE. Imaging functional anatomy in the brain of mouse models of human disease. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.398.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Bearer
- PathologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM
- BiologyCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA
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MacKenzie-Graham AJ, Rinek GA, Avedisian A, Morales LB, Umeda E, Boulat B, Jacobs RE, Toga AW, Voskuhl RR. Estrogen treatment prevents gray matter atrophy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1310-23. [PMID: 22411609 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gray matter atrophy is an important correlate to clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), and many treatment trials include atrophy as an outcome measure. Atrophy has been shown to occur in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model of MS. The clinical severity of EAE is reduced in estrogen-reated mice, but it remains unknown whether estrogen treatment can reduce gray matter atrophy in EAE. In this study, mice with EAE were treated with either estrogen receptor (ER)-α ligand or ER-β ligand, and diffusion tensor images (DTI) were collected and neuropathology was performed. DTI showed atrophy in the cerebellar gray matter of vehicle-treated EAE mice compared with healthy controls but not in ER-α or ER-β ligand-treated EAE mice. Neuropathology demonstrated that Purkinje cell numbers were decreased in vehicle-treated EAE mice, whereas neither ER ligand-treated EAE groups showed a decrease. This is the first report of a neuroprotective therapy in EAE that unambiguously prevents gray matter atrophy while sparing a major neuronal cell type. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the cerebellar white matter was decreased in vehicle- and ER-β ligand-treated but not in ER-α ligand-treated EAE mice. Inflammatory cell infiltration was increased in vehicle- and ER-β ligand-treated but not in ER-α ligand-treated EAE mice. Myelin staining was decreased in vehicle-treated EAE mice and was spared in both ER ligand-treated groups. This is consistent with decreased FA as a potential biomarker for inflammation rather than myelination or axonal damage in the cerebellum in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J MacKenzie-Graham
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Gallagher JJ, Zhang X, Ziomek GJ, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL. Deficits in axonal transport in hippocampal-based circuitry and the visual pathway in APP knock-out animals witnessed by manganese enhanced MRI. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1856-66. [PMID: 22500926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates axonal transport defects, typified by the presence of axonal varicosities with aberrant accumulations of cargo, as an early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Work identifying amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a vesicular motor receptor for anterograde axonal transport further implicates axonal transport in AD. Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) detects axonal transport dynamics in preclinical studies. Here we pursue an understanding of the role of APP in axonal transport in the central nervous system by applying MEMRI to hippocampal circuitry and to the visual pathway in living mice homozygous for either wild type or a deletion in the APP gene (n=12 for each genotype). Following intra-ocular or stereotaxic hippocampal injection, we performed time-lapse MRI to detect Mn(2+) transport. Three dimensional whole brain datasets were compared on a voxel-wise basis using within-group pair-wise analysis. Quantification of transport to structures connected to injection sites via axonal fiber tracts was also performed. Histology confirmed consistent placement of hippocampal injections and no observable difference in glial-response to the injections. APP-/- mice had significantly reduced transport from the hippocampus to the septal nuclei and amygdala after 7h and reduced transport to the contralateral hippocampus after 25 h; axonal transport deficits in the APP-/- animals were also identified in the visual pathway. These data support a system-wide role for APP in axonal transport within the central nervous system and demonstrate the power of MEMRI for assessing neuronal circuitry involved in memory and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Gallagher
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, m/c 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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Tu C, Ng TSC, Sohi HK, Palko HA, House A, Jacobs RE, Louie AY. Receptor-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles for molecular MR imaging of inflamed atherosclerotic plaques. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7209-16. [PMID: 21742374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a number of literature reports iron oxide nanoparticles have been investigated for use in imaging atherosclerotic plaques and found to accumulate in plaques via uptake by macrophages, which are critical in the process of atheroma initiation, propagation, and rupture. However, the uptake of these agents is non-specific; thus the labeling efficiency for plaques in vivo is not ideal. We have developed targeted agents to improve the efficiency for labeling macrophage-laden plaques. These probes are based on iron oxide nanoparticles coated with dextran sulfate, a ligand of macrophage scavenger receptor type A (SR-A). We have sulfated dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (DIO) with sulfur trioxide, thereby targeting our nanoparticle imaging agents to SR-A. The sulfated DIO (SDIO) remained mono-dispersed and had an average hydrodynamic diameter of 62 nm, an r(1) relaxivity of 18.1 mM(-1) s(-1), and an r(2) relaxivity of 95.8 mM(-1) s(-1) (37 °C, 1.4 T). Cell studies confirmed that these nanoparticles were nontoxic and specifically targeted to macrophages. In vivo MRI after intravenous injection of the contrast agent into an atherosclerotic mouse injury model showed substantial signal loss on the injured carotid at 4 and 24 h post-injection of SDIO. No discernable signal decrease was seen at the control carotid and only mild signal loss was observed for the injured carotid post-injection of non-sulfated DIO, indicating preferential uptake of the SDIO particles at the site of atherosclerotic plaque. These results indicate that SDIO can facilitate MRI detection and diagnosis of vulnerable plaques in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Perles-Barbacaru TA, Procissi D, Demyanenko AV, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Jacobs RE. Quantitative pharmacologic MRI: mapping the cerebral blood volume response to cocaine in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Neuroimage 2010; 55:622-8. [PMID: 21185387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pharmacologic MRI (phMRI) in mouse models of brain disorders allows noninvasive in vivo assessment of drug-modulated local cerebral blood volume changes (ΔCBV) as one correlate of neuronal and neurovascular activities. In this report, we employed CBV-weighted phMRI to compare cocaine-modulated neuronal activity in dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout (KO) and wild-type mice. Cocaine acts to block the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters (DAT, NET, and SERT) that clear their respective neurotransmitters from the synapses, helping to terminate cognate neurotransmission. Cocaine consistently reduced CBV, with a similar pattern of regional ΔCBV in brain structures involved in mediating reward in both DAT genotypes. The largest effects (-20% to -30% ΔCBV) were seen in the nucleus accumbens and several cortical regions. Decreasing response amplitudes to cocaine were noted in more posterior components of the cortico-mesolimbic circuit. DAT KO mice had significantly attenuated ΔCBV amplitudes, shortened times to peak response, and reduced response duration in most regions. This study demonstrates that DAT knockout does not abolish the phMRI responses to cocaine, suggesting that adaptations to loss of DAT and/or retained cocaine activity in other monoamine neurotransmitter systems underlie these responses in DAT KO mice.
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Zhang X, Bearer EL, Perles-Barbacaru AT, Jacobs RE. Increased anatomical detail by in vitro MR microscopy with a modified Golgi impregnation method. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63:1391-7. [PMID: 20432310 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Golgi impregnation is unique in its ability to display the dendritic trees and axons of large numbers of individual neurons by histology. Here we apply magnetic resonance microscopy to visualize the neuroanatomy of animal models by combining histologic fixation chemistry with paramagnetic contrast agents. Although there is some differential uptake of the standard small-molecular-weight contrast agents by different tissue types, detailed discrimination of tissue architecture in MR images does not approach that of standard histology. Our modified Golgi impregnation method significantly increases anatomic detail in magnetic resonance microscopy images. Fixed mouse brains were treated with a solution containing a paramagnetic contrast agent (gadoteridol) and potassium dichromate. Results demonstrate a specific contrast enhancement likely due to diamagnetic hexavalent chromium undergoing tissue specific reduction to paramagnetic trivalent chromium. This new method dramatically improves neuroanatomical contrast compared to conventional fixation, displaying detail approximating that of histologic specimens at low (4x) magnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Zhang X, Bearer EL, Boulat B, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Jacobs RE. Altered neurocircuitry in the dopamine transporter knockout mouse brain. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11506. [PMID: 20634895 PMCID: PMC2901340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine modulate the dynamics of these monoamine neurotransmitters. Thus, activity of these transporters has significant consequences for monoamine activity throughout the brain and for a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Gene knockout (KO) mice that reduce or eliminate expression of each of these monoamine transporters have provided a wealth of new information about the function of these proteins at molecular, physiological and behavioral levels. In the present work we use the unique properties of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to probe the effects of altered dopaminergic dynamics on meso-scale neuronal circuitry and overall brain morphology, since changes at these levels of organization might help to account for some of the extensive pharmacological and behavioral differences observed in dopamine transporter (DAT) KO mice. Despite the smaller size of these animals, voxel-wise statistical comparison of high resolution structural MR images indicated little morphological change as a consequence of DAT KO. Likewise, proton magnetic resonance spectra recorded in the striatum indicated no significant changes in detectable metabolite concentrations between DAT KO and wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, alterations in the circuitry from the prefrontal cortex to the mesocortical limbic system, an important brain component intimately tied to function of mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine reward pathways, were revealed by manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI). Analysis of co-registered MEMRI images taken over the 26 hours after introduction of Mn2+ into the prefrontal cortex indicated that DAT KO mice have a truncated Mn2+ distribution within this circuitry with little accumulation beyond the thalamus or contralateral to the injection site. By contrast, WT littermates exhibit Mn2+ transport into more posterior midbrain nuclei and contralateral mesolimbic structures at 26 hr post-injection. Thus, DAT KO mice appear, at this level of anatomic resolution, to have preserved cortico-striatal-thalamic connectivity but diminished robustness of reward-modulating circuitry distal to the thalamus. This is in contradistinction to the state of this circuitry in serotonin transporter KO mice where we observed more robust connectivity in more posterior brain regions using methods identical to those employed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Elaine L. Bearer
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Benoit Boulat
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George R. Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ng TSC, Procissi D, Wu Y, Jacobs RE. A robust coregistration method for in vivo studies using a first generation simultaneous PET/MR scanner. Med Phys 2010; 37:1995-2003. [PMID: 20527533 DOI: 10.1118/1.3369447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging systems have recently been built that allow functional and anatomical information obtained from PET and MR to be acquired simultaneously. The authors have developed a robust coregistration scheme for a first generation small animal PET/MR imaging system and illustrated the potential of this system to study intratumoral heterogeneity in a mouse model. METHODS An alignment strategy to fuse simultaneously acquired PET and MR data, using the MR imaging gradient coordinate system as the reference basis, was developed. The fidelity of the alignment was evaluated over multiple study sessions. In order to explore its robustness in vivo, the alignment strategy was applied to explore the heterogeneity of glucose metabolism in a xenograft tumor model, using 18F-FDG-PET to guide the acquisition of localized 1H MR spectra within a single imaging session. RESULTS The alignment method consistently fused the PET/MR data sets with subvoxel accuracy (registration error mean = 0.55 voxels, < 0.28 mm); this was independent of location within the field of view. When the system was used to study intratumoral heterogeneity within xenograft tumors, a correlation of high 18F-FDG-PET signal with high choline/creatine ratio was observed. CONCLUSIONS The authors present an implementation of an efficient and robust coregistration scheme for multimodal noninvasive imaging using PET and MR. This setup allows time-sensitive, multimodal studies of physiology to be conducted in an efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S C Ng
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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