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Roufas C, Chasiotis D, Makris A, Efstathiades C, Dimopoulos C, Zaravinos A. The Expression and Prognostic Impact of Immune Cytolytic Activity-Related Markers in Human Malignancies: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29515971 PMCID: PMC5826382 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, immune-checkpoint blockade has shown striking clinical results in different cancer patients. However, a significant inter-individual and inter-tumor variability exists among different cancers. The expression of the toxins granzyme A (GZMA) and perforin 1 (PRF1), secreted by effector cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, were recently used as a denominator of the intratumoral immune cytolytic activity (CYT). These levels are significantly elevated upon CD8+ T-cell activation as well as during a productive clinical response against immune-checkpoint blockade therapies. Still, it is not completely understood how different tumors induce and adapt to immune responses. Methods Here, we calculated the CYT across different cancer types and focused on differences between primary and metastatic tumors. Using data from 10,355, primary tumor resection samples and 2,787 normal samples that we extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression project databases, we screened the variation of CYT across 32 different cancer types and 28 different normal tissue types. We correlated the cytolytic levels in each cancer type with the corresponding patient group's overall survival, the expression of several immune-checkpoint molecules, as well as with the load of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in these tumors. Results We found diverse levels of CYT across different cancer types, with highest levels in kidney, lung, and cervical cancers, and lowest levels in glioma, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), and uveal melanoma. GZMA protein was either lowly expressed or absent in at least half of these tumors; whereas PRF1 protein was not detected in almost any of the different tumor types, analyzing tissue microarrays from 20 different tumor types. CYT was significantly higher in metastatic skin melanoma and correlated significantly to the TIL load. In TCGA-ACC, skin melanoma, and bladder cancer, CYT was associated with an improved patient outcome and high levels of both GZMA and PRF1 synergistically affected patient survival in these cancers. In bladder, breast, colon, esophageal, kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, testicular, and thyroid cancers, high CYT was accompanied by upregulation of at least one immune-checkpoint molecule, indicating that similar to melanoma and prostate cancer, immune responses in cytolytic-high tumors elicit immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Conclusion Overall, our data highlight the existence of diverse levels of CYT across different cancer types and suggest that along with the existence of complicated associations among various tumor-infiltrated immune cells, it is capable to promote or inhibit the establishment of a permissive tumor microenvironment, depending on the cancer type. High levels of immunosuppression seem to exist in several tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Roufas
- Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,The Center for Risk and Decision Sciences (CERIDES), Department of Computer Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios Chasiotis
- Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anestis Makris
- Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christodoulos Efstathiades
- The Center for Risk and Decision Sciences (CERIDES), Department of Computer Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Dimopoulos
- The Center for Risk and Decision Sciences (CERIDES), Department of Computer Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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252
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Abstract
Selecting rational treatment combinations remains a major challenge for improving immunotherapy outcomes. In this issue of Cancer Immunology Research, Zhang and colleagues reduced tumors by inhibiting CD47 in a lung carcinoma model, a treatment that inadvertently induced autophagy through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway. By also targeting autophagy, the therapeutic response improved, highlighting the importance of understanding the biology beneath antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(5); 355-6. ©2017 AACRSee article by Zhang et al., p. 363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
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253
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Zhao J, Pan N, Huang F, Aldarouish M, Wen Z, Gao R, Zhang Y, Hu HM, Shen Y, Wang LX. Vx3-Functionalized Alumina Nanoparticles Assisted Enrichment of Ubiquitinated Proteins from Cancer Cells for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:786-794. [PMID: 29382195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple and effective strategy was developed to enrich ubiquitinated proteins (UPs) from cancer cell lysate using the α-Al2O3 nanoparticles covalently linked with ubiquitin binding protein (Vx3) (denoted as α-Al2O3-Vx3) via a chemical linker. The functionalized α-Al2O3-Vx3 showed long-term stability and high efficiency for the enrichment of UPs from cancer cell lysates. Flow cytometry analysis results indicated dendritic cells (DCs) could more effectively phagocytize the covalently linked α-Al2O3-Vx3-UPs than the physical mixture of α-Al2O3 and Vx3-UPs (α-Al2O3/Vx3-UPs). Laser confocal microscopy images revealed that α-Al2O3-Vx3-UPs localized within the autophagosome of DCs, which then cross-presented α-Al2O3-Vx3-UPs to CD8+ T cells in an autophagosome-related cross-presentation pathway. Furthermore, α-Al2O3-Vx3-UPs enhanced more potent antitumor immune response and antitumor efficacy than α-Al2O3/cell lysate or α-Al2O3/Vx3-UPs. This work highlights the potential of using the Vx3 covalently linked α-Al2O3 as a simple and effective platform to enrich UPs from cancer cells for the development of highly efficient therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
| | - Mohanad Aldarouish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
| | - Zhifa Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
| | - Yuye Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China.,Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute , Providence Portland Medical Center , Portland , Oregon 97213 United States
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Department of Bioengineering , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Medicine School of Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , P.R. China
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254
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Cesano A, Warren S. Bringing the next Generation of Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers to the Clinic. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E14. [PMID: 29393888 PMCID: PMC5874671 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent successes in the use of immunotherapy to treat cancer have led to a multiplicity of new compounds in development. Novel clinical-grade biomarkers are needed to guide the choice of these agents to obtain the maximal likelihood of patient benefit. Predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy differ from the traditional biomarkers used for targeted therapies: the complexity of the immune response and tumour biology requires a more holistic approach than the use of a single analyte biomarker. This paper reviews novel biomarker approaches for the effective development of immune-oncology therapies, highlighting the promise of the advances in next-generation gene expression profiling that allow biologic information to be efficiently organized and interpreted for a maximum predictive value at the individual patient level.
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255
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Rosenberg A, Mahalingam D. Immunotherapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma-overcoming barriers to response. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 9:143-159. [PMID: 29564181 PMCID: PMC5848027 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2018.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Despite multiple advances in targeted and immune therapies, the 5-year survival in advanced PAC remains poor. In this review, we discuss some of the unique aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in PAC that may contribute to its resistance to immune therapies, as well as opportunities to potentially overcome some of these inherent barriers. Furthermore, we discuss strategies to enable immune therapies in PAC such as cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy, cancer vaccines, cytokine based therapy, oncolytic viruses, and adoptive T-cell therapy. Finally, we address a variety of targeted therapies as a strategy to further amplify immune responses in PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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256
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Chowdhury PS, Chamoto K, Honjo T. Combination therapy strategies for improving PD-1 blockade efficacy: a new era in cancer immunotherapy. J Intern Med 2018; 283:110-120. [PMID: 29071761 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint molecule that negatively regulates T-cell immune function through the interaction with its ligand PD-L1. Blockage of this interaction unleashes the immune system to fight cancer. Immunotherapy using PD-1 blockade has led to a paradigm shift in the field of cancer drug discovery, owing to its durable effect against a wide variety of cancers with limited adverse effects. A brief history and development of PD-1 blockade, from the initial discovery of PD-1 to the recent clinical output of this therapy, have been summarized here. Despite its tremendous clinical success rate over other cancer treatments, PD-1 blockade has its own pitfall; a significant fraction of patients remains unresponsive to this therapy. The key to improve the PD-1 blockade therapy is the development of combination therapies. As this approach has garnered worldwide interest, here, we have summarized the recent trends in the development of PD-1 blockade-based combination therapies and the ongoing clinical trials. These include combinations with checkpoint inhibitors, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and several other existing cancer treatments. Importantly, FDA has approved PD-1 blockade agent to be used in combination with either CTLA-4 blockade or chemotherapy. Responsiveness to the PD-1 blockade therapy is affected by tumour and immune system-related factors. The role of the immune system, especially T cells, in determining the responsiveness has been poorly studied compared with those factors related to the tumour side. Energy metabolism has emerged as one of the important regulatory mechanisms for the function and differentiation of T cells. We have documented here the recent results regarding the augmentation of PD-1 blockade efficacy by augmenting mitochondrial energy metabolism of T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Chamoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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257
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Fletcher R, Wang YJ, Schoen RE, Finn OJ, Yu J, Zhang L. Colorectal cancer prevention: Immune modulation taking the stage. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:138-148. [PMID: 29391185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prevention or early detection is one of the most promising strategies against colorectal cancer (CRC), the second leading cause of cancer death in the US. Recent studies indicate that antitumor immunity plays a key role in CRC prevention. Accumulating evidence suggests that immunosurveillance represents a critical barrier that emerging tumor cells have to overcome in order to sustain the course of tumor development. Virtually all of the agents with cancer preventive activity have been shown to have an immune modulating effect. A number of immunoprevention studies aimed at triggering antitumor immune response against early lesions have been performed, some of which have shown promising results. Furthermore, the recent success of immune checkpoint blockade therapy reinforces the notion that cancers including CRC can be effectively intervened via immune modulation including immune normalization, and has stimulated various immune-based combination prevention studies. This review summarizes recent advances to help better harness the immune system in CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Fletcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert E Schoen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Olivera J Finn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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258
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Denisenko TV, Budkevich IN, Zhivotovsky B. Cell death-based treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:117. [PMID: 29371589 PMCID: PMC5833343 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma (ADC), comprising around 40% of all lung cancer cases. In spite of achievements in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and the development of new approaches in its treatment, unfortunately, lung ADC is still one of the most aggressive and rapidly fatal tumor types with overall survival less than 5 years. Lung ADC is often diagnosed at advanced stages involving disseminated metastatic tumors. This is particularly important for the successful development of new approaches in cancer therapy. The high resistance of lung ADC to conventional radiotherapies and chemotherapies represents a major challenge for treatment effectiveness. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular pathways driving tumor progression and related targeted therapies in lung ADCs. In addition, the cell death mechanisms induced by different treatment strategies and their contribution to therapy resistance are analyzed. The focus is on approaches to overcoming drug resistance in order to improve future treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Denisenko
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna N Budkevich
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.
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259
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Chemotherapy induces enrichment of CD47 +/CD73 +/PDL1 + immune evasive triple-negative breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1239-E1248. [PMID: 29367423 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718197115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy and is often characterized by early relapse and metastasis. To form a secondary (recurrent and/or metastatic) tumor, a breast cancer cell must evade the innate and adaptive immune systems. CD47 enables cancer cells to evade killing by macrophages, whereas CD73 and PDL1 mediate independent mechanisms of evasion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here, we report that treatment of human or murine TNBC cells with carboplatin, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, or paclitaxel induces the coordinate transcriptional induction of CD47, CD73, and PDL1 mRNA and protein expression, leading to a marked increase in the percentage of CD47+CD73+PDL1+ breast cancer cells. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) blocked chemotherapy-induced enrichment of CD47+CD73+PDL1+ TNBC cells, which were also enriched in the absence of chemotherapy by incubation under hypoxic conditions, leading to T cell anergy or death. Treatment of mice with cytotoxic chemotherapy markedly increased the intratumoral ratio of regulatory/effector T cells, an effect that was abrogated by HIF inhibition. Our results delineate an HIF-dependent transcriptional mechanism contributing to TNBC progression and suggest that combining chemotherapy with an HIF inhibitor may prevent countertherapeutic induction of proteins that mediate evasion of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity.
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260
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Crosby EJ, Wei J, Yang XY, Lei G, Wang T, Liu CX, Agarwal P, Korman AJ, Morse MA, Gouin K, Knott SRV, Lyerly HK, Hartman ZC. Complimentary mechanisms of dual checkpoint blockade expand unique T-cell repertoires and activate adaptive anti-tumor immunity in triple-negative breast tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1421891. [PMID: 29721371 PMCID: PMC5927534 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1421891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and molecularly diverse breast cancer subtype typified by the presence of p53 mutations (∼80%), elevated immune gene signatures and neoantigen expression, as well as the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). As these factors are hypothesized to be strong immunologic prerequisites for the use of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, multiple clinical trials testing single ICBs have advanced to Phase III, with early indications of heterogeneous response rates of <20% to anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 ICB. While promising, these modest response rates highlight the need for mechanistic studies to understand how different ICBs function, how their combination impacts functionality and efficacy, as well as what immunologic parameters predict efficacy to different ICBs regimens in TNBC. To address these issues, we tested anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 in multiple models of TNBC and found that their combination profoundly enhanced the efficacy of either treatment alone. We demonstrate that this efficacy is due to anti-CTLA4-driven expansion of an individually unique T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire whose functionality is enhanced by both intratumoral Treg suppression and anti-PD1 blockade of tumor expressed PDL1. Notably, the individuality of the TCR repertoire was observed regardless of whether the tumor cells expressed a nonself antigen (ovalbumin) or if tumor-specific transgenic T-cells were transferred prior to sequencing. However, responsiveness was strongly correlated with systemic measures of tumor-specific T-cell and B-cell responses, which along with systemic assessment of TCR expansion, may serve as the most useful predictors for clinical responsiveness in future clinical trials of TNBC utilizing anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Crosby
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xiao Yi Yang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cong-Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pankaj Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alan J Korman
- Immuno-Oncology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Morse
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth Gouin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Simon R V Knott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology/Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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261
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Ball MW, Srinivasan R. Kidney cancer in 2017: Challenging and refining treatment paradigms. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 15:77-78. [PMID: 29335524 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Ball
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, CRC2-5950, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ramaprasad Srinivasan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, CRC2-5950, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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262
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Conroy JM, Pabla S, Glenn ST, Burgher B, Nesline M, Papanicolau-Sengos A, Andreas J, Giamo V, Lenzo FL, Hyland FC, Omilian A, Bshara W, Qin M, He J, Puzanov I, Ernstoff MS, Gardner M, Galluzzi L, Morrison C. Analytical Validation of a Next-Generation Sequencing Assay to Monitor Immune Responses in Solid Tumors. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:95-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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263
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Corraliza-Gorjón I, Somovilla-Crespo B, Santamaria S, Garcia-Sanz JA, Kremer L. New Strategies Using Antibody Combinations to Increase Cancer Treatment Effectiveness. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1804. [PMID: 29312320 PMCID: PMC5742572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have proven their high value in antitumor therapy over the last two decades. They are currently being used as the first-choice to treat some of the most frequent metastatic cancers, like HER2+ breast cancers or colorectal cancers, currently treated with trastuzumab (Herceptin) and bevacizumab (Avastin), respectively. The impressive therapeutic success of antibodies inhibiting immune checkpoints has extended the use of therapeutic antibodies to previously unanticipated tumor types. These anti-immune checkpoint antibodies allowed the cure of patients devoid of other therapeutic options, through the recovery of the patient’s own immune response against the tumor. In this review, we describe how the antibody-based therapies will evolve, including the use of antibodies in combinations, their main characteristics, advantages, and how they could contribute to significantly increase the chances of success in cancer therapy. Indeed, novel combinations will consist of mixtures of antibodies against either different epitopes of the same molecule or different targets on the same tumor cell; bispecific or multispecific antibodies able of simultaneously binding tumor cells, immune cells or extracellular molecules; immunomodulatory antibodies; antibody-based molecules, including fusion proteins between a ligand or a receptor domain and the IgG Fab or Fc fragments; autologous or heterologous cells; and different formats of vaccines. Through complementary mechanisms of action, these combinations could contribute to elude the current limitations of a single antibody which recognizes only one particular epitope. These combinations may allow the simultaneous attack of the cancer cells by using the help of the own immune cells and exerting wider therapeutic effects, based on a more specific, fast, and robust response, trying to mimic the action of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Corraliza-Gorjón
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somovilla-Crespo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Santamaria
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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264
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Pawelec G. Immune correlates of clinical outcome in melanoma. Immunology 2017; 153:415-422. [PMID: 29164593 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma has long been recognized as a potentially immunogenic tumour, but only recently has it become clear that the reason for this resides in its many ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutations and expression of multiple autoantigens which can be targeted by the immune system. The first successful applications of immune-based treatments included passive immunotherapy using high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 and/or adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK)-cells, as well as active immunotherapy using whole cell-derived or peptide vaccines. In the intervening decades, it has become clear that these approaches can lead to durable responses in stage III/IV melanoma, and even to functional cures - but only in a vanishingly small fraction of patients. With the advent of immune checkpoint blockade first with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte 4 (CTLA-4), then with anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibodies, and combinations thereof, the small percentage of responding patients may be increased to half, a major accomplishment in this refractory disease. Improved techniques for identifying mutation-derived neoantigens and thus more sophisticated active immunotherapies, probably combined with checkpoint blockade, currently hold great promise for further increasing the fraction of responding patients. As additional immunomodulatory antibodies and therapies become available, it will be increasingly important to develop diagnostic tools to determine which particular therapy is likely to elicit the best response for the individual patient. Practically speaking, therapy selection and efficacy monitoring on the basis of the results of a blood test would be most desirable. The purpose of this review is to consider the feasibility of identifying 'immune signatures' for predicting responses and determining mechanisms responsible for success or failure of these immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Pawelec
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tuebingen Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Tuebingen, Germany.,Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK.,John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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265
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Hu Z, Ott PA, Wu CJ. Towards personalized, tumour-specific, therapeutic vaccines for cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 18:168-182. [PMID: 29226910 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, which are designed to amplify tumour-specific T cell responses through active immunization, have long been envisioned as a key tool of effective cancer immunotherapy. Despite a clear rationale for such vaccines, extensive past efforts were unsuccessful in mediating clinically relevant antitumour activity in humans. Recently, however, next-generation sequencing and novel bioinformatics tools have enabled the systematic discovery of tumour neoantigens, which are highly desirable immunogens because they arise from somatic mutations of the tumour and are therefore tumour specific. As a result of the diversity of tumour neoepitopes between individuals, the development of personalized cancer vaccines is warranted. Here, we review the emerging field of personalized cancer vaccination and discuss recent developments and future directions for this promising treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuting Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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266
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Immunotherapeutics for the treatment of prostate cancer: a patent landscape based on key therapeutic mechanisms of actions. Pharm Pat Anal 2017; 7:47-57. [PMID: 29227196 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The area of immunotherapeutics for the treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer has made significant progress since the autologous cell-based vaccine sipuleucel T became the first and to date only immunotherapy for its treatment. This review focuses on a broad patent landscaping exercise of this therapeutic area and considers if basing this landscaping on key mechanisms of action is appropriate to elicit the main patenting trends.
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267
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Budczies J, Denkert C, Győrffy B, Schirmacher P, Stenzinger A. Chromosome 9p copy number gains involving PD-L1 are associated with a specific proliferation and immune-modulating gene expression program active across major cancer types. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:74. [PMID: 29212506 PMCID: PMC5719741 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of the PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint axis represents one of the most promising approaches of immunotherapy for various cancer types. However, immune checkpoint inhibition is successful only in subpopulations of patients emphasizing the need for powerful biomarkers that adequately reflect the complex interaction between the tumor and the immune system. Recently, recurrent copy number gains (CNG) in chromosome 9p involving PD-L1 were detected in many cancer types including lung cancer, melanoma, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, cervical cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer. METHODS Here, we applied functional genomics to analyze global mRNA expression changes associated with chromosome 9p gains. Using the TCGA data set, we identified a list of 75 genes that were strongly up-regulated in tumors with chromosome 9p gains across many cancer types. RESULTS As expected, the gene set was enriched for chromosome 9p and in particular chromosome 9p24 (36 genes and 23 genes). Furthermore, we found enrichment of two expression programs derived from genes within and beyond 9p: one implicated in cell cycle regulation (22 genes) and the other implicated in modulation of the immune system (16 genes). Among these were specific cytokines and chemokines, e.g. CCL4, CCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11, other immunoregulatory genes such as IFN-G and IDO1 as well as highly expressed proliferation-related kinases and genes including PLK1, TTK, MELK and CDC20 that represent potential drug targets. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data shed light on mechanisms of immune escape and stimulation of proliferation in cancer with PD-L1 CNG and highlight additional vulnerabilities that may be therapeutically exploitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin and Heidelberg partner sites, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin and Heidelberg partner sites, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendulet Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,2nd Dept. of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin and Heidelberg partner sites, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin and Heidelberg partner sites, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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268
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Cho JH. Immunotherapy for Non-small-cell Lung Cancer: Current Status and Future Obstacles. Immune Netw 2017; 17:378-391. [PMID: 29302251 PMCID: PMC5746608 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.6.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. There are 2 major subtypes of lung cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Studies show that NSCLC is the more prevalent type of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 80%-85% of cases. Although, various treatment methods, such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy have been used to treat lung cancer patients, there is an emergent need to develop more effective approaches to deal with advanced stages of tumors. Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a new approach to combat with such tumors. The development and success of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockades in treating metastatic cancers opens a new pavement for the future research. The current mini review discusses the significance of immune checkpoint inhibitors in promoting the death of tumor cells. Additionally, this review also addresses the importance of tumor-specific antigens (neoantigens) in the development of cancer vaccines and major challenges associated with this therapy. Immunotherapy can be a promising approach to treat NSCLC because it stimulates host's own immune system to recognize cancer cells. Therefore, future research should focus on the development of new methodologies to identify novel checkpoint inhibitors and potential neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Cho
- Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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269
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Solinas C, Gombos A, Latifyan S, Piccart-Gebhart M, Kok M, Buisseret L. Targeting immune checkpoints in breast cancer: an update of early results. ESMO Open 2017; 2:e000255. [PMID: 29177095 PMCID: PMC5687552 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune tumour microenvironment has been shown to play a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer. Expression of gene signatures, reflecting immune activation, and the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with favourable outcomes in HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. Recently, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade induced long-lasting responses and improved survival in hard-to-treat malignancies (ie, melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer) and are changing treatment paradigms in a variety of neoplastic diseases. Immune checkpoint blockade has been evaluated in breast cancer, particularly in the triple-negative subtype, with promising results observed in monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy in the metastatic and neoadjuvant settings. However, identification of patients who are most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade remains challenging, with many patients not responding to treatments and a significant financial cost. The combination of immune checkpoint blockade with conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies or with other immunotherapies is a promising strategy to potentiate its efficacy in breast cancer although further research is required to effectively identify who will respond to these immunotherapies. In this review we report the most recent results that emerged from trials testing immune checkpoint blockade and potential predictive biomarkers and emphasise the new strategies that are under clinical development in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Gombos
- Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofiya Latifyan
- Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Piccart-Gebhart
- Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marleen Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Buisseret
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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270
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Wilson DR, Sen R, Sunshine JC, Pardoll DM, Green JJ, Kim YJ. Biodegradable STING agonist nanoparticles for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 14:237-246. [PMID: 29127039 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines require adjuvants leading to robust type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokine responses in the tumor microenvironment to induce an anti-tumor response. Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), a potent Stimulator of Interferon Receptor (STING) agonist, are currently in phase I trials. However, their efficacy may be limited to micromolar concentrations due to the cytosolic residence of STING in the ER membrane. Here we utilized biodegradable, poly(beta-amino ester) (PBAE) nanoparticles to deliver CDNs to the cytosol leading to robust immune response at >100-fold lower extracellular CDN concentrations in vitro. The leading CDN PBAE nanoparticle formulation induced a log-fold improvement in potency in treating established B16 melanoma tumors in vivo when combined with PD-1 blocking antibody in comparison to free CDN without nanoparticles. This nanoparticle-mediated cytosolic delivery method for STING agonists synergizes with checkpoint inhibitors and has strong potential for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Wilson
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rupashree Sen
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel C Sunshine
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan J Green
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Young J Kim
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Otolaryngology / Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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271
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Tran L, Allen CT, Xiao R, Moore E, Davis R, Park SJ, Spielbauer K, Van Waes C, Schmitt NC. Cisplatin Alters Antitumor Immunity and Synergizes with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:1141-1151. [PMID: 29097421 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been treated for decades with cisplatin chemotherapy, and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy has recently been approved for the treatment of this disease. However, preclinical studies of how antitumor immunity in HNSCC is affected by cisplatin alone or in combination with immunotherapies are lacking. Here, we show that sublethal doses of cisplatin may enhance antigen presentation and T-cell killing in vitro, though cisplatin also upregulates tumor cell expression of PD-L1 and may impair T-cell function at higher doses. In a syngeneic mouse model of HNSCC, concurrent use of cisplatin and anti-PD-L1/PD-1 delayed tumor growth and enhanced survival without significantly reducing the number or function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells or increasing cisplatin-induced toxicities. These results suggest that moderate doses of cisplatin may enhance antitumor immunity by mechanisms other than direct tumor cell killing, which may be further enhanced by anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(12); 1141-51. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tran
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Clint T Allen
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roy Xiao
- Tumor Biology Section, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Research Scholars Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ellen Moore
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruth Davis
- Medical Research Scholars Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - So-Jin Park
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katie Spielbauer
- Medical Research Scholars Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Michigan State University College of Human Medicine.,Section on Sensory Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicole C Schmitt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. .,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Bethesda, Maryland
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272
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Owyong M, Hosseini-Nassab N, Efe G, Honkala A, van den Bijgaart RJE, Plaks V, Smith BR. Cancer Immunotherapy Getting Brainy: Visualizing the Distinctive CNS Metastatic Niche to Illuminate Therapeutic Resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 33-35:23-35. [PMID: 29145972 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) and its success in treating primary and metastatic cancer may offer substantially improved outcomes for patients. Despite recent advancements, many malignancies remain resistant to CIT, among which are brain metastases, a particularly virulent disease with no apparent cure. The immunologically unique niche of the brain has prompted compelling new questions in immuno-oncology such as the effects of tissue-specific differences in immune response, heterogeneity between primary tumors and distant metastases, and the role of spatiotemporal dynamics in shaping an effective anti-tumor immune response. Current methods to examine the immunobiology of metastases in the brain are constrained by tissue processing methods that limit spatial data collection, omit dynamic information, and cannot recapitulate the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. In the current review, we describe how high-resolution, live imaging tools, particularly intravital microscopy (IVM), are instrumental in answering these questions. IVM of pre-clinical cancer models enables short- and long-term observations of critical immunobiology and metastatic growth phenomena to potentially generate revolutionary insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain metastasis, interactions of CIT with immune elements therein, and influence of chemo- and radiotherapy. We describe the utility of IVM to study brain metastasis in mice by tracking the migration and growth of fluorescently-labeled cells, including cancer cells and immune subsets, while monitoring the physical environment within optical windows using imaging dyes and other signal generation mechanisms to illuminate angiogenesis, hypoxia, and/or CIT drug expression within the metastatic niche. Our review summarizes the current knowledge regarding brain metastases and the immune milieu, presents the current status of CIT and its prospects in targeting brain metastases to circumvent therapeutic resistance, and proposes avenues to utilize IVM to study CIT drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models that will ultimately facilitate novel drug discovery and innovative combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Owyong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | | | - Gizem Efe
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Alexander Honkala
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Renske J E van den Bijgaart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and Oncoimmunology Laboratory, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vicki Plaks
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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273
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van Dinther D, Stolk DA, van de Ven R, van Kooyk Y, de Gruijl TD, den Haan JMM. Targeting C-type lectin receptors: a high-carbohydrate diet for dendritic cells to improve cancer vaccines. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1017-1034. [PMID: 28729358 PMCID: PMC5597514 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0217-059rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing understanding of why certain patients do or do not respond to checkpoint inhibition therapy. This opens new opportunities to reconsider and redevelop vaccine strategies to prime an anticancer immune response. Combination of such vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors will both provide the fuel and release the brake for an efficient anticancer response. Here, we discuss vaccine strategies that use C-type lectin receptor (CLR) targeting of APCs, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. APCs are a necessity for the priming of antigen-specific cytotoxic and helper T cells. Because CLRs are natural carbohydrate-recognition receptors highly expressed by multiple subsets of APCs and involved in uptake and processing of Ags for presentation, these receptors seem particularly interesting for targeting purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke van Dinther
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Dorian A Stolk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
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274
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Greiner J, Hofmann S, Schmitt M, Götz M, Wiesneth M, Schrezenmeier H, Bunjes D, Döhner H, Bullinger L. Acute myeloid leukemia with mutated nucleophosmin 1: an immunogenic acute myeloid leukemia subtype and potential candidate for immune checkpoint inhibition. Haematologica 2017; 102:e499-e501. [PMID: 28935849 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.176461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Greiner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany .,Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonie Hospital Stuttgart, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marlies Götz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Wiesneth
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm, Germany
| | - Donald Bunjes
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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275
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Mayawala K, Tse A, Rubin EH, Jain L, de Alwis DP. Dose Finding Versus Speed in Seamless Immuno-Oncology Drug Development. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 57 Suppl 10:S143-S145. [PMID: 28921649 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Mayawala
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, PPDM, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Archie Tse
- Oncology Early Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Eric H Rubin
- Oncology Early Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Lokesh Jain
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, PPDM, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Dinesh P de Alwis
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, PPDM, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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276
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Kim DS, Dastidar H, Zhang C, Zemp FJ, Lau K, Ernst M, Rakic A, Sikdar S, Rajwani J, Naumenko V, Balce DR, Ewanchuk BW, Tailor P, Yates RM, Jenne C, Gafuik C, Mahoney DJ. Smac mimetics and oncolytic viruses synergize in driving anticancer T-cell responses through complementary mechanisms. Nat Commun 2017; 8:344. [PMID: 28839138 PMCID: PMC5570934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Second mitochondrial activator of caspase (Smac)-mimetic compounds and oncolytic viruses were developed to kill cancer cells directly. However, Smac-mimetic compound and oncolytic virus therapies also modulate host immune responses in ways we hypothesized would complement one another in promoting anticancer T-cell immunity. We show that Smac-mimetic compound and oncolytic virus therapies synergize in driving CD8+ T-cell responses toward tumors through distinct activities. Smac-mimetic compound treatment with LCL161 reinvigorates exhausted CD8+ T cells within immunosuppressed tumors by targeting tumor-associated macrophages for M1-like polarization. Oncolytic virus treatment with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔM51) promotes CD8+ T-cell accumulation within tumors and CD8+ T-cell activation within the tumor-draining lymph node. When combined, LCL161 and VSVΔM51 therapy engenders CD8+ T-cell-mediated tumor control in several aggressive mouse models of cancer. Smac-mimetic compound and oncolytic virus therapies are both in clinical development and their combination therapy represents a promising approach for promoting anticancer T-cell immunity.Oncolytic viruses (OV) and second mitochondrial activator of caspase (Smac)-mimetic compounds (SMC) synergistically kill cancer cells directly. Here, the authors show that SMC and OV therapies combination also synergize in vivo by promoting anticancer immunity through an increase in CD8+ T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sun Kim
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Himika Dastidar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Chunfen Zhang
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Franz J Zemp
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Keith Lau
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Andrea Rakic
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Saif Sikdar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Jahanara Rajwani
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Victor Naumenko
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Dale R Balce
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Ben W Ewanchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Pankaj Tailor
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Craig Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Chris Gafuik
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1.
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1.
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277
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Murthy V, Minehart J, Sterman DH. Local Immunotherapy of Cancer: Innovative Approaches to Harnessing Tumor-Specific Immune Responses. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:4085220. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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278
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Sapski S, Beha N, Kontermann R, Müller D. Tumor-targeted costimulation with antibody-fusion proteins improves bispecific antibody-mediated immune response in presence of immunosuppressive factors. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1361594. [PMID: 29209565 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1361594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies aiming for the induction of an effective immune response at the tumor site can be severely hampered by the encounter of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. We investigated here the potential of concerted costimulation by tumor-directed antibody-fusion proteins with B7.1, 4-1BBL and OX40L to enforce bispecific antibody-induced T cell stimulation in presence of recognized immunosuppressive factors including IL-10, TGF-β, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), PD-L1 and regulatory T cells. The expression and activity of these factors was demonstrated in the HT1080-FAP/PBMC co-culture setting, where individual and combined costimulation were still capable to enhance T cell stimulation, even though the general activation level was reduced. Additional blockade of TGF-ß or PD-1 resulted especially effective in further enhancing the degree of T cell activation. Here, best outcome was achieved by combined costimulation of targeted 4-1BBL and B7.1. Furthermore, their individual impact on the proliferation of naïve, memory and effector CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets, suggest the coverage of a comprehensive T cell response. Thus, our costimulatory antibody-fusion proteins show great potential to support T cell activation in adverse conditions dictated by the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sapski
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Beha
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dafne Müller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart, Germany
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279
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Overwijk WW. Cancer vaccines in the era of checkpoint blockade: the magic is in the adjuvant. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:103-109. [PMID: 28806603 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While T cell checkpoint blockade therapy of various cancers yields impressive clinical benefits, most patients are not cured. This is thought to result from insufficient spontaneous tumor-specific T cell responses, a situation that could be remedied with cancer-specific vaccination. Much work is underway to identify cancer-specific antigens, leaving open the question of how to formulate these antigens in a manner that provokes potent cancer-specific T cell responses. In this review I discuss paradigms guiding adjuvant development, and consider what may constitutes a clinically relevant T cell response. I also suggest that adjuvants providing multiple non-redundant signals may be the next frontier in the development of cancer vaccines that provide true clinical benefit when combined with T cell checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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280
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Esin E. Clinical Applications of Immunotherapy Combination Methods and New Opportunities for the Future. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1623679. [PMID: 28848761 PMCID: PMC5564060 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1623679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, we have gained a deeper understanding of innate immune system. The mechanism of the continuous guarding of progressive mutations happening in a single cell was discovered and the production and the recognition of tumor associated antigens by the T-cells and elimination of numerous tumors by immune-editing were further understood. The new discoveries on immune mechanisms and its relation with carcinogenesis have led to development of a new class of drugs called immunotherapeutics. T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, programmed cell death protein 1, and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 are the classes drugs based on immunologic manipulation and are collectively known as the "checkpoint inhibitors." Checkpoint inhibitors have shown remarkable antitumor efficacy in a broad spectrum of malignancies; however, the strongest and most durable immune responses do not last long and the more durable responses only occur in a small subset of patients. One of the solutions which have been put forth to overcome these challenges is combination strategies. Among the dual use of methods, a backbone with either PD-1 or PD-L1 antagonist drugs alongside with certain cytotoxic chemotherapies, radiation, targeted drugs, and novel checkpoint stimulators is the most promising approach and will be on stage in forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Esin
- Dr. A. Y. Ankara Oncology Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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281
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Vanpouille-Box C, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Toward Precision Radiotherapy for Use with Immune Checkpoint Blockers. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:259-265. [PMID: 28751442 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first evidence that radiotherapy enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) was obtained a dozen years ago in a mouse model of metastatic carcinoma refractory to anti-CTLA-4 treatment. At the time, ICBs had just entered clinical testing, an endeavor that culminated in 2011 with the approval of the first anti-CTLA-4 antibody for use in metastatic melanoma patients (ipilimumab). Thereafter, some patients progressing on ipilimumab showed systemic responses only upon receiving radiation to one lesion, confirming clinically the proimmunogenic effects of radiation. Preclinical data demonstrate that multiple immunomodulators synergize with radiotherapy to cause the regression of irradiated tumors and, less often, nonirradiated metastases. However, the impact of dose and fractionation on the immunostimulatory potential of radiotherapy has not been thoroughly investigated. This issue is extremely relevant given the growing number of clinical trials testing the ability of radiotherapy to increase the efficacy of ICBs. Recent data demonstrate that the recruitment of dendritic cells to neoplastic lesions (and hence the priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells) is highly dependent on radiotherapy dose and fractionation through a mechanism that involves the accumulation of double-stranded DNA in the cytoplasm of cancer cells and consequent type I IFN release. The molecular links between the cellular response to radiotherapy and type I IFN secretion are just being uncovered. Here, we discuss the rationale for an optimized use of radiotherapy as well as candidate biomarkers that may predict clinical responses to radiotherapy combined with ICBs. Clin Cancer Res; 24(2); 259-65. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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282
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Dong ZY, Zhang JT, Liu SY, Su J, Zhang C, Xie Z, Zhou Q, Tu HY, Xu CR, Yan LX, Li YF, Zhong WZ, Wu YL. EGFR mutation correlates with uninflamed phenotype and weak immunogenicity, causing impaired response to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1356145. [PMID: 29147605 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1356145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with EGFR mutations showed unfavorable response to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Yet the underlying association between EGFR mutation and immune resistance remains largely unclear. We performed an integrated analysis of PD-ligand 1(PD-L1)/CD8 expression and mutation profile based on the repository database and resected early-stage NSCLC in Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute (GLCI). Meanwhile, 2 pool-analyses were set to clarify the correlation between EGFR mutation and PD-L1 expression, and the association of EGFR status with response to anti-PD-1/L1 therapy. Pool-analysis of 15 public studies suggested that patients with EGFR mutations had decreased PD-L1 expression (odds ratio: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.10-2.93; P = 0.02). Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the GCLI cohort confirmed the inverse correlation between EGFR mutation and PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, patients with EGFR mutation showed a lack of T-cell infiltration and shrinking proportion of PD-L1+/CD8+ TIL (P = 0.034). Importantly, patients with EGFR mutations, especially the sensitive subtype, showed a significantly decreased mutation burden, based on analysis of the discovery and validation sets. Finally, a pool-analysis of 4 randomized control trials confirmed that patients with EGFR mutation did not benefit from PD-1/L1 inhibitors (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.09, P = 0.51) while patients with EGFR wild-type did (HR = 0.73, P < 0.00001). This study provided evidence of a correlation between EGFR mutations and an uninflamed tumor microenvironment with immunological tolerance and weak immunogenicity, which caused an inferior response to PD-1 blockade in NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yi Dong
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Tao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yang Liu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Su
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Tu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Rui Xu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xu Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Fa Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhao Zhong
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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283
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Smola S, Trimble C, Stern PL. Human papillomavirus-driven immune deviation: challenge and novel opportunity for immunotherapy. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2017; 5:69-82. [PMID: 28794879 DOI: 10.1177/2051013617717914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the immune system can be a key component of restraint and control during the neoplastic process. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers of the anogenital tract and oropharynx represent a significant clinical problem but there is a clear opportunity for immune targeting of the viral oncogene expression that drives cancer development. However, high-risk HPV infection of the target epithelium and the expression of the E6/E7 oncogenes can lead to early compromise of the innate immune system (loss of antigen-presenting cells) facilitating viral persistence and increased risk of cancer. In these circumstances, a succession of interacting and self-reinforcing events mediated through modulation of different immune receptors, chemokine and cytokine responses (CCL20; CCL2; CCR2; IL-6; CCR7; IL-12) further promote the generation of an immune suppressive microenvironment [increased levels of Tregs, Th17, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and PD-L1]. The overexpression of E6/E7 expression also compromises the ability to repair cellular DNA, leading to genomic instability, with the acquisition of genetic changes providing for the selection of advantaged cancer cells including additional strategies for immune escape. Therapeutic vaccines targeting the HPV oncogenes have shown some encouraging success in some recent early-phase clinical trials tested in patients with HPV-associated high-grade anogenital lesions. A significant hurdle to success in more advanced disease will be the local and systemic immune suppressive factors. Interventions targeting the different immunosuppressive components can provide opportunity to release existing or generate new and effective antitumour immunity. Treatments that alter the protumour inflammatory environment including toll-like receptor stimulation, inhibition of IL-6-related pathways, immune-checkpoint inhibition, direct modulation of MDSCs, Tregs and macrophages could all be useful in combination with therapeutic HPV vaccination. Future progress in delivering successful immunotherapy will depend on the configuration of treatment protocols in an insightful and timely combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Connie Trimble
- Departments of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Oncology, and Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, USA
| | - Peter L Stern
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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284
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von Karstedt S, Montinaro A, Walczak H. Exploring the TRAILs less travelled: TRAIL in cancer biology and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:352-366. [PMID: 28536452 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that the tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis of cancer cells without causing toxicity in mice has led to the in-depth study of pro-apoptotic TRAIL receptor (TRAIL-R) signalling and the development of biotherapeutic drug candidates that activate TRAIL-Rs. The outcome of clinical trials with these TRAIL-R agonists has, however, been disappointing so far. Recent evidence indicates that many cancers, in addition to being TRAIL resistant, use the endogenous TRAIL-TRAIL-R system to their own advantage. However, novel insight on two fronts - how resistance of cancer cells to TRAIL-based pro-apoptotic therapies might be overcome, and how the pro-tumorigenic effects of endogenous TRAIL might be countered - gives reasonable hope that the TRAIL system can be harnessed to treat cancer. In this Review we assess the status quo of our understanding of the biology of the TRAIL-TRAIL-R system - as well as the gaps therein - and discuss the opportunities and challenges in effectively targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia von Karstedt
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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285
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The growing awareness that the immune system is a key player in the antitumoral response and the excellent clinical results achieved in some settings with anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) drugs has led to the rise of immunotherapy as a supplement or an alternative to conventional cancer treatment. The high costs associated with these therapies, their significant toxicity and the need to understand and circumvent immune escape mechanisms raise the urgent need for immunological assessment of therapy response. The study of the immunological parameters before, during and after treatment is referred to as immunomonitoring. This review discusses the current knowledge of immunomonitoring markers in gastrointestinal cancers. RECENT FINDINGS The last decade has seen a collaborative effort to standardize the assays performed in clinical trials to assess response to immunotherapy. Since then, multiple studies have been conducted on blood samples, biopsies and surgical specimens to determine their immunological profiles leading to the identification of several immunological markers possessing a predictive value of response to treatment. SUMMARY Future research will focus on detangling the predictive value of immune markers in different therapeutic models, and also to develop new noninvasive means to monitor the immune response of patients. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COON/A20.
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