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Ser HL, Letchumanan V, Goh BH, Wong SH, Lee LH. The Use of Fecal Microbiome Transplant in Treating Human Diseases: Too Early for Poop? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:519836. [PMID: 34054740 PMCID: PMC8155486 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.519836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiome transplant (FMT) has gained popularity over the past few years, given its success in treating several gastrointestinal diseases. At the same time, microbial populations in the gut have been shown to have more physiological effects than we expected as "habitants" of the gut. The imbalance in the gut microbiome or dysbiosis, particularly when there are excessive harmful pathogens, can trigger not just infections but can also result in the development of common diseases, such as cancer and cardiometabolic diseases. By using FMT technology, the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in patients can be resolved by administering fecal materials from a healthy donor. The current review summarizes the history and current uses of FMT before suggesting potential ideas for its high-quality application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi-Leng Ser
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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252
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Role of Gut Microbiota and Probiotics in Colorectal Cancer: Onset and Progression. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051021. [PMID: 34068653 PMCID: PMC8151957 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body, and the disruption of these communities can lead to compromised host health and the onset of disease. Current research on probiotics is quite promising and, in particular, these microorganisms have demonstrated their potential for use as adjuvants for the treatment of colorectal cancer. This review addresses the possible applications of probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and next-generation probiotics in colorectal cancer research.
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253
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d'Enfert C, Kaune AK, Alaban LR, Chakraborty S, Cole N, Delavy M, Kosmala D, Marsaux B, Fróis-Martins R, Morelli M, Rosati D, Valentine M, Xie Z, Emritloll Y, Warn PA, Bequet F, Bougnoux ME, Bornes S, Gresnigt MS, Hube B, Jacobsen ID, Legrand M, Leibundgut-Landmann S, Manichanh C, Munro CA, Netea MG, Queiroz K, Roget K, Thomas V, Thoral C, Van den Abbeele P, Walker AW, Brown AJP. The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa060. [PMID: 33232448 PMCID: PMC8100220 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial barriers and immune defences. Their perturbation can lead to fungal outgrowth and the development of mucosal infections such as oropharyngeal or vulvovaginal candidiasis, and patients with compromised immunity are susceptible to life-threatening systemic infections. The importance of the interplay between fungus, host and microbiota in driving the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity is widely appreciated. However, the complexity of these interactions, and the significant impact of fungal, host and microbiota variability upon disease severity and outcome, are less well understood. Therefore, we summarise the features of the fungus that promote infection, and how genetic variation between clinical isolates influences pathogenicity. We discuss antifungal immunity, how this differs between mucosae, and how individual variation influences a person's susceptibility to infection. Also, we describe factors that influence the composition of gut, oral and vaginal microbiotas, and how these affect fungal colonisation and antifungal immunity. We argue that a detailed understanding of these variables, which underlie fungal-host-microbiota interactions, will present opportunities for directed antifungal therapies that benefit vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe d'Enfert
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ann-Kristin Kaune
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Leovigildo-Rey Alaban
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sayoni Chakraborty
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Cole
- Gut Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Margot Delavy
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daria Kosmala
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Marsaux
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 94, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Moran Morelli
- Mimetas, Biopartner Building 2, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Valentine
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zixuan Xie
- Gut Microbiome Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoan Emritloll
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Peter A Warn
- Magic Bullet Consulting, Biddlecombe House, Ugbrook, Chudleigh Devon, TQ130AD, UK
| | - Frédéric Bequet
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Bornes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF0545, 20 Côte de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mélanie Legrand
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Chaysavanh Manichanh
- Gut Microbiome Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol A Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karla Queiroz
- Mimetas, Biopartner Building 2, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karine Roget
- NEXBIOME Therapeutics, 22 allée Alan Turing, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Thomas
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Thoral
- NEXBIOME Therapeutics, 22 allée Alan Turing, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alan W Walker
- Gut Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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254
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Walker AC, Bhargava R, Vaziriyan-Sani AS, Pourciau C, Donahue ET, Dove AS, Gebhardt MJ, Ellward GL, Romeo T, Czyż DM. Colonization of the Caenorhabditis elegans gut with human enteric bacterial pathogens leads to proteostasis disruption that is rescued by butyrate. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009510. [PMID: 33956916 PMCID: PMC8101752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein conformational diseases are characterized by misfolding and toxic aggregation of metastable proteins, often culminating in neurodegeneration. Enteric bacteria influence the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the complexity of the human microbiome hinders our understanding of how individual microbes influence these diseases. Disruption of host protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, affects the onset and progression of these diseases. To investigate the effect of bacteria on host proteostasis, we used Caenorhabditis elegans expressing tissue-specific polyglutamine reporters that detect changes in the protein folding environment. We found that colonization of the C. elegans gut with enteric bacterial pathogens disrupted proteostasis in the intestine, muscle, neurons, and the gonad, while the presence of bacteria that conditionally synthesize butyrate, a molecule previously shown to be beneficial in neurodegenerative disease models, suppressed aggregation and the associated proteotoxicity. Co-colonization with this butyrogenic strain suppressed bacteria-induced protein aggregation, emphasizing the importance of microbial interaction and its impact on host proteostasis. Further experiments demonstrated that the beneficial effect of butyrate depended on the bacteria that colonized the gut and that this protective effect required SKN-1/Nrf2 and DAF-16/FOXO transcription factors. We also found that bacteria-derived protein aggregates contribute to the observed disruption of host proteostasis. Together, these results reveal the significance of enteric infection and gut dysbiosis on the pathogenesis of protein conformational diseases and demonstrate the potential of using butyrate-producing microbes as a preventative and treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Walker
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rohan Bhargava
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alfonso S. Vaziriyan-Sani
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christine Pourciau
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emily T. Donahue
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Autumn S. Dove
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Gebhardt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Garrett L. Ellward
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tony Romeo
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Czyż
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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255
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Nguyen LH, Guo CG, Ma W, Giovannucci EL, Strate LL, Chan AT. Recent, Mid, and Late Adulthood Antibiotic Use Are Associated With Subsequent Risk of Diverticulitis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2172-2174.e3. [PMID: 33484687 PMCID: PMC8459316 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long H. Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuan-Guo Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa L Strate
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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256
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Wongkuna S, Ghimire S, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Janvilisri T, Scaria J. Mediterraneibacter catenae SW178 sp. nov., an intestinal bacterium of feral chicken. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11050. [PMID: 33986975 PMCID: PMC8086573 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-positive, coccobacillus, white raised and circular with an entire edge colony, and obligately anaerobic bacterium, strain SW178 was isolated from the cecum content of feral chickens in Brookings, South Dakota, USA. The most closely related strain based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain SW178 was Mediterraneibacter torques ATCC 27756T (Ruminococcus torques ATCC 27756T) with 96.94% similarity. The genome of strain SW178 is 3.18 Mbp with G+C content of 46.9 mol%. The optimal temperature and pH for growth in modified brain heart infusion (BHI-M) medium were 45 °C and pH 7.5, respectively. The sole carbon sources of the strain were dextrin, L-fucose, D-galacturonic, α-D-glucose, L-rhamnose and D-sorbitol. The primary cellular fatty acids were C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 dimethyl acetal (DMA). Based on the genotypic and phenotypic comparison, we proposed that strain SW178 belong to the genus Mediterraneibacter in the family Lachnospiraceae as a novel species, in which the name Mediterraneibacter catenae is proposed. The type strain is SW178 (= DSM 109242T = CCOS 1886T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Supapit Wongkuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, South Dakota, United States
| | | | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, South Dakota, United States
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257
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Lynch SV, Vercelli D. Microbiota, Epigenetics, and Trained Immunity. Convergent Drivers and Mediators of the Asthma Trajectory from Pregnancy to Childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:802-808. [PMID: 33493428 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3779pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Donata Vercelli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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258
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Berkell M, Mysara M, Xavier BB, van Werkhoven CH, Monsieurs P, Lammens C, Ducher A, Vehreschild MJGT, Goossens H, de Gunzburg J, Bonten MJM, Malhotra-Kumar S. Microbiota-based markers predictive of development of Clostridioides difficile infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2241. [PMID: 33854066 PMCID: PMC8047037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-induced modulation of the intestinal microbiota can lead to Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), which is associated with considerable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare-costs globally. Therefore, identification of markers predictive of CDI could substantially contribute to guiding therapy and decreasing the infection burden. Here, we analyze the intestinal microbiota of hospitalized patients at increased CDI risk in a prospective, 90-day cohort-study before and after antibiotic treatment and at diarrhea onset. We show that patients developing CDI already exhibit significantly lower diversity before antibiotic treatment and a distinct microbiota enriched in Enterococcus and depleted of Ruminococcus, Blautia, Prevotella and Bifidobacterium compared to non-CDI patients. We find that antibiotic treatment-induced dysbiosis is class-specific with beta-lactams further increasing enterococcal abundance. Our findings, validated in an independent prospective patient cohort developing CDI, can be exploited to enrich for high-risk patients in prospective clinical trials, and to develop predictive microbiota-based diagnostics for management of patients at risk for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Berkell
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Mysara
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Cornelis H van Werkhoven
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Monsieurs
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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259
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Shaterian N, Abdi F, Ghavidel N, Alidost F. Role of cesarean section in the development of neonatal gut microbiota: A systematic review. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:624-639. [PMID: 33869784 PMCID: PMC8035494 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The delivery mode is one of the factors affecting the type of colonization of the human gut. Gut colonization affects all stages of the human life cycle, and the type of gut microbiome can contribute to immune system function, the development of some diseases, and brain development; and it has a significant impact on a newborn’s growth and development. Methods Terms defined as MeSH keywords were searched by the databases, and web search engines such as PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched between 2010 and 2020. The quality of each study was assessed according to the Newcastle–Ottawa scale, and seven eligible and high-quality studies were analyzed. Finding The abundances of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium during the first 3 months of life; Lactobacillus and Bacteroides during the second 3 months of life; Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium during the second 6 months of life; and Bacteroides, Enterobacter, and Streptococcus after the first year of life were higher in vaginal delivery-born infants. While infants born by cesarean section (CS) had higher abundances of Clostridium and Lactobacillus during the first 3 months of life, Enterococcus and Clostridium during the second 3 months of life, and Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus after the first year of life. Discussion Delivery mode can affect the type of the human intestinal microbiota. The CS-born babies had lower colonization rates of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, but they had higher colonization rates of Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus. Given the effect of microbiota colonization on neonatal health, it is therefore recommended to conduct further studies in order to investigate the effect of the colonization on the delivery mode and on baby’s growth and development. Application to practice The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CS in the development of the neonatal gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Shaterian
- Student Research Committee, Nursing and Midwifery faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abdi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nooshin Ghavidel
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farzane Alidost
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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260
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Princisval L, Rebelo F, Williams BL, Coimbra AC, Crovesy L, Ferreira AL, Kac G. Association Between the Mode of Delivery and Infant Gut Microbiota Composition Up to 6 Months of Age: A Systematic Literature Review Considering the Role of Breastfeeding. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:113-127. [PMID: 33837424 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Cesarean section (CS), breastfeeding, and geographic location can influence the infant microbiota. OBJECTIVE In this systematic review, evidence of the association between mode of delivery and infant gut microbiota up to 6 months of age was evaluated, as was the role of breastfeeding in this association, according to PRISMA guidelines. DATA SOURCE The Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Medical Database, and Open Grey databases were searched. DATA EXTRACTION A total of 31 observational studies with ≥2 infant stool collections up to the sixth month of age and a comparison of gut microbiota between CS and vaginal delivery (VD) were included. DATA ANALYSIS Infants born by CS had a lower abundance of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides spp. at almost all points up to age 6 months. Populations of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, and Escherichia coli were reduced in infants delivered by CS. Infants born by CS and exclusively breastfed had greater similarity with the microbiota of infants born by VD. CONCLUSIONS Species of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides are potentially reduced in infants born by CS. Geographic location influenced bacterial colonization. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. 42017071285.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Princisval
- Affiliation: L. Princisval, A.C. Coimbra, L. Crovesy, A.L. Ferreira, and G. Kac are with the Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. B.L. Williams is with the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Center for Infection and Immunity, New York, NY, USA. F. Rebelo is with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Clinical Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rebelo
- Affiliation: L. Princisval, A.C. Coimbra, L. Crovesy, A.L. Ferreira, and G. Kac are with the Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. B.L. Williams is with the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Center for Infection and Immunity, New York, NY, USA. F. Rebelo is with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Clinical Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Brent L Williams
- Affiliation: L. Princisval, A.C. Coimbra, L. Crovesy, A.L. Ferreira, and G. Kac are with the Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. B.L. Williams is with the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Center for Infection and Immunity, New York, NY, USA. F. Rebelo is with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Clinical Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Coimbra
- Affiliation: L. Princisval, A.C. Coimbra, L. Crovesy, A.L. Ferreira, and G. Kac are with the Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. B.L. Williams is with the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Center for Infection and Immunity, New York, NY, USA. F. Rebelo is with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Clinical Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Louise Crovesy
- Affiliation: L. Princisval, A.C. Coimbra, L. Crovesy, A.L. Ferreira, and G. Kac are with the Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. B.L. Williams is with the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Center for Infection and Immunity, New York, NY, USA. F. Rebelo is with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Clinical Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Lorena Ferreira
- Affiliation: L. Princisval, A.C. Coimbra, L. Crovesy, A.L. Ferreira, and G. Kac are with the Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. B.L. Williams is with the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Center for Infection and Immunity, New York, NY, USA. F. Rebelo is with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Clinical Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Affiliation: L. Princisval, A.C. Coimbra, L. Crovesy, A.L. Ferreira, and G. Kac are with the Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. B.L. Williams is with the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Center for Infection and Immunity, New York, NY, USA. F. Rebelo is with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Clinical Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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261
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Chen X, Lu Y, Chen T, Li R. The Female Vaginal Microbiome in Health and Bacterial Vaginosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:631972. [PMID: 33898328 PMCID: PMC8058480 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.631972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiome is an intricate and dynamic microecosystem that constantly undergoes fluctuations during the female menstrual cycle and the woman’s entire life. A healthy vaginal microbiome is dominated by Lactobacillus which produce various antimicrobial compounds. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by the loss or sharp decline in the total number of Lactobacillus and a corresponding marked increase in the concentration of anaerobic microbes. BV is a highly prevalent disorder of the vaginal microbiota among women of reproductive age globally. BV is confirmed to be associated with adverse gynecologic and obstetric outcomes, such as sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and preterm birth. Gardnerella vaginalis is the most common microorganism identified from BV. It is the predominant microbe in polymicrobial biofilms that could shelter G. vaginalis and other BV-associated microbes from adverse host environments. Many efforts have been made to increase our understanding of the vaginal microbiome in health and BV. Thus, improved novel and accurate diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for BV have been developed. This review covers the features of vaginal microbiome, BV, BV-associated diseases, and various strategies of diagnosis and treatment of BV, with an emphasis on recent research progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yune Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Rongguo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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262
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Ciprofloxacin-Treated Defined-Microbiota Piglet Model of Human Rotavirus Infection. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e00074-21. [PMID: 33789939 PMCID: PMC8546683 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00074-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) infection is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Broad-spectrum antibiotic-induced intestinal microbial imbalance and the ensuing immune-metabolic dysregulation contribute to the persistence of HRV diarrhea. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a Gram-negative probiotic, was shown to be a potent immunostimulant and alleviated HRV-induced diarrhea in monocolonized gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets. Our goal was to determine how EcN modulates immune responses in ciprofloxacin (Cipro)-treated Gn piglets colonized with a defined commensal microbiota (DM) and challenged with virulent HRV (VirHRV). Cipro given in therapeutic doses for a short term reduced serum and intestinal total and HRV-specific antibody titers, while EcN treatment alleviated this effect. Similarly, EcN treatment increased the numbers of total immunoglobulin-secreting cells, HRV-specific antibody-secreting cells, activated antibody-forming cells, resting/memory antibody-forming B cells, and naive antibody-forming B cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues. Decreased levels of proinflammatory but increased levels of immunoregulatory cytokines and increased frequencies of Toll-like receptor-expressing cells were evident in the EcN-treated VirHRV-challenged group. Moreover, EcN treatment increased the frequencies of T helper and T cytotoxic cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues pre-VirHRV challenge and the frequencies of T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, effector T cells, and T regulatory cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues postchallenge. Moreover, EcN treatment increased the frequencies of systemic and mucosal conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, respectively, and the frequencies of systemic natural killer cells. Our findings demonstrated that Cipro use altered immune responses of DM-colonized neonatal Gn pigs, while EcN supplementation rescued these immune parameters partially or completely. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus (RV) is a primary cause of malabsorptive diarrhea in children and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The use of antibiotics exacerbates intestinal microbial imbalance and results in the persistence of RV-induced diarrhea. Probiotics are now being used to treat enteric infections and ulcerative colitis. We showed previously that probiotics partially protected gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets against human RV (HRV) infection and decreased the severity of diarrhea by modulating immune responses. However, the interactions between antibiotic and probiotic treatments and HRV infection in the context of an established gut microbiota are poorly understood. In this study, we developed a Gn pig model to study antibiotic-probiotic-HRV interactions in the context of a defined commensal microbiota (DM) that mimics aspects of the infant gut microbiota. Our results provide valuable information that will contribute to the treatment of antibiotic- and/or HRV-induced diarrhea and may be applicable to other enteric infections in children.
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263
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Wenderlein J, Böswald LF, Ulrich S, Kienzle E, Neuhaus K, Lagkouvardos I, Zenner C, Straubinger RK. Processing Matters in Nutrient-Matched Laboratory Diets for Mice-Microbiome. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030862. [PMID: 33803597 PMCID: PMC8002992 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the microbiome is subject to the host's diet. In commercial laboratory mouse diets, different physical forms of the same diets are available, containing-according to their labels-identical ingredients and nutrient compositions. However, variations in nutrient composition and starch gelatinization due to production processes and their impact on digestibility have been described. In this study, a total of 48 C57BL/J6 mice were assigned to two equal groups and were fed diets (produced with different processes-extruded vs. pelleted) for eight weeks in two biological replicates. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected from five different gastrointestinal regions, including the stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, and an extracorporeal region (feces), and the microbiome was analyzed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The replicates in both experiments differed significantly in their relative abundances of Muribaculaceae species. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal content of pellet-fed mice contained larger numbers of Lactobacillus species. These results indicate that starch gelatinization and ingredient composition significantly influence microbial makeup. In conclusion, different feed processing methods may affect fundamental digestive and metabolic processes, impacting animal experiments and biasing microbiome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Wenderlein
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (J.W.); (S.U.)
| | - Linda F. Böswald
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schönleutenerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (L.F.B.); (E.K.)
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (J.W.); (S.U.)
| | - Ellen Kienzle
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schönleutenerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (L.F.B.); (E.K.)
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- Core Facility Microbiome, ZIEL—Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany; (K.N.); (I.L.)
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- Core Facility Microbiome, ZIEL—Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany; (K.N.); (I.L.)
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), 715 00 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christian Zenner
- Veterinary Immunology Study Group, Department for Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Lena-Christ-Str. 48, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (J.W.); (S.U.)
- Correspondence:
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264
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Chok KC, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Role of the gut microbiome in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:767-789. [PMID: 33725748 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of individuals each year and this number is expected to significantly increase. The complicated microorganisms residing in human gut are closely associated with our health. Emerging evidence has suggested possible involvement of human gut microbiome in AD. Symbiotic gut microbiomes are known to maintain brain health by modulating host's barriers integrity, metabolic system, immune system, nervous system and endocrine system. However, in the event of gut dysbiosis and barriers disruption, gut pathobionts disrupt homeostasis of the metabolic system, immune system, nervous system, and endocrine system, resulting in deterioration of neurological functions and subsequently promoting development of AD. Multiple therapeutic approaches, such as fecal microbiome transplant, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, and diet are discussed as potential treatment options for AD by manipulating the gut microbiome to reverse pathological alteration in the systems above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Chung Chok
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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265
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Sutcliffe SG, Shamash M, Hynes AP, Maurice CF. Common Oral Medications Lead to Prophage Induction in Bacterial Isolates from the Human Gut. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030455. [PMID: 33799646 PMCID: PMC8000485 DOI: 10.3390/v13030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria carry bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) integrated in their genomes in the form of prophages, which replicate passively alongside their bacterial host. Environmental conditions can lead to prophage induction; the switching from prophage replication to lytic replication, that results in new bacteriophage progeny and the lysis of the bacterial host. Despite their abundance in the gut, little is known about what could be inducing these prophages. We show that several medications, at concentrations predicted in the gut, lead to prophage induction of bacterial isolates from the human gut. We tested five medication classes (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, chemotherapy, mild analgesic, cardiac, and antibiotic) for antimicrobial activity against eight prophage-carrying human gut bacterial representative isolates in vitro. Seven out of eight bacteria showed signs of growth inhibition in response to at least one medication. All medications led to growth inhibition of at least one bacterial isolate. Prophage induction was confirmed in half of the treatments showing antimicrobial activity. Unlike antibiotics, host-targeted medications led to a species-specific induction of Clostridium beijerinckii, Bacteroides caccae, and to a lesser extent Bacteroides eggerthii. These results show how common medication consumption can lead to phage-mediated effects, which in turn would alter the human gut microbiome through increased prophage induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Sutcliffe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2B4, Canada; (S.G.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Shamash
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2B4, Canada; (S.G.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Alexander P. Hynes
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada;
| | - Corinne F. Maurice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2B4, Canada; (S.G.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Bacterial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a major problem for patients requiring critical care. An approach to combat resistance is the use of bacterial viruses known as “phage therapy.” This review provides a brief “clinicians guide” to phage biology and discusses recent applications in the context of common infections encountered in ICUs. Data Sources: Research articles were sourced from PubMed using search term combinations of “bacteriophages” or “phage therapy” with either “lung,” “pneumonia,” “bloodstream,” “abdominal,” “urinary tract,” or “burn wound.” Study Selection: Preclinical trials using animal models, case studies detailing compassionate use of phage therapy in humans, and randomized controlled trials were included. Data Extraction: We systematically extracted: 1) the infection setting, 2) the causative bacterial pathogen and its antibiotic resistance profile, 3) the nature of the phage therapeutic and how it was administered, 4) outcomes of the therapy, and 5) adverse events. Data Synthesis: Phage therapy for the treatment of experimental infections in animal models and in cases of compassionate use in humans has been associated with largely positive outcomes. These findings, however, have failed to translate into positive patient outcomes in the limited number of randomized controlled trails that have been performed to date. Conclusions: Widespread clinical implementation of phage therapy depends on success in randomized controlled trials. Additional translational and reverse translational studies aimed at overcoming phage resistance, exploiting phage-antibiotic synergies, and optimizing phage administration will likely improve the design and outcome of future trials.
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267
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Cugini C, Ramasubbu N, Tsiagbe VK, Fine DH. Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617485. [PMID: 33763040 PMCID: PMC7982844 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of microbiology and immunology with regard to caries and periodontal disease gained substantial clinical or research consideration in the mid 1960's. This enhanced emphasis related to several simple but elegant experiments illustrating the relevance of bacteria to oral infections. Since that point, the understanding of oral diseases has become increasingly sophisticated and many of the original hypotheses related to disease causality have either been abandoned or amplified. The COVID pandemic has reminded us of the importance of history relative to infectious diseases and in the words of Churchill "those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it." This review is designed to present an overview of broad general directions of research over the last 60 years in oral microbiology and immunology, reviewing significant contributions, indicating emerging foci of interest, and proposing future directions based on technical advances and new understandings. Our goal is to review this rich history (standard microbiology and immunology) and point to potential directions in the future (omics) that can lead to a better understanding of disease. Over the years, research scientists have moved from a position of downplaying the role of bacteria in oral disease to one implicating bacteria as true pathogens that cause disease. More recently it has been proposed that bacteria form the ecological first line of defense against "foreign" invaders and also serve to train the immune system as an acquired host defensive stimulus. While early immunological research was focused on immunological exposure as a modulator of disease, the "hygiene hypothesis," and now the "old friends hypothesis" suggest that the immune response could be trained by bacteria for long-term health. Advanced "omics" technologies are currently being used to address changes that occur in the host and the microbiome in oral disease. The "omics" methodologies have shaped the detection of quantifiable biomarkers to define human physiology and pathologies. In summary, this review will emphasize the role that commensals and pathobionts play in their interaction with the immune status of the host, with a prediction that current "omic" technologies will allow researchers to better understand disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cugini
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
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Levast B, Benech N, Gasc C, Batailler C, Senneville E, Lustig S, Pouderoux C, Boutoille D, Boucinha L, Dauchy FA, Zeller V, Maynard M, Cazanave C, Le Thi TT, Josse J, Doré J, Laurent F, Ferry T. Impact on the Gut Microbiota of Intensive and Prolonged Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients With Bone and Joint Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:586875. [PMID: 33748154 PMCID: PMC7977441 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.586875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the potentially deleterious impact of antibiotics on gut microbiota. Patients with bone and joint infection (BJI) require prolonged treatment that may impact significantly the gut microbiota. We collected samples from patients with BJI at baseline, end of antibiotics (EOT), and 2 weeks after antibiotic withdrawal (follow-up, FU) in a multicenter prospective cohort in France. Microbiota composition was determined by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Fecal markers of gut permeability and inflammation as well as multi-drug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) and Clostridioides difficile carriage were assessed at each time point. Sixty-two patients were enrolled: 27 native BJI, 14 osteosynthesis-related BJI, and 21 prosthetic joint infections (PJI). At EOT, there was a significant loss of alpha-diversity that recovered at FU in patients with native BJI and PJI, but not in patients with osteosynthesis-related BJI. At EOT, we observed an increase of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes that partially recovered at FU. The principal component analysis (PCoA) of the Bray–Curtis distance showed a significant change of the gut microbiota at the end of treatment compared to baseline that only partially recover at FU. Microbiota composition at FU does not differ significantly at the genus level when comparing patients treated for 6 weeks vs. those treated for 12 weeks. The use of fluoroquinolones was not associated with a lower Shannon index at the end of treatment; however, the PCoA of the Bray–Curtis distance showed a significant change at EOT, compared to baseline, that fully recovered at FU. Levels of fecal neopterin were negatively correlated with the Shannon index along with the follow-up (r2 = 0.17; p < 0.0001). The PCoA analysis of the Bray–Curtis distance shows that patients with an elevated plasma level of C-reactive protein (≥5 mg/L) at EOT had a distinct gut microbial composition compared to others. MDRB and C. difficile acquisition at EOT and FU represented 20% (7/35) and 37.1% (13/35) of all MDRB/C. difficile-free patients at the beginning of the study, respectively. In patients with BJI, antibiotics altered the gut microbiota diversity and composition with only partial recovery, mucosal inflammation, and permeability and acquisition of MDRB carriage. Microbiome interventions should be explored in patients with BJI to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Benech
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Pour la Prise en Charge des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,TGF-ß Immune Evasion, Tumor Escape Resistance Immunity Department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | | | - Cécile Batailler
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Pour la Prise en Charge des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Senneville
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et du Voyageur, Centre Hospitaliser Gustave Dron, Tourcoing, France.,Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Centre de Référence Pour la Prise en Charge des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Complexes (CRIOAc Lille-tourcoing), Tourcoing, France
| | - Sébastien Lustig
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Pour la Prise en Charge des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Pouderoux
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Pour la Prise en Charge des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Boutoille
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital de l'Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre de Référence des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Grand-Ouest, Nantes, France
| | | | - Frederic-Antoine Dauchy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, Centre de référence des Infections Ostéoarticulaires Complexes du Grand Sud-Ouest (CRIOAc GSO), Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Zeller
- Service de Médecine Interne et Rhumatologie, GH Diaconesses-Croix Saint-Simon, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence Infections Ostéoarticulaires Complexes de Paris (CRIOAc Paris), Paris, France
| | - Marianne Maynard
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Charles Cazanave
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, Centre de référence des Infections Ostéoarticulaires Complexes du Grand Sud-Ouest (CRIOAc GSO), Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, USC EA 3671, Infections Humaines à Mycoplasmes et à Chlamydiae, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thanh-Thuy Le Thi
- Centre de Ressource Biologique, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Josse
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Pour la Prise en Charge des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Joël Doré
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, AgroParisTech, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frederic Laurent
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Pour la Prise en Charge des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Ferry
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Pour la Prise en Charge des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires Complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
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Qin C, Hu J, Wan Y, Cai M, Wang Z, Peng Z, Liao Y, Li D, Yao P, Liu L, Rong S, Bao W, Xu G, Yang W. Narrative review on potential role of gut microbiota in certain substance addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110093. [PMID: 32898589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a neuropsychiatric disorder, substance addiction represents a major public health issue with high prevalence and mortality in many countries. Recently, gut microbiota has been certified to play a part in substance addiction through various mechanisms. Hence, we mainly focused on three substance including alcohol, cocaine and methamphetamine in this review, and summarized their relationships with gut microbiota, respectively. Besides, we also concluded the possible treatments for substance addiction from the perspective of applying gut microbiota. This review aims to build a bridge between substance addiction and gut microbiota according to existing evidences, so as to excavate the possible bi-directional function of microbiota-gut-brain axis in substance addiction for developing therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Yiming Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyao Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenting Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxiao Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Rong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Guifeng Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA; Center for Disabilities and Development, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China.
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270
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Yang S, Hu T, Liu H, Lv YL, Zhang W, Li H, Xuan L, Gong LL, Liu LH. Akebia saponin D ameliorates metabolic syndrome (MetS) via remodeling gut microbiota and attenuating intestinal barrier injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111441. [PMID: 33652261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex, multifactorial disease which lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. However, selective, and potent drugs for the treatment of MetS are still lacking. Previous studies have found that Akebia saponin D (ASD) has beneficial effects on metabolic diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, our study was designed to determine the effect and mechanism of action of ASD against MetS in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced mouse model. ASD significantly decreased plasma lipid and insulin resistance in these mice, and a targeted approach using metabolomic analyses of plasma and feces indicated that glucose and lipids in these mice crossed the damaged intestinal barrier into circulation. Furthermore, ASD was able to increase lipid excretion and inhibit intestinal epithelial lipid absorption. Results for gut microbiota composition showed that ASD significantly reduced HFD-associated Alistipes, Prevotella, and enhanced the proportions of Butyricimonas, Ruminococcus, and Bifidobacterium. After 14 weeks of ASD/fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) interventions the developed gut barrier dysfunction was restored. Additionally, RNA-seq revealed that ASD reduced the lipid-induced tight junction (TJ) damage in intestinal epithelial cells via down-regulation of the PPAR-γ-FABP4 pathway in vitro and that use of the PPAR-γ inhibitor (T0070907) was able to partially block the effects of ASD, indicating that the PPAR-γ/FABP4 pathway is a critical mediator involved in the improvement of MetS. Our results demonstrated that ASD not only modifies the gut microbiome but also ameliorates the HFD-induced gut barrier disruption via down-regulation of the PPAR-γ-FABP4 pathway. These findings suggest a promising, and novel therapeutic strategy for gut protection against MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - He Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ya-Li Lv
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Han Li
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Lingling Xuan
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Li-Li Gong
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Li-Hong Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
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271
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Xu K, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Wang J. Toxicological effects of microplastics and phenanthrene to zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143730. [PMID: 33277007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The toxicology of microplastics in combination with other pollutants has attracted widespread attention. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to 3 mg/L polystyrene microplastic, 0.2 mg/L phenanthrene, and a combination of both. Zebrafish microplastic uptake, phenanthrene accumulation, antioxidant-associated enzyme activity and related gene expression, immune-associated gene expression, and the gut microflora were measured after 12 and 24 days of exposure. Phenanthrene and microplastic accumulation increased with exposure time and was also greater in the combined exposure group than in the single exposure group. Combined analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity and immune and antioxidant-related genes shows that exposure alone causes oxidative stress in zebrafish, ultimately increasing immunity and the expression of oxidative stress genes, while combined exposure exacerbates these changes. Fusobacteria decreased and Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased in the three exposure groups of gut microorganisms. Overall, our study demonstrates that microplastics enhance the toxicity of phenanthrene and that the two have a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihang Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yindan Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yumei Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
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272
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Andremont A, Cervesi J, Bandinelli PA, Vitry F, de Gunzburg J. Spare and repair the gut microbiota from antibiotic-induced dysbiosis: state-of-the-art. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2159-2163. [PMID: 33639249 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota is currently recognized as a major contributor to human health. Furthermore, intestinal dysbiosis is associated with a multitude of consequences, including intestinal colonization by antibiotic-resistant or pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, and reduced efficacy of promising anticancer immunotherapies. By far, the most immediate and drastic exposure leading to dysbiosis is antibiotic treatment. Many attempts have been made to prevent or repair antibiotic-associated dysbiosis. Here, we review these innovations and the difficulties associated with their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Andremont
- Da Volterra, Paris, France; Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Paris, France.
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273
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Sehgal K, Khanna S. Gut microbiome and Clostridioides difficile infection: a closer look at the microscopic interface. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:1756284821994736. [PMID: 33747125 PMCID: PMC7905718 DOI: 10.1177/1756284821994736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) was recognized with its link to the use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobials significantly alter gut microbiota structure and composition, which led to the discovery of the association of this gut perturbation with the development of CDI. A number of factors implicated in its pathogenesis, such as advancing age, proton-pump inhibitors, and gastrointestinal diseases, are linked to gut microbiota perturbations. In an effort to better understand CDI, a multitude of studies have tried to ascertain protective and predictive microbial footprints linked with CDI. It has further been realized that CDI in itself can alter the gut microbiome. Its spore-forming capability poses as an impediment in the management of the infection and contributes to its recurrence. Antibiotic therapies used for its management have also been linked to gut microbiota changes, making its treatment a little more challenging. In an effort to exploit and utilize this association, gut microbial restoration therapies, particularly in the form of fecal microbial transplant, are increasingly being put to use and are proving to be beneficial. In this review, we summarize the association of the gut microbiome and microbial perturbation with initial and recurrent CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Sehgal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sahil Khanna
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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274
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Jo SK. Kidney-Gut Crosstalk in AKI. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:886-889. [PMID: 35373056 PMCID: PMC8791352 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0007722020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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275
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Dysbiosis in Pediatrics Is Associated with Respiratory Infections: Is There a Place for Bacterial-Derived Products? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020448. [PMID: 33671586 PMCID: PMC7926342 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common in childhood because of the physiologic immaturity of the immune system, a microbial community under development in addition to other genetic, physiological, environmental and social factors. RTIs tend to recur and severe lower viral RTIs in early childhood are not uncommon and are associated with increased risk of respiratory disorders later in life, including recurrent wheezing and asthma. Therefore, a better understanding of the main players and mechanisms involved in respiratory morbidity is necessary for a prompt and improved care as well as for primary prevention. The inter-talks between human immune components and microbiota as well as their main functions have been recently unraveled; nevertheless, more is still to be discovered or understood in the above medical conditions. The aim of this review paper is to provide the most up-to-date overview on dysbiosis in pre-school children and its association with RTIs and their complications. The potential role of non-harmful bacterial-derived products, according to the old hygiene hypothesis and the most recent trained-innate immunity concept, will be discussed together with the need of proof-of-concept studies and larger clinical trials with immunological and microbiological endpoints.
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276
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Zhan GF, Wang Y, Yang N, Luo AL, Li SY. Digestive system involvement of infections with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: Clinical manifestations and potential mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:561-575. [PMID: 33642829 PMCID: PMC7901047 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i7.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although coronavirus (CoV) infection is often characterized by respiratory symptoms, the virus can also result in extrapulmonary symptoms, especially the symptoms related to the digestive system. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently the world’s most pressing public health threat and has a significant impact on civil societies and the global economy. The occurrence of digestive symptoms in patients with COVID-19 is closely related to the development and prognosis of the disease. Moreover, thus far, there are no specific antiviral drug or vaccine approved for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Therefore, we elaborate on the effects of CoVs on the digestive system and the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ai-Lin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi-Yong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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277
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Raplee I, Walker L, Xu L, Surathu A, Chockalingam A, Stewart S, Han X, Rouse R, Li Z. Emergence of nosocomial associated opportunistic pathogens in the gut microbiome after antibiotic treatment. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:36. [PMID: 33588951 PMCID: PMC7885457 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction According to the Centers for Disease Control’s 2015 Hospital Acquired Infection Hospital Prevalence Survey, 1 in 31 hospital patients was infected with at least one nosocomial pathogen while being treated for unrelated issues. Many studies associate antibiotic administration with nosocomial infection occurrence. However, to our knowledge, there is little to no direct evidence of antibiotic administration selecting for nosocomial opportunistic pathogens. Aim This study aims to confirm gut microbiota shifts in an animal model of antibiotic treatment to determine whether antibiotic use favors pathogenic bacteria. Methodology We utilized next-generation sequencing and in-house metagenomic assembly and taxonomic assignment pipelines on the fecal microbiota of a urinary tract infection mouse model with and without antibiotic treatment. Results Antibiotic therapy decreased the number of detectable species of bacteria by at least 20-fold. Furthermore, the gut microbiota of antibiotic treated mice had a significant increase of opportunistic pathogens that have been implicated in nosocomial infections, like Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex, Chlamydia abortus, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Moreover, antibiotic treatment selected for antibiotic resistant gene enriched subpopulations for many of these opportunistic pathogens. Conclusions Oral antibiotic therapy may select for common opportunistic pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections. In this study opportunistic pathogens present after antibiotic therapy harbored more antibiotic resistant genes than populations of opportunistic pathogens before treatment. Our results demonstrate the effects of antibiotic therapy on induced dysbiosis and expansion of opportunistic pathogen populations and antibiotic resistant subpopulations of those pathogens. Follow-up studies with larger samples sizes and potentially controlled clinical investigations should be performed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Raplee
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lacey Walker
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lei Xu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anil Surathu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ashok Chockalingam
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sharron Stewart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xiaomei Han
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rodney Rouse
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zhihua Li
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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278
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Measurement of the Intestinal pH in Mice under Various Conditions Reveals Alkalization Induced by Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020180. [PMID: 33670214 PMCID: PMC7916911 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal pH can greatly influence the stability and absorption of oral drugs. Therefore, knowledge of intestinal pH is necessary to understand the conditions for drug delivery. This has previously been measured in humans and rats. However, information on intestinal pH in mice is insufficient despite these animals being used often in preclinical testing. In this study, 72 female ICR mice housed in SPF (specific pathogen-free) conditions were separated into nine groups to determine the intestinal pH under conditions that might cause pH fluctuations, including high-protein diet, ageing, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment, several antibiotic treatment regimens and germ-free mice. pH was measured in samples collected from the ileum, cecum and colon, and compared to control animals. An electrode, 3 mm in diameter, enabled accurate pH measurements with a small amount of gastrointestinal content. Consequently, the pH values in the cecum and colon were increased by high-protein diet, and the pH in the ileum was decreased by PPI. Drastic alkalization was induced by antibiotics, especially in the cecum and colon. The alkalized pH values in germ-free mice suggested that the reduction in the intestinal bacteria caused by antibiotics led to alkalization. Alkalization of the intestinal pH caused by antibiotic treatment was verified in mice. We need further investigations in clinical settings to check whether the same phenomena occur in patients.
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279
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Imdad A, Minkoff NZ, Tanner-Smith EE, Zackular JP, Acra S, Nicholson MR. Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile
( Clostridium difficile
). Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse NY USA
| | - Nathan Zev Minkoff
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester NY USA
| | - Emily E Tanner-Smith
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Joseph P Zackular
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sari Acra
- Department of Pediatrics, D. Brent Polk Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - Maribeth R Nicholson
- Department of Pediatrics, D. Brent Polk Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
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280
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Schlembach I, Grünberger A, Rosenbaum MA, Regestein L. Measurement Techniques to Resolve and Control Population Dynamics of Mixed-Culture Processes. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1093-1109. [PMID: 33573846 PMCID: PMC7612867 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial mixed cultures are gaining increasing attention as biotechnological production systems, since they offer a large but untapped potential for future bioprocesses. Effects of secondary metabolite induction and advantages of labor division for the degradation of complex substrates offer new possibilities for process intensification. However, mixed cultures are highly complex, and, consequently, many biotic and abiotic parameters are required to be identified, characterized, and ideally controlled to establish a stable bioprocess. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of existing measurement techniques for identifying, characterizing, monitoring, and controlling mixed cultures and highlight promising examples. Moreover, existing challenges and emerging technologies are discussed, which lay the foundation for novel analytical workflows to monitor mixed-culture bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Schlembach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Bachstrasse 18K, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Grünberger
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Miriam A Rosenbaum
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Bachstrasse 18K, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Regestein
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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281
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Bossù G, Di Sario R, Argentiero A, Esposito S. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Modifications of the Gut Microbiota in Children with Cancer. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020152. [PMID: 33546312 PMCID: PMC7913491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In children with cancer, chemotherapy can produce cytotoxic effects, resulting in immunosuppression and an augmented risk of febrile neutropenia and bloodstream infections. This has led to widespread use of antibiotic prophylaxis which, combined with intensive chemotherapy treatment, could have a long-term effect on the gastrointestinal microbiome. In this review, we aimed to analyze the current literature about the widespread use of antibiotic prophylaxis in children experiencing infectious complications induced by chemotherapy and its effects on the gut microbiome. Our review of the literature shows that antimicrobial prophylaxis in children with cancer is still a trending topic and, at the moment, there are not enough data to define universal guidelines. Children with cancer experience long and painful medical treatments and side effects, which are associated with great economic and social burdens, important psychological consequences, and dysbiosis induced by antibiotics and also by chemotherapy. Considering the importance of a healthy gut microbiota, studies are needed to understand the impact of dysbiosis in response to therapy in these children and to define how to modulate the microbiome to favor a positive therapeutic outcome.
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282
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Taguer M, Quillier O, Maurice CF. Effects of oxygen exposure on relative nucleic acid content and membrane integrity in the human gut microbiota. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10602. [PMID: 33604166 PMCID: PMC7866891 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the diversity of the human gut microbiota is becoming increasingly well characterized, bacterial physiology is still a critical missing link in understanding how the gut microbiota may be implicated in disease. The current best practice for studying bacterial physiology involves the immediate storage of fecal samples in an anaerobic chamber. This reliance on immediate access to anaerobic chambers greatly limits the scope of sample populations that can be studied. Here, we assess the effects of short-term oxygen exposure on gut bacterial physiology and diversity. We use relative nucleic acid content and membrane integrity as markers of bacterial physiology, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to measure bacterial diversity. Samples were stored for up to 6 h in either ambient conditions or in anoxic environments created with gas packs or in an anaerobic chamber. Our data indicate that AnaeroGen sachets preserve bacterial membrane integrity and nucleic acid content over the course of 6 h similar to storage in an anaerobic chamber. Short-term oxygen exposure increases bacterial membrane permeability, without exceeding inter-individual differences. As oxygen exposure remains an important experimental consideration for bacterial metabolism, our data suggest that AnaeroGen sachets are a valid alternative limiting loss of membrane integrity for short-term storage of samples from harder-to-access populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Taguer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ophélie Quillier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Corinne F. Maurice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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283
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Akagawa S, Akagawa Y, Yamanouchi S, Kimata T, Tsuji S, Kaneko K. Development of the gut microbiota and dysbiosis in children. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2021; 40:12-18. [PMID: 33520564 PMCID: PMC7817514 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota resides in the human gastrointestinal tract, where it plays an
important role in maintaining host health. Recent advancements in next-generation
sequencing methods have revealed the link between dysbiosis (imbalance of the normal gut
microbiota) and several diseases, as this imbalance can disrupt the symbiotic relationship
between the host and associated microbes. Establishment of the gut microbiota starts
in utero or just after birth, and its composition dramatically changes
to an adult-like composition by 3 years of age. Because dysbiosis during childhood may
persist through adulthood, it is crucial to acquire a balanced gut microbiota in
childhood. Therefore, current studies have focused on the factors affecting the infant gut
microbiota. This review discusses recent findings, including those from our studies, on
how various factors, including the delivery mode, feeding type, and administration of
drugs, including antibiotics, can influence the infant gut microbiota. Here, we also
address future approaches for the prevention and restoration of dysbiosis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Akagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yuko Akagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Sohsaku Yamanouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kimata
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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284
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Tyagi N, Kumar A. Evaluation of recreational risks due to exposure of antibiotic-resistance bacteria from environmental water: A proposed framework. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111626. [PMID: 33243622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research provides a framework for the human health risk assessment due to exposure of AR (antibiotic resistance) E. coli from recreational water (swimming activity). Literature-based epidemiological studies were used for f-value formulation (i.e., AR E. coli/total number of E. coli isolates) and the theoretical calculation of AR and non-AR E. coli concentrations. Risk was estimated using calculated values by considering four different dose-response (D-R) scenarios with known characteristics due to current lack of availability of D-R for AR bacteria. f-values ranged between 0.14 and 0.59 and the order of calculated theoretical values of maximum AR E. coli are as follows: ampicillin or amoxicillin (38 CFU/dip) > co-trimoxazole (19 CFU/dip) ~ tetracycline (18 CFU/dip) > ceftriaxone or cefotaxime or ceftazidime (10 CFU/dip) ~ ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin (9 CFU/dip). The risk of infection was considerably high for theoretical calculated concentration values regardless of the chosen D-R model (annual risk of infection (95th percentile) = 1, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = -0.06 to 0.94), under the conditions studied. Further, AR levels of human gastrointestinal-tract were determined using literature-reported data in stool samples and indicated that the resistance level was very high in healthy human (range: 3.7 × 107-8.4 × 107 CFU/g of wet lumen content). The maximum allowable concentration values for AR E. coli and non-ARB (0.0075 CFU/dip and 2.56 CFU/dip) were found to be smaller than the USEPA recreational water quality guidelines (≤126 CFU/100 mL), which can help the USEPA and other regulatory bodies in revisiting the current guidelines. So based on the noted results, we can conclude that the maintenance of inventory of actual measured concentration of ARB in the recreational water sites is needed to prevent unwanted complication related to the treatment of infectious sustained by resistant microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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285
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Rahman Z, Dandekar MP. Crosstalk between gut microbiome and immunology in the management of ischemic brain injury. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 353:577498. [PMID: 33607506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is a serious neurological complication, which accrues an immense activation of neuroinflammatory responses. Several lines of research suggested the interconnection of gut microbiota perturbation with the activation of proinflammatory mediators. Intestinal microbial communities also interchange information with the brain through various afferent and efferent channels and microbial by-products. Herein, we discuss the different microelements of gut microbiota and its connection with the host immune system and how change in immune-microbial signatures correlates with the stroke incidence and post-injury neurological sequelae. The activated inflammatory cells increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases and adhesive proteins that are involved in the systemic inflammation, blood brain barrier disruption, gut dysbiosis and aggravation of ischemic brain injury. We suggest that fine-tuning of commensal gut microbiota (eubiosis) may regulate the activation of CNS resident cells like microglial, astrocytes, mast cells and natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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286
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Gut Microbiota Influence in Hematological Malignancies: From Genesis to Cure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031026. [PMID: 33498529 PMCID: PMC7864170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies, including multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia, are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. They originate from uncontrolled growth of hematopoietic and lymphoid cells from different stages in their maturation/differentiation and account for 6.5% of all cancers around the world. During the last decade, it has been proven that the gut microbiota, more specifically the gastrointestinal commensal bacteria, is implicated in the genesis and progression of many diseases. The immune-modulating effects of the human microbiota extend well beyond the gut, mostly through the small molecules they produce. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the role of the microbiota in modulating the immune system, its role in hematological malignancies, and its influence on different therapies for these diseases, including autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, chemotherapy, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells.
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287
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Cheng D, Liu Y, Shehata E, Feng Y, Lin H, Xue J, Li Z. In-feed antibiotic use changed the behaviors of oxytetracycline, sulfamerazine, and ciprofloxacin and related antibiotic resistance genes during swine manure composting. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123710. [PMID: 33254754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamerazine (SM1), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during swine manure composting were compared between manure collected from swine fed a diet containing these three antibiotics (TD) and manure directly spiked with these drugs (TS). The composting removal efficiency of OTC (94.9 %) and CIP (87.8 %) in the TD treatment was significantly higher than that of OTC (83.8 %, P < 0.01) and CIP (83.9 %, P < 0.05) in the TS treatment, while SM1 exhibited no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two treatments. Composting effectively reduced the majority of ARGs in both TD and TS types of manure, especially tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs). Compared with the TS treatment, the abundance of some ARGs, such as tetG, qepA, sul1 and sul2, increased dramatically up to 309-fold in the TD treatment. The microbial composition of the composting system changed significantly during composting due to antibiotic feeding. Redundancy analysis suggested that the abundance of ARGs had a considerable impact on alterations in the physicochemical parameters (C/N, pH and temperature) and bacterial communities (Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes) during the composting of swine manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengmiao Cheng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yuanwang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ebrahim Shehata
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jianming Xue
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Scion, Christchurch, PO Box 29237, New Zealand
| | - Zhaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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288
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Thibeault C, Suttorp N, Opitz B. The microbiota in pneumonia: From protection to predisposition. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/576/eaba0501. [PMID: 33441423 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and gut are physiologically colonized with their own collection of microbes, the microbiota. The normal upper respiratory tract and gut microbiota protects against pneumonia by impeding colonization by potentially pathogenic bacteria and by regulating immune responses. However, antimicrobial therapy and critical care procedures perturb the microbiota, thus compromising its function and predisposing to lung infections (pneumonia). Interindividual variations and age-related alterations in the microbiota also affect vulnerability to pneumonia. We discuss how the healthy microbiota protects against pneumonia and how host factors and medical interventions alter the microbiota, thus influencing susceptibility to pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Thibeault
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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289
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Koeninger L, Osbelt L, Berscheid A, Wendler J, Berger J, Hipp K, Lesker TR, Pils MC, Malek NP, Jensen BAH, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Strowig T, Jan Wehkamp. Curbing gastrointestinal infections by defensin fragment modifications without harming commensal microbiota. Commun Biol 2021; 4:47. [PMID: 33420317 PMCID: PMC7794397 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens, especially bacteria from the ESKAPE panel, increases the risk to succumb to untreatable infections. We developed a novel antimicrobial peptide, Pam-3, with antibacterial and antibiofilm properties to counter this threat. The peptide is based on an eight-amino acid carboxyl-terminal fragment of human β-defensin 1. Pam-3 exhibited prominent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens and additionally eradicated already established biofilms in vitro, primarily by disrupting membrane integrity of its target cell. Importantly, prolonged exposure did not result in drug-resistance to Pam-3. In mouse models, Pam-3 selectively reduced acute intestinal Salmonella and established Citrobacter infections, without compromising the core microbiota, hence displaying an added benefit to traditional broad-spectrum antibiotics. In conclusion, our data support the development of defensin-derived antimicrobial agents as a novel approach to fight multidrug-resistant bacteria, where Pam-3 appears as a particularly promising microbiota-preserving candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Koeninger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lisa Osbelt
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- ESF International Graduate School on Analysis, Imaging and Modelling of Neuronal and Inflammatory Processes, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Berscheid
- Department for Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Wendler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Electron Microscopy, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Electron Microscopy, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Till R Lesker
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marina C Pils
- Mouse Pathology and Histology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Department for Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence - Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence - Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tübingen, Germany
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290
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Chen F, Bao X, Liu S, Ye K, Xiang S, Yu L, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhu X, Ying J, Shen Y, Ji W, Si S. Gut microbiota affect the formation of calcium oxalate renal calculi caused by high daily tea consumption. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:789-802. [PMID: 33404827 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kidney stones are a common and frequently occurring disease worldwide. Stones can cause urinary tract obstruction, pain, haematuria, and other symptoms. In this study, the relationship between calcium oxalate renal calculi and gut microbiota was considered. The dietary habits of 30 patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones and 30 healthy people were investigated. The 16S rDNA sequences and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in their stool samples were analysed. We identified 5 genera of the gut microbiota as biomarkers for calcium oxalate renal calculi, namely, Bacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, and Lactobacillus, with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve value of 0.871 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.785-0.957). Phascolarctobacterium and Faecalibacterium showed a positive relationship with SCFA synthesis to reduce the risk of kidney stones. Meanwhile, according to the analysis, Lactobacillus spp. made the largest contribution (79%) to prevent kidney stones caused by tea consumption, since tea offers the great parts of oxalate in kidney stone formation. Three strains of Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from stools of a healthy person with a high level of tea consumption who did not suffer from kidney stones. All these strains survived in the colon with supplementation of high concentrations of tea and efficiently degraded oxalic acid (Ca. 50%) in an in vitro colonic simulation. Therefore, a suitable adjustment of the gut microbiota or SCFA concentration enhanced the degradation of oxalate from food, which can be applied to prevent the formation of calcium oxalate renal calculi caused by tea. KEY POINTS: • Five genera, including Lactobacillus, were identified as biomarkers for calcium oxalate renal calculi. • Lactobacillus is a potential gut bacterium associated with preventing kidney stone formation. • Isolated Lactobacillus strains have the ability to degrade oxalic acid in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Urology, Jiaxing Ivy Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Bao
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Ye
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Xiang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Yu
- Department of Urology, China Coast Guard of the Chinese People Armed Police Force Corps Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingkang Xu
- Department of Urology, Jiaxing Ivy Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehong Zhang
- Department of Urology, China Coast Guard of the Chinese People Armed Police Force Corps Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Nanhu College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Ying
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yubiao Shen
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ji
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Si
- Shandong Zhongke-jiayi Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Weifang, People's Republic of China
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291
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Bhardwaj A, Roy V, Priyadarshini I. A mini review: Mucormycosis in coronavirus disease-19, host-iron assimilation, and probiotics as novel therapy. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jpp.jpp_58_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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292
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Schwiebert R, Sandoe J. Is there a role of penicillin allergy in developing Clostridioides difficile infection? Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2021; 37:1-3. [PMID: 33060397 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To explore the evidence for an association between penicillin allergy, antibiotic prescribing and Clostridioides difficile (CDI) infection. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have highlighted the differences in antibiotic prescribing in penicillin allergic patients and the impact on rates of C. difficile infection. SUMMARY Penicillin allergy leads to higher incidences of prescriptions for antibiotics that are known to predispose to CDI. In turn CDI is more common in patients with penicillin allergy. Penicillin allergy is often erroneously ascribed to patients and should be challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Schwiebert
- Department of Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, West Yorkshire, England
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293
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Henn MR, O’Brien EJ, Diao L, Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Huttenhower C, Wortman JR, McGovern BH, Wang-Weigand S, Lichter DI, Chafee M, Ford CB, Bernardo P, Zhao P, Simmons S, Tomlinson AD, Cook DN, Pomerantz RJ, Misra BK, Auninš JG, Trucksis M. A Phase 1b Safety Study of SER-287, a Spore-Based Microbiome Therapeutic, for Active Mild to Moderate Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:115-127.e30. [PMID: 32763240 PMCID: PMC7402096 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Firmicutes bacteria produce metabolites that maintain the intestinal barrier and mucosal immunity. Firmicutes are reduced in the intestinal microbiota of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In a phase 1b trial of patients with UC, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of SER-287, an oral formulation of Firmicutes spores, and the effects of vancomycin preconditioning on expansion (engraftment) of SER-287 species in the colon. METHODS We conducted a double-blind trial of SER-287 in 58 adults with active mild-to-moderate UC (modified Mayo scores 4-10, endoscopic subscores ≥1). Participants received 6 days of preconditioning with oral vancomycin (125 mg, 4 times daily) or placebo followed by 8 weeks of oral SER-287 or placebo. Patients were randomly assigned (2:3:3:3) to groups that received placebo followed by either placebo or SER-287 once weekly, or vancomycin followed by SER-287 once weekly, or SER-287 once daily. Clinical end points included safety and clinical remission (modified Mayo score ≤2; endoscopic subscores 0 or 1). Microbiome end points included SER-287 engraftment (dose species detected in stool after but not before SER-287 administration). Engraftment of SER-287 and changes in microbiome composition and associated metabolites were measured by analyses of stool specimens collected at baseline, after preconditioning, and during and 4 weeks after administration of SER-287 or placebo. RESULTS Proportions of patients with adverse events did not differ significantly among groups. A higher proportion of patients in the vancomycin/SER-287 daily group (40%) achieved clinical remission at week 8 than patients in the placebo/placebo group (0%), placebo/SER-287 weekly group (13.3%), or vancomycin/SER-287 weekly group (17.7%) (P = .024 for vancomycin/SER-287 daily vs placebo/placebo). By day 7, higher numbers of SER-287 dose species were detected in stool samples from all SER-287 groups compared with the placebo group (P < .05), but this difference was not maintained beyond day 7 in the placebo/SER-287 weekly group. In the vancomycin groups, a greater number of dose species were detected in stool collected on day 10 and all subsequent time points through 4 weeks post dosing compared with the placebo group (P < .05). A higher number of SER-287 dose species were detected in stool samples on days 7 and 10 from subjects who received daily vs weekly SER-287 doses (P < .05). Changes in fecal microbiome composition and metabolites were associated with both vancomycin/SER-287 groups. CONCLUSIONS In this small phase 1b trial of limited duration, the safety and tolerability of SER-287 were similar to placebo. SER-287 after vancomycin was significantly more effective than placebo for induction of remission in patients with active mild to moderate UC. Engraftment of dose species was facilitated by vancomycin preconditioning and daily dosing of SER-287. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02618187.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Henn
- Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Matthew R. Henn, PhD, Seres Therapeutics, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139. fax: (617) 649-2963
| | | | - Liyang Diao
- Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; 5Borland Groover Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng Zhao
- Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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294
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Haran JP, McCormick BA. Aging, Frailty, and the Microbiome-How Dysbiosis Influences Human Aging and Disease. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:507-523. [PMID: 33307030 PMCID: PMC7856216 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a collection of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses that coexist in our bodies and are essential in protective, metabolic, and physiologic functions of human health. Gut dysbiosis has traditionally been linked to increased risk of infection, but imbalances within the intestinal microbial community structure that correlate with untoward inflammatory responses are increasingly recognized as being involved in disease processes that affect many organ systems in the body. Furthermore, it is becoming more apparent that the connection between gut dysbiosis and age-related diseases may lie in how the gut microbiome communicates with both the intestinal mucosa and the systemic immune system, given that these networks have a common interconnection to frailty. We therefore discuss recent advances in our understanding of the important role the microbiome plays in aging and how this knowledge opens the door for potential novel therapeutics aimed at shaping a less dysbiotic microbiome to prevent or treat age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Haran
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems; Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems; Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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295
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D’Souza AW, Moodley-Govender E, Berla B, Kelkar T, Wang B, Sun X, Daniels B, Coutsoudis A, Trehan I, Dantas G. Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Increases Resistance Gene Prevalence and α-Diversity but Decreases β-Diversity in the Gut Microbiome of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed, Uninfected Infants. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:2858-2868. [PMID: 31832638 PMCID: PMC7778358 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prophylactic cotrimoxazole treatment is recommended in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed, uninfected (HEU) infants, but the effects of this treatment on developing HEU infant gut microbiotas and resistomes are largely undefined. METHODS We analyzed whole-metagenome sequencing data from 163 longitudinally collected stool samples from 63 HEU infants randomized to receive (n = 34; CTX-T) or to not receive (n = 29; CTX-N) prophylactic cotrimoxazole treatment. We generated taxonomic, functional pathway, and resistance gene profiles for each sample and compared microbiome signatures between the CTX-T and CTX-N infants. RESULTS Metagenomic analysis did not reveal significant differences in taxonomic or functional pathway α-diversity between CTX-T and CTX-N infants. In contrast, resistance gene prevalence (P = .00719) and α-diversity (P = .0045) increased in CTX-T infants. These differences increased over time for both resistance gene prevalence measured by log-normalized abundance (4-month mean, 0.71 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .2-1.2] and 6-month mean, 0.85 [95% CI, .1-1.7]) and α-diversity (P = .0045). Unlike α-diversity, interindividual gut microbiome taxonomic (mean, -0.11 [95% CI, -.15 to -.077]), functional taxonomic (mean, -0.050 [95% CI, -.084 to -.017]), and resistance gene (mean, -0.13 [95% CI, -.17 to -.099]) β-diversity decreased in CTX-T infants compared with CTX-N infants. These results are consistent with persistent antibiotic selection pressure. CONCLUSIONS Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HEU infants decreased gut microbiome β-diversity and increased antibiotic resistance gene α-diversity and prevalence. Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat, especially in low- and middle-income countries where the higher perinatal HIV exposure rates result in cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Understanding effects from current HEU infant antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines will inform guideline revisions and efforts to reduce increasing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaric W D’Souza
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eshia Moodley-Govender
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bertram Berla
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tejas Kelkar
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Sun
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brodie Daniels
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Preventin Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anna Coutsoudis
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Indi Trehan
- HIV Preventin Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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296
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Jaskiw GE, Obrenovich ME, Kundrapu S, Donskey CJ. Changes in the Serum Metabolome of Patients Treated With Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:382-418. [PMID: 33474520 PMCID: PMC7810407 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The gut microbiome (GMB) generates numerous small chemicals that can be absorbed by the host and variously biotransformed, incorporated, or excreted. The resulting metabolome can provide information about the state of the GMB, of the host, and of their relationship. Exploiting this information in the service of biomarker development is contingent on knowing the GMB-sensitivity of the individual chemicals comprising the metabolome. In this regard, human studies have lagged far behind animal studies. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that serum levels of chemicals unequivocally demonstrated to be GMB-sensitive in rodent models would also be affected in a clinical patient sample treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. Methods: We collected serum samples from 20 hospitalized patients before, during, and after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. We also collected samples from 5 control patients admitted to the hospital but not prescribed antibiotics. We submitted the samples for a non-targeted metabolomic analysis and then focused on chemicals known to be affected both by germ-free status and by antibiotic treatment in the mouse and/or rat. Results: Putative identification was obtained for 499 chemicals in human serum. An aggregate analysis did not show any time x treatment interactions. However, our literature search identified 10 serum chemicals affected both by germ-free status and antibiotic treatment in the mouse or rat. Six of those chemicals were measured in our patient samples and additionally met criteria for inclusion in a focused analysis. Serum levels of 5 chemicals (p-cresol sulfate, phenol sulfate, hippurate, indole propionate, and indoxyl sulfate) declined significantly in our group of antibiotic-treated patients but did not change in our patient control group. Conclusions: Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients lowered serum levels of selected chemicals previously demonstrated to be GMB-sensitive in rodent models. Interestingly, all those chemicals are known to be uremic solutes that can be derived from aromatic amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, or L-tryptophan) by anaerobic bacteria, particularly Clostridial species. We conclude that judiciously selected serum chemicals can reliably detect antibiotic-induced suppression of the GMB in man and thus facilitate further metabolome-based biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Jaskiw
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS), Cleveland, Ohio.,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark E Obrenovich
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VANEOHS, Cleveland, Ohio.,Research Service, VANEOHS, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sirisha Kundrapu
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Curtis J Donskey
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VANEOHS, Cleveland, Ohio
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297
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Targeting the gut microbiome: An emerging trend in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood Rev 2020; 48:100790. [PMID: 33573867 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has demonstrated the critical role of the gut microbiome in different cancer treatment modalities showing intensive crosstalk between microbiota and the host immune system. In cancer patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), conditioning regimens including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunosuppressive therapy, as well as antimicrobial prophylaxis, result in intestinal barrier disruption and massive changes in microbiota composition. According to clinical studies, a drastic loss of microbial diversity during HSCT is associated with enhanced pro-inflammatory immune response and an increased risk of transplant-related complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and mortality. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the role of microbiota diversity in the patient response to cancer therapies and highlight the impact of changes in the gut microbiome on clinical outcomes in post-HSCT patients. Moreover, the therapeutic implications of microbiota modulation by probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in hematologic cancer patients receiving HSCT are discussed.
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298
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Gu SL, Gong Y, Zhang J, Chen Y, Wu Z, Xu Q, Fang Y, Wang J, Tang LL. Effect of the Short-Term Use of Fluoroquinolone and β-Lactam Antibiotics on Mouse Gut Microbiota. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:4547-4558. [PMID: 33376361 PMCID: PMC7762438 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s281274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics play an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, the overuse of antibiotics increases the spread of drug-resistant bacteria and causes dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. Few studies have addressed the longitudinal effects of antibiotics on the microbiome and host immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the short-term effect of fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin) and β-lactam antibiotics (meropenem, cefoperazone/sulbactam, and aztreonam) on the gut microbiota of mice was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The susceptibility of Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus lactis, Enterococcus faecium, and Clostridium butyricum to these antimicrobial agents was assessed using the disc diffusion method. RESULTS Our results showed that 4-day antibiotic exposure significantly reduced the alpha and beta diversity of gut bacteria and increased serum inflammatory cytokines, and these changes persisted long after antibiotic withdrawal and did not return to pre-treatment levels. Nonetheless, the bacterial community composition tended to return to pre-treatment levels after discontinuing treatment. The tested probiotic strains were resistant to aztreonam but were sensitive to meropenem and cefoperazone/sulbactam. CONCLUSION Short-term antibiotic treatment led to significant changes in the intestinal flora with a tendency to recover. The antibiotics had different effects on the intestinal microbial community and probiotic strains. This study provides guidance for the concomitant use of probiotics and antibiotics, and the results emphasize the importance of using broad-spectrum antibiotics responsibly to prevent the long-term disruption of the native microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Lan Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaomai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Tang
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
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299
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Akhmedov M. Infectious complications in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: Review of transplant-related risk factors and current state of prophylaxis. Clin Transplant 2020; 35:e14172. [PMID: 33247497 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is a complex procedure that carries a significant risk of complications. Infections are among the most common of them. Several direct factors such as neutropenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphopenia, mucosal barrier injury, and graft-versus-host disease have been shown to be associated with increased infectious risk post-transplant. Apart from direct factors, there are also indirect transplant-related factors that are the primary trigger to the formers' development. The most important of them are type of preparative regimen, graft source, donor type, graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis, and graft manipulation techniques. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the role of the transplant-related factors in the development of infectious complications and provide evidence underlying the current concept of infectious disease prophylaxis in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobil Akhmedov
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, National Hematology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
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300
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Selber-Hnatiw S, Sultana T, Tse W, Abdollahi N, Abdullah S, Al Rahbani J, Alazar D, Alrumhein NJ, Aprikian S, Arshad R, Azuelos JD, Bernadotte D, Beswick N, Chazbey H, Church K, Ciubotaru E, D'Amato L, Del Corpo T, Deng J, Di Giulio BL, Diveeva D, Elahie E, Frank JGM, Furze E, Garner R, Gibbs V, Goldberg-Hall R, Goldman CJ, Goltsios FF, Gorjipour K, Grant T, Greco B, Guliyev N, Habrich A, Hyland H, Ibrahim N, Iozzo T, Jawaheer-Fenaoui A, Jaworski JJ, Jhajj MK, Jones J, Joyette R, Kaudeer S, Kelley S, Kiani S, Koayes M, Kpata AJAAL, Maingot S, Martin S, Mathers K, McCullogh S, McNamara K, Mendonca J, Mohammad K, Momtaz SA, Navaratnarajah T, Nguyen-Duong K, Omran M, Ortiz A, Patel A, Paul-Cole K, Plaisir PA, Porras Marroquin JA, Prevost A, Quach A, Rafal AJ, Ramsarun R, Rhnima S, Rili L, Safir N, Samson E, Sandiford RR, Secondi S, Shahid S, Shahroozi M, Sidibé F, Smith M, Sreng Flores AM, Suarez Ybarra A, Sénéchal R, Taifour T, Tang L, Trapid A, Tremblay Potvin M, Wainberg J, Wang DN, Weissenberg M, White A, Wilkinson G, Williams B, Wilson JR, Zoppi J, Zouboulakis K, Gamberi C. Metabolic networks of the human gut microbiota. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:96-119. [PMID: 31799915 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota controls factors that relate to human metabolism with a reach far greater than originally expected. Microbial communities and human (or animal) hosts entertain reciprocal exchanges between various inputs that are largely controlled by the host via its genetic make-up, nutrition and lifestyle. The composition of these microbial communities is fundamental to supply metabolic capabilities beyond those encoded in the host genome, and contributes to hormone and cellular signalling that support the dynamic adaptation to changes in food availability, environment and organismal development. Poor functional exchange between the microbial communities and their human host is associated with dysbiosis, metabolic dysfunction and disease. This review examines the biology of the dynamic relationship between the reciprocal metabolic state of the microbiota-host entity in balance with its environment (i.e. in healthy states), the enzymatic and metabolic changes associated with its imbalance in three well-studied diseases states such as obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis, and the effects of bariatric surgery and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Selber-Hnatiw
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Tarin Sultana
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - W Tse
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Niki Abdollahi
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sheyar Abdullah
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Jalal Al Rahbani
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Diala Alazar
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Nekoula Jean Alrumhein
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Saro Aprikian
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rimsha Arshad
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Jean-Daniel Azuelos
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Daphney Bernadotte
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Natalie Beswick
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Hana Chazbey
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kelsey Church
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Emaly Ciubotaru
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Lora D'Amato
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Tavia Del Corpo
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Jasmine Deng
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Briana Laura Di Giulio
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Diana Diveeva
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Elias Elahie
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - James Gordon Marcel Frank
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Emma Furze
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rebecca Garner
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Vanessa Gibbs
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rachel Goldberg-Hall
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Chaim Jacob Goldman
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Fani-Fay Goltsios
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kevin Gorjipour
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Taylor Grant
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Brittany Greco
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Nadir Guliyev
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Andrew Habrich
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Hillary Hyland
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Nabila Ibrahim
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Tania Iozzo
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Anastasia Jawaheer-Fenaoui
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Julia Jane Jaworski
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Maneet Kaur Jhajj
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Jermaine Jones
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rodney Joyette
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Samad Kaudeer
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Shawn Kelley
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Shayesteh Kiani
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Marylin Koayes
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | - Shannon Maingot
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sara Martin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kelly Mathers
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sean McCullogh
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kelly McNamara
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - James Mendonca
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Karamat Mohammad
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sharara Arezo Momtaz
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Thiban Navaratnarajah
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kathy Nguyen-Duong
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Mustafa Omran
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Angela Ortiz
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Anjali Patel
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kahlila Paul-Cole
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Paul-Arthur Plaisir
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | - Ashlee Prevost
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Angela Quach
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Aries John Rafal
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rewaparsad Ramsarun
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sami Rhnima
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Lydia Rili
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Naomi Safir
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Eugenie Samson
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rebecca Rose Sandiford
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Stefano Secondi
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Stephanie Shahid
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Mojdeh Shahroozi
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Fily Sidibé
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Megan Smith
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Alina Maria Sreng Flores
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Anabel Suarez Ybarra
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rebecca Sénéchal
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Tarek Taifour
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Lawrence Tang
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Adam Trapid
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Maxim Tremblay Potvin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Justin Wainberg
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dani Ni Wang
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Mischa Weissenberg
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Allison White
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Wilkinson
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Brittany Williams
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Joshua Roth Wilson
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Johanna Zoppi
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Katerina Zouboulakis
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Chiara Gamberi
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, SP-375-09 Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
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