251
|
Sharma A, Khatun Z, Shiras A. Tumor exosomes: cellular postmen of cancer diagnosis and personalized therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:421-37. [PMID: 26784674 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosized (30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles 'exosomes' are secreted by cells for intercellular communication during normal and pathological conditions. Exosomes carry biomacromolecules from cell-of-origin and, therefore, represent molecular bioprint of the cell. Tumor-derived exosomes or TDEx modulate tumor microenvironment by transfer of macromolecules locally as well as at distant metastatic sites. Due to their biological stability, TDEx are rich source of biomarkers in cancer patients. TDEx focused cancer diagnosis allows liquid biopsy-based tumor typing and may facilitate therapy response monitoring by developing novel exosomes diagnostics. Therefore, efficient and specific capturing of exosomes for subsequent amplification of the biomessages; for example, DNA, RNA, miRNA can reinvent cancer diagnosis. Here, in this review, we discuss advancements in exosomes isolation strategies, presence of exosomes biomarkers and importance of TDEx in gauging tumor heterogeneity for their potential use in cancer diagnosis, therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aman Sharma
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Pvt Ltd, L4, 100 NCL Innovation Park, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.,National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune411007
| | - Zamila Khatun
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Pvt Ltd, L4, 100 NCL Innovation Park, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India
| | - Anjali Shiras
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune411007
| |
Collapse
|
252
|
Exosomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Pathogenesis: Threat or Opportunity? Adv Virol 2016; 2016:9852494. [PMID: 26981123 PMCID: PMC4766318 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9852494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometre-sized vesicles, also known as exosomes, are derived from endosomes of diverse cell types and present in multiple biological fluids. Depending on their cellular origins, the membrane-bound exosomes packed a variety of functional proteins and RNA species. These microvesicles are secreted into the extracellular space to facilitate intercellular communication. Collective findings demonstrated that exosomes from HIV-infected subjects share many commonalities with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) particles in terms of proteomics and lipid profiles. These observations postulated that HIV-resembled exosomes may contribute to HIV pathogenesis. Interestingly, recent reports illustrated that exosomes from body fluids could inhibit HIV infection, which then bring up a new paradigm for HIV/AIDS therapy. Accumulative findings suggested that the cellular origin of exosomes may define their effects towards HIV-1. This review summarizes the two distinctive roles of exosomes in regulating HIV pathogenesis. We also highlighted several additional factors that govern the exosomal functions. Deeper understanding on how exosomes promote or abate HIV infection can significantly contribute to the development of new and potent antiviral therapeutic strategy and vaccine designs.
Collapse
|
253
|
Stem Cell Banking and Its Impact on Cardiac Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 951:163-178. [PMID: 27837563 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, are the most frequent cause of death annually, even higher than any other pathologies. Specifically, patients who suffer from myocardial infarction may encounter adverse remodeling processes of the heart that can ultimately lead to heart failure. Prognosis of patients affected by heart failure is very poor with 5-year mortality close to 50 %. Despite the impressive progress in the clinical treatment of heart failure in recent years, heart transplantation is still required to avoid death as the result of the inexorable decline in cardiac function. Unfortunately, the availability of donor human hearts for transplantation largely fails to cover the number of potential recipient requests. From this urgent unmet clinical need the interest in stem cell applications for heart regeneration made its start, and has rapidly grown in the last decades. Indeed, the discovery and application of stem and progenitor cells as therapeutic agents has raised substantial interest with the objective of reversing these processes, and ultimately inducing cardiac regeneration. In this scenario, the role of biobanking may play a remarkable role to provide cells at the right time according to the patient's clinical needs, mostly for autologous use in the acute setting of myocardial infarction, largely reducing the time needed for cell preparation and expansion before administration.
Collapse
|
254
|
Mora EM, Álvarez-Cubela S, Oltra E. Biobanking of Exosomes in the Era of Precision Medicine: Are We There Yet? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010013. [PMID: 26712742 PMCID: PMC4730260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerge of personalized medicine demands high-quality human biospecimens with appropriate clinical annotation, especially in complex diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic alterations in which specimen heterogeneity and individual responses often complicate the development of precision therapeutic programs. In the growing field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) research, exosomes (EXOs)—a particular type of EVs—have been proposed as an advantageous diagnostic tool, as effective delivery vehicles and as therapeutic targets. However, the lack of consensus on isolation methods and rigorous criteria to characterize them puts the term EXO into question at the time that might explain some of the controversial results found in the literature. A lack of response in the biobank network to warrant standard optimized procedures for the isolation, characterization, and storage of EXOs will undoubtedly lead to a waste of resources and failure. This review is aimed at highlighting the increasing importance of EXOs for the clinic, especially in the cancer field, and at summarizing the initiatives taken to improve current isolation procedures, classification criteria, and storage conditions of EXOs as an effort to identify technological demands that biobank platforms face for the incorporation of EXOs and other extracellular vesicle fractions as valuable biospecimens for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna M Mora
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
| | | | - Elisa Oltra
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia 46001, Spain.
- Instituto Valenciano de Patología (IVP) de la Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia 46012, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
255
|
Suchorska WM, Lach MS. The role of exosomes in tumor progression and metastasis (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1237-44. [PMID: 26707854 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have developed various mechanisms in defense against applied treatment, which prevent their total elimination from an organism. One of the underestimated mechanisms of defense is secretion of highly specialized double-membrane structures called exosomes. They play a crucial role in the control of the local microenvironment and intracellular communication. It has been shown that the exosomes can be carriers of various proteins, lipids, miRNAs and mRNAs. There are extensive data concerning the influence and participation by exosomes in metastasis and cancer progression. It has been demonstrated that exosomes are involved in multidrug resistance mechanisms, radiation-induced bystander effect and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, exosomes are able to form a premetastatic niche and enable the escape of cancer cells from recognition by host immune cells. Moreover, exosomes are responsible for the formation of vessels. This indicates the significance of secreted extracellular vesicles in the development and prognosis of cancer. The aim of the present review is to briefly describe the role of exosomes in tumor biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal S Lach
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
256
|
Soen Y, Knafo M, Elgart M. A principle of organization which facilitates broad Lamarckian-like adaptations by improvisation. Biol Direct 2015; 10:68. [PMID: 26631109 PMCID: PMC4668624 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the lifetime of an organism, every individual encounters many combinations of diverse changes in the somatic genome, epigenome and microbiome. This gives rise to many novel combinations of internal failures which are unique to each individual. How any individual can tolerate this high load of new, individual-specific scenarios of failure is not clear. While stress-induced plasticity and hidden variation have been proposed as potential mechanisms of tolerance, the main conceptual problem remains unaddressed, namely: how largely non-beneficial random variation can be rapidly and safely organized into net benefits to every individual. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS We propose an organizational principle which explains how every individual can alleviate a high load of novel stressful scenarios using many random variations in flexible and inherently less harmful traits. Random changes which happen to reduce stress, benefit the organism and decrease the drive for additional changes. This adaptation (termed 'Adaptive Improvisation') can be further enhanced, propagated, stabilized and memorized when beneficial changes reinforce themselves by auto-regulatory mechanisms. This principle implicates stress not only in driving diverse variations in cells tissues and organs, but also in organizing these variations into adaptive outcomes. Specific (but not exclusive) examples include stress reduction by rapid exchange of mobile genetic elements (or exosomes) in unicellular, and rapid changes in the symbiotic microorganisms of animals. In all cases, adaptive changes can be transmitted across generations, allowing rapid improvement and assimilation in a few generations. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS We provide testable predictions derived from the hypothesis. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis raises a critical, but thus far overlooked adaptation problem and explains how random variation can self-organize to confer a wide range of individual-specific adaptations beyond the existing outcomes of natural selection. It portrays gene regulation as an inseparable synergy between natural selection and adaptation by improvisation. The latter provides a basis for Lamarckian adaptation that is not limited to a specific mechanism and readily accounts for the remarkable resistance of tumors to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Soen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Maor Knafo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Michael Elgart
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Turpin D, Truchetet ME, Faustin B, Augusto JF, Contin-Bordes C, Brisson A, Blanco P, Duffau P. Role of extracellular vesicles in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 15:174-83. [PMID: 26554931 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) consist of exosomes released upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cell plasma membrane and microparticles shed directly from the cell membrane of many cell types. EVs can mediate cell-cell communication and are involved in many processes including inflammation, immune signaling, angiogenesis, stress response, senescence, proliferation, and cell differentiation. Accumulating evidence reveals that EVs act in the establishment, maintenance and modulation of autoimmune processes among several others involved in cancer and cardiovascular complications. EVs could also present biomedical applications, as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets or agents for drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Turpin
- Immunology and Immunogenetic Department, Bordeaux Hospital, place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Marie-Elise Truchetet
- Rheumatology Department, Bordeaux Hospital, place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; UMR-5164 CNRS, CIRID, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Benjamin Faustin
- UMR-5164 CNRS, CIRID, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-François Augusto
- UMR-5164 CNRS, CIRID, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Cécile Contin-Bordes
- Immunology and Immunogenetic Department, Bordeaux Hospital, place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; UMR-5164 CNRS, CIRID, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS University of Bordeaux-IBP, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Patrick Blanco
- Immunology and Immunogenetic Department, Bordeaux Hospital, place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; UMR-5164 CNRS, CIRID, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Pierre Duffau
- UMR-5164 CNRS, CIRID, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Bordeaux Hospital, 1 rue Jean Burguet, 33075 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
258
|
Breast Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Characterization and Contribution to the Metastatic Phenotype. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:634865. [PMID: 26601108 PMCID: PMC4639645 DOI: 10.1155/2015/634865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer progression is a complex and rapidly evolving field. Whole categories of cellular interactions in cancer which were originally presumed to be due solely to soluble secreted molecules have now evolved to include membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include both exosomes and shed microvesicles (MVs), and can contain many of the same molecules as those secreted in soluble form but many different molecules as well. EVs released by cancer cells can transfer mRNA, miRNA, and proteins to different recipient cells within the tumor microenvironment, in both an autocrine and paracrine manner, causing a significant impact on signaling pathways, mRNA transcription, and protein expression. The transfer of EVs to target cells, in turn, supports cancer growth, immunosuppression, and metastasis formation. This review focuses exclusively on breast cancer EVs with an emphasis on breast cancer-derived exosomes, keeping in mind that breast cancer-derived EVs share some common physical properties with EVs of other cancers.
Collapse
|
259
|
Krause M, Samoylenko A, Vainio SJ. Exosomes as renal inductive signals in health and disease, and their application as diagnostic markers and therapeutic agents. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:65. [PMID: 26539435 PMCID: PMC4611857 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells secrete around 30–1000 nm membrane-enclosed vesicles, of which members of the subgroup between 30 and 100 nm are termed exosomes (EXs). EXs are released into the extracellular space and are widely present in body fluids and incorporated mRNA, miRNA, proteins, and signaling molecules. Increasing amounts of evidence suggest that EXs play an important role not only in cell-to-cell communication but also in various physiological and disease processes. EXs secreted by kidney cells control nephron function and are involved in kidney diseases and cancers. This makes them potential targets for diagnostic and therapeutic applications such as non-invasive biomarkers and cell-free vaccines and for use as drug delivery vehicles. This review provides an overview on the known roles of EXs in kidney development and diseases, including renal cancer. Additionally, it covers recent findings on their significance as diagnostic markers and on therapeutic applications to renal diseases and cancers. The intention is to promote an awareness of how many questions still remain open but are certainly worth investigating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Krause
- Biocenter Oulu, Infotech Oulu, Developmental Biology Lab, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
| | - Anatoliy Samoylenko
- Biocenter Oulu, Infotech Oulu, Developmental Biology Lab, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Biocenter Oulu, Infotech Oulu, Developmental Biology Lab, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
260
|
Villar-Piqué A, Lopes da Fonseca T, Outeiro TF. Structure, function and toxicity of alpha-synuclein: the Bermuda triangle in synucleinopathies. J Neurochem 2015; 139 Suppl 1:240-255. [PMID: 26190401 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease belongs to a group of currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the misfolding and accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates that are commonly known as synucleinopathies. Clinically, synucleinopathies are heterogeneous, reflecting the somewhat selective neuronal vulnerability characteristic of each disease. The precise molecular underpinnings of synucleinopathies remain unclear, but the process of aggregation of alpha-synuclein appears as a central event. However, there is still no consensus with respect to the toxic forms of alpha-synuclein, hampering our ability to use the protein as a target for therapeutic intervention. To decipher the molecular bases of synucleinopathies, it is essential to understand the complex triangle formed between the structure, function and toxicity of alpha-synuclein. Recently, important steps have been undertaken to elucidate the role of the protein in both physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings in the field of alpha-synuclein research, and put forward a new perspective over paradigms that persist in the field. Establishing whether alpha-synuclein has a causative role in all synucleinopathies will enable the identification of targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for this devastating group of disorders. Alpha-synuclein is the speculated cornerstone of several neurodegenerative disorders known as Synucleinopathies. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenic effects of this protein remain unknown. Here, we review the recent findings in the three corners of alpha-synuclein biology - structure, function and toxicity - and discuss the enigmatic roads that have accompanied alpha-synuclein from the beginning. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villar-Piqué
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomás Lopes da Fonseca
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. .,Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal. .,CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
261
|
MicroRNAs in the Cholangiopathies: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1688-712. [PMID: 26343736 PMCID: PMC4600153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholangiopathies are a group of liver diseases resulting from different etiologies but with the cholangiocyte as the primary target. As a group, the cholangiopathies result in significant morbidity and mortality and represent one of the main indications for liver transplant in both children and adults. Contributing to this situation is the absence of a thorough understanding of their pathogenesis and a lack of adequate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that modify gene expression post-transcriptionally. They have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including the cholangiopathies. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of the literature on miRNAs in the cholangiopathies and discuss future research directions.
Collapse
|
262
|
Goetzl EJ, Boxer A, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Petersen RC, Miller BL, Kapogiannis D. Altered lysosomal proteins in neural-derived plasma exosomes in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2015; 85:40-7. [PMID: 26062630 PMCID: PMC4501943 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diverse autolysosomal proteins were quantified in neurally derived blood exosomes from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and controls to investigate disordered neuronal autophagy. METHODS Blood exosomes obtained once from patients with AD (n = 26) or frontotemporal dementia (n = 16), other patients with AD (n = 20) both when cognitively normal and 1 to 10 years later when diagnosed, and case controls were enriched for neural sources by anti-human L1CAM antibody immunoabsorption. Extracted exosomal proteins were quantified by ELISAs and normalized with the CD81 exosomal marker. RESULTS Mean exosomal levels of cathepsin D, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1), and ubiquitinylated proteins were significantly higher and of heat-shock protein 70 significantly lower for AD than controls in cross-sectional studies (p ≤ 0.0005). Levels of cathepsin D, LAMP-1, and ubiquitinylated protein also were significantly higher for patients with AD than for patients with frontotemporal dementia (p ≤ 0.006). Step-wise discriminant modeling of the protein levels correctly classified 100% of patients with AD. Exosomal levels of all proteins were similarly significantly different from those of matched controls in 20 patients 1 to 10 years before and at diagnosis of AD (p ≤ 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Levels of autolysosomal proteins in neurally derived blood exosomes distinguish patients with AD from case controls and appear to reflect the pathology of AD up to 10 years before clinical onset. These preliminary results confirm in living patients with AD the early appearance of neuronal lysosomal dysfunction and suggest that these proteins may be useful biomarkers in large prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Adam Boxer
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Erin L Abner
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bruce L Miller
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
263
|
Hansen EP, Kringel H, Williams AR, Nejsum P. Secretion of RNA-Containing Extracellular Vesicles by the Porcine Whipworm,Trichuris suis. J Parasitol 2015; 101:336-40. [DOI: 10.1645/14-714.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
264
|
Figuera-Losada M, Stathis M, Dorskind JM, Thomas AG, Bandaru VVR, Yoo SW, Westwood NJ, Rogers GW, McArthur JC, Haughey NJ, Slusher BS, Rojas C. Cambinol, a novel inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 shows neuroprotective properties. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124481. [PMID: 26010541 PMCID: PMC4444023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a bioactive lipid that plays an important role in stress responses leading to apoptosis, cell growth arrest and differentiation. Ceramide production is due in part to sphingomyelin hydrolysis by sphingomyelinases. In brain, neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) is expressed in neurons and increases in its activity and expression have been associated with pro-inflammatory conditions observed in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) patients. Increased nSMase2 activity translates into higher ceramide levels and neuronal cell death, which can be prevented by chemical or genetic inhibition of nSMase2 activity or expression. However, to date, there are no soluble, specific and potent small molecule inhibitor tool compounds for in vivo studies or as a starting point for medicinal chemistry optimization. Moreover, the majority of the known inhibitors were identified using bacterial, bovine or rat nSMase2. In an attempt to identify new inhibitor scaffolds, two activity assays were optimized as screening platform using the recombinant human enzyme. First, active hits were identified using a fluorescence-based high throughput compatible assay. Then, hits were confirmed using a 14C sphingomyelin-based direct activity assay. Pharmacologically active compounds and approved drugs were screened using this strategy which led to the identification of cambinol as a novel uncompetitive nSMase2 inhibitor (Ki = 7 μM). The inhibitory activity of cambinol for nSMase2 was approximately 10-fold more potent than for its previously known target, silence information regulator 1 and 2 (SIRT1/2). Cambinol decreased tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin-1 β-induced increases of ceramide and cell death in primary neurons. A preliminary study of cambinol structure and activity allowed the identification of the main structural features required for nSMase2 inhibition. Cambinol and its analogs may be useful as nSMase2 inhibitor tool compounds to prevent ceramide-dependent neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Figuera-Losada
- Brain Science Institute Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marigo Stathis
- Brain Science Institute Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joelle M. Dorskind
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ajit G. Thomas
- Brain Science Institute Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Veera Venkata Ratnam Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Centre, University of Saint Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, Saint Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme W. Rogers
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Centre, University of Saint Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, Saint Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Justin C. McArthur
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NJH); (BSS); (CR)
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Brain Science Institute Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NJH); (BSS); (CR)
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Brain Science Institute Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NJH); (BSS); (CR)
| |
Collapse
|
265
|
Lydic TA, Townsend S, Adda CG, Collins C, Mathivanan S, Reid GE. Rapid and comprehensive 'shotgun' lipidome profiling of colorectal cancer cell derived exosomes. Methods 2015; 87:83-95. [PMID: 25907253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing recognition of the role that cancer cell derived exosomes play in intercellular signaling upon fusion or uptake with a target cell, including immune system evasion, tumor growth and metastasis. To date, however, although exosomal membrane and cargo lipids are expected to play a pivotal role in exosome biogenesis and secretion, as well as in fusion or uptake and target cell functional response, the detailed characterization of cancer cell derived exosome lipids across a range of different cancers has not yet been broadly explored. Here, a simple and straightforward lipidome analysis strategy consisting of optimized sample extraction and novel sample derivatization techniques, coupled with high-resolution 'shotgun' mass spectrometry and 'targeted' tandem mass spectrometry methods, is demonstrated for the rapid identification of >520 individual lipids in 36 lipid classes and sub classes from exosomes secreted by the colorectal cancer cell line, LIM1215. Relative quantification and comparison of exosome versus cellular lipid profiles reveals significant enrichment of certain lipid classes, as well as substantial lipid subclass remodeling and changes in abundance of individual lipids, including sphingolipids, sterol lipids, glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids, and particularly plasmalogen- and alkyl ether-containing glycerophospholipids. This analysis strategy therefore provides a platform for comprehensive lipidome profiling across a wide range of cancer cell or tissue derived exosomes, that will facilitate subsequent functional studies aimed at elucidating the role of specific cellular or exosome lipids in the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, or to identify specific lipid(s) that could serve as effective diagnostic or prognostic disease biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Steven Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christopher G Adda
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Christine Collins
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; School of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
266
|
Didiasova M, Zakrzewicz D, Magdolen V, Nagaraj C, Bálint Z, Rohde M, Preissner KT, Wygrecka M. STIM1/ORAI1-mediated Ca2+ Influx Regulates Enolase-1 Exteriorization. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11983-99. [PMID: 25805497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells use broad spectrum proteolytic activity of plasmin to invade tissue and form metastatic foci. Cell surface-associated enolase-1 (ENO-1) enhances plasmin formation and thus participates in the regulation of pericellular proteolysis. Although increased levels of cell surface bound ENO-1 have been described in different types of cancer, the molecular mechanism responsible for ENO-1 exteriorization remains elusive. In the present study, increased ENO-1 protein levels were found in ductal breast carcinoma and on the cell surface of highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Elevated cell surface-associated ENO-1 expression correlated with augmented MDA-MB-231 cell migratory and invasive properties. Exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to LPS potentiated translocation of ENO-1 to the cell surface and its release into the extracellular space in the form of exosomes. These effects were independent of de novo protein synthesis and did not require the classical endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway. LPS-triggered ENO-1 exteriorization was suppressed by pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA or an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase pump, cyclopiazonic acid. In line with these observations, the stromal interaction molecule (STIM) 1 and the calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI) 1-mediated store-operated Ca(2+) entry were found to regulate LPS-induced ENO-1 exteriorization. Pharmacological blockage or knockdown of STIM1 or ORAI1 reduced ENO-1-dependent migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate the pivotal role of store-operated Ca(2+) channel-mediated Ca(2+) influx in the regulation of ENO-1 exteriorization and thus in the modulation of cancer cell migratory and invasive properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Didiasova
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dariusz Zakrzewicz
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- the Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - Zoltán Bálint
- the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - Manfred Rohde
- the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Central Facility for Microscopy, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
267
|
Rani S, Ryan AE, Griffin MD, Ritter T. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles: Toward Cell-free Therapeutic Applications. Mol Ther 2015; 23:812-823. [PMID: 25868399 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with the ability to differentiate into several cell types, thus serving as a cell reservoir for regenerative medicine. Much of the current interest in therapeutic application of MSCs to various disease settings can be linked to their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. One of the key mechanisms of MSC anti-inflammatory effects is the secretion of soluble factors with paracrine actions. Recently it has emerged that the paracrine functions of MSCs could, at least in part, be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are predominantly released from the endosomal compartment and contain a cargo that includes miRNA, mRNA, and proteins from their cells of origin. Recent animal model-based studies suggest that EVs have significant potential as a novel alternative to whole cell therapies. Compared to their parent cells, EVs may have a superior safety profile and can be safely stored without losing function. In this article, we review current knowledge related to the potential use of MSC-derived EVs in various diseases and discuss the promising future for EVs as an alternative, cell-free therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Rani
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Aideen E Ryan
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Matthew D Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
268
|
Gu H, Overstreet AMC, Yang Y. Exosomes Biogenesis and Potentials in Disease Diagnosis and Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes were discovered more than 30 years ago. Only recently has their importance been recognized for intercellular communication. Exosomes, with their size ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm, are lipid bilayer nanoparticles and secreted by many different types of cells with versatile functions. Exosomes contain macromolecules and exist in various body fluids, including blood, urine, milk and ascites fluid. Due to their specific property, exosomes are very promising in the fields of disease diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology is a great tool that will be helpful in basic research and the application of exosomes. Here, we briefly review the function and potential use of exosomes in nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Anne-Marie C. Overstreet
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
269
|
Molecular characterization of exosomes and their microRNA cargo in human follicular fluid: bioinformatic analysis reveals that exosomal microRNAs control pathways involved in follicular maturation. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:1751-61.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
270
|
Ragusa M, Statello L, Maugeri M, Barbagallo C, Passanisi R, Alhamdani MS, Li Destri G, Cappellani A, Barbagallo D, Scalia M, Valadi H, Hoheisel JD, Di Pietro C, Purrello M. Highly skewed distribution of miRNAs and proteins between colorectal cancer cells and their exosomes following Cetuximab treatment: biomolecular, genetic and translational implications. Oncoscience 2014; 1:132-157. [PMID: 25594007 PMCID: PMC4278285 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exchange of molecules via exosomes is a means of eukaryotic intercellular communication, especially within tumour microenvironments. However, no data are available on alterations of exosomal molecular cargo by environmental cues (eg, pharmacological treatments). To approach this issue, we compared the abundance of 754 miRNAs and 741 cancer-related proteins in exosomes secreted by Caco-2 (Cetuximab-responsive) and HCT- 116 (Cetuximab-resistant) CRC cells, before and after Cetuximab treatment, with that in their source cells. Cetuximab significantly altered the cargo of Caco-2 exosomes: it increased abundance of miRNAs and proteins activating proliferation and inflammation and reduced miRNAs and proteins related to immune suppression. These alterations did not precisely mirror those in source cells, suggesting a Cetuximab-linked effect. Analogous alterations were detected in HCT-116. Transfection of exosomes from Cetuximab-treated Caco-2 into HCT-116 significantly increased HCT-116 viability; conversely, no viability alteration was detected in Caco-2 transfected with exosomes from Cetuximab-treated HCT-116. Analysis of networks, comprising targets of differentially expressed (DE) exosomal miRNAs and DE exosomal proteins, demonstrates a significant involvement of processes related to proliferation, inflammation, immune response, apoptosis. Our data extend existing knowledge on molecular mechanisms of eukaryotic intercellular communication, especially in oncological processes. Their translation to clinical settings may add new weapons to existing therapeutic repertoires against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ragusa
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | - Luisa Statello
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | - Marco Maugeri
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | - Cristina Barbagallo
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | - Roberta Passanisi
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | - Mohamed S Alhamdani
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - Giovanni Li Destri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Trapianti d'Organo e Tecnologie Avanzate, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | | | - Davide Barbagallo
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | - Marina Scalia
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | - Hadi Valadi
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Gothenburg, Sweden, EU
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| | - Michele Purrello
- Molecular, Systems and Genome BioMedicine Unit, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
| |
Collapse
|
271
|
Gajos-Michniewicz A, Duechler M, Czyz M. MiRNA in melanoma-derived exosomes. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:29-37. [PMID: 24513178 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, RNAs and viruses can be spread through exosomes, therefore transport utilizing these nanovesicles is of the great interest. MiRNAs are common exosomal constituents capable of influencing expression of a variety of target genes. MiRNA signatures of exosomes are unique in cancer patients and differ from those in normal controls. The knowledge about miRNA profiles of tumor-derived exosomes may contribute to better diagnosis, determination of tumor progression and response to treatment, as well as to the development of targeted therapies. We summarize the current knowledge with regard to miRNAs that are found in exosomes derived from tumors, particularly from melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Duechler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
272
|
Oltra E. Relevance of splicing on tumor-released exosome landscape: implications in cancer therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:194. [PMID: 25429285 PMCID: PMC4228196 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Oltra
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|