1
|
Goetzl EJ, Alpert JS. CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing to the Genetic Rescue. Am J Med 2024; 137:386-389. [PMID: 38281656 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco.
| | - Joseph S Alpert
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Editor in Chief, The American Journal of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goetzl EJ. Th2 cells in rapid immune responses and protective avoidance reactions. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23485. [PMID: 38372961 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302584rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 helper cells (Th2 cells) differentiate from CD4 helper T cells under the influence of IL-4 and conventional or monocyte-derived CD11b+ dendritic cells. Th2 cells are capable of generating IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, as well as evoking immunoglobulin class-switch to IgE. Three types of rapid immune responses are Th2 cell-dependent: (1) mast cell-IgE mediated allergic reactions, (2) Th2 cell-derived cytokine-mediated reactions that complement allergic reactions and protect the host from toxins, xenobiotics, environmental irritants, and helminthic parasites, and (3) IgE-stimulated mast cell-derived cysteinyl-leukotriene mediated avoidance of toxins. The contributions of Th2 cell-derived cytokines to eosinophilia (IL-5), IgE class-switch, and epithelial barrier activation, mucous secretion, and metaplasia (IL-4 and IL-13) in asthma, allergic rhinitis with polyps and atopic dermatitis have led to anti-cytokine monoclonal antibody treatments. Anti-IL-5 neutralizing monoclonal antibody in asthma and anti-IL-4/IL-13 receptor neutralizing monoclonal antibody in asthma and atopic dermatitis are proven successful therapies in appropriately selected patients who are not sufficiently improved by conventional treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Research Department, Geriatric Research Center, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Delgado-Peraza F, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Simonsen AH, Knight DD, Yao PJ, Goetzl EJ, Jensen CS, Høgh P, Gottrup H, Vestergaard K, Hasselbalch SG, Kapogiannis D. Correction: Neuron‑derived extracellular vesicles in blood reveal effects of exercise in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:18. [PMID: 38263287 PMCID: PMC10804520 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Francheska Delgado-Peraza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - De'Larrian DeAnté Knight
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Research Department, Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA, 94112, USA
| | - Camilla Steen Jensen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Høgh
- Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 1165, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gottrup
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karsten Vestergaard
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Clinic, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goetzl EJ. An emerging spectrum of therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23238. [PMID: 37795882 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301461r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of effective preventative and therapeutic measures for Alzheimer's disease has been unsuccessful because of the long and subtly symptomatic preclinical period, difficulties obtaining tissue and biochemical data from living patients, and the many complex underlying pathogenic processes. Recent applications of sensitive specific bioimaging techniques, analyses of RNAs and proteins of neural cell-derived extracellular vesicles in blood, and sophisticated genetic procedures in cellular and rodent models have yielded hopeful new therapeutic targets. These newer targets are described here in relation to their neural cellular location, potential genetic modifications and possible pharmacological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Research Department, Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Delgado-Peraza F, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Simonsen AH, Knight DD, Yao PJ, Goetzl EJ, Jensen CS, Høgh P, Gottrup H, Vestergaard K, Hasselbalch SG, Kapogiannis D. Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles in blood reveal effects of exercise in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:156. [PMID: 37730689 PMCID: PMC10510190 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) in blood may be used to derive biomarkers for the effects of exercise in Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this purpose, we studied changes in neuroprotective proteins proBDNF, BDNF, and humanin in plasma NDEVs from patients with mild to moderate AD participating in the randomized controlled trial (RCT) of exercise ADEX. METHODS proBDNF, BDNF, and humanin were quantified in NDEVs immunocaptured from the plasma of 95 ADEX participants, randomized into exercise and control groups, and collected at baseline and 16 weeks. Exploratorily, we also quantified NDEV levels of putative exerkines known to respond to exercise in peripheral tissues. RESULTS NDEV levels of proBDNF, BDNF, and humanin increased in the exercise group, especially in APOE ε4 carriers, but remained unchanged in the control group. Inter-correlations between NDEV biomarkers observed at baseline were maintained after exercise. NDEV levels of putative exerkines remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the cognitive benefits of exercise could be mediated by the upregulation of neuroprotective factors in NDEVs. Additionally, our results indicate that AD subjects carrying APOE ε4 are more responsive to the neuroprotective effects of physical activity. Unchanged NDEV levels of putative exerkines after physical activity imply that exercise engages different pathways in neurons and peripheral tissues. Future studies should aim to expand upon the effects of exercise duration, intensity, and type in NDEVs from patients with early AD and additional neurodegenerative disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Effect of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer Patients (ADEX) was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov on April 30, 2012 with the identifier NCT01681602.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francheska Delgado-Peraza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - De'Larrian DeAnté Knight
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Research Department, Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA, 94112, USA
| | - Camilla Steen Jensen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Høgh
- Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 1165, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gottrup
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karsten Vestergaard
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Clinic, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goetzl EJ, Yao PJ, Kapogiannis D. Prediction of Post-Acute-Sequelae of COVID-19 by Cargo Protein Biomarkers of Blood Total Extracellular Vesicles in Acute COVID-19. Am J Med 2023:S0002-9343(23)00258-9. [PMID: 37072092 PMCID: PMC10106499 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 invades mitochondria of infected cells resulting in disordered metabolism, mitophagy and abnormal levels of mitochondrial proteins in extracellular vesicles. Blood extracellular vesicle SARS-CoV-2 proteins and mitochondrial proteins were quantified in COVID-19 to assess possible roles as biomarkers. METHODS Total extracellular vesicles were precipitated from blood of age- and gender-matched participants with no infection (n=10), acute COVID-19 (n=16), post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC or long-COVID) (n=30) or post-acute COVID without PASC (n=8) and their extracted proteins quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS Total extracellular vesicle levels of S1(RBD) protein were significantly higher in acute infections than in uninfected controls, post-acute infection without PASC and PASC. Total extracellular vesicle levels of N protein were significantly higher in PASC than in uninfected controls, acute infections and post-acute infection without PASC. Neither acute levels of S1(RBD) or N proteins predicted progression to PASC. Levels of neither SARS-CoV-2 protein in established PASC correlated with neuropsychiatric manifestations. Significant decreases in total extracellular vesicle levels of the mitochondrial proteins MOTS-c, VDAC-1 and humanin, as well as elevations of levels of SARM-1, were observed in acutely infected patients who would develop PASC. Significant decreases in total extracellular vesicle levels of MOTS-c and humanin, but not VDAC-1, as well as elevations of total extracellular vesicle levels of SARM-1, were characteristic of PASC patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations. CONCLUSIONS Total extracellular vesicle levels of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in COVID-19 indicate intracellular presence of SARS-CoV-2. Abnormal total extracellular vesicles levels of mitochondrial proteins in acute infections predict a high risk of PASC and later in established PASC are indicative of neuropsychiatric manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Research Department, Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA.
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. Long-COVID: Phase 2 of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Med 2022; 135:1277-1279. [PMID: 35981646 PMCID: PMC9376974 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation. Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Md
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goetzl EJ, Srihari VH, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D, Heninger GR. Abnormal levels of mitochondrial Ca 2+ channel proteins in plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles of early schizophrenia. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22466. [PMID: 35867070 PMCID: PMC9358927 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200792rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Structural alterations or quantitative abnormalities of some mitochondrial ion channels and exchangers are associated with altered neuronal functions and increased susceptibility to mental illness. Here we have assessed levels of functionally prominent mitochondrial calcium ion channel proteins in plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) of living patients with first episodes of psychosis (FP) and matched controls (Cs). NDEVs were enriched with an established method of precipitation and immunoabsorption by anti-human CD171 neural adhesion protein (L1CAM) antibody and extracted proteins quantified with ELISAs. CD81 exosome marker-normalized NDEV levels of leucine zipper EF-hand containing transmembrane 1 protein (LETM1), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M, member 4 (TRPM4), and solute carrier family 8 member B1 (SLC24A6) or mitochondrial Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) were significantly lower for FP patients (n = 10) than Cs (n = 10), whereas NDEV levels of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit α-1C (CACNA-1C) were significantly higher for FP patients than Cs. Abnormal structures or mitochondrial levels of LETM1, NCLX, and CACNA-1C have been linked through analyses of individual proteins, genome-wide association studies, and whole exome protein-coding sequence studies to neurodevelopmental disorders, mental retardation, schizophrenia, and major depressive diseases. A greater understanding of the altered calcium homeostasis in schizophrenia, that is attributable to underlying mitochondrial calcium channel abnormalities, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Research Department, Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vinod H. Srihari
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - George R. Heninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peluso MJ, Deeks SG, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D, Henrich TJ, Lu S, Goldberg SA, Hoh R, Chen J, Martinez EO, Kelly JD, Martin JN, Goetzl EJ. SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial proteins in neural-derived exosomes of COVID-19. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:772-781. [PMID: 35285072 PMCID: PMC9082480 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective As SARS‐CoV‐2 is known to invade neural cell mitochondria, a plasma system for quantifying central nervous system proteins in living humans was used to investigate neuropathogenic mechanisms of long‐COVID‐19. Methods SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins and mitochondrial proteins (MPs) in enriched plasma neuron‐derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) and astrocyte‐derived EVs (ADEVs) were quantified in resolved acute COVID‐19 without post‐acute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 (PASC), PASC without neuropsychiatric manifestations (NP), PASC with NP and healthy controls. Results NDEV and ADEV mean levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 S1 and nucleocapsid (N) proteins were higher in all PASC sub‐groups than controls, but only N levels were higher in PASC with than without NP. Exosome marker CD81‐normalized NDEV mean levels of subunit 6 of MP respiratory chain complex I and subunit 10 of complex III, and neuroprotective MPs Humanin and mitochondrial open‐reading frame of the 12S rRNA‐c (MOTS‐c) all were decreased significantly in PASC with NP but not in PASC without NP relative to controls. NDEV levels of MPs voltage‐dependent anion‐selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) were decreased in PASC without and with NP, whereas those of calcium channel MPs mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), sodium/calcium exchanger (NCLX) and leucine zipper EF‐hand containing transmembrane 1 protein (LETM1) were decreased only in PASC with NP. ADEV levels of MCU and NCLX only were increased in PASC without and with NP. Interpretation Abnormal NDEV and ADEV levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 N and S1 protein and MPs correlate with NP and may be biomarkers for long‐COVID prognostics and therapeutic trials. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:772–781
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Scott Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Sarah A Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, USA
| | - Jessica Chen
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, USA
| | - Enrique O Martinez
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, USA
| | - J Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA.,Research Department, Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, California, 94112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Elahi FM, Harvey D, Altendahl M, Brathaban N, Fernandes N, Casaletto KB, Staffaroni AM, Maillard P, Hinman JD, Miller BL, DeCarli C, Kramer JH, Goetzl EJ. Author Correction: Elevated complement mediator levels in endothelial-derived plasma exosomes implicate endothelial innate inflammation in diminished brain function of aging humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2008. [PMID: 35105918 PMCID: PMC8807814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny M Elahi
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marie Altendahl
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nivetha Brathaban
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Fernandes
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Maillard
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Geriatric Research Center, 1719 Broderick St., San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goetzl EJ, Maecker HT, Rosenberg-Hasson Y, Koran LM. Altered Functional Mitochondrial Protein Levels in Plasma Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles of Patients With Gadolinium Deposition. Front Toxicol 2022; 3:797496. [PMID: 35295151 PMCID: PMC8915819 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.797496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The retention of the heavy metal, gadolinium, after a Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent-assisted MRI may lead to a symptom cluster termed Gadolinium Deposition Disease. Little is known of the disorder's underlying pathophysiology, but a recent study reported abnormally elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to normal controls. As a calcium channel blocker in cellular plasma and mitochondrial membranes, gadolinium also interferes with mitochondrial function. We applied to sera from nine Gadolinium Deposition Disease and two Gadolinium Storage Condition patients newly developed methods allowing isolation of plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles that contain reproducibly quantifiable levels of mitochondrial proteins of all major classes. Patients' levels of five mitochondrial functional proteins were statistically significantly lower and of two significantly higher than the levels in normal controls. The patterns of differences between study patients and controls for mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial proteins encompassing neuronal energy generation, metabolic regulation, ion fluxes, and survival differed from those seen for patients with first episode psychosis and those with Major Depressive Disorder compared to their controls. These findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction due to retained gadolinium may play a role in causing Gadolinium Deposition Disease. Larger samples of both GDD and GSC patients are needed to allow not only testing the repeatability of our findings, but also investigation of relationships of specific mitochondrial protein deficiencies or excesses and concurrent cytokine, genetic, or other factors to GDD's neurological and cognitive symptoms. Studies of neuronal mitochondrial proteins as diagnostic markers or indicators of treatment effectiveness are also warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Goetzl
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yael Rosenberg-Hasson
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lorrin M. Koran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Lorrin M. Koran,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Delgado-Peraza F, Nogueras-Ortiz CJ, Volpert O, Liu D, Goetzl EJ, Mattson MP, Greig NH, Eitan E, Kapogiannis D. Neuronal and Astrocytic Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers in Blood Reflect Brain Pathology in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050993. [PMID: 33922642 PMCID: PMC8146429 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating neuronal extracellular vesicles (NEVs) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients show high Tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) levels, whereas their astrocytic EVs (AEVs) contain high complement levels. To validate EV proteins as AD biomarkers, we immunocaptured NEVs and AEVs from plasma collected from fifteen wild type (WT), four 2xTg-AD, nine 5xFAD, and fifteen 3xTg-AD mice and assessed biomarker relationships with brain tissue levels. NEVs from 3xTg-AD mice had higher total Tau (p = 0.03) and p181-Tau (p = 0.0004) compared to WT mice. There were moderately strong correlations between biomarkers in NEVs and cerebral cortex and hippocampus (total Tau: cortex, r = 0.4, p = 0.009; p181-Tau: cortex, r = 0.7, p < 0.0001; hippocampus, r = 0.6, p < 0.0001). NEVs from 5xFAD compared to other mice had higher Aβ42 (p < 0.005). NEV Aβ42 had moderately strong correlations with Aβ42 in cortex (r = 0.6, p = 0.001) and hippocampus (r = 0.7, p < 0.0001). AEV C1q was elevated in 3xTg-AD compared to WT mice (p = 0.005); AEV C1q had moderate-strong correlations with C1q in cortex (r = 0.9, p < 0.0001) and hippocampus (r = 0.7, p < 0.0001). Biomarkers in circulating NEVs and AEVs reflect their brain levels across multiple AD mouse models supporting their potential use as a “liquid biopsy” for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francheska Delgado-Peraza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 212241, USA; (F.D.-P.); (C.J.N.-O.)
| | - Carlos J. Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 212241, USA; (F.D.-P.); (C.J.N.-O.)
| | - Olga Volpert
- NeuroDex Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA; (O.V.); (E.E.)
| | - Dong Liu
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (D.L.); (N.H.G.)
| | - Edward J. Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- San Francisco Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (D.L.); (N.H.G.)
| | - Erez Eitan
- NeuroDex Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA; (O.V.); (E.E.)
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 212241, USA; (F.D.-P.); (C.J.N.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-454-8393
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Goetzl EJ, Srihari VH, Guloksuz S, Ferrara M, Tek C, Heninger GR. Neural cell-derived plasma exosome protein abnormalities implicate mitochondrial impairment in first episodes of psychosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21339. [PMID: 33454965 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002519r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotective and other functional proteins of mitochondria were quantified in extracts of plasma neural-derived exosomes from ten first-episode psychosis (FP) patients and ten matched psychiatrically normal controls (ctls). Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) and neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) were immunoabsorbed separately from physically precipitated plasma total EVs. Extracted mitochondrial ATP synthase was specifically immunofixed to plastic wells for quantification of catalytic activity based on conversion of NADH to NAD+ . Other extracted mitochondrial functional proteins were quantified by ELISAs. All protein levels were normalized with EV content of the CD81 exosome marker. FP patient ADEV level but not NDEV level of mitochondrial ATP synthase activity was significantly lower than that of ctls. FP patient ADEV and NDEV levels of the functionally critical mitochondrial proteins mitofusin 2 and cyclophilin D, but not of transcription factor A of mitochondria, and of the mitochondrial short open-reading frame neuroprotective and metabolic regulatory peptides humanin and MOTS-c were significantly lower than those of ctls. In contrast, FP patient NDEV, but not ADEV, level of the mitochondrial-tethering protein syntaphilin, but not of myosin VI, was significantly higher than that of ctls. The distinctively different neural levels of some mitochondrial proteins in FP patients than ctls now should be correlated with diverse clinical characteristics. Drugs that increase depressed levels of proteins and mimetics of deficient short open-reading frame peptides may be of therapeutic value in early phases of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vinod H Srihari
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cenk Tek
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George R Heninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Goetzl EJ, Wolkowitz OM, Srihari VH, Reus VI, Goetzl L, Kapogiannis D, Heninger GR, Mellon SH. Abnormal levels of mitochondrial proteins in plasma neuronal extracellular vesicles in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7355-7362. [PMID: 34471251 PMCID: PMC8872999 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To characterize neuronal mitochondrial abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD), functional mitochondrial proteins (MPs) extracted from enriched plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) of MDD participants (n = 20) were quantified before and after eight weeks of treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Pretreatment baseline NDEV levels of the transcriptional type 2 nuclear respiratory factor (NRF2) which controls mitochondrial biogenesis and many anti-oxidant gene responses, regulators of diverse neuronal mitochondrial functions cyclophilin D (CYPD) and mitofusin-2 (MFN2), leucine zipper EF-hand containing transmembrane 1 protein (LETM1) component of a calcium channel/calcium channel enhancer, mitochondrial tethering proteins syntaphilin (SNPH) and myosin VI (MY06), inner membrane electron transport complexes I (subunit 6) and III (subunit 10), the penultimate enzyme of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) generation nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylytransferase 2 (NMNAT2), and neuronal mitochondrial metabolic regulatory and protective factors humanin and mitochondrial open-reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) all were significantly lower than those of NDEVs from matched controls (n = 10), whereas those of pro-neurodegenerative NADase Sterile Alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) were higher. The baseline NDEV levels of transcription factor A mitochondrial (TFAM) and the transcriptional master-regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis PPAR γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) showed no differences between MDD participants and controls. Several of these potential biomarker proteins showed substantially different changes in untreated MDD than those we reported in untreated first-episode psychosis. NDEV levels of MPs of all functional classes, except complex I-6, NRF2 and PGC-1α were normalized in MDD participants who responded to SSRI therapy (n = 10) but not in those who failed to respond (n = 10) by psychiatric evaluation. If larger studies validate NDEV MP abnormalities, they may become useful biomarkers and identify new drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Goetzl
- grid.30389.310000 0001 2348 0690Professor Emeritus, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Owen M. Wolkowitz
- grid.30389.310000 0001 2348 0690Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Vinod H. Srihari
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Victor I. Reus
- grid.30389.310000 0001 2348 0690Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Laura Goetzl
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- grid.419475.a0000 0000 9372 4913Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - George R. Heninger
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Synthia H. Mellon
- grid.30389.310000 0001 2348 0690Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goetzl EJ, Srihari VH, Guloksuz S, Ferrara M, Tek C, Heninger GR. Decreased mitochondrial electron transport proteins and increased complement mediators in plasma neural-derived exosomes of early psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:361. [PMID: 33106473 PMCID: PMC7588411 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially neurotoxic systems involved in traumatic and degenerative diseases of the brain were assessed in acute psychosis. Astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) and neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) were immunoprecipitated from plasma of ten untreated first-episode psychotics (FPs) and ten matched normal controls (Cs). Neural mitochondrial electron transport and complement proteins were extracted, quantified by ELISAs and normalized with levels of CD81 exosome marker. Levels of subunits 1 and 6 of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) and subunit 10 of cytochrome b-c1 oxidase (complex III), but not of subunit 1 of cytochrome C oxidase (complex IV) or superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) were significantly lower in ADEs and NDEs of FPs than Cs. This dysregulated pattern of electron transport proteins is associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species. ADE glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were significantly higher in FPs than Cs, indicating a higher percentage of inflammatory astrocytes in FPs. ADE levels of C3b opsonin were significantly higher and those of C5b-9 attack complex was marginally higher in FPs than Cs. A significantly lower ADE level of the C3 convertase inhibitor CD55 may explain the higher levels of C3 convertase-generated C3b. ADE levels of the neuroprotective protein leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were significantly lower in FPs than Cs, whereas levels of IL-6 were no different. Plasma neural exosome levels of electron transport and complement proteins may be useful in predicting FP and guiding therapy. SOD mimetics, C3 convertase inhibitors and LIF receptor agonists also may have therapeutic benefits in FP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Goetzl
- grid.413077.60000 0004 0434 9023Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Vinod H. Srihari
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Maria Ferrara
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Cenk Tek
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT USA
| | - George R. Heninger
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Enrichment of neurally derived extracellular vesicles of several cell-types from plasma for protein quantification longitudinally in living patients with Alzheimer's disease has permitted the development of a tentative temporal framework of initiating events, progression mechanisms, and amplification processes. Interactions of beta-amyloid peptides with an elevated level of their normal prion protein dendritic receptor and of phospho-tau species with their synaptogyrin-3 synaptic vesicle receptor replace excessive production and accumulation of neuropathic proteins as the major initiating events. Synaptic dysfunction and microvascular angiopathy are confirmed as early progression mechanisms of decreased neuronal network connectivity, hypoxia, altered blood-brain barrier, and neurocellular degeneration. Neurally derived extracellular vesicle protein abnormalities also reveal a range of later amplification processes that encompasses insulin resistance, lysosomal defects, decreased survival factors, increased reactive oxygen species, and excessive neuroinflammation. New potential therapeutic targets also are suggested as well as the likely timing of their pathogenic engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Geriatric Research Center, Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tweedie D, Karnati HK, Mullins R, Pick CG, Hoffer BJ, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D, Greig NH. Time-dependent cytokine and chemokine changes in mouse cerebral cortex following a mild traumatic brain injury. eLife 2020; 9:55827. [PMID: 32804078 PMCID: PMC7473773 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious global health problem, many individuals live with TBI-related neurological dysfunction. A lack of biomarkers of TBI has impeded medication development. To identify new potential biomarkers, we time-dependently evaluated mouse brain tissue and neuronally derived plasma extracellular vesicle proteins in a mild model of TBI with parallels to concussive head injury. Mice (CD-1, 30–40 g) received a sham procedure or 30 g weight-drop and were euthanized 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 hr, 7, 14 and 30 days later. We quantified ipsilateral cortical proteins, many of which differed from sham by 8 hours post-mTBI, particularly GAS-1 and VEGF-B were increased while CXCL16 reduced, 23 proteins changed in 4 or more of the time points. Gene ontology pathways mapped from altered proteins over time related to pathological and physiological processes. Validation of proteins identified in this study may provide utility as treatment response biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Roger Mullins
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, and Dr. Miriam and SheldonG. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abner EL, Elahi FM, Jicha GA, Mustapic M, Al-Janabi O, Kramer JH, Kapogiannis D, Goetzl EJ. Endothelial-derived plasma exosome proteins in Alzheimer's disease angiopathy. FASEB J 2020; 34:5967-5974. [PMID: 32157747 PMCID: PMC7233139 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000034r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Small cerebral vascular disease (SCeVD) demonstrated by white matter hyperintensity (WMH) on MRI contributes to the development of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it has not been possible to correlate onset, severity, or protein components of SCeVD with characteristics of WMH in living patients. Plasma endothelial-derived exosomes (EDEs) were enriched by two-step immunoabsorption from four groups of participants with no clinical evidence of cerebrovascular disease: cognitively normal (CN) without WMH (CN without SCeVD, n = 20), CN with SCeVD (n = 22), preclinical AD (pAD) + mild cognitive impairment (MCI) without SCeVD (pAD/MCI without SCeVD, n = 22), and pAD/MCI with SCeVD (n = 16) for ELISA quantification of cargo proteins. Exosome marker CD81-normalized EDE levels of the cerebrovascular-selective biomarkers large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1), glucose transporter type 1 (Glut-1), and permeability-glycoprotein (p-GP, ABCB1) were similarly significantly higher in the CN with SCeVD and pAD/MCI with SCeVD groups than their corresponding control groups without SCeVD. CD81-normalized EDE levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were significantly higher in the pAD/MCI with SCeVD group but not in the CN with SCeVD group relative to controls without SCeVD. Levels of normal cellular prion protein (PrPc), a receptor for amyloid peptides, and phospho-181T-tau were higher in both CN and pAD/MCI with SCeVD groups than in the corresponding controls. High EDE levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, and phospho-181T-tau in patients with WMH suggesting SCeVD appear at the pre-clinical or MCI stage of AD and therapeutic lowering of neurotoxic peptide levels may delay progression of AD angiopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fanny M. Elahi
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A. Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Omar Al-Janabi
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward J. Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goetzl EJ, Yaffe K, Peltz CB, Ledreux A, Gorgens K, Davidson B, Granholm AC, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D, Tweedie D, Greig NH. Traumatic brain injury increases plasma astrocyte-derived exosome levels of neurotoxic complement proteins. FASEB J 2020; 34:3359-3366. [PMID: 31916313 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902842r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Possible involvement of complement (C) systems in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was investigated by quantifying Cproteins in plasma astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) of subjects with sports-related TBI (sTBI) and TBI in military veterans (mtTBI) without cognitive impairment. All sTBI subjects (n = 24) had mild injuries, whereas eight of the mtTBI subjects had moderate, and 17 had mild injuries. Plasma levels of ADEs were decreased after acute sTBI and returned to normal within months. Cprotein levels in ADEs were from 12- to 35-fold higher than the corresponding levels in neuron-derived exosomes. CD81 exosome marker-normalized ADE levels of classical pathway C4b, alternative pathway factor D and Bb, lectin pathway mannose-binding lectin (MBL), and shared neurotoxic effectors C3b and C5b-9 terminal C complex were significantly higher and those of C regulatory proteins CR1 and CD59 were lower in the first week of acute sTBI (n = 12) than in controls (n = 12). Most C abnormalities were no longer detected in chronic sTBI at 3-12 months after acute sTBI, except for elevated levels of factor D, Bb, and MBL. In contrast, significant elevations of ADE levels of C4b, factor D, Bb, MBL, C3b and C5b-9 terminal C complex, and depressions of CR1 and CD59 relative to those of controls were observed after 1-4 years in early chronic mtTBI (n = 10) and persisted for decades except for normalization of Bb, MBL, and CD59 in late chronic mtTBI (n = 15). Complement inhibitors may be useful therapeutically in acute TBI and post-concussion syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Neurology-Psychiatry, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carrie B Peltz
- Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kim Gorgens
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Bradley Davidson
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Winston CN, Goetzl EJ, Baker LD, Vitiello MV, Rissman RA. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Modulation of Neuronal Exosome Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:971-981. [PMID: 30372675 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in cognition are linked to decreased expression of somatotropins, GHRH and IGF-1. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are heterogeneous conditions. The loss of GHRH signaling in the brain may be mechanistically involved in AD pathogenesis. The consequent need to identify AD at an early and perhaps more treatable stage has fueled research into blood-based, exosome biomarkers. Plasma exosomes from participants enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 20-week trial of GHRH administration, were isolated, precipitated, and enriched by immuno-absorption with anti-L1CAM antibody (neural adhesion protein) from adults with MCI and age-matched, cognitively normal controls (CNC). Extracted protein cargo from neuronally-derived exosomes (NDEs) were assessed by ELISAs for protein levels implicated in AD neuropathology and for synaptic proteins altered by AD. Plasma NDE concentrations of Aβ1-42 were significantly increased while plasma NDE concentrations of NRGN, synaptophysin, synaptotagmin, and synaptopodin were significantly decreased in patients with MCI, independent of GHRH treatment. Plasma NDE concentrations of ptau-S396 and GAP43 were not affected by cognitive status (CNC versus MCI) or by GHRH treatment. Aβ1-42, neurogranin (NRGN), synaptophysin, synaptotagmin, and synaptopodin demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing between CNC and MCI patients, while synaptophysin and synaptotagmin demonstrated moderate accuracy in distinguishing between placebo-treated and GHRH-treated, MCI patients.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kapogiannis D, Mustapic M, Shardell MD, Berkowitz ST, Diehl TC, Spangler RD, Tran J, Lazaropoulos MP, Chawla S, Gulyani S, Eitan E, An Y, Huang CW, Oh ES, Lyketsos CG, Resnick SM, Goetzl EJ, Ferrucci L. Association of Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers With Alzheimer Disease in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76:1340-1351. [PMID: 31305918 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Blood biomarkers able to diagnose Alzheimer disease (AD) at the preclinical stage would enable trial enrollment when the disease is potentially reversible. Plasma neuronal-enriched extracellular vesicles (nEVs) of patients with AD were reported to exhibit elevated levels of phosphorylated (p) tau, Aβ42, and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). Objective To validate nEV biomarkers as AD predictors. Design, Setting, Participants This case-control study included longitudinal plasma samples from cognitively normal participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) cohort who developed AD up to January 2015 and age- and sex-matched controls who remained cognitively normal over a similar length of follow-up. Repeated samples were blindly analyzed over 1 year from participants with clinical AD and controls from the Johns Hopkins Alzheimer Disease Research Center (JHADRC). Data were collected from September 2016 to January 2018. Analyses were conducted in March 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Neuronal-enriched extracellular vesicles were immunoprecipitated; tau, Aβ42, and IRS-1 biomarkers were quantified by immunoassays; and nEV concentration and diameter were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Levels and longitudinal trajectories of nEV biomarkers between participants with future AD and control participants were compared. Results Overall, 887 longitudinal plasma samples from 128 BLSA participants who eventually developed AD and 222 age and sex-matched controls who remained cognitively normal were analyzed. Participants were followed up (from earliest sample to AD symptom onset) for a mean (SD) of 3.5 (2.31) years (range, 0-9.73 years). Overall, 161 participants were included in the training set, and 80 were in the test set. Participants in the BLSA cohort with future AD (mean [SD] age, 79.09 [7.02] years; 68 women [53.13%]) had longitudinally higher p-tau181, p-tau231, pSer312-IRS-1, pY-IRS-1, and nEV diameter than controls (mean [SD] age, 76.2 [7.36] years; 110 women [50.45%]) but had similar Aβ42, total tau, TSG101, and nEV concentration. In the training BLSA set, a model combining preclinical longitudinal data achieved 89.6% area under curve (AUC), 81.8% sensitivity, and 85.8% specificity for predicting AD. The model was validated in the test BLSA set (80% AUC, 55.6% sensitivity, 88.7% specificity). Preclinical levels of nEV biomarkers were associated with cognitive performance. In addition, 128 repeated samples over 1 year from 64 JHADRC participants with clinical AD and controls were analyzed. In the JHADRC cohort (35 participants with AD: mean [SD] age, 74.03 [8.73] years; 18 women [51.43%] and 29 controls: mean [SD] age, 72.14 [7.86] years; 23 women [79.31%]), nEV biomarkers achieved discrimination with 98.9% AUC, 100% sensitivity, and 94.7% specificity in the training set and 76.7% AUC, 91.7% sensitivity, and 60% specificity in the test set. Conclusions and Relevance We validated nEV biomarker candidates and further demonstrated that their preclinical longitudinal trajectories can predict AD diagnosis. These findings motivate further development of nEV biomarkers toward a clinical blood test for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle D Shardell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sean T Berkowitz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas C Diehl
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryan D Spangler
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joyce Tran
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael P Lazaropoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sahil Chawla
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Seema Gulyani
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erez Eitan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chiung-Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Esther S Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Constantine G Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
To identify long-term effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on levels of plasma neuron-derived exosome (NDE) protein biomarkers of cognitive impairment (CI), plasmas were obtained from four groups of older veterans, who were matched for age and sex: no TBI or CI (n = 42), no TBI with CI (n = 19), TBI without CI (n = 21), and TBI with CI (n = 26). The TBI was sustained 12 to 74 years before the study in 75%. The NDEs were enriched by sequential precipitation and anti-L1CAM antibody immunoabsorption, and extracted protein biomarkers were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Chronic NDE biomarkers known to increase for three to 12 months after TBI, including cellular prion protein (PrPc), synaptogyrin-3, P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau, Aβ42, and interleukin (IL)-6, were elevated significantly in subjects who had TBI and CI compared with controls with TBI but no CI. Chronic NDE biomarker levels in subjects without TBI showed significantly higher levels of PrPc, synaptogyrin-3, P-T181-tau, and Aβ42, but not P-S396-tau and IL-6, in those with CI compared with controls without CI. The acute NDE biomarkers claudin-5, annexin VII, and aquaporin-4 were not increased in either group with CI. The NDE biomarkers P-S396-tau and IL-6, which are increased distinctively with CI after TBI, may prove useful in evaluating CI in older patients. Aβ42 and P-tau species, as well as their respective putative receptors, PrPc and synaptogyrin-3, remain elevated for decades after TBI and may mediate TBI-associated CI and be useful targets for development of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Carrie B Peltz
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Neurology-Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Goetzl EJ, Ledreux A, Granholm AC, Elahi FM, Goetzl L, Hiramoto J, Kapogiannis D. Neuron-Derived Exosome Proteins May Contribute to Progression From Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries to Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:452. [PMID: 31133789 PMCID: PMC6517542 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent recognition that Alzheimer disease-like pathology may be found in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) even after acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has increased the urgency of elucidating mechanisms, identifying biomarkers predictive of high risk of development of CTE, and establishing biomarker profiles indicative of impactful effects of treatments. Of the many proteins that are loaded into neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) from damaged neurons after acute TBI, the levels of prion cellular protein (PRPc), coagulation factor XIII (XIIIa), synaptogyrin-3, IL-6, and aquaporins remain elevated for months. Prolonged heightened expression of aquaporins and IL-6 may account for the persistent central nervous system edema and inflammation of CTE. PRPc, XIIIa and synaptogyrin-3 bind and concentrate neurotoxic forms of oligomeric amyloid β peptides or P-tau for delivery into neurons at or distant from the site of trauma. Our progression factor hypothesis of CTE asserts that physiological neuronal proteins, such as PRPc, XIIIa, synaptogyrin-3, IL-6 and aquaporins, that increase in concentration in neurons and NDEs for months after acute TBI, are etiological contributors to CTE by either direct actions or by recruiting neurotoxic forms of Aβ peptides or P-tau. Such progression factors also may be useful new targets for development of drugs to prevent CTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Fanny M Elahi
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Health Sciences Center at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jade Hiramoto
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hampel H, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D, Lista S, Vergallo A. Biomarker-Drug and Liquid Biopsy Co-development for Disease Staging and Targeted Therapy: Cornerstones for Alzheimer's Precision Medicine and Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:310. [PMID: 30984002 PMCID: PMC6450260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biology studies have demonstrated that different (epi)genetic and pathophysiological alterations may be mapped onto a single tumor’s clinical phenotype thereby revealing commonalities shared by cancers with divergent phenotypes. The success of this approach in cancer based on analyses of traditional and emerging body fluid-based biomarkers has given rise to the concept of liquid biopsy enabling a non-invasive and widely accessible precision medicine approach and a significant paradigm shift in the management of cancer. Serial liquid biopsies offer clues about the evolution of cancer in individual patients across disease stages enabling the application of individualized genetically and biologically guided therapies. Moreover, liquid biopsy is contributing to the transformation of drug research and development strategies as well as supporting clinical practice allowing identification of subsets of patients who may enter pathway-based targeted therapies not dictated by clinical phenotypes alone. A similar liquid biopsy concept is emerging for Alzheimer’s disease, in which blood-based biomarkers adaptable to each patient and stage of disease, may be used for positive and negative patient selection to facilitate establishment of high-value drug targets and counter-measures for drug resistance. Going beyond the “one marker, one drug” model, integrated applications of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, receptor expression and receptor cell biology and conformational status assessments during biomarker-drug co-development may lead to a new successful era for Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. We argue that the time is now for implementing a liquid biopsy-guided strategy for the development of drugs that precisely target Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology in individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Goetzl EJ, Elahi FM, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D, Pryhoda M, Gilmore A, Gorgens KA, Davidson B, Granholm AC, Ledreux A. Altered levels of plasma neuron-derived exosomes and their cargo proteins characterize acute and chronic mild traumatic brain injury. FASEB J 2019; 33:5082-5088. [PMID: 30605353 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802319r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) were enriched by anti-L1CAM antibody immunoabsorption from plasmas of subjects ages 18-26 yr within 1 wk after a sports-related mild traumatic brain injury (acute mTBI) ( n = 18), 3 mo or longer after the last of 2-4 mTBIs (chronic mTBI) ( n = 14) and with no recent history of TBI (controls) ( n = 21). Plasma concentrations of NDEs, assessed by counts and levels of extracted exosome marker CD81, were significantly depressed by a mean of 45% in acute mTBI ( P < 0.0001), but not chronic mTBI, compared with controls. Mean CD81-normalized NDE levels of a range of functional brain proteins were significantly abnormal relative to those of controls in acute but not chronic mTBI, including ras-related small GTPase 10, 73% decrease; annexin VII, 8.8-fold increase; ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, 2.5-fold increase; AII spectrin fragments, 1.9-fold increase; claudin-5, 2.7-fold increase; sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter-1, 2.8-fold increase; aquaporin 4, 8.9-fold increase (3.6-fold increase in chronic mTBI); and synaptogyrin-3, 3.1-fold increase (1.3-fold increase in chronic mTBI) (all acute mTBI proteins P < 0.0001). In chronic mTBI, there were elevated CD81-normalized NDE levels of usually pathologic β-amyloid peptide 1-42 (1.6-fold, P < 0.0001), P-T181-tau (2.2-fold, P < 0.0001), P-S396-tau (1.6-fold, P < 0.01), IL-6 (16-fold, P < 0.0001), and prion cellular protein (PRPc) (5.1-fold, P < 0.0001) with lesser or greater (IL-6, PRPc) increases in acute mTBI. Increases in NDE levels of most neurofunctional proteins in acute, but not chronic, mTBI, and elevations of most NDE neuropathological proteins in chronic and acute mTBI delineated phase-specificity. Longitudinal studies of more mTBI subjects may identify biomarkers predictive of and etiologically involved in mTBI-induced neurodegeneration.-Goetzl, E. J., Elahi, F. M., Mustapic, M., Kapogiannis, D., Pryhoda, M., Gilmore, A., Gorgens, K. A., Davidson, B., Granholm, A.-C., Ledreux, A. Altered levels of plasma neuron-derived exosomes and their cargo proteins characterize acute and chronic mild traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fanny M Elahi
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Moira Pryhoda
- Human Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Anah Gilmore
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and
| | - Kimberly A Gorgens
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Bradley Davidson
- Human Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elahi FM, Casaletto KB, Altendahl M, Staffaroni AM, Fletcher E, Filshtein TJ, Glymour MM, Miller BL, Hinman JD, DeCarli C, Goetzl EJ, Kramer JH. "Liquid Biopsy" of White Matter Hyperintensity in Functionally Normal Elders. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:343. [PMID: 30483114 PMCID: PMC6244607 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: In the aging brain, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) on MRI are frequently presumed secondary to cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) or endotheliopathy. We investigate this association in vivo by quantifying protein cargo from endothelial-derived exosomes (EDE), and comparing levels between two groups of functionally normal elders with and without WMH. In addition, we study associations of EDE proteins with upstream and downstream factors, such as inflammation and neurodegenerative changes, respectively. Methods: Twenty six neurologically normal older adults completed general health questionnaires, neuropsychological and physical examinations, and brain MRI. WMH was visually graded with modified Fazekas score of 2 or greater used to classify 11 subjects as cases, and 15 without WMH as controls. Plasma total exosomes were precipitated and EDEs enriched by sequential immuno-precipitations. In addition, we quantified three inflammatory cytokines from plasma and imaging variables on MRI. Group means were compared, the discriminant functions of biomarkers calculated, and the association of EDE biomarkers with plasma inflammatory markers, cognition, and imaging outcomes assessed via regression modeling. Results: Plasma levels of EDE cargo proteins GLUT1, LAT1, P-GP, and NOSTRIN were significantly higher in subjects with WMH in comparison to those without. In contrast, EDE levels of the marker with low expression in brain (VCAM1) were equal between groups. The effect sizes for each of the brain-expressed cargo proteins (GLUT1, LAT1, and P-GP) were such that age-adjusted logistic regressions revealed areas under the curve (AUC) with range of 0.82–0.89, differentiating subjects with WMH from those without. VCAM1 poorly discriminated between groups (AUC:0.55). Higher levels of all brain-expressed EDE proteins were also associated with lower cognitive function, unrelated to burden of WMH. Levels of LAT1 and P-GP were significantly inversely associated with global gray matter volumes, and EDE GLUT1, LAT-1, and P-GP concentrations were significantly associated with systemic IL-6 levels. Conclusion: In a case control study of clinically normal adults with and without WMH, concentrations of EDE proteins were significantly higher in subjects with WMH in comparison to controls. This work is a first step toward in vivo dissection of molecular changes in endothelia of functionally normal subjects with radiographic evidence of age-associated white matter disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny M Elahi
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marie Altendahl
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Evan Fletcher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Teresa J Filshtein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maria M Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Elahi F, Altendahl M, Filshtein TJ, Casaletto K, Staffaroni AM, Contreras WR, Karydas AM, Cobigo Y, Fletcher E, Singh B, Martinez O, Rosen HJ, Hinman J, Akassoglou K, Glymour M, DeCarli CS, Goetzl EJ, Kramer JH. P2‐245: ENDOTHELIAL‐DERIVED EXOSOME BIOMARKERS SUGGEST ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN SUBCLINICAL CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Elahi
- University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna M. Karydas
- Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Yann Cobigo
- University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason Hinman
- University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Maria Glymour
- University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | - Joel H. Kramer
- University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mustapic M, Eitan E, Berkowitz ST, Diehl TC, Gulyani S, An Y, Mattson MP, Resnick SM, Goetzl EJ, Ferrucci L, Kapogiannis D. O3‐09‐01: EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE‐BASED BIOMARKERS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN THE BALTIMORE LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF AGING. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mustapic
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Erez Eitan
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Sean T. Berkowitz
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Thomas C. Diehl
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Seema Gulyani
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Yang An
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Susan M. Resnick
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Goetzl EJ, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Mustapic M, Mullins RJ, Abner EL, Schwartz JB, Kapogiannis D. Deficient neurotrophic factors of CSPG4-type neural cell exosomes in Alzheimer disease. FASEB J 2018; 33:231-238. [PMID: 29924942 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes derived from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) 4 type neural precursor cells (CSPG4Es) were purified from human plasma by sequential immunoabsorption with anti-CSPG4 and anti-platelet growth factor receptor α mAb to characterize the potential in vivo roles of CSPG4 cells in neuronal repair. Hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)-2 and -13, and type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which enhance neuronal survival and functions, were quantified in CSPG4E extracts. For CSPG4Es of 24 healthy control subjects, mean levels of hepatocyte growth factor, FGF-13, and IGF-1, but not FGF-2, were significantly higher by up to 7-fold than in their neuronal-derived exosomes, and mean levels of all 4 growth factors were significantly higher by up to 8-fold than in their astrocyte-derived exosomes. Mean CSPG4E levels of all growth factors were significantly lower in patients with mild Alzheimer disease (AD) ( n = 24) than in age- and sex-matched cognitively normal control subjects ( n = 24). Mean CSPG4E levels of all growth factors were also significantly lower in 15 patients at the stage of moderate dementia from AD (AD2) and at their preclinical stage 3 to 8 yr earlier (AD1), with no differences between values at stages AD1 and AD2. Current findings suggest that CSPG4 cells export in exosomes higher levels of neurotrophic factors than neurons or astrocytes and that CSPG4E neurotrophic factors are diminished early in AD, with no significant progression of decreases later in the course.-Goetzl, E. J., Nogueras-Ortiz, C., Mustapic, M., Mullins, R. J., Abner, E. L., Schwartz, J. B., Kapogiannis, D. Deficient neurotrophic factors of CSPG4-type neural cell exosomes in Alzheimer disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goetzl EJ, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Jicha GA, Kapogiannis D. High complement levels in astrocyte-derived exosomes of Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:544-552. [PMID: 29406582 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Astrocytes fulfill neuronal trophic roles normally, but are transformed in Alzheimer disease (AD) into A1-type reactive astrocytes that may destroy neurons through unknown mechanisms. METHODS To investigate astrocyte inflammatory mechanisms, astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) were isolated immunochemically from plasma samples of AD patients and matched controls for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay quantification of complement proteins. RESULTS ADE levels of C1q, C4b, C3d, factor B, factor D, Bb, C3b, and C5b-C9 terminal complement complex, but not mannose-binding lectin, normalized by the CD81 exosome marker were significantly higher for AD patients (n = 28) than age- and gender-matched controls (all p < 0.0001). ADE normalized levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β were significantly higher for AD patients than controls, but there was greater overlap between the two groups than for complement proteins. Mean ADE levels of complement proteins for AD patients in a longitudinal study were significantly higher (n = 16, p < 0.0001) at the AD2 stage of moderate dementia than at the AD1 preclinical stage 5 to 12 years earlier, which were the same as for controls. ADE levels of complement regulatory proteins CD59, CD46, decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and complement receptor type 1, but not factor I, were significantly lower for AD patients than controls (p < 0.0001 for CD59 and DAF), were diminished by the AD1 stage, and were further decreased at the AD2 stage. INTERPRETATION ADE complement effector proteins in AD are produced by dysregulated systems, attain higher levels than in controls, and may potentially damage neurons in the late inflammatory phase of AD. Ann Neurol 2018;83:544-552.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center for Aging Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center for Aging Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Goetzl EJ, Abner EL, Jicha GA, Kapogiannis D, Schwartz JB. Declining levels of functionally specialized synaptic proteins in plasma neuronal exosomes with progression of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2018; 32:888-893. [PMID: 29025866 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700731r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of the presynaptic proteins, neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2) and neurexin 2α (NRXN2α), with their respective postsynaptic functional partners, GluA4-containing glutamate (AMPA4) receptor and neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), enhance excitatory synaptic activity in some areas of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. As early damage of such excitatory circuits in the brain tissues of participants with Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates with cognitive losses, plasma neuron-derived exosome (NDE) levels of these 2 pairs of specialized synaptic proteins were quantified to assess their biomarker characteristics. The NDE contents of all 4 proteins were decreased significantly in AD dementia ( n = 46), and diminished levels of AMPA4 and NLGN1 correlated with the extent of cognitive loss. In a preclinical period, 6-11 yr before the onset of dementia, the NDE levels of all but NPTX2 were significantly lower than those of matched controls, and levels of all proteins declined significantly with the development of dementia. Reductions in NDE levels of these specialized excitatory synaptic proteins may therefore be indicative of the extent of cognitive loss and may reflect progression of the severity of AD.-Goetzl, E. J., Abner, E. L., Jicha, G. A., Kapogiannis, D., Schwartz, J. B. Declining levels of functionally specialized synaptic proteins in plasma neuronal exosomes with progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Janice B Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mustapic M, Eitan E, Werner JK, Berkowitz ST, Lazaropoulos MP, Tran J, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Enriched for Neuronal Origin: A Potential Window into Brain Pathologic Processes. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:278. [PMID: 28588440 PMCID: PMC5439289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our team has been a pioneer in harvesting extracellular vesicles (EVs) enriched for neuronal origin from peripheral blood and using them as a biomarker discovery platform for neurological disorders. This methodology has demonstrated excellent diagnostic and predictive performance for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases in multiple studies, providing a strong proof of concept for this approach. Here, we describe our methodology in detail and offer further evidence that isolated EVs are enriched for neuronal origin. In addition, we present evidence that EVs enriched for neuronal origin represent a more sensitive and accurate base for biomarkers than plasma, serum, or non-enriched total plasma EVs. Finally, we proceed to investigate the protein content of EVs enriched for neuronal origin and compare it with other relevant enriched and non-enriched populations of plasma EVs. Neuronal-origin enriched plasma EVs contain higher levels of signaling molecules of great interest for cellular metabolism, survival, and repair, which may be useful as biomarkers and to follow response to therapeutic interventions in a mechanism-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erez Eitan
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John K Werner
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sean T Berkowitz
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael P Lazaropoulos
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joyce Tran
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States.,Jewish Home of San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Goetzl EJ, Schwartz JB, Mustapic M, Lobach IV, Daneman R, Abner EL, Jicha GA. Altered cargo proteins of human plasma endothelial cell-derived exosomes in atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease. FASEB J 2017; 31:3689-3694. [PMID: 28476896 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasma endothelial cell-derived exosomes (EDEs) and platelet-derived exosomes (PDEs) were precipitated and enriched separately by immunospecific absorption procedures for analyses of cargo proteins relevant to atherosclerosis. EDEs had usual exosome size and marker protein content, and significantly higher levels than PDEs of the endothelial proteins vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, whereas PDEs had significantly higher levels of platelet glycoprotein VI. EDE levels of VCAM-1, von Willebrand factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, angiopoietin-1, and lysyl oxidase-2 and the cerebrovascular-selective proteins glucose transporter 1, permeability-glycoprotein, and large neutral amino acid transporter 1 were significantly higher for 18 patients with cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) than for 18 age- and gender-matched control subjects. PDE levels of PDGF-AA, platelet glycoprotein VI, integrin-linked kinase-1, high mobility group box-1 protein, chemokine CXCL4, and thrombospondin-1 were significantly higher in patients with CeVD than in control subjects, but differences were less with greater overlaps than for EDE proteins. EDE levels of Yes-associated protein (YAP) were higher and of P(S127)-YAP lower in patients with CeVD than in control subjects, consistent with heightened activity of this mechanical force-sensitive system in atherosclerosis. Elevated EDE and PDE levels of atherosclerosis-promoting proteins in CeVD justify clinical studies of their potential value as biomarkers.-Goetzl, E. J., Schwartz, J. B., Mustapic, M., Lobach, I. V., Daneman, R., Abner, E. L., Jicha, G. A. Altered cargo proteins of human plasma endothelial cell-derived exosomes in atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; .,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Iryna V Lobach
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mullins RJ, Mustapic M, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. Exosomal biomarkers of brain insulin resistance associated with regional atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:1933-1940. [PMID: 28105773 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain insulin resistance (IR), which depends on insulin-receptor-substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation, is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we demonstrated higher pSer312-IRS-1 (ineffective insulin signaling) and lower p-panTyr-IRS-1 (effective insulin signaling) in neural origin-enriched plasma exosomes of AD patients vs. CONTROLS Here, we hypothesized that these exosomal biomarkers associate with brain atrophy in AD. We studied 24 subjects with biomarker-supported probable AD (low CSF Aβ42 ). Exosomes were isolated from plasma, enriched for neural origin using immunoprecipitation for L1CAM, and measured for pSer312 - and p-panTyr-IRS-1 phosphotypes. MPRAGE images were segmented by brain tissue type and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis for gray matter against pSer312 - and p-panTyr-IRS-1 was conducted. Given the regionally variable brain expression of IRS-1, we used the Allen Brain Atlas to make spatial comparisons between VBM results and IRS-1 expression. Brain volume was positively associated with P-panTyr-IRS-1 and negatively associated with pSer312 -IRS-1 in a strikingly similar regional pattern (bilateral parietal-occipital junction, R middle temporal gyrus). This volumetric association pattern was spatially correlated with Allen Human Brain atlas normal brain IRS-1 expression. Exosomal biomarkers of brain IR are thus associated with atrophy in AD as could be expected by their pathophysiological roles and do so in a pattern that reflects regional IRS-1 expression. Furthermore, neural-origin plasma exosomes may recover molecular signals from specific brain regions. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1933-1940, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Mullins
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Extensive abnormal interactions among microglia, astrocytes, and neurons of the CNS have been observed in proteinopathic neurodegenerative dementias of the elderly. These multicellular interactions are initiated by insoluble tangles of phosphorylated tau protein and plaques of amyloid peptides. Most research has focused on these neurotoxic proteins, but much less is known about the pathogenic roles of the responding resident and recruited neural cells. Principal interactions among the major 3 sets of CNS cells are herein considered at several levels in relation to cellular phenotypic alterations, mechanisms of cellular communication, and extent of involvement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related proteinopathic dementias. It remains to be determined which of these abnormal neurocellular phenomena are primary events and sufficiently contributory to neurodegeneration to be useful targets for therapy of senile dementias.-Goetzl, E. J., Miller, B. L. Multicellular hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; .,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D, Schwartz JB, Lobach IV, Goetzl L, Abner EL, Jicha GA, Karydas AM, Boxer A, Miller BL. Decreased synaptic proteins in neuronal exosomes of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2016; 30:4141-4148. [PMID: 27601437 PMCID: PMC5102122 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600816r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction occurs early in senile dementias, presumably as a result of decreased levels of functional synaptic proteins as found in autopsied brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Plasma neuronal-derived exosomes (NDEs) were recovered by precipitation and immunoabsorption from 12 patients with AD, 16 with FTD, and 28 controls in a cross-sectional study, and from 9 patients with AD, 10 with FTD, and 19 controls in a longitudinal study. Six synaptic proteins in NDE extracts were quantified by ELISAs and normalized for exosome amounts. NDE levels of synaptophysin, synaptopodin, synaptotagmin-2, and neurogranin were significantly lower in patients with FTD and AD than in controls, but those of growth-associated protein 43 and synapsin 1 were reduced only in patients with AD. Functionally relevant phosphorylation of synapsin 1 serine 9 was reduced in patients with FTD and AD, although total synapsin 1 protein was higher in FTD than in controls. NDE levels of synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, and neurogranin were decreased years before dementia in patients with FTD and AD. NDE levels of synaptopodin, synaptotagmin, and synaptophysin, but not of amyloid β-peptide 42 or P-T181-tau, were correlated significantly with cognition assessed by mini-mental state examination or AD assessment scale-cognitive subscale. NDE synaptic proteins may be useful preclinical indices and progression measures in senile dementias.-Goetzl, E. J., Kapogiannis, D., Schwartz, J. B., Lobach, I. V., Goetzl, L., Abner, E. L., Jicha, G. A., Karydas, A. M., Boxer, A., Miller, B. L. Decreased synaptic proteins in neuronal exosomes of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Janice B Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Iryna V Lobach
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hamlett ED, Goetzl EJ, Ledreux A, Vasilevko V, Boger HA, LaRosa A, Clark D, Carroll SL, Carmona-Iragui M, Fortea J, Mufson EJ, Sabbagh M, Mohammed AH, Hartley D, Doran E, Lott IT, Granholm AC. Neuronal exosomes reveal Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 13:541-549. [PMID: 27755974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and dementia early in life. Blood biomarkers of AD neuropathology would be valuable, as non-AD intellectual disabilities of DS and AD dementia overlap clinically. We hypothesized that elevations of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and phosphorylated-tau in neuronal exosomes may document preclinical AD. METHODS AD neuropathogenic proteins Aβ1-42, P-T181-tau, and P-S396-tau were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in extracts of neuronal exosomes purified from blood of individuals with DS and age-matched controls. RESULTS Neuronal exosome levels of Aβ1-42, P-T181-tau, and P-S396-tau were significantly elevated in individuals with DS compared with age-matched controls at all ages beginning in childhood. No significant gender differences were observed. DISCUSSION These early increases in Aβ1-42, P-T181-tau, and P-S396-tau in individuals with DS may provide a basis for early intervention as targeted treatments become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Hamlett
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; The Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Geriatric Research Center of the Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; The Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Vitaly Vasilevko
- University of California, Irvine Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heather A Boger
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; The Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Angela LaRosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - David Clark
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - María Carmona-Iragui
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Down Medical Center, Fundacío Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Down Medical Center, Fundacío Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Abdul H Mohammed
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Växjo, Sweden; Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Eric Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; The Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; The Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Goetzl EJ, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D, Eitan E, Lobach IV, Goetzl L, Schwartz JB, Miller BL. Cargo proteins of plasma astrocyte-derived exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2016; 30:3853-3859. [PMID: 27511944 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600756r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient intercellular transfer of RNAs, proteins, and lipids as protected exosomal cargo has been demonstrated in the CNS, but distinct physiologic and pathologic roles have not been well defined for this pathway. The capacity to isolate immunochemically human plasma neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs), containing neuron-specific cargo, has permitted characterization of CNS-derived exosomes in living humans. Constituents of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ)42-generating system now are examined in 2 distinct sets of human neural cells by quantification in astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) and NDEs, enriched separately from plasmas of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and matched cognitively normal controls. ADE levels of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), γ-secretase, soluble Aβ42, soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP)β, sAPPα, glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), P-T181-tau, and P-S396-tau were significantly (3- to 20-fold) higher than levels in NDEs for patients and controls. BACE-1 levels also were a mean of 7-fold higher in ADEs than in NDEs from cultured rat type-specific neural cells. Levels of BACE-1 and sAPPβ were significantly higher and of GDNF significantly lower in ADEs of patients with AD than in those of controls, but not significantly different in patients with FTD than in controls. Abundant proteins of the Aβ42 peptide-generating system in ADEs may sustain levels in neurons. ADE cargo proteins may be useful for studies of mechanisms of cellular interactions and effects of BACE-1 inhibitors in AD.-Goetzl, E. J., Mustapic, M., Kapogiannis, D., Eitan, E., Lobach, I. V., Goetzl, L., Schwartz, J. B., Miller, B. L. Cargo proteins of plasma astrocyte-derived exosomes in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; .,Jewish Home of San Francisco, Geriatric Research Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erez Eitan
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina V Lobach
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, Geriatric Research Center, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Winston CN, Goetzl EJ, Akers J, Carter BS, Rockenstien E, Galasko DR, Masliah E, Rissman RA. P1‐205: Prediction of Conversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia with Neuronally Derived Blood Exosome Protein Profile. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward J. Goetzl
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCA USA
| | - Jonny Akers
- University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Apostolova LG, Goukasian N, Gylys KH, Cole GM, Teng E, Bredesen DE, Goetzl EJ. P3‐187: Neuronally‐Derived Exosomal Proteins Can Predict Brain Amyloidosis. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Greg M. Cole
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research at UCLALos AngelesCA USA
| | - Edmond Teng
- University of CaliforniaLos Angeles Los AngelesCA USA
| | | | - Edward J. Goetzl
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCA USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Winston CN, Goetzl EJ, Akers JC, Carter BS, Rockenstein EM, Galasko D, Masliah E, Rissman RA. Prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia with neuronally derived blood exosome protein profile. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2016; 3:63-72. [PMID: 27408937 PMCID: PMC4925777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Levels of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related proteins in plasma neuronal derived exosomes (NDEs) were quantified to identify biomarkers for prediction and staging of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Methods Plasma exosomes were extracted, precipitated, and enriched for neuronal source by anti-L1CAM antibody absorption. NDEs were characterized by size (Nanosight) and shape (TEM) and extracted NDE protein biomarkers were quantified by ELISAs. Plasma NDE cargo was injected into normal mice, and results were characterized by immunohistochemistry to determine pathogenic potential. Results Plasma NDE levels of P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau, and Aβ1–42 were significantly higher, whereas those of neurogranin (NRGN) and the repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) were significantly lower in AD and MCI converting to AD (ADC) patients compared to cognitively normal controls (CNC) subjects and stable MCI patients. Mice injected with plasma NDEs from ADC patients displayed increased P-tau (PHF-1 antibody)–positive cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus compared to plasma NDEs from CNC and stable MCI patients. Conclusions Abnormal plasma NDE levels of P-tau, Aβ1–42, NRGN, and REST accurately predict conversion of MCI to AD dementia. Plasma NDEs from demented patients seeded tau aggregation and induced AD-like neuropathology in normal mouse CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charisse N Winston
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Jewish Home of San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johnny C Akers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward M Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abner EL, Jicha GA, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Goetzl EJ. Plasma neuronal exosomal levels of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in normal aging. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:399-403. [PMID: 27231710 PMCID: PMC4863753 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma neuronal exosomal levels of pathogenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) proteins, cellular survival factors, and lysosomal proteins distinguish AD patients from control subjects, but changes in these exosomal proteins associated with normal aging have not been described for cognitively intact subjects. Plasma neuronal exosomal levels of P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau, Aβ 1-42, cathepsin D, repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor, and neurogranin were quantified longitudinally in cognitively intact older adults using two samples collected at 3- to 11-year intervals. Except for P-S396-tau, exosomal protein levels changed significantly with aging, but were largely outside the range observed in AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky; Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky; Department of Neurology College of Medicine University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco San Francisco California
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Goetzl L, Darbinian N, Goetzl EJ. Novel window on early human neurodevelopment via fetal exosomes in maternal blood. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:381-5. [PMID: 27231707 PMCID: PMC4863750 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse in utero exposures can disrupt fetal brain development, deplete subpopulations of neurons and inhibit formation of normal synaptic connections. A major roadblock to unraveling the precise mechanisms and timing of human neurodevelopmental derangement is the almost complete absence of sensitive noninvasive assessments. We present novel methods for isolating fetal neuronal exosomes from maternal plasma as a noninvasive platform for testing aspects of fetal neurodevelopment as early as the 1st trimester. Our methodology represents an important breakthrough both in understanding mechanisms of injury in vivo in a human system and potentially for monitoring clinical interventions seeking to promote fetal brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Goetzl
- Shriners Pediatric Research Center Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation Temple University 3500 North Broad Street Medical Education and Research Building Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Nune Darbinian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Medicine University of California 1719 Broderick Street San Francisco California 94115
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Goetzl EJ, Goetzl L, Karliner JS, Tang N, Pulliam L. Human plasma platelet-derived exosomes: effects of aspirin. FASEB J 2016; 30:2058-63. [PMID: 26873936 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500150r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived exosomes mediate platelet atherogenic interactions with endothelial cells and monocytes. A new method for isolation of plasma platelet-derived exosomes is described and used to examine effects of aging and aspirin on exosome cargo proteins. Exosome secretion by purified platelets in vitro did not increase after exposure to thrombin or collagen, as assessed by exosome counts and quantification of the CD81 exosome marker. Thrombin and collagen increased exosome content of α-granule chemokines CXCL4 and CXCL7 and cytoplasmic high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, but not membrane platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI), with dependence on extracellular calcium. Aspirin consumption significantly blocked thrombin- and collagen-induced increases in exosome cargo levels of chemokines and HMGB1, without altering total exosome secretion or GPVI cargo. Plasma platelet-derived exosomes, enriched by absorption with mouse antihuman CD42b [platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)] mAb, had sizes and cargo protein contents similar to those of exosomes from purified platelets. The plasma platelet-derived exosome number is lower and its chemokine and HMGB1 levels higher after age 65 yr. Aspirin consumption significantly suppressed cargo protein levels of plasma platelet-derived exosomes without altering total levels of exosomes. Cargo proteins of human plasma platelet-derived exosomes may biomark platelet abnormalities and in vivo effects of drugs.- Goetzl, E. J., Goetzl, L., Karliner, J. S., Tang, N., Pulliam, L. Human plasma platelet-derived exosomes: effects of aspirin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel S Karliner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norina Tang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Goetzl L, Darbinian N, Goetzl EJ. 111: Probing early human neural development through fetal exosomes in maternal blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
46
|
Goetzl EJ, Boxer A, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Petersen RC, Miller BL, Kapogiannis D. Altered lysosomal proteins in neural-derived plasma exosomes in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2015; 85:40-7. [PMID: 26062630 PMCID: PMC4501943 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diverse autolysosomal proteins were quantified in neurally derived blood exosomes from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and controls to investigate disordered neuronal autophagy. METHODS Blood exosomes obtained once from patients with AD (n = 26) or frontotemporal dementia (n = 16), other patients with AD (n = 20) both when cognitively normal and 1 to 10 years later when diagnosed, and case controls were enriched for neural sources by anti-human L1CAM antibody immunoabsorption. Extracted exosomal proteins were quantified by ELISAs and normalized with the CD81 exosomal marker. RESULTS Mean exosomal levels of cathepsin D, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1), and ubiquitinylated proteins were significantly higher and of heat-shock protein 70 significantly lower for AD than controls in cross-sectional studies (p ≤ 0.0005). Levels of cathepsin D, LAMP-1, and ubiquitinylated protein also were significantly higher for patients with AD than for patients with frontotemporal dementia (p ≤ 0.006). Step-wise discriminant modeling of the protein levels correctly classified 100% of patients with AD. Exosomal levels of all proteins were similarly significantly different from those of matched controls in 20 patients 1 to 10 years before and at diagnosis of AD (p ≤ 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Levels of autolysosomal proteins in neurally derived blood exosomes distinguish patients with AD from case controls and appear to reflect the pathology of AD up to 10 years before clinical onset. These preliminary results confirm in living patients with AD the early appearance of neuronal lysosomal dysfunction and suggest that these proteins may be useful biomarkers in large prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Adam Boxer
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Erin L Abner
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bruce L Miller
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- From the Department of Medicine (E.J.G.), UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco; Memory and Aging Center (A.B., B.L.M.), Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering (J.B.S.), UCSF and the Jewish Home of San Francisco, CA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (E.L.A.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Intramural Research Program (D.K.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Willette A, Mullins RJ, Mustapic M, Eitan E, Mattson MP, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. IC‐P‐067: Biomarkers of brain insulin resistance and neuroimaging correlates in early Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Auriel Willette
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
- Iowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | | | - Maja Mustapic
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Erez Eitan
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Goetzl EJ, Boxer A, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Petersen RC, Miller BL, Carlson OD, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D. Low neural exosomal levels of cellular survival factors in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:769-73. [PMID: 26273689 PMCID: PMC4531059 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors that mediate neuronal defenses against diverse stresses were quantified in plasma neural-derived exosomes of Alzheimer’s disease or frontotemporal dementia patients and matched controls. Exosomal levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, heat-shock factor-1, and repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor all were significantly lower in Alzheimer’s disease patients than controls (P < 0.0001). In frontotemporal dementia, the only significant difference was higher levels of repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor than in controls. Exosomal transcription factors were diminished 2–10 years before clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Low exosomal levels of survival proteins may explain decreased neuronal resistance to Alzheimer’s disease neurotoxic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco San Francisco, California
| | - Adam Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center San Francisco, California
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, UCSF Medical Center and the Jewish Home of San Francisco San Francisco, California
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center San Francisco, California
| | - Olga D Carlson
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Goetzl EJ, Austen KF. Active site chemotactic factors and the regulation of the human neutrophil chemotactic response. Antibiot Chemother (1971) 2015; 19:218-32. [PMID: 4618739 DOI: 10.1159/000395433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
50
|
Kapogiannis D, Boxer A, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Biragyn A, Masharani U, Frassetto L, Petersen RC, Miller BL, Goetzl EJ. Dysfunctionally phosphorylated type 1 insulin receptor substrate in neural-derived blood exosomes of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2014; 29:589-96. [PMID: 25342129 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance causes diminished glucose uptake in similar regions of the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Brain tissue studies suggested that insulin resistance is caused by low insulin receptor signaling attributable to its abnormal association with more phospho (P)-serine-type 1 insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and less P-tyrosine-IRS-1. Plasma exosomes enriched for neural sources by immunoabsorption were obtained once from 26 patients with AD, 20 patients with DM2, 16 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and matched case control subjects. At 2 time points, they were obtained from 22 others when cognitively normal and 1 to 10 yr later when diagnosed with AD. Mean exosomal levels of extracted P-serine 312-IRS-1 and P-pan-tyrosine-IRS-1 by ELISA and the ratio of P-serine 312-IRS-1 to P-pan-tyrosine-IRS-1 (insulin resistance factor, R) for AD and DM2 and P-serine 312-IRS-1 and R for FTD were significantly different from those for case control subjects. The levels of R for AD were significantly higher than those for DM2 or FTD. Stepwise discriminant modeling showed correct classification of 100% of patients with AD, 97.5% of patients with DM2, and 84% of patients with FTD. In longitudinal studies of 22 patients with AD, exosomal levels of P-serine 312-IRS-1, P-pan-tyrosine-IRS-1, and R were significantly different 1 to 10 yr before and at the time of diagnosis compared with control subjects. Insulin resistance reflected in R values from this blood test is higher for patients with AD, DM2, and FTD than case control subjects; higher for patients with AD than patients with DM2 or FTD; and accurately predicts development of AD up to 10 yr prior to clinical onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, and
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; and
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Umesh Masharani
- Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lynda Frassetto
- Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Edward J Goetzl
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA;
| |
Collapse
|