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Sabir F, Mishra S, Sangwan RS, Jadaun JS, Sangwan NS. Qualitative and quantitative variations in withanolides and expression of some pathway genes during different stages of morphogenesis in Withania somnifera Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:539-49. [PMID: 22878597 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera Dunal is an important and extensively studied medicinal plant; however, there is no report available that relates withanolide content and its profile in relation to the expression of pathway genes during different morphogenic stages. In this study, withanolide A, withaferin A, and withanone, the major withanolides of W. somnifera, were measured in different in vitro stages during organogenesis, viz., shoot to root (direct rhizogenesis)/root to shoot (indirect via callus phase) transition vis-à-vis expression levels of key pathway genes involved in withanolide biosynthetic pathways. The morphogenic transitions were found to be tightly linked to the pattern of accumulation of withanolides. The high expression levels of most of the pathway genes in in vitro shoots in comparison to in vitro root and callus tissues exhibited a direct co-relation with the maximum withanolide content (>2.7 mg/gDW). The biogenesis of withaferin A, a major constituent of the leaves, was however found to be tightly linked to shoots/green tissue. In addition, we were also able to establish an efficient regeneration system from roots for their further utilization in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Sabir
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP-CSIR), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
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252
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Khazal KF, Samuel T, Hill DL, Grubbs CJ. Effect of an extract of Withania somnifera root on estrogen receptor-positive mammary carcinomas. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:1519-23. [PMID: 23564793 PMCID: PMC3675906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemopreventive activity of an extract of Withania somnifera (WS) roots was examined in female Sprague-Dawley rats that received the mammary carcinogen methylnitrosourea (MNU). The dose of the extract, administered by gavage, was 150 mg/kg body weight daily for 155 days, after injection of MNU. Rats in the treated group (N=15) had an average of 3.47 tumors, and rats in the control group (N=15) had 4.53, a reduction of 23%. The average weights of tumors were 4.98 g for rats in the treated group and 6.30 g for the controls, a difference of 21%. Labeling indices for Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) markers in cancers of the treated group were 42% and 38% lower, respectively, than those of the corresponding indices for the control group. These results indicate that the root extract significantly reduced the rate of cell division in the mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel F Khazal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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253
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Akhtar N, Gupta P, Sangwan NS, Sangwan RS, Trivedi PK. Cloning and functional characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene from Withania somnifera: an important medicinal plant. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:613-22. [PMID: 22936023 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is one of the most valuable medicinal plants synthesizing a large number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as withanolides, the C28-steroidal lactones derived from triterpenoids. Though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, not much is known about the biosynthetic pathway and genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we have characterized the gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR; EC 1.1.1.34) catalyzing the key regulatory step of the isoprenoid biosynthesis. The 1,728-bp full-length cDNA of Withania HMGR (WsHMGR) encodes a polypeptide of 575 amino acids. The amino acid sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis suggest that WsHMGR has typical structural features of other known plant HMGRs. The relative expression analysis suggests that WsHMGR expression varies in different tissues as well as chemotypes and is significantly elevated in response to exposure to salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and mechanical injury. The functional color assay in Escherichia coli showed that WsHMGR could accelerate the biosynthesis of carotenoids, establishing that WsHMGR encoded a functional protein and may play a catalytic role by its positive influence in isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Akhtar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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254
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Two novel norwithasteroids with unusual six- and seven-membered ether rings in side chain from flos daturae. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:352019. [PMID: 23606878 PMCID: PMC3623114 DOI: 10.1155/2013/352019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of 50% ethanol eluate fraction of macroporous resin for the flower of Datura metel L. collected in Jiangsu province of China resulted in the isolation of two novel naturally occurring norwithasteroids, baimantuoluoline I (1) and baimantuoluoside J (2). Their structures were elucidated as 5 α , 6 β , 12 β -trihydroxy-1-oxo-2-en-ergosta-21,24;22,29-diepoxy-26-carboxylic acid (1) and 5 α , 6 β , 12 β , 25-tetrahydroxy-1-oxo-2-en-ergosta-21,24;22,29-diepoxy-26-carboxylic acid (2) on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. According to the literatures, this study represents the first report of the norwithasteroids in the side chain with unusual six- and seven-membered ether rings instead of those with an unmodified skeleton (δ-lactone or δ-lactol side chain) and a modified skeleton ( γ -lactone or γ -lactol side chain) in the family of withanolides. Meanwhile, compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their immunosuppressive activity against mice splenocyte proliferation in vitro.
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255
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Rana S, Lattoo SK, Dhar N, Razdan S, Bhat WW, Dhar RS, Vishwakarma R. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: molecular cloning and functional characterization of two paralogs from Withania somnifera (L.) dunal. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57068. [PMID: 23437311 PMCID: PMC3578826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, a highly reputed medicinal plant, synthesizes a large array of steroidal lactone triterpenoids called withanolides. Although its chemical profile and pharmacological activities have been studied extensively during the last two decades, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and identification of key regulatory genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis. Cytochrome P450 reductase is the most imperative redox partner of multiple P450s involved in primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We describe here the cloning and characterization of two paralogs of cytochrome P450 reductase from W. somnifera. The full length paralogs of WsCPR1 and WsCPR2 have open reading frames of 2058 and 2142 bp encoding 685 and 713 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that grouping of dual CPRs was in accordance with class I and class II of eudicotyledon CPRs. The corresponding coding sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins, purified and characterized. Recombinant proteins of both the paralogs were purified with their intact membrane anchor regions and it is hitherto unreported for other CPRs which have been purified from microsomal fraction. Southern blot analysis suggested that two divergent isoforms of CPR exist independently in Withania genome. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that both genes were widely expressed in leaves, stalks, roots, flowers and berries with higher expression level of WsCPR2 in comparison to WsCPR1. Similar to CPRs of other plant species, WsCPR1 was un-inducible while WsCPR2 transcript level increased in a time-dependent manner after elicitor treatments. High performance liquid chromatography of withanolides extracted from elicitor-treated samples showed a significant increase in two of the key withanolides, withanolide A and withaferin A, possibly indicating the role of WsCPR2 in withanolide biosynthesis. Present investigation so far is the only report of characterization of CPR paralogs from W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satiander Rana
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Surrinder K. Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Niha Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Rekha S. Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
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256
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Gupta P, Agarwal AV, Akhtar N, Sangwan RS, Singh SP, Trivedi PK. Cloning and characterization of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway genes for isoprenoid biosynthesis from Indian ginseng, Withania somnifera. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:285-95. [PMID: 22526204 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic and other indigenous medicines. Pharmaceutical activities of this herb are associated with presence of secondary metabolites known as withanolides, a class of phytosteroids synthesized via mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathways. Though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, not much is known about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we have characterized two genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS; EC 2.2.1.7) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductase (DXR; EC 1.1.1.267) enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. The full-length cDNAs of W. somnifera DXS (WsDXS) and DXR (WsDXR) of 2,154 and 1,428 bps encode polypeptides of 717 and 475 amino acids residues, respectively. The expression analysis suggests that WsDXS and WsDXR are differentially expressed in different tissues (with maximal expression in flower and young leaf), chemotypes of Withania, and in response to salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, as well as in mechanical injury. Analysis of genomic organization of WsDXS shows close similarity with tomato DXS in terms of exon-intron arrangements. This is the first report on characterization of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway genes from Withania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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257
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Youn UJ, Chai X, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Simmons CJ, Borris RP, Mirza B, Pezzuto JM, Chang LC. Biologically active withanolides from Withania coagulans. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:22-28. [PMID: 23316950 DOI: 10.1021/np300534x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed isolation and purification of the crude extract of Withania coagulans, using two assays for cancer chemopreventive mechanisms, led to the isolation of three new steroidal lactones, withacoagulin G (1), withacoagulin H (2), and withacoagulin I (3), along with six known derivatives (4-9). The structures and absolute stereochemistry of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectrometry, and CD analyses. The structure of 1 was confirmed using X-ray diffraction methods. Compounds 1-9 inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with IC(50) values in the range of 1.9-38.2 μM. Compounds 1 and 2 were the most active (IC(50) 3.1 and 1.9 μM, respectively). Withanolides 1-9 exhibited inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation with IC(50) values in the range of 1.60-12.4 μM.
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258
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Mishra MK, Chaturvedi P, Singh R, Singh G, Sharma LK, Pandey V, Kumari N, Misra P. Overexpression of WsSGTL1 gene of Withania somnifera enhances salt tolerance, heat tolerance and cold acclimation ability in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63064. [PMID: 23646175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063064.s015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterol glycosyltrnasferases (SGT) are enzymes that glycosylate sterols which play important role in plant adaptation to stress and are medicinally important in plants like Withania somnifera. The present study aims to find the role of WsSGTL1 which is a sterol glycosyltransferase from W. somnifera, in plant's adaptation to abiotic stress. METHODOLOGY The WsSGTL1 gene was transformed in Arabidopsis thaliana through Agrobacterium mediated transformation, using the binary vector pBI121, by floral dip method. The phenotypic and physiological parameters like germination, root length, shoot weight, relative electrolyte conductivity, MDA content, SOD levels, relative electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll measurements were compared between transgenic and wild type Arabidopsis plants under different abiotic stresses--salt, heat and cold. Biochemical analysis was done by HPLC-TLC and radiolabelled enzyme assay. The promoter of the WsSGTL1 gene was cloned by using Genome Walker kit (Clontech, USA) and the 3D structures were predicted by using Discovery Studio Ver. 2.5. RESULTS The WsSGTL1 transgenic plants were confirmed to be single copy by Southern and homozygous by segregation analysis. As compared to WT, the transgenic plants showed better germination, salt tolerance, heat and cold tolerance. The level of the transgene WsSGTL1 was elevated in heat, cold and salt stress along with other marker genes such as HSP70, HSP90, RD29, SOS3 and LEA4-5. Biochemical analysis showed the formation of sterol glycosides and increase in enzyme activity. When the promoter of WsSGTL1 gene was cloned from W. somnifera and sequenced, it contained stress responsive elements. Bioinformatics analysis of the 3D structure of the WsSGTL1 protein showed functional similarity with sterol glycosyltransferase AtSGT of A. thaliana. CONCLUSIONS Transformation of WsSGTL1 gene in A. thaliana conferred abiotic stress tolerance. The promoter of the gene in W.somnifera was found to have stress responsive elements. The 3D structure showed functional similarity with sterol glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Mishra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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259
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Srivastava J, Vankar PS. Principal phenolic phytochemicals and antioxidant property in Eucalyptus bark. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1108/00346651211277663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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260
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Razdan S, Bhat WW, Rana S, Dhar N, Lattoo SK, Dhar RS, Vishwakarma RA. Molecular characterization and promoter analysis of squalene epoxidase gene from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:905-16. [PMID: 23065254 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera is a rich reservoir of pharmaceutically active steroidal lactones known as withanolides. The plant is well characterized in terms of its chemistry and pharmacology, but very little is known about the pathway involved in the biosynthesis of withanolides. The present investigation describes the cloning, characterization and expression of squalene epoxidase (SE) gene from W. somnifera. SE (SQE; EC. 1.14.99.7) is one of the rate limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids, catalyzing the stereospecific epoxidation of squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene. A full length SE gene (WsSQE) of 1,956 bp was cloned which contained an open reading frame of 1,596 bp, encoding a protein of 531 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 57.67 kDa and theoretical PI of 8.48. Full length WsSQE was cloned into pGEX4T-2 vector and expressed in E.coli. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a significant evolutionary relatedness of WsSQE with squalene epoxidases of other plant species and the degree of relatedness with deduced amino acid sequences showed a significant correlation with different plant species. Using genome walking approach, a promoter sequence of 513 bp of WsSQE was isolated which revealed several key cis-regulatory elements known to be involved in various biotic and abiotic plant stresses. Comparative expression analysis of tissue specific WsSQE done by quantitative-PCR demonstrated the highest transcript levels in leaves, as compared to stalk and root tissues. This is the first report of cloning and bacterial expression of SE from W. somnifera and may be of significant interest to understand the regulatory role of SE in the biosynthesis of withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
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261
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Mamidi P, Thakar AB. Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Ayu 2012; 32:322-8. [PMID: 22529644 PMCID: PMC3326875 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.93907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been defined as the persistent inability to attain and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual performance. By 2025, men with ED will be approximately 322 million, an increase of nearly 170 million men from 1995. The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. In this study, a total of 95 patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction satisfying the DSM IV TR diagnostic criteria were selected, out of them 86 patients completed the course of treatment. In Trial Group, Ashwagandha root powder and in Control group, Placebo (Wheat powder) were given for 60 days. Treatment selection and its allocation were done by following computerized randomization plan. Criterion of assessment was based on the scoring of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Scale. Paired and Unpaired t test were used for statistical analysis. In Trial group (n=41), 12.6% and in Control group (n=45), 19.11% of improvement was observed with the significance of (P<0.001). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) found in between the two groups. Both Ashwagandha and Placebo provided no relief (<25% improvement on IIEF) in psychogenic erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Mamidi
- Lecturer, Department of Kaya Chikitsa, Guru Nanak Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Barkandi Road, Muktsar, Punjab, India
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262
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Challa AA, Vukmirovic M, Blackmon J, Stefanovic B. Withaferin-A reduces type I collagen expression in vitro and inhibits development of myocardial fibrosis in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42989. [PMID: 22900077 PMCID: PMC3416765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body. Its excessive synthesis results in fibrosis of various organs. Fibrosis is a major medical problem without an existing cure. Excessive synthesis of type I collagen in fibrosis is primarily due to stabilization of collagen mRNAs. We recently reported that intermediate filaments composed of vimentin regulate collagen synthesis by stabilizing collagen mRNAs. Vimentin is a primary target of Withaferin-A (WF-A). Therefore, we hypothesized that WF-A may reduce type I collagen production by disrupting vimentin filaments and decreasing the stability of collagen mRNAs. This study is to determine if WF-A exhibits anti-fibrotic properties in vitro and in vivo and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its action. In lung, skin and heart fibroblasts WF-A disrupted vimentin filaments at concentrations of 0.5-1.5 µM and reduced 3 fold the half-lives of collagen α1(I) and α2(I) mRNAs and protein expression. In addition, WF-A inhibited TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of TGF-β1 receptor I, Smad3 phosphorylation and transcription of collagen genes. WF-A also inhibited in vitro activation of primary hepatic stellate cells and decreased their type I collagen expression. In mice, administration of 4 mg/kg WF-A daily for 2 weeks reduced isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis by 50%. Our findings provide strong evidence that Withaferin-A could act as an anti-fibrotic compound against fibroproliferative diseases, including, but not limited to, cardiac interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azariyas A. Challa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Milica Vukmirovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - John Blackmon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Branko Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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263
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Bolleddula J, Fitch W, Vareed SK, Nair MG. Identification of metabolites in Withania sominfera fruits by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1277-90. [PMID: 22555921 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Withania somnifera is a rich source of biologically active secondary metabolites. Our earlier investigations on the fruits of this plant have yielded novel compounds, withanamides, with potent antioxidant activity and protective effect on β-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. However, several minor compounds present in the fruits have not been characterized previously which may contribute to the observed biological activities. METHODS Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with data-dependent and targeted MS/MS experiments were conducted to elucidate the structure of observed metabolites. RESULTS A total of 62 metabolites identified included 32 withanamides, 22 withanolides, 3 steroidal saponins, 2 lignanamides, feruloyl tyramine, methoxy feruloyl tyramine and a diglucoside of hydroxyl palmitic acid. The structures of these compounds were proposed based on accurate masses of the molecular and fragment ions. Several of these new compounds identified from the profile were derived from withanamides with variations in aliphatic and/or glycosyl moieties. In addition, six new withanolides, a new hydroxy fatty acid diglucoside and several known compounds in the extract were identified. CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed the presence of several new and known compounds in Withania somnifera fruits. High-resolution MS and MS/MS experiments provide an extremely effective approach to derive the structures of plant secondary metabolites including isomeric compounds.
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Withanolides-induced breast cancer cell death is correlated with their ability to inhibit heat protein 90. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37764. [PMID: 22701533 PMCID: PMC3365124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Withanolides are a large group of steroidal lactones found in Solanaceae plants that exhibit potential anticancer activities. We have previously demonstrated that a withanolide, tubocapsenolide A, induced cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, which was associated with the inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). To investigate whether other withanolides are also capable of inhibiting Hsp90 and to analyze the structure-activity relationships, nine withanolides with different structural properties were tested in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 in the present study. Our data show that the 2,3-unsaturated double bond-containing withanolides inhibited Hsp90 function, as evidenced by selective depletion of Hsp90 client proteins and induction of Hsp70. The inhibitory effect of the withanolides on Hsp90 chaperone activity was further confirmed using in vivo heat shock luciferase activity recovery assays. Importantly, Hsp90 inhibition by the withanolides was correlated with their ability to induce cancer cell death. In addition, the withanolides reduced constitutive NF-κB activation by depleting IκB kinase complex (IKK) through inhibition of Hsp90. In estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 cells, the withanolides also reduced the expression of ER, and this may be partly due to Hsp90 inhibition. Taken together, our results suggest that Hsp90 inhibition is a general feature of cytotoxic withanolides and plays an important role in their anticancer activity.
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265
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Efferth T, Greten HJ. In Silico Analysis of Microarray-Based Gene Expression Profiles Predicts Tumor Cell Response to Withanolides. MICROARRAYS 2012; 1:44-63. [PMID: 27605335 PMCID: PMC5007710 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays1010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Indian ginseng, winter cherry, Solanaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine. Roots are either chewed or used to prepare beverages (aqueous decocts). The major secondary metabolites of Withania somnifera are the withanolides, which are C-28-steroidal lactone triterpenoids. Withania somnifera extracts exert chemopreventive and anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. The aims of the present in silico study were, firstly, to investigate whether tumor cells develop cross-resistance between standard anticancer drugs and withanolides and, secondly, to elucidate the molecular determinants of sensitivity and resistance of tumor cells towards withanolides. Using IC50 concentrations of eight different withanolides (withaferin A, withaferin A diacetate, 3-azerininylwithaferin A, withafastuosin D diacetate, 4-B-hydroxy-withanolide E, isowithanololide E, withafastuosin E, and withaperuvin) and 19 established anticancer drugs, we analyzed the cross-resistance profile of 60 tumor cell lines. The cell lines revealed cross-resistance between the eight withanolides. Consistent cross-resistance between withanolides and nitrosoureas (carmustin, lomustin, and semimustin) was also observed. Then, we performed transcriptomic microarray-based COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of mRNA expression to identify mRNA expression profiles predicting sensitivity or resistance towards withanolides. Genes from diverse functional groups were significantly associated with response of tumor cells to withaferin A diacetate, e.g. genes functioning in DNA damage and repair, stress response, cell growth regulation, extracellular matrix components, cell adhesion and cell migration, constituents of the ribosome, cytoskeletal organization and regulation, signal transduction, transcription factors, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Henry Johannes Greten
- Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Karlsruher Straße 12, Heidelberg 69126, Germany.
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
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266
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Wanzala W, Takken W, Mukabana WR, Pala AO, Hassanali A. Ethnoknowledge of Bukusu community on livestock tick prevention and control in Bungoma district, western Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:298-324. [PMID: 22306288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To date, nomadic communities in Africa have been the primary focus of ethnoveterinary research. The Bukusu of western Kenya have an interesting history, with nomadic lifestyle in the past before settling down to either arable or mixed arable/pastoral farming systems. Their collective and accumulative ethnoveterinary knowledge is likely to be just as rich and worth documenting. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to document indigenous knowledge of the Bukusu on the effect of livestock ticks and ethnopractices associated with their management. It was envisaged that this would provide a basis for further research on the efficacy of these practices that could also lead to the discovery of useful tick-control agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-alienating, dialogic, participatory action research (PAR) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approaches involving 272 women and men aged between 18 and 118 years from the Bukusu community were used. RESULTS Ticks are traditionally classified and identified by colour, size, host range, on-host feeding sites, and habitat preference. Tick-associated problems recognised include kamabumba (local reference to East Coast fever, Anaplasmosis or Heartwater diseases transmitted by different species of livestock ticks) and general poor performance of livestock. Traditional methods of controlling ticks include handpicking, on-host use of ethnobotanical suspensions (prepared from one or more of over 150 documented plants) to kill the ticks and prevent re-infestation, fumigation of infested cattle with smoke derived from burning ethnobotanical products, burning pastures, rotational grazing ethnopractices, and livestock quarantine. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms that the Bukusu have preserved rich ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices. It provides some groundwork for elucidating the efficacy of some of these ethnopractices in protecting livestock from tick disease vectors, particularly those involving the use of ethnobotanicals, which may lead to the discovery of useful ant-tick agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wycliffe Wanzala
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, South Eastern University College (A Constituent College of the University of Nairobi), P.O. Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya.
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267
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Datta S, Kumar Pal NK, Nandy AK. Inhibition of the emergence of multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Withania somnifera root extracts. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 4:917-20. [PMID: 22078956 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To search systematically for an alternative therapy with compounds particularly from plant origin. METHODS Efficacy test of different root extracts of Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) (L) Dunal against multi drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) variants was performed following the agar well diffusion method. Evaluation of susceptibility pattern of the isolates was carried out by employing disk diffusion method using standard antibiotic disks. RESULTS In vitro study with W. somnifera root extracts was found to be effective against all the MDR S. aureus strains isolated from local and patient sources. Different root extracts of WS showed different degree of effectiveness against the isolates. CONCLUSIONS The major active principles responsible for the antibacterial efficacy were mainly present in methanol (MeOH)extract and ethanol (EtOH) extracts as well as in butanol (BuOH) extract fraction. Amongst all the extracts the BuOH fraction was found to be most active against all the isolates but aqueous extract was the least active one. Finally it may be concluded that the antimicrobials from W. somnifera may raise an alternative therapy for MDR staphylococcal infections in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvo Datta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata-700 073, India
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268
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Bhat WW, Lattoo SK, Razdan S, Dhar N, Rana S, Dhar RS, Khan S, Vishwakarma RA. Molecular cloning, bacterial expression and promoter analysis of squalene synthase from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Gene 2012; 499:25-36. [PMID: 22425978 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) is a rich repository of large number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as withanolides. Though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, but there is sparse information about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we have cloned and characterized a gene encoding squalene synthase (EC 2.5.1.21) from a withaferin A rich variety of W. somnifera, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Squalene synthase catalyses dimerization of two farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) molecules into squalene, a key precursor for sterols and triterpenes. A full-length cDNA consisting of 1765 bp was isolated and contained a 1236 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 411 amino acids. Recombinant C-terminus truncated squalene synthase (WsSQS) was expressed in BL21 cells (Escherichia coli) with optimum expression induced with 1mM IPTG at 37°C after 1h. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that squalene synthase (WsSQS) expressed in all tested tissues including roots, stem and leaves with the highest level of expression in leaves. The promoter region of WsSQS isolated by genome walking presented several cis-acting elements in the promoter region. Biosynthesis of withanolides was up-regulated by different signalling components including methyl-jasmonate, salicylic acid and 2, 4-D, which was consistent with the predicted results of WsSQS promoter region. This work is the first report of cloning and expression of squalene synthase from W. somnifera and will be useful to understand the regulatory role of squalene synthase in the biosynthesis of withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi-180001, India
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269
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Liu ZQ. Chemical Insights into Ginseng as a Resource for Natural Antioxidants. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3329-55. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun
130021, China
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270
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Santagata S, Xu YM, Wijeratne EMK, Kontnik R, Rooney C, Perley CC, Kwon H, Clardy J, Kesari S, Whitesell L, Lindquist S, Gunatilaka AAL. Using the heat-shock response to discover anticancer compounds that target protein homeostasis. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:340-9. [PMID: 22050377 DOI: 10.1021/cb200353m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike normal tissues, cancers experience profound alterations in protein homeostasis. Powerful innate adaptive mechanisms, especially the transcriptional response regulated by Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1), are activated in cancers to enable survival under these stressful conditions. Natural products that further tax these stress responses can overwhelm the ability to cope and could provide leads for the development of new, broadly effective anticancer drugs. To identify compounds that drive the HSF1-dependent stress response, we evaluated over 80,000 natural and synthetic compounds as well as partially purified natural product extracts using a reporter cell line optimized for high-throughput screening. Surprisingly, many of the strongly active compounds identified were natural products representing five diverse chemical classes (limonoids, curvularins, withanolides, celastraloids, and colletofragarones). All of these compounds share the same chemical motif, an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl functionality, with strong potential for thiol-reactivity. Despite the lack of a priori mechanistic requirements in our primary phenotypic screen, this motif was found to be necessary albeit not sufficient, for both heat-shock activation and inhibition of glioma tumor cell growth. Within the withanolide class, a promising therapeutic index for the compound withaferin A was demonstrated in vivo using a stringent orthotopic human glioma xenograft model in mice. Our findings reveal that diverse organisms elaborate structurally complex thiol-reactive metabolites that act on the stress responses of heterologous organisms including humans. From a chemical biology perspective, they define a robust approach for discovering candidate compounds that target the malignant phenotype by disrupting protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
United States
| | - Ya-ming Xu
- SW Center for
Natural Products
Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the
Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85706,
United States
| | - E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- SW Center for
Natural Products
Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the
Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85706,
United States
| | - Renee Kontnik
- Department
of Biological Chemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christine Rooney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, United States
| | - Casey C. Perley
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department
of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hyoungtae Kwon
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department
of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department
of Biological Chemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
United States
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
United States
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department
of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- SW Center for
Natural Products
Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the
Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85706,
United States
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271
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Rasheed A, Roja C, Reddy GAK, Reddy BS. Formulation, standardization and pharmacological evaluation of a poly herbal traditional remedy -Ashwagandharishtam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-011-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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272
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Tong X, Zhang H, Timmermann BN. Chlorinated Withanolides from Withania somnifera. PHYTOCHEMISTRY LETTERS 2011; 4:411-414. [PMID: 22125584 PMCID: PMC3223914 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A chlorinated withanolide, 6α-chloro-5β,17α-dihydroxywithaferin A (1), and nine known withanolides, 6α-chloro-5β-hydroxywithaferin A (2), (22R)-5β-formyl-6β,27-dihydroxy-1-oxo-4-norwith-24-enolide, withaferin A, 2,3-dihydrowithaferin A, 3-methoxy-2,3-dihydrowithaferin A, 2,3-didehydrosomnifericin, withanone, withanoside IV and withanoside X, were isolated from Withania somnifera (Solanaceae). All structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods (IR, HRESIMS, 1D/2D NMR). X-ray crystallography confirmed the absolute configuration of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara N. Timmermann
- Corresponding author. Tel: (785) 864-4844. Fax: (785) 864-5326. . (B. N. Timmermann)
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273
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Grover A, Agrawal V, Shandilya A, Bisaria VS, Sundar D. Non-nucleosidic inhibition of Herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase: mechanistic insights into the anti-herpetic mode of action of herbal drug withaferin A. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12 Suppl 13:S22. [PMID: 22373101 PMCID: PMC3278839 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-s13-s22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 causes several infections in humans including cold sores and encephalitis. Previous antiviral studies on herpes viruses have focussed on developing nucleoside analogues that can inhibit viral polymerase and terminate the replicating viral DNA. However, these drugs bear an intrinsic non-specificity as they can also inhibit cellular polymerase apart from the viral one. The present study is an attempt to elucidate the action mechanism of naturally occurring withaferin A in inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, thus providing an evidence for its development as a novel anti-herpetic drug. RESULTS Withaferin A was found to bind very similarly to that of the previously reported 4-oxo-DHQ inhibitor. Withaferin A was observed binding to the residues Gln 617, Gln 618, Asn 815 and Tyr 818, all of which are crucial to the proper functioning of the polymerase. A comparison of the conformation obtained from docking and the molecular dynamics simulations shows that substantial changes in the binding conformations have occurred. These results indicate that the initial receptor-ligand interaction observed after docking can be limited due to the receptor rigid docking algorithm and that the conformations and interactions observed after simulation runs are more energetically favoured. CONCLUSIONS We have performed docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies to elucidate the binding mechanism of prospective herbal drug withaferin A onto the structure of DNA polymerase of Herpes simplex virus. Our docking simulations results give high binding affinity of the ligand to the receptor. Long de novo MD simulations for 10 ns performed allowed us to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the system studied and corroborate the docking results, as well as identify key residues in the enzyme-inhibitor interactions. The present MD simulations support the hypothesis that withaferin A is a potential ligand to target/inhibit DNA polymerase of the Herpes simplex virus. Results of these studies will also guide the design of selective inhibitors of DNA POL with high specificity and potent activity in order to strengthen the therapeutic arsenal available today against the dangerous biological warfare agent represented by Herpes Simplex Virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Grover
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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274
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Sidhu OP, Annarao S, Chatterjee S, Tuli R, Roy R, Khetrapal CL. Metabolic alterations of Withania somnifera (L.) dunal fruits at different developmental stages by NMR spectroscopy. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2011; 22:492-502. [PMID: 21425379 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a high-value Ayurvedic medicinal plant and an important constituent of several dietary supplements. In order to substantiate the health claims, the herb has drawn considerable scientific attention. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the alterations in primary and secondary metabolites of W. somnifera fruits during its maturity using NMR spectroscopy. METHODOLOGY Fruits at different stages of development from one week after fertilisation until maturity, classified in seven developmental stages, were analysed by a combined use of one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments. RESULTS Seventeen metabolites were characterised and quantified from non-polar and polar extracts of different fruit development stages of W. somnifera. The principal component analysis of polar metabolites at different stages could be grossly classified into three metabolic phases, viz. initial phase, developmental phase and maturation phase. CONCLUSION Qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolites in W. somnifera fruits indicated specific stages when fruits can be harvested for obtaining substantial bioactive ingredients for desirable pharmacological activity. This study potentially provides a complementary tool for quality control of herbal medicinal products when W. somnifera fruits are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Sidhu
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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275
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Bouzidi LE, Larhsini M, Markouk M, Abbad A, Hassani L, Bekkouche K. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Withania frutescens. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we report for the first time the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy roots and leaves. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH free radical scavenging and reducing power methods. Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out against ten bacterial species involved in nosocomial infections and two opportunistic clinical yeast isolates. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol leaf fractions exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 = 4.53 ± 0.12 and 8.49 ± 0.46 μg/mL, respectively. The n-butanol root fraction showed the greatest reducing power comparable with that of quercetin at 0.4 mg/mL. The dichloromethane leaf fraction exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC values ranging between 50 and 400 μg/mL, depending on the tested bacteria. However, none of the examined extracts exhibited anticandidal activity. The polyphenol and glycowithanolide constituents appeared to be responsible for the antioxidant capacity of W. frutescens, whereas the observed antimicrobial activity may be due to the presence of withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila El Bouzidi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, URAC-35 Research Unit Associated to the CNRST, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, B.P.2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Larhsini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, URAC-35 Research Unit Associated to the CNRST, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, B.P.2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Markouk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, URAC-35 Research Unit Associated to the CNRST, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, B.P.2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Abbad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, URAC-35 Research Unit Associated to the CNRST, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, B.P.2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Pôle d'Excellence Régionale AUF, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, B.P. 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Khalid Bekkouche
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, URAC-35 Research Unit Associated to the CNRST, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, B.P.2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
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276
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Yousuf SK, Majeed R, Ahmad M, Sangwan PL, Purnima B, Saxsena AK, Suri KA, Mukherjee D, Taneja SC. Ring A structural modified derivatives of withaferin A and the evaluation of their cytotoxic potential. Steroids 2011; 76:1213-22. [PMID: 21669217 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regio-/stereoselective Michael addition to ring A of withaferin-A was performed using an optimized reaction procedure to synthesise a library of 2,3-dihydro,3-β-substituted withaferin-A derivatives. The analogues thus obtained were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines. 3-Azido analogue exhibited 35-fold increase (IC(50)=0.02-1.9 μM) in cytotoxicity against almost the entire cell lines tested when compared to the parent molecule. However, further modifications of 3-azido analogue with various alkynes under Husigen's cycloaddition conditions generated a variety of triazole derivatives with reduced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Khalid Yousuf
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road Jammu, 180001, India
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277
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Al-Amiery AA, Musa AY, Kadhum AAH, Mohamad AB. The use of umbelliferone in the synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds. Molecules 2011; 16:6833-43. [PMID: 21832973 PMCID: PMC6264737 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New coumarin derivatives, namely 7-[(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methoxy]-2H-chromen-2-one, 5-[(2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)methyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-one, 2-[2-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)acetyl]-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide, 7-[(5-(phenylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methoxy]-2H-chromen-2-one and 7-[(5-mercapto-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2H-chromen-2-one were prepared starting from the natural compound umbelliferone. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies (IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Amiery
- Department of Chemical and Processing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
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278
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Widodo N, Priyandoko D, Shah N, Wadhwa R, Kaul SC. Selective killing of cancer cells by Ashwagandha leaf extract and its component Withanone involves ROS signaling. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13536. [PMID: 20975835 PMCID: PMC2958829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ashwagandha is a popular Ayurvedic herb used in Indian traditional home medicine. It has been assigned a variety of health-promoting effects of which the mechanisms remain unknown. We previously reported the selective killing of cancer cells by leaf extract of Ashwagandha (i-Extract) and its purified component Withanone. In the present study, we investigated its mechanism by loss-of-function screening (abrogation of i-Extract induced cancer cell killing) of the cellular targets and gene pathways. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Randomized ribozyme library was introduced into cancer cells prior to the treatment with i-Extract. Ribozymes were recovered from cells that survived the i-Extract treatment. Gene targets of the selected ribozymes (as predicted by database search) were analyzed by bioinformatics and pathway analyses. The targets were validated for their role in i-Extract induced selective killing of cancer cells by biochemical and molecular assays. Fifteen gene-targets were identified and were investigated for their role in specific cancer cell killing activity of i-Extract and its two major components (Withaferin A and Withanone) by undertaking the shRNA-mediated gene silencing approach. Bioinformatics on the selected gene-targets revealed the involvement of p53, apoptosis and insulin/IGF signaling pathways linked to the ROS signaling. We examined the involvement of ROS-signaling components (ROS levels, DNA damage, mitochondrial structure and membrane potential) and demonstrate that the selective killing of cancer cells is mediated by induction of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Ashwagandha leaf extract and Withanone cause selective killing of cancer cells by induction of ROS-signaling and hence are potential reagents that could be recruited for ROS-mediated cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashi Widodo
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Didik Priyandoko
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Navjot Shah
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (SCK); (RW)
| | - Sunil C. Kaul
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (SCK); (RW)
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279
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Maurya R. Chemistry and pharmacology ofWithania coagulans: an Ayurvedic remedy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:153-60. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.02.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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280
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Yu Y, Hamza A, Zhang T, Gu M, Zou P, Newman B, Li Y, Gunatilaka AAL, Zhan CG, Sun D. Withaferin A targets heat shock protein 90 in pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:542-51. [PMID: 19769945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and the mechanism of Hsp90 inhibition of Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone occurring in Withania somnifera, in pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. Withaferin A exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against pancreatic cancer cells in vitro (with IC(50)s of 1.24, 2.93 and 2.78 microM) in pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1, MiaPaCa2 and BxPc3, respectively. Annexin V staining showed that WA induced significant apoptosis in Panc-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting demonstrated that WA inhibited Hsp90 chaperone activity to induce degradation of Hsp90 client proteins (Akt, Cdk4 and glucocorticoid receptor), which was reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor, MG132. WA-biotin pull down assay of Hsp90 using Panc-1 cancer cell lysates and purified Hsp90 showed that WA-biotin binds to C-terminus of Hsp90 which was competitively blocked by unlabeled WA. Co-immunoprecipitation exhibited that WA (10 microM) disrupted Hsp90-Cdc37 complexes from 1 to 24h post-treatment, while it neither blocked ATP binding to Hsp90, nor changed Hsp90-P23 association. WA (3, 6mg/kg) inhibited tumor growth in pancreatic Panc-1 xenografts by 30% and 58%, respectively. These data demonstrate that Withaferin A binds Hsp90, inhibits Hsp90 chaperone activity through an ATP-independent mechanism, results in Hsp90 client protein degradation, and exhibits in vivo anticancer activity against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Das A, Datta AK, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharyya A, Ghose S. EMS Induced Mutagenesis in Poshita and Jawahar 22 of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae). CYTOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.75.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das
- Department of Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, Kalyani University
| | - Animesh K. Datta
- Department of Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, Kalyani University
| | - Arnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, Kalyani University
| | - Anjan Bhattacharyya
- Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Technology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
| | - Shyamal Ghose
- Regional Analytical Laboratory on MAP, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
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