301
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Jahoda CAB, Whitehouse J, Reynolds AJ, Hole N. Hair follicle dermal cells differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. Exp Dermatol 2004; 12:849-59. [PMID: 14714566 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2003.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The adult hair follicle dermal papilla (DP) and dermal sheath (DS) cells are developmentally active cell populations with a proven role in adult hair follicle-cycling activity and unique inductive powers. In stem cell biology, the hair follicle epithelium has recently been the subject of a great deal of investigation, but up to now, the follicle dermis has been largely overlooked as a source of stem cells. Following the sporadic appearance of muscle, lipid and bone-type cells in discretely isolated follicle DP and DS cell primary cultures, we demonstrated that cultured papilla and sheath cell lines were capable of being directed to lipid and bone differentiation. Subsequently, for the first time, we produced clonal DP and DS lines that had extended proliferative capabilities. Dye exclusion has been reported to be an identifying feature of stem cells; therefore, clonal papilla and sheath lines with differing capacity to exclude rhodamine 123 were cultured in medium known to induce adipocyte and osteocyte differentiation. Both DS- and DP-derived clones showed the capacity to make lipid and to produce calcified material; however, different clones had varied behaviour and there was no obvious correlation between their stem cell capabilities and dye exclusion or selected gene expression markers. As a highly accessible source, capable of being discretely isolated, the follicle has important potentially as a stem cell source for tissue engineering and cell therapy purposes. It will also be interesting to compare follicle dermal stem cell properties with the broader stem cell capabilities discovered in skin dermis and investigate whether, as we believe, the follicle is a key dermal stem cell niche. Finally, the discovery of stem cells in the dermis may have implications for certain pathologies in which abnormal differentiation occurs in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A B Jahoda
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK.
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302
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Davis BM, Humeau L, Slepushkin V, Binder G, Korshalla L, Ni Y, Ogunjimi EO, Chang LF, Lu X, Dropulic B. ABC transporter inhibitors that are substrates enhance lentiviral vector transduction into primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 2004; 104:364-73. [PMID: 15059841 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
High gene transfer efficiencies have been difficult to achieve in hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) but are important to therapeutic success of HPC gene therapy. Efficient gene transfer is especially challenging with use of column-purified vector for clinical application, as opposed to centrifuged vector commonly used for research. We investigated novel approaches to increase transduction by using a clinically applicable protocol and quantities of column-purified lentiviral vector. Recognizing the association of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters with HPC biology, we investigated the effect of transporter inhibitors on transduction. We found the ABC transporter inhibitor verapamil improved transduction efficiency 2- to 6-fold into CD34+ cells isolated from mobilized peripheral blood, bone marrow, and cord blood. Verapamil also improved transduction in human SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) repopulating cell (SRC) transduction 3- to 4-fold, resulting in 80% to 90% transduction levels in mice receiving primary and secondary transplants without alterations in multilineage reconstitution. Additional ABC transporter substrate inhibitors like quinidine, diltiazem, and ritonavir also enhanced transduction 2- to 3-fold, although ABC transporter inhibitors that are not substrates did not. Enhanced transduction was not observed in mature hematopoietic cells, neurospheres, mesenchymal stem cells, or hepatocytes. Enhancement of transduction in HPCs was observed with vesicular stomatitis virus-G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped lentiviral vector but not with vector pseudotyped with RD114. Thus, we present a new approach for efficient delivery to primitive HPCs by VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. (Blood. 2004;104:364-373)
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Davis
- VIRxSYS Corp, 200 Perry Pky, Ste 1A, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
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303
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Krishnamurthy P, Ross DD, Nakanishi T, Bailey-Dell K, Zhou S, Mercer KE, Sarkadi B, Sorrentino BP, Schuetz JD. The Stem Cell Marker Bcrp/ABCG2 Enhances Hypoxic Cell Survival through Interactions with Heme. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:24218-25. [PMID: 15044468 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313599200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our studies demonstrate that the ABC transporter and marker of stem and progenitor cells known as the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP or ABCG2) confers a strong survival advantage under hypoxic conditions. We show that, under hypoxia, progenitor cells from Bcrp(-)/(-)mice have a reduced ability to form colonies as compared with progenitor cells from Bcrp(+/+) mice. Blocking BCRP function in Bcrp(+/+) progenitor cells markedly reduces survival under hypoxic conditions. However, blocking heme biosynthesis reverses the hypoxic susceptibility of Bcrp(-/-) progenitor cells, a finding that indicates that heme molecules (i.e. porphyrins) are detrimental to Bcrp(-/-) cells under hypoxia. BCRP specifically binds heme, and cells lacking BCRP accumulate porphyrins. Finally, Bcrp expression is up-regulated by hypoxia, and we demonstrate that this up-regulation involves the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor complex HIF-1. Collectively, our findings suggest that cells can, upon hypoxic demand, use BCRP to reduce heme or porphyrin accumulation, which can be detrimental to cells. Our findings have implications for the survival of stem cells and tumor cells in hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA
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304
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Robey RW, Steadman K, Polgar O, Morisaki K, Blayney M, Mistry P, Bates SE. Pheophorbide a is a specific probe for ABCG2 function and inhibition. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1242-6. [PMID: 14973080 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pheophorbide a (PhA), a chlorophyll catabolite, was shown to be an ABCG2 substrate based on Abcg2(-/-) knockout mouse studies (J. W. Jonker et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99: 15649-15654, 2002). We developed a functional assay for ABCG2 using PhA and the ABCG2 inhibitor fumitremorgin C. In selected cell lines expressing high levels of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, or ABCG2, PhA transport was observed only in cells expressing ABCG2. Fumitremorgin C-inhibitable PhA transport was found to correlate with cell surface ABCG2 expression as measured by the anti-ABCG2 antibody 5D3. We found that 100 micro M of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor UCN-01 or 1 micro M of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor tariquidar inhibited ABCG2-mediated PhA transport. In 4-day cytotoxicity assays, ABCG2-mediated resistance to SN-38 and topotecan was abrogated in ABCG2-transfected HEK-293 cells treated with 1 micro M tariquidar, and ABCG2-transfected cells were 6-7-fold resistant to UCN-01. PhA is an ABCG2-specific substrate with potential value in measuring ABCG2 function and expression in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Robey
- Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. 12C203, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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305
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Abe S, Lauby G, Boyer C, Manouilova L, Rennard SI, Sharp JG. Lung Cells Transplanted to Irradiated Recipients Generate Lymphohematopoietic Progeny. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:491-9. [PMID: 14512374 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0140oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (stem) cells can differentiate into cells in multiple tissues, including lung. Conversely, there are reports that cells of nonhematopoietic tissues (brain, muscle) can give rise to lymphohematopoietic cells. Here we show that the lung contains cells capable of giving rise to lymphohematopoietic cells when transplanted to irradiated recipients. Whole lung cell suspensions, lung side population (SP) cells, and CD45(+/-) lung cells obtained from male transgenic enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing mice were transplanted intravenously to total body irradiated female mice. Green fluorescent cells were recovered from the circulation and phenotyped for their expression of lymphohematopoietic markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, B220, Gr-1, and Mac-1). Lung SP cells were composed of heterogeneous populations and had less ability to give rise to lymphohematopoietic cells than did bone marrow SP cells. Furthermore, the ability of cells from the lung of aged mice to generate lymphohematopoietic progeny was equivalent to that of cells from young mice. Cells from lung with radioprotective and lymphohematopoietic reconstituting abilities were CD45(+). CD45(+) cells in the lung cells have lymphohematopoietic stem/progenitor cell characteristics, and this has implications for cell or gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Abe
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6395, USA
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306
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Giangreco A, Shen H, Reynolds SD, Stripp BR. Molecular phenotype of airway side population cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L624-30. [PMID: 12909587 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00149.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial-specific stem cells have been localized to discrete microenvironments throughout the adult conducting airway. Properties of these cells include pollutant resistance, multipotent differentiation, and infrequent proliferation. Goals of the present study were to use Hoechst 33342 efflux, a property of stem cells in other tissues, to purify and further characterize airway stem cells. Hoechst 33342 effluxing lung cells were identified as a verapamil-sensitive side population by flow cytometry. Lung side population cells were further subdivided on the basis of hematopoietic (CD45 positive) or nonhematopoietic (CD45 negative) origin. Nonhematopoietic side population cells were enriched for stem cell antigen-1 reactivity and expressed molecular markers specific to both airway and mesenchymal lineages. Analysis of the molecular phenotype of airway-derived side population cells indicates that they are similar to neuroepithelial body-associated variant Clara cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the nonhematopoietic side population isolated from lung is enriched for previously identified airway stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Giangreco
- Univ. of Pittsburgh, FORBL Rm. 314, 3343 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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307
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Benchaouir R, Rameau P, Decraene C, Dreyfus P, Israeli D, Piétu G, Danos O, Garcia L. Evidence for a resident subset of cells with SP phenotype in the C2C12 myogenic line: a tool to explore muscle stem cell biology. Exp Cell Res 2004; 294:254-68. [PMID: 14980519 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscle satellite cells are heterogeneous and present functional disparities, some of them behaving as multipotent stem cells. Yet their phenotype is obscure and their isolation remains elusive. The ability to purify stem cells from a wide variety of tissues by using Hoechst 33342 staining/FACS methods has permitted access to this category of cells (side population, or SP) in a manner independent of antibodies. Here, we show that the C2C12 myogenic line comprises a minor population of cells with SP phenotype. These cells are growth-arrested and delayed in their ability to differentiate. Dye efflux in C2C12-derived SPs is likely mediated by mdr1a, whose overexpression results in increased dedifferentiation. Interestingly, growth-arrested SPs rapidly appear in purified MP populations, thus suggesting a dynamic equilibrium among different states of differentiation. Finally, transcriptional profiling of C2C12-derived SP and MP cells corroborates the many similarities of SP to stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Benchaouir
- Genethon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8115, 91002 Evry cedex, France
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308
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Villa AM, Doglia SM. Mitochondria in tumor cells studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2004; 9:385-394. [PMID: 15065906 DOI: 10.1117/1.1646414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present here a confocal fluorescence microscopy study of mitochondria in sensitive and resistant carcinoma cells by using two potentiometric probes of mitochondria, rhodamine 123 (R123) and dimethylaminostyryl-methylpyridiniumiodine. We have found that active mitochondria in sensitive MCF-7 and multidrug resistant MCF-7/DX carcinoma cells are very different in localization and morphology. In sensitive cells active mitochondria are found in the perinuclear region, whereas in the multidrug resistance (MDR) subline they are confined to the cell periphery. Interestingly, the MDR revertant verapamil has been found to restore in MCF-7/DX cells the same pattern of active mitochondria seen in sensitive cells. We have also studied R123 in human lung carcinoma A549 cells, which display a low responsivity to doxorubicin, and overexpress the lung resistance-related protein. In addition to perinuclear mitochondria, peripheral mitochondria with weaker fluorescence can be seen in this cell line. Interestingly, in the two examined carcinoma lines we have been able to recognize by image analysis a common new star-lobed morphology. Our results indicate that in resistant carcinoma cells two populations of mitochondria coexist with different localization, morphology, and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Villa
- INFM-UdR Milano Bicocca and Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Universita degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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309
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Migliaccio AR, Quarto R, Piacibello W. Cell therapy: filling the gap between basic science and clinical trials October 15-17, 2001, Rome, Italy. Stem Cells 2004; 21:348-56. [PMID: 12743329 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.21-3-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Summarized here, and in forthcoming issues of, are the concepts that emerged at a recent international workshop on cell therapy organized by The Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome in collaboration with Istituto Dermatopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome; Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Cancro-Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Genova; and University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti. The meeting intent was to provide an overview of the most recent developments in cell therapy, the future perspectives for these clinical trials, and the regulatory issues they involve, as well as a progress report on the clinical protocols that have been approved up to now in Italy. The meeting included six scientific sessions (Immunotherapy, Epithelium, Osteoregeneration, Hematopoiesis, Future Perspectives, and Overview of the National and International Regulations) and involved lectures from Italian and foreign scientists.
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310
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Martin CM, Meeson AP, Robertson SM, Hawke TJ, Richardson JA, Bates S, Goetsch SC, Gallardo TD, Garry DJ. Persistent expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter, Abcg2, identifies cardiac SP cells in the developing and adult heart. Dev Biol 2004; 265:262-75. [PMID: 14697368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are important in the maintenance and repair of adult tissues. A population of cells, termed side population (SP) cells, has stem cell characteristics as they have been shown to contribute to diverse lineages. In this study, we confirm that Abcg2 is a determinant of the SP cell phenotype. Therefore, we examined Abcg2 expression during murine embryogenesis and observed robust expression in the blood islands of the E8.5 yolk sac and in developing tissues including the heart. During the latter stages of embryogenesis, Abcg2 identifies a rare cell population in the developing organs. We further establish that the adult heart contains an Abcg2 expressing SP cell population and these progenitor cells are capable of proliferation and differentiation. We define the molecular signature of cardiac SP cells and compare it to embryonic stem cells and adult cardiomyocytes using emerging technologies. We propose that the cardiac SP cell population functions as a progenitor cell population for the development, maintenance, and repair of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
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311
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Plasschaert SLA, Kamps WA, Vellenga E, de Vries EGE, de Bont ESJM. Prognosis in childhood and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a question of maturation? Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30:37-51. [PMID: 14766125 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-7372(03)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a disease diagnosed in children as well as adults. Progress in the treatment of ALL has led to better survival rates, however, children have benefited more from improved treatment modalities than adults. Recent evidence has underscored that the difference in characteristics and biology of adult versus childhood ALL might be the result of a different origin. According to the two-hit paradigm of Knudson, to develop cancer two genetic events are necessary. It has been suggested, that in childhood ALL the first genetic event happens in the more mature lymphoid committed progenitor cells, whereas in adult ALL the first hit occurs in multipotent stem cells. This review compares patient characteristics, the extent of the disease, leukaemic cell characteristics and treatment between childhood and adult ALL. This is discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the maturation stage of the cells, from which the leukaemia arises, is responsible for the differential behaviour of adult and childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L A Plasschaert
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
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312
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Kondo T, Setoguchi T, Taga T. Persistence of a small subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells in the C6 glioma cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:781-6. [PMID: 14711994 PMCID: PMC321758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307618100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both stem cells and cancer cells are thought to be capable of unlimited proliferation. Paradoxically, however, some cancers seem to contain stem-like cells (cancer stem cells). To help resolve this paradox, we investigated whether established malignant cell lines, which have been maintained for years in culture, contain a subpopulation of stem cells. In this article, we show that many cancer cell lines contain a small side population (SP), which, in many normal tissues, is thought to contain the stem cells of the tissue. We demonstrate that in the absence of serum the combination of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor maintains SP cells in the C6 glioma cell line. Moreover, we show that C6 SP cells, but not non-SP cells, can generate both SP and non-SP cells in culture and are largely responsible for the in vivo malignancy of this cell line. Finally, we provide evidence that C6 SP cells can produce both neurons and glial cells in vitro and in vivo. We propose that many cancer cell lines contain a minor subpopulation of stem cells that is enriched in an SP, can be maintained indefinitely in culture, and is crucial for their malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kondo
- Department of Cell Fate Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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313
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Kroschinsky F, Schleyer E, Renner U, Schimming C, Schimmelpfennig C, Bornhäuser M, Illmer T, Trümper L, Ehninger G, Schaich M. Increased myelotoxicity of idarubicin: is there a pharmacological basis? Results of a pharmacokinetic and an in vitro cytotoxicity study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 53:61-7. [PMID: 12955471 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-003-0700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2003] [Accepted: 08/04/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials evaluating idarubicin (IDA) in acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have provided some evidence for an increased myelotoxicity of IDA compared to other anthracyclines. IDA is known to be less sensitive towards multidrug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). This phenotype is a major impediment to successful antineoplastic treatment, but P-gp is also expressed on hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). METHODS We investigated the pharmacokinetics of IDA and etoposide (ETO) in seven previously untreated patients with aggressive NHL. The patients received a CHOP-derived protocol (CIVEP) in which doxorubicin (DOX) was substituted by IDA 11-16 mg/m(2) and ETO 3 x 100 mg/m(2) was added. Furthermore, we evaluated in vitro the impact of P-gp expression on the cytotoxicity of DOX and IDA in cells from three parental chemosensitive leukemia and lymphoma cell lines (HL60, U937, CCRF) and their resistant sublines, as well as in CD34-positive HSC. RESULTS The peak plasma levels (C(max)), terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2)) and area under the concentration curve (AUC) both for IDA and for ETO did not differ from published data. In cell line models the numbers of viable cells in a P-gp-expressing resistant CCRF-VCR100 subline were significantly more reduced by IDA ( P<0.001), but there was no difference in the cytotoxicities of IDA and DOX in chemosensitive CCRF cells and in the (non-P-gp-expressing) resistant U937 and HL60 sublines. Cytotoxicity against HSC was more pronounced after incubation with IDA than after treatment with DOX ( P=0.014), even when a tenfold higher concentration of DOX than of IDA was used. The addition of cyclosporin A increased the cytotoxic effect of DOX but not that of IDA in HSC. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetics of IDA and its main metabolite idarubicinol in CHOP-derived protocols were not different from data obtained with other combinations or monotherapy. The increased myelotoxicity of IDA may be a consequence of P-gp expression in CD34-positive HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kroschinsky
- 1st Medical Department, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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314
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Israeli D, Benchaouir R, Ziaei S, Rameau P, Gruszczynski C, Peltekian E, Danos O, Garcia L. FGF6 mediated expansion of a resident subset of cells with SP phenotype in the C2C12 myogenic line. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:409-19. [PMID: 15389547 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6) is selectively expressed during muscle development and regeneration. We examined its effect on muscle precursor cells (mpc) by forcing stable FGF6 expression in C2C12 cells in vitro. FGF6 produced in genetically engineered mpc was active, inducing strong morphological changes, altering cell adhesion and compromising their ability to differentiate into myotubes. Expression of MyoD and myogenin, but not of Myf5, was abrogated in FGF6 engineered mpc. These effects were reversed by FGF inhibitors. Ectopic expression of MyoD also restored fiber formation indicating that FGF6 interferes with the myogenic differentiation pathway upstream of MyoD. We also report that in the presence of FGF6, the minor (0.5-2%) subpopulation of cells actively excluding Hoechst 33342 in a verapamil-dependent manner (SP phenotype) was increased to 15-20% and the expression of the mdr1a gene (but not mdr1b) was upregulated by 400-fold. Our data establish a previously undescribed link between FGF6--a muscle specific growth factor--and a multidrug resistance gene expressed in stem cells, and suggest a role for FGF6 in the maintenance of a reserve pool of progenitor cells in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Israeli
- Genethon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8115, 91002 Evry cedex, France
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315
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Lassalle B, Bastos H, Louis JP, Riou L, Testart J, Dutrillaux B, Fouchet P, Allemand I. 'Side Population' cells in adult mouse testis express Bcrp1 gene and are enriched in spermatogonia and germinal stem cells. Development 2003; 131:479-87. [PMID: 14681185 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells in various somatic tissues (bone marrow, skeletal muscle) can be identified by the 'Side Population' marker based on Hoechst 33342 efflux. We show that mouse testicular cells also display a 'Side Population' that express Bcrp1 mRNA, the ABC transporter responsible for Hoechst efflux in hematopoietic cells. Inhibition of Hoechst efflux by specific BCRP1 inhibitor Ko143 show that germinal 'Side Population' phenotype is dependent on BCRP1 activity. Analysis of two well-defined models of altered spermatogenesis (W/Wv mutants and cryptorchid male mice) and RNA expression studies of differentiation markers demonstrate that germinal 'Side Population' contains spermatogonial cells. In addition, alpha 6-integrin and Stra8 germinal stem cell markers, are expressed in the 'Side Population'. In vivo repopulation assay clearly establishes that testis 'Side Population' in adult mice is highly enriched in male germ stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lassalle
- Laboratoire de Méiose et de Maturation Gamétique, DRR / DSV/ CEA-U566 INSERM-Université Paris 7, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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316
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Garrido Colino C. [Current concepts in stem cell research]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2003; 59:552-8. [PMID: 14636520 DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(03)78779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, advances in stem cell research have opened up new horizons in the treatment of human diseases and in regenerative medicine. It is not unusual to find news on stem cell research in newspapers and other media. This review describes some basic concepts in research needed to understand the medical literature on stem cells and to provide the information and bibliography necessary to be up to date in one of the subjects that has generated the greatest number of publications in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garrido Colino
- Pediatra EAP. Panaderas II. Area IX. Fuenlabrada. Madrid. España.
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317
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Nakanishi T, Doyle LA, Hassel B, Wei Y, Bauer KS, Wu S, Pumplin DW, Fang HB, Ross DD. Functional Characterization of Human Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2) Expressed in the Oocytes ofXenopus laevis. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64:1452-62. [PMID: 14645676 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.6.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the function and substrate specificity of human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) in the absence of cofactors or heterologous partner proteins, Xenopus laevis oocytes were injected with cRNA of wild-type or mutant (R482T) BCRP. High expression of BCRP was observed on the oocyte surface. Accumulation and efflux assays revealed that oocytes expressing R482T transported daunorubicin (DNR), mitoxantrone (MX), rhodamine 123, and flavopiridol (FLV), whereas wild-type BCRP transported only MX and FLV, in agreement with observations in mammalian and other systems. Transport activity was completely inhibited by fumitremorgin C, a known inhibitor of BCRP. Injection of oocytes with cRNA containing mutations of serine 187 in the ATP-binding cassette signature motif (S187T or S187A) resulted in strong expression of the mutant forms; however, these oocytes were devoid of transporter activity. When oocytes were coinjected with R482T and R482T/S187T, DNR transport was inhibited in a manner dependent on the amount of R482T/S187T cRNA added, consistent with the idea that the active form of BCRP is a homodimer or homomultimer. Substrate interaction studies found that no two substrates reciprocally inhibited the efflux of the other. Although FLV proved to be an effective inhibitor of both MX and DNR transport, and MX inhibited DNR transport, the other substrates tested had only weak or no inhibitory activity, indicating a complex nature of substrate interaction with the BCRP homodimer. We conclude that the X. laevis oocyte heterologous expression system is a valid and effective means of studying BCRP function and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakanishi
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Room 9-045, Bressler Research Building, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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318
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Dontu G, Al-Hajj M, Abdallah WM, Clarke MF, Wicha MS. Stem cells in normal breast development and breast cancer. Cell Prolif 2003; 36 Suppl 1:59-72. [PMID: 14521516 PMCID: PMC6495427 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.36.s.1.6.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The main focus of this review is the role of mammary stem cells in normal breast development and carcinogenesis. We have developed a new in vitro culture system that permits, for the first time, the propagation of mammary stem and progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state, which should facilitate the elucidation of pathways that regulate normal mammary stem-cell self-renewal and differentiation. Furthermore, we propose a model in which transformation of stem cells, or early progenitor cells, results in carcinogenesis. A key event in this process is the deregulation of normal self-renewal in these cells. Transformed mammary stem or progenitor cells undergo aberrant differentiation processes that result in generation of the phenotypic heterogeneity found in human and rodent breast cancers. This phenotypic diversity is driven by a small subset of mammary tumour stem cells. We will discuss the important implications of this mammary tumour stem-cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dontu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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319
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Doyle LA, Ross DD. Multidrug resistance mediated by the breast cancer resistance protein BCRP (ABCG2). Oncogene 2003; 22:7340-58. [PMID: 14576842 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 757] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Observations of functional adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent drug efflux in certain multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines without overexpression of P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family members suggested the existence of another ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter capable of causing cancer drug resistance. In one such cell line (MCF-7/AdrVp), the overexpression of a novel member of the G subfamily of ABC transporters was found. The new transporter was termed the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), because of its identification in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. BCRP is a 655 amino-acid polypeptide, formally designated as ABCG2. Like all members of the ABC G (white) subfamily, BCRP is a half transporter. Transfection and enforced overexpression of BCRP in drug-sensitive MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells recapitulates the drug-resistance phenotype of MCF-7/AdrVp cells, consistent with current evidence suggesting that functional BCRP is a homodimer. BCRP maps to chromosome 4q22, downstream from a TATA-less promoter. The spectrum of anticancer drugs effluxed by BCRP includes mitoxantrone, camptothecin-derived and indolocarbazole topoisomerase I inhibitors, methotrexate, flavopiridol, and quinazoline ErbB1 inhibitors. Transport of anthracyclines is variable and appears to depend on the presence of a BCRP mutation at codon 482. Potent and specific inhibitors of BCRP are now being developed, opening the door to clinical applications of BCRP inhibition. Owing to tissue localization in the placenta, bile canaliculi, colon, small bowel, and brain microvessel endothelium, BCRP may play a role in protecting the organism from potentially harmful xenobiotics. BCRP expression has also been demonstrated in pluripotential "side population" stem cells, responsible for the characteristic ability of these cells to exclude Hoechst 33342 dye, and possibly for the maintenance of the stem cell phenotype. Studies are emerging on the role of BCRP expression in drug resistance in clinical cancers. More prospective studies are needed, preferably combining BCRP protein or mRNA quantification with functional assays, in order to determine the contribution of BCRP to drug resistance in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Austin Doyle
- The University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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320
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Abstract
Resistance to chemically different natural product anti-cancer drugs (multidrug resistance, or MDR) results from decreased drug accumulation, resulting from expression of one or more ATP-dependent efflux pumps. The first of these to be identified was P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the human MDR1 gene, localized to chromosome 7q21. P-gp is a member of the large ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of proteins. Although its crystallographic 3-D structure is yet to be determined, sequence analysis and comparison to other ABC family members suggest a structure consisting of two transmembrane (TM) domains, each with six TM segments, and two nucleotide-binding domains. In the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidney, and capillaries of the brain, testes, and ovaries, P-gp acts as a barrier to the uptake of xenobiotics, and promotes their excretion in the bile and urine. Polymorphisms in the MDR1 gene may affect the pharmacokinetics of many commonly used drugs, including anticancer drugs. Substrate recognition of many different drugs occurs within the TM domains in multiple-overlapping binding sites. We have proposed a model for how ATP energizes transfer of substrates from these binding sites on P-gp to the outside of the cell, which accounts for the apparent stoichiometry of two ATPs hydrolysed per molecule of drug transported. Understanding of the biology, genetics, and biochemistry of P-gp promises to improve the treatment of cancer and explain the pharmacokinetics of many commonly used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 1A-09, Bethesda, MD 20892-4254, USA.
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321
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Smalley
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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322
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Abstract
In adult tissues, with the notable exception of the haematopoietic system, the identity of somatic stem cells has often been inferred based on no more evidence than their location. Functional data (clonogenicity) to confirm such an appellation has been absent due to the inability to find appropriate cellular markers with which to isolate live stem cells. Flow cytometry has isolated haematopoietic stem cells based on their ability to exclude Hoechst dye. Named the side population (SP), this phenotype may be a universal marker of stem cells in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London at the Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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323
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Joseph B, Bhargava KK, Malhi H, Schilsky ML, Jain D, Palestro CJ, Gupta S. Sestamibi is a substrate for MDR1 and MDR2 P-glycoprotein genes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30:1024-31. [PMID: 12536246 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-002-1111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Technetium-99m sestamibi has attracted interest for assessment of the function of P-glycoproteins, which are well expressed in the liver and have roles in biliary transport and the removal of chemotherapeutic drugs. To further examine the cross-reactivity of (99m)Tc-sestamibi for P-glycoprotein family members, we conducted studies in animals. Hepatobiliary secretion of (99m)Tc-sestamibi was determined in normal FVB/N mice, mutant mice with specific P-glycoprotein deficiencies in the FVB/N background, normal Long-Evans Agouti (LEA) rats, and Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats with abnormal copper transport and liver disease but intact P-glycoprotein expression. After intrasplenic injection, (99m)Tc-sestamibi was rapidly incorporated in the mouse and rat liver, with maximal accumulation after 102+/-31 and 109+/-16 s, respectively ( P=NS). In normal mice and rats, 55%+/-11% and 55%+/-6%, respectively, of the maximal sestamibi activity was retained in the liver after 1 h ( P=NS). In double knockout mice lacking both mdr1a and mdr1b homologs of the human MDR1 ( ABCB1) gene, 88%+/-11% of maximal sestamibi activity was retained in the liver after 1 h ( P<0.001). In knockout mice deficient in either mdr1a gene or mdr2 ( ABCB4) gene, biliary sestamibi excretion was also impaired, although this impairment was relatively less pronounced in ABCB4-deficient mice than in double knockout mice lacking both ABCB1 gene homologs ( P<0.03). Hepatobiliary sestamibi excretion in LEC rats was not different from that in control normal rats, despite the presence of significant liver disease in the former. Hepatobiliary sestamibi excretion requires P-glycoproteins and is unperturbed in chronic liver disease. Sestamibi appears to be a substrate for both ABCB1 and ABCB4 genes, although the former utilizes it far more efficiently. Assessment of P-glycoprotein activity with sestamibi should consider how regulation of ABCB1 and related family members might modulate sestamibi incorporation.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Animals
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/diagnostic imaging
- Liver/metabolism
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred LEC
- Substrate Specificity
- Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi/pharmacokinetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Joseph
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Ullmann 625, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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324
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Blanc E, Goldschneider D, Ferrandis E, Barrois M, Le Roux G, Leonce S, Douc-Rasy S, Bénard J, Raguénez G. MYCN enhances P-gp/MDR1 gene expression in the human metastatic neuroblastoma IGR-N-91 model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:321-31. [PMID: 12819037 PMCID: PMC1868150 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, disseminated neuroblastoma (NB) frequently proves to be chemosensitive but not chemocurable, and more often so in NB-presenting MYCN amplification. To assess the direct relationship between the MYCN oncogene and chemoresistance acquisition during NB metastatic dissemination, we have studied MYCN and MDR1 genes using the human IGR-N-91 ectopic xenograft metastatic model. This characterized experimental in vitro model includes human neuroblasts derived from a subcutaneous primary tumor xenograft, disseminated blood cells, myocardium, and bone marrow (BM) metastatic cells. All IGR-N-91-derived neuroblasts harbor a consistent MYCN genomic content but, unlike primary tumor xenograft, BM, and myocardium, human neuroblasts elicit a concomitant increase in MYCN and MDR1 transcripts levels, consistent with chemoresistance phenotype and active P-gp. In contrast, no variation of MRP1 transcript level was associated with the metastatic process in this model. Using an MDR1 promoter-CAT construct, we have shown that the MycN protein activates MDR1 transcription both in exogenous transient MYCN-transfected SK-N-SH cells and in endogenous BM metastatic neuroblasts with an increase in the MYCN transcript level. Band-shift experiments indicate that IGR-N-91 cells enriched with the MycN transcription factor do bind to two E-box motifs localized within the MDR1 promoter. Overall, our data indicate that MYCN overexpression increment contributes to the acquired drug resistance that occurs throughout the NB metastatic process.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Child
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neuroblastoma/drug therapy
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Blanc
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (8126), Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Fédératif de Recherche, Villejuif, France
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325
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Dontu G, Abdallah WM, Foley JM, Jackson KW, Clarke MF, Kawamura MJ, Wicha MS. In vitro propagation and transcriptional profiling of human mammary stem/progenitor cells. Genes Dev 2003; 17:1253-70. [PMID: 12756227 PMCID: PMC196056 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1061803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1884] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the existence of mammary stem cells has been suggested by serial transplantation studies in mice, their identification has been hindered by the lack of specific surface markers, and by the absence of suitable in vitro assays for testing stem cell properties: self-renewal and ability to generate differentiated progeny. We have developed an in vitro cultivation system that allows for propagation of human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) in an undifferentiated state, based on their ability to proliferate in suspension, as nonadherent mammospheres. We demonstrate that nonadherent mammospheres are enriched in early progenitor/stem cells and able to differentiate along all three mammary epithelial lineages and to clonally generate complex functional structures in reconstituted 3D culture systems. Gene expression analysis of cells isolated from nonadherent mammospheres revealed overlapping genetic programs with other stem and progenitor cells and identified new markers that may be useful in the identification of mammary stem cells. The isolation and characterization of these stem cells should help elucidate the molecular pathways that govern normal mammary development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dontu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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326
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Baum C, Düllmann J, Li Z, Fehse B, Meyer J, Williams DA, von Kalle C. Side effects of retroviral gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2003; 101:2099-114. [PMID: 12511419 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent conceptual and technical improvements have resulted in clinically meaningful levels of gene transfer into repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. At the same time, evidence is accumulating that gene therapy may induce several kinds of unexpected side effects, based on preclinical and clinical data. To assess the therapeutic potential of genetic interventions in hematopoietic cells, it will be important to derive a classification of side effects, to obtain insights into their underlying mechanisms, and to use rigorous statistical approaches in comparing data. We here review side effects related to target cell manipulation; vector production; transgene insertion and expression; selection procedures for transgenic cells; and immune surveillance. We also address some inherent differences between hematopoiesis in the most commonly used animal model, the laboratory mouse, and in humans. It is our intention to emphasize the need for a critical and hypothesis-driven analysis of "transgene toxicology," in order to improve safety, efficiency, and prognosis for the yet small but expanding group of patients that could benefit from gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Baum
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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327
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Preffer FI, Dombkowski D, Sykes M, Scadden D, Yang YG. Lineage-negative side-population (SP) cells with restricted hematopoietic capacity circulate in normal human adult blood: immunophenotypic and functional characterization. Stem Cells 2003; 20:417-27. [PMID: 12351812 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.20-5-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Side-population (SP) cells are a recently described rare cell population detected in selected tissues of various mammalian species, but not yet described in the peripheral circulation. In the present study, we have identified for the first time SP cells in lineage-negative adult human blood and have provided an extensive functional and immunophenotypic characterization of these cells. Adult peripheral blood was depleted of mature leukocyte cell types by density gradient and immunomagnetic separation. The SP cell population was identified by its characteristic Hoechst 33342 profile. Immunophenotypic analysis revealed that blood SP cells expressed high levels of CD45, CD59, CD43, CD49d, CD31, and integrin markers and lacked CD34. Highly purified SP cells were put into cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC), long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC), and liquid cell culture assays; repopulating assays were performed utilizing nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Circulating SP cells were shown to exhibit verapamil sensitivity and a low growth rate. LTC-IC, CAFC, and engraftment assays indicated that circulating SP cells had lost the multipotentiality described in murine bone marrow SP cells. However, outgrowth of mature cell types from liquid cell culture suggests the presence of common lymphoid (T and natural killer) and dendritic cell precursor(s) within circulating SP cell populations. The absence of SP cell growth in the LTC-IC, CAFC, and repopulating assays might be intrinsic to the tissue source (marrow versus blood) or species (mouse versus human) tested. Thus, human blood SP cells, although rare, may serve as a source of selected leukocyte progenitor cells. The immunophenotype of circulating SP cells may provide clues to their seeding and homing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic I Preffer
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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328
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Kunisato A, Chiba S, Nakagami-Yamaguchi E, Kumano K, Saito T, Masuda S, Yamaguchi T, Osawa M, Kageyama R, Nakauchi H, Nishikawa M, Hirai H. HES-1 preserves purified hematopoietic stem cells ex vivo and accumulates side population cells in vivo. Blood 2003; 101:1777-83. [PMID: 12406868 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse long-term hematopoietic reconstituting cells exist in the c-Kit+Sca-1+Lin- (KSL) cell population; among them, CD34(low/-) cells represent the most highly purified population of hematopoietic stem cells in the adult bone marrow. Here, we demonstrate that retrovirus-mediated transduction of CD34(low/-)c-Kit+Sca-1+Lin- (34-KSL) cells with the HES-1 gene, which encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor functioning downstream of the Notch receptor, and is a key molecule for the growth phase of neural stem cells in the embryo, preserves the long-term reconstituting activity of these cells in vitro. We also show that cells derived from the HES-1-transduced 34-KSL population produce progenies characterized by negative Hoechst dye staining, which defines the side population, and by CD34(low/-) profile in the bone marrow KSL population in each recipient mouse at ratios 3.5- and 7.8-fold those produced by nontransduced 34-KSL-derived competitor cells. We conclude that HES-1 preserves the long-term reconstituting hematopoietic activity of 34-KSL stem cells ex vivo. Up-regulation of HES-1 protein in the 34-KSL population before unnecessary cell division, that is, without retrovirus transduction, may represent a potent approach to absolute expansion of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kunisato
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, and Cell Therapy and Transplantation Medicine, University of Tokyo Hospital, University of Tokyo, Japan
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329
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Clark AD, Jørgensen HG, Mountford J, Holyoake TL. Isolation and therapeutic potential of human haemopoietic stem cells. Cytotechnology 2003; 41:111-31. [PMID: 19002948 PMCID: PMC3466700 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024822722285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The haemopoietic stem cell (HSC) has long been regarded as an archetypal, tissue specific, stem cell, capable of completely regenerating haemopoiesis after myeloablation. It has proved relatively easy to harvest HSC, from bone marrow or peripheral blood. In turn, isolation of these cells has allowed therapeutic stem cell transplantation protocols to be developed, that capitalise on their prodigious self renewal and proliferative capabilities. Ex vivo approaches have been described to isolate, genetically manipulateand expand pluripotent stem cell subsets. These techniques have been crucial to the development of gene therapy, and may allow adults to enjoy the potential advantages of cord blood transplantation. Recently, huge conceptual changes have occurred in stem cell biology. In particular, the dogma that, in adults, stem cells are exclusively tissue restricted has been questioned and there is great excitement surrounding the potential plasticity of these cells, with the profound implications that this has, for developing novel cellular therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells, multipotent adult progenitor cells and embryonic stem cells are potential sources of cells for transplantation purposes. These cells may be directed toproduce HSC, in vitro and in the future may be used for therapeutic, or drug development, purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Clark
- Cancer Research Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
- Department of Haematology, Royal Infirmary, North Glasgow Hospital University Trust, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Heather G. Jørgensen
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Joanne Mountford
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Tessa L. Holyoake
- Cancer Research Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
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330
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Thomas H, Coley HM. Overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer: an update on the clinical strategy of inhibiting p-glycoprotein. Cancer Control 2003; 10:159-65. [PMID: 12712010 DOI: 10.1177/107327480301000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a significant obstacle to providing effective chemotherapy to many patients. Multifactorial in etiology, classic MDR is associated with the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), resulting in increased efflux of chemotherapy from cancer cells. Inhibiting P-gp as a method to reverse MDR in cancer patients has been studied extensively, but the results have generally been disappointing. METHODS The development of P-gp inhibitors is reviewed, including a discussion of early agents that are no longer being developed and third-generation agents that are currently in clinical trials. RESULTS First-generation agents (eg, cyclosporin, verapamil) were limited by unacceptable toxicity, whereas second-generation agents (eg, valspodar, biricodar) had better tolerability but were confounded by unpredictable pharmacokinetic interactions and interactions with other transporter proteins. Third-generation inhibitors (tariquidar XR9576, zosuquidar LY335979, laniquidar R101933, and ONT-093) have high potency and specificity for P-gp. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies to date have shown no appreciable impact on cytochrome P450 3A4 drug metabolism and no clinically significant drug interactions with common chemotherapy agents. CONCLUSIONS Third-generation P-gp inhibitors have shown promise in clinical trials. The continued development of these agents may establish the true therapeutic potential of P-gp-mediated MDR reversal.
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331
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Kanemura Y, Mori H, Kobayashi S, Islam O, Kodama E, Yamamoto A, Nakanishi Y, Arita N, Yamasaki M, Okano H, Hara M, Miyake J. Evaluation of in vitro proliferative activity of human fetal neural stem/progenitor cells using indirect measurements of viable cells based on cellular metabolic activity. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69:869-79. [PMID: 12205680 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To scale up human neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) cultures for clinical use, we need to know how long these cells can live ex vivo without losing their ability to proliferate and differentiate; thus, a convenient method is needed to estimate the proliferative activity of human NSPCs grown in neurosphere cultures, as direct cell counting is laborious and potentially inaccurate. Here, we isolated NSPCs from human fetal forebrain and prepared neurosphere cultures. We determined the number of viable cells and estimated their proliferative activity in long-term culture using two methods that measure viable cell numbers indirectly, based on their metabolic activity: the WST-8 assay, in which a formazan dye is produced upon reduction of the water-soluble tetrazolium salt WST-8 by dehydrogenase activity, and the ATP assay, which measures the ATP content of the total cell plasma. We compared the results of these assays with the proliferative activity estimated by DNA synthesis using the 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay. We found the numbers of viable human NSPCs to be directly proportional to the metabolic reaction products obtained in the WST-8 and ATP assays. Both methods yielded identical cell growth curves, showing an exponentially proliferative phase and a change in the population doubling time in long-term culture. They also showed that human NSPCs could be expanded for up to 200 days ex vivo without losing their ability to proliferate and differentiate. Our findings indicated that indirect measurements of viable cells based on metabolic activity, especially the ATP assay, are very effective and reproducible ways to determine the numbers of viable human NSPCs in intact neurospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonehiro Kanemura
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan.
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332
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Abstract
1998 saw the publication of two papers describing the growth in vitro of human embryonic stem (ES) cells derived either from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the early blastocyst or the primitive gonadal regions of early aborted fetuses. Work on murine ES cells over many years had already established the amazing flexibility of ES cells, essentially able to differentiate into almost all cells that arise from the three germ layers. The realization of such pluripotentiality (see below) has, of course, resulted in the field of stem cell research going into overdrive, the establishment of many new biotechnology companies (http://www.stemcellresearchnew.com/catalog1677.html), and a genuine belief that stem cell research will deliver a revolution in terms of how we treat cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, cancer, diabetes, and the like. However, many people believe that early human embryos should be accorded the same status as any sentient being and thus their 'harvesting' for stem cells is morally unjustifiable. With this in mind, other sources of malleable stem cells have been sought. In the adult, organ formation and regeneration was thought to occur through the action of organ- or tissue-restricted stem cells (i.e. haematopoietic stem cells giving rise to all the cells of the blood, neural stem cells making neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). However, it is now believed that stem cells from one organ system, for example the haematopoietic compartment can develop into the differentiated cells within another organ system, such as the liver, brain or kidney. Thus, certain adult stem cells may turn out be as malleable as ES cells and so also be useful in regenerative medicine. This brief overview summarizes the important attributes of tissue-based stem cells and clarifies the terms used.
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333
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Abstract
Observations made in the last few years support the existence of pathways, in adult humans and rodents, that allow adult stem cells to be surprisingly flexible in their differentiation repertoires. Termed plasticity, this property allows adult stem cells, assumed, until now, to be committed to generating a fixed range of progeny, to switch, when they have been relocated, to make other specialized sets of cells appropriate to their new niche. Reprogramming of some adult stem cells can occur in vivo; the stem cells normally resident in bone marrow appear particularly flexible and are able to contribute usefully to multiple recipient organs. This process produces cells with specialized structural and metabolic adaptations commensurate with their new locations. In a few examples, the degree of support is sufficient to assist or even rescue recipient mice from genetic defects. Some studies provide evidence for the expansion of the reprogrammed cells locally, but in most it remains possible that cells arrive and redifferentiate, but are no longer stem cells. Nevertheless, the fact that appropriately differentiated cells are delivered deep within organs simply by injection of bone marrow cells should make us think differently about the way that organs regenerate and repair. Migratory pathways for stem cells in adult organisms may exist that could be exploited to effect repairs using an individual's own stem cells, perhaps after gene therapy. Logical extensions of this concept are that a transplanted organ would become affected by the genetic susceptibilities of the recipient, alleles that re-express themselves via marrow-derived stem cells, and that plasticity after bone marrow transplantation would also transfer different phenotypes, affecting important parameters such as susceptibility to long-term complications of diabetes, or the ability to metabolize drugs in the liver. This article reviews some of the evidence for stem cell plasticity in rodents and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Poulsom
- Histopathology Unit, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK.
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Lechner A, Leech CA, Abraham EJ, Nolan AL, Habener JF. Nestin-positive progenitor cells derived from adult human pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain side population (SP) cells defined by expression of the ABCG2 (BCRP1) ATP-binding cassette transporter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:670-4. [PMID: 12054520 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The disease diabetes mellitus arises as a consequence of a failure of the beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas to produce insulin in the amounts required to meet the needs of the body. Whole pancreas or islet transplants in patients with severe diabetes effectively restore insulin production. A lack of availability of donor pancreata requires the development of alternative sources of islets such as the ex vivo culture and differentiation of stem/progenitor cells. Earlier we discovered multipotential progenitor cells in islets isolated from adult human pancreata that express the neural stem cell marker nestin: nestin-positive islet-derived progenitor cells (NIPs). Recently it was shown that the exclusion of the Hoechst 33342 dye, which defines the pluripotential side population (SP) of hematopoietic stem cells, is mediated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABCG2. Here we report that the human islet-derived NIPs contain a substantial subpopulation of SP cells that co-express ABCG2, MDR1, and nestin. Thus NIPs may be a potential source of adult pluripotential stem/progenitor cells useful for the production of islet tissue for transplantation into diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lechner
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street-WEL320, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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