301
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Yamaguchi M, Watanabe Y, Ohtani T, Uezumi A, Mikami N, Nakamura M, Sato T, Ikawa M, Hoshino M, Tsuchida K, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Tsujikawa K, Takeda S, Yamamoto H, Fukada SI. Calcitonin Receptor Signaling Inhibits Muscle Stem Cells from Escaping the Quiescent State and the Niche. Cell Rep 2015; 13:302-14. [PMID: 26440893 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin receptor (Calcr) is expressed in adult muscle stem cells (muscle satellite cells [MuSCs]). To elucidate the role of Calcr, we conditionally depleted Calcr from adult MuSCs and found that impaired regeneration after muscle injury correlated with the decreased number of MuSCs in Calcr-conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Calcr signaling maintained MuSC dormancy via the cAMP-PKA pathway but had no impact on myogenic differentiation of MuSCs in an undifferentiated state. The abnormal quiescent state in Calcr-cKO mice resulted in a reduction of the MuSC pool by apoptosis. Furthermore, MuSCs were found outside their niche in Calcr-cKO mice, demonstrating cell relocation. This emergence from the sublaminar niche was prevented by the Calcr-cAMP-PKA and Calcr-cAMP-Epac pathways downstream of Calcr. Altogether, the findings demonstrated that Calcr exerts its effect specifically by keeping MuSCs in a quiescent state and in their location, maintaining the MuSC pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuji Ohtani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyagoe-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - So-ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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302
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Yamaguchi M, Murakami S, Yoneda T, Nakamura M, Zhang L, Uezumi A, Fukuda S, Kokubo H, Tsujikawa K, Fukada SI. Evidence of Notch-Hesr-Nrf2 Axis in Muscle Stem Cells, but Absence of Nrf2 Has No Effect on Their Quiescent and Undifferentiated State. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138517. [PMID: 26418810 PMCID: PMC4587955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 is a master regulator of oxidative stresses through the induction of anti-oxidative genes. Nrf2 plays roles in maintaining murine hematopoietic stem cells and fly intestinal stem cells. The canonical Notch signaling pathway is also crucial for maintaining several types of adult stem cells including muscle stem cells (satellite cells). Here, we show that Dll1 induced Nrf2 expression in myogenic cells. In addition, primary targets of Notch signaling, Hesr1 and Hesr3, were involved in the up-regulation of Nrf2 mRNA and expression of its target genes. In vitro, Nrf2 had anti-myogenic and anti-proliferative effects on primary myoblasts. In vivo, although Nrf2-knockout mice showed decreased expression of its target genes in muscle stem cells, adult muscle stem cells of Nrf2-knockout mice did not exhibit the phenotype. Taken together, in muscle stem cells, the Notch-Hesr-Nrf2 axis is a pathway potentially inducing anti-oxidative genes, but muscle stem cells either do not require Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidative gene expression or they have a complementary system compensating for the loss of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lidan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Fukuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kokubo
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - So-ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
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303
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Buckingham M, Relaix F. PAX3 and PAX7 as upstream regulators of myogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:115-25. [PMID: 26424495 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Like other subclasses within the PAX transcription factor family, PAX3 and PAX7 play important roles in the emergence of a number of different tissues during development. PAX3 regulates neural crest and, together with its orthologue PAX7, is also expressed in parts of the central nervous system. In this chapter we will focus on their role in skeletal muscle. Both factors are key regulators of myogenesis where Pax3 plays a major role during early skeletal muscle formation in the embryo while Pax7 predominates during post-natal growth and muscle regeneration in the adult. We review the expression and functions of these factors in the myogenic context. We also discuss mechanistic aspects of PAX3/7 function and modulation of their activity by interaction with other proteins, as well as the post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Buckingham
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Team 10, 94000 Creteil, France; UPEC Paris Est-Creteil University, Faculty of Medicine, F-94000 Creteil, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017 Creteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France.
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304
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Isolation of skeletal muscle stem cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1612-24. [PMID: 26401916 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prospective isolation of purified stem cell populations has dramatically altered the field of stem cell biology, and it has been a major focus of research across tissues in different organisms. Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are now among the most intensely studied stem cell populations in mammalian systems, and the prospective isolation of these cells has allowed cellular and molecular characterizations that were not dreamed of a decade ago. In this protocol, we describe how to isolate MuSCs from limb muscles of adult mice by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We provide a detailed description of the physical and enzymatic dissociation of mononucleated cells from limb muscles, a procedure that is essential in order to maximize cell yield. We also describe a FACS-based method that is used subsequently to obtain highly pure populations of either quiescent or activated MuSCs (VCAM(+)CD31(-)CD45(-)Sca1(-)). The isolation process takes ∼5-6 h to complete. The protocol also allows for the isolation of endothelial cells, hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stem cells from muscle tissue.
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305
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Jones KM, Sarić N, Russell JP, Andoniadou CL, Scambler PJ, Basson MA. CHD7 maintains neural stem cell quiescence and prevents premature stem cell depletion in the adult hippocampus. Stem Cells 2015; 33:196-210. [PMID: 25183173 PMCID: PMC5952591 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) in the hippocampus produce new neurons throughout adult life. NSCs are maintained in a state of reversible quiescence and the failure to maintain the quiescent state can result in the premature depletion of the stem cell pool. The epigenetic mechanisms that maintain this quiescent state have not been identified. Using an inducible knockout mouse model, we show that the chromatin remodeling factor chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7 (CHD7) is essential for maintaining NSC quiescence. CHD7 inactivation in adult NSCs results in a loss of stem cell quiescence in the hippocampus, a transient increase in cell divisions, followed by a significant decline in neurogenesis. This loss of NSC quiescence is associated with the premature loss of NSCs in middle-aged mice. We find that CHD7 represses the transcription of several positive regulators of cell cycle progression and is required for full induction of the Notch target gene Hes5 in quiescent NSCs. These findings directly link CHD7 to pathways involved in NSC quiescence and identify the first chromatin-remodeling factor with a role in NSC quiescence and maintenance. As CHD7 haplo-insufficiency is associated with a range of cognitive disabilities in CHARGE syndrome, our observations may have implications for understanding the basis of these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Jones
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy's Hospital Tower Wing, London, UK
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306
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Ex Vivo Expansion and In Vivo Self-Renewal of Human Muscle Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:621-32. [PMID: 26344908 PMCID: PMC4624935 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle stem cells, or satellite cells (SCs), regenerate functional muscle following transplantation into injured or diseased tissue. To gain insight into human SC (huSC) biology, we analyzed transcriptome dynamics by RNA sequencing of prospectively isolated quiescent and activated huSCs. This analysis indicated that huSCs differentiate and lose proliferative potential when maintained in high-mitogen conditions ex vivo. Further analysis of gene expression revealed that p38 MAPK acts in a transcriptional network underlying huSC self-renewal. Activation of p38 signaling correlated with huSC differentiation, while inhibition of p38 reversibly prevented differentiation, enabling expansion of huSCs. When transplanted, expanded huSCs differentiated to generate chimeric muscle and engrafted as SCs in the sublaminar niche with a greater frequency than freshly isolated cells or cells cultured without p38 inhibition. These studies indicate characteristics of the huSC transcriptome that promote expansion ex vivo to allow enhanced functional engraftment of a defined population of self-renewing huSCs. Prospective isolation of highly pure huSCs from diverse muscles RNA sequencing resource for studying the huSC transcriptome Core transcription factor regulatory network of huSC differentiation Expanded huSCs that are genetically manipulable and self-renew in vivo
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307
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Shan T, Zhang P, Liang X, Bi P, Yue F, Kuang S. Lkb1 is indispensable for skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and satellite cell homeostasis. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2893-907. [PMID: 25069613 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase 11, commonly known as liver kinase b1 (Lkb1), is a tumor suppressor that regulates cellular energy metabolism and stem cell function. Satellite cells are skeletal muscle resident stem cells that maintain postnatal muscle growth and repair. Here, we used MyoD(Cre)/Lkb1(flox/flox) mice (called MyoD-Lkb1) to delete Lkb1 in embryonic myogenic progenitors and their descendant satellite cells and myofibers. The MyoD-Lkb1 mice exhibit a severe myopathy characterized by central nucleated myofibers, reduced mobility, growth retardation, and premature death. Although tamoxifen-induced postnatal deletion of Lkb1 in satellite cells using Pax7(CreER) mice bypasses the developmental defects and early death, Lkb1 null satellite cells lose their regenerative capacity cell-autonomously. Strikingly, Lkb1 null satellite cells fail to maintain quiescence in noninjured resting muscles and exhibit accelerated proliferation but reduced differentiation kinetics. At the molecular level, Lkb1 limits satellite cell proliferation through the canonical AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, but facilitates differentiation through phosphorylation of GSK-3β, a key component of the WNT signaling pathway. Together, these results establish a central role of Lkb1 in muscle stem cell homeostasis, muscle development, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizhong Shan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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308
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Rumman M, Dhawan J, Kassem M. Concise Review: Quiescence in Adult Stem Cells: Biological Significance and Relevance to Tissue Regeneration. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2903-12. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rumman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem); Bangalore Karnataka India
- CSIR-Center for Cell and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; University Hospital of Odense; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Panum Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Stem cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine; King Saud University; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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309
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Biressi S, Gopinath SD. The quasi-parallel lives of satellite cells and atrophying muscle. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:140. [PMID: 26257645 PMCID: PMC4510774 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy or wasting accompanies various chronic illnesses and the aging process, thereby reducing muscle function. One of the most important components contributing to effective muscle repair in postnatal organisms, the satellite cells (SCs), have recently become the focus of several studies examining factors participating in the atrophic process. We critically examine here the experimental evidence linking SC function with muscle loss in connection with various diseases as well as aging, and in the subsequent recovery process. Several recent reports have investigated the changes in SCs in terms of their differentiation and proliferative capacity in response to various atrophic stimuli. In this regard, we review the molecular changes within SCs that contribute to their dysfunctional status in atrophy, with the intention of shedding light on novel potential pharmacological targets to counteract the loss of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of TrentoTrento, Italy
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310
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Dumont NA, Wang YX, Rudnicki MA. Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms regulating satellite cell function. Development 2015; 142:1572-81. [PMID: 25922523 PMCID: PMC4419274 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells, are crucial for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. In healthy adult muscle, satellite cells are quiescent but poised for activation. During muscle regeneration, activated satellite cells transiently re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate and subsequently exit the cell cycle to differentiate or self-renew. Recent studies have demonstrated that satellite cells are heterogeneous and that subpopulations of satellite stem cells are able to perform asymmetric divisions to generate myogenic progenitors or symmetric divisions to expand the satellite cell pool. Thus, a complex balance between extrinsic cues and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms is needed to tightly control satellite cell cycle progression and cell fate determination. Defects in satellite cell regulation or in their niche, as observed in degenerative conditions such as aging, can impair muscle regeneration. Here, we review recent discoveries of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate satellite cell behaviour in regenerating and degenerating muscles. Summary: This Review discusses how satellite stem cell behaviour is regulated during regeneration and degeneration by a complex balance between extrinsic cues and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Dumont
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Yu Xin Wang
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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311
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Ishii K, Suzuki N, Mabuchi Y, Ito N, Kikura N, Fukada S, Okano H, Takeda S, Akazawa C. Muscle Satellite Cell Protein Teneurin-4 Regulates Differentiation During Muscle Regeneration. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3017-27. [PMID: 26013034 PMCID: PMC4744701 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cells are maintained in an undifferentiated quiescent state, but during muscle regeneration they acquire an activated stage, and initiate to proliferate and differentiate as myoblasts. The transmembrane protein teneurin-4 (Ten-4) is specifically expressed in the quiescent satellite cells; however, its cellular and molecular functions remain unknown. We therefore aimed to elucidate the function of Ten-4 in muscle satellite cells. In the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of Ten-4-deficient mice, the number and the size of myofibers, as well as the population of satellite cells, were reduced with/without induction of muscle regeneration. Furthermore, we found an accelerated activation of satellite cells in the regenerated Ten-4-deficient TA muscle. The cell culture analysis using primary satellite cells showed that Ten-4 suppressed the progression of myogenic differentiation. Together, our findings revealed that Ten-4 functions as a crucial player in maintaining the quiescence of muscle satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsGraduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Nobuharu Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsGraduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsGraduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Ito
- Department of Molecular TherapyNational Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryKodairaTokyoJapan
| | - Naomi Kikura
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsGraduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - So‐ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of PhysiologyKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular TherapyNational Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryKodairaTokyoJapan
| | - Chihiro Akazawa
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsGraduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
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312
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Cheedipudi S, Puri D, Saleh A, Gala HP, Rumman M, Pillai MS, Sreenivas P, Arora R, Sellathurai J, Schrøder HD, Mishra RK, Dhawan J. A fine balance: epigenetic control of cellular quiescence by the tumor suppressor PRDM2/RIZ at a bivalent domain in the cyclin a gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6236-56. [PMID: 26040698 PMCID: PMC4513853 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cell quiescence is critical to ensure regeneration while minimizing tumorigenesis. Epigenetic regulation contributes to cell cycle control and differentiation, but few regulators of the chromatin state in quiescent cells are known. Here we report that the tumor suppressor PRDM2/RIZ, an H3K9 methyltransferase, is enriched in quiescent muscle stem cells invivo and controls reversible quiescence in cultured myoblasts. We find that PRDM2 associates with >4400 promoters in G0 myoblasts, 55% of which are also marked with H3K9me2 and enriched for myogenic, cell cycle and developmental regulators. Knockdown of PRDM2 alters histone methylation at key promoters such as Myogenin and CyclinA2 (CCNA2), and subverts the quiescence program via global de-repression of myogenesis, and hyper-repression of the cell cycle. Further, PRDM2 acts upstream of the repressive PRC2 complex in G0. We identify a novel G0-specific bivalent chromatin domain in the CCNA2 locus. PRDM2 protein interacts with the PRC2 protein EZH2 and regulates its association with the bivalent domain in the CCNA2 gene. Our results suggest that induction of PRDM2 in G0 ensures that two antagonistic programs—myogenesis and the cell cycle—while stalled, are poised for reactivation. Together, these results indicate that epigenetic regulation by PRDM2 preserves key functions of the quiescent state, with implications for stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Cheedipudi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Deepika Puri
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg D-79108, Germany
| | - Amena Saleh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Manipal University, Manipal 576104 India
| | - Hardik P Gala
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Mohammed Rumman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Manipal University, Manipal 576104 India
| | - Malini S Pillai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Prethish Sreenivas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Reety Arora
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Jeeva Sellathurai
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000 C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Daa Schrøder
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000 C, Denmark
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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313
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Hansen CG, Moroishi T, Guan KL. YAP and TAZ: a nexus for Hippo signaling and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:499-513. [PMID: 26045258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a potent regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Here we review the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway and discuss the function of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), the prime mediators of the Hippo pathway, in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. We highlight their activities in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and discuss their role as a signaling nexus and integrator of several other prominent signaling pathways such as the Wnt, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and Notch pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gram Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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314
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Sousa-Victor P, García-Prat L, Serrano AL, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Muscle stem cell aging: regulation and rejuvenation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:287-96. [PMID: 25869211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline of physiological integrity leading to the loss of tissue function and vulnerability to disease, but its causes remain poorly understood. Skeletal muscle has an outstanding regenerative capacity that relies on its resident stem cells (satellite cells). This capacity declines with aging, and recent discoveries have redefined our view of why this occurs. Here, we discuss how an interconnection of extrinsic changes in the systemic and local environment and cell-intrinsic mechanisms might provoke failure of normal muscle stem cell functions with aging. We focus particularly on the emergent biology of rejuvenation of old satellite cells, including cells of geriatric age, by restoring traits of youthfulness, with the final goal of improving human health during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sousa-Victor
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA; Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura García-Prat
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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315
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Fu X, Xiao J, Wei Y, Li S, Liu Y, Yin J, Sun K, Sun H, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhang BT, Sheng C, Wang H, Hu P. Combination of inflammation-related cytokines promotes long-term muscle stem cell expansion. Cell Res 2015; 25:655-73. [PMID: 25976405 PMCID: PMC4456625 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs, satellite cells) are the major contributor to muscle regeneration. Like most adult stem cells, long-term expansion of MuSCs in vitro is difficult. The in vivo muscle regeneration abilities of MuSCs are quickly lost after culturing in vitro, which prevents the potential applications of MuSCs in cell-based therapies. Here, we establish a system to serially expand MuSCs in vitro for over 20 passages by mimicking the endogenous microenvironment. We identified that the combination of four pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α, IL-13, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, secreted by T cells was able to stimulate MuSC proliferation in vivo upon injury and promote serial expansion of MuSCs in vitro. The expanded MuSCs can replenish the endogenous stem cell pool and are capable of repairing multiple rounds of muscle injuries in vivo after a single transplantation. The establishment of the in vitro system provides us a powerful method to expand functional MuSCs to repair muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuning Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huating Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongkang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Sheng
- Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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316
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Yousef H, Conboy MJ, Mamiya H, Zeiderman M, Schlesinger C, Schaffer DV, Conboy IM. Mechanisms of action of hESC-secreted proteins that enhance human and mouse myogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:602-20. [PMID: 25109702 PMCID: PMC4169857 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells grow poorly in vitro compared to embryonic stem cells, and in vivo stem cell maintenance and proliferation by tissue niches progressively deteriorates with age. We previously reported that factors produced by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) support a robust regenerative capacity for adult and old mouse muscle stem/progenitor cells. Here we extend these findings to human muscle progenitors and investigate underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that hESC-conditioned medium enhanced the proliferation of mouse and human muscle progenitors. Furthermore, hESC-produced factors activated MAPK and Notch signaling in human myogenic progenitors, and Delta/Notch-1 activation was dependent on MAPK/pERK. The Wnt, TGF-β and BMP/pSmad1,5,8 pathways were unresponsive to hESC-produced factors, but BMP signaling was dependent on intact MAPK/pERK. c-Myc, p57, and p18 were key effectors of the enhanced myogenesis promoted by the hECS factors. To define some of the active ingredients of the hESC-secretome which may have therapeutic potential, a comparative proteomic antibody array analysis was performed and identified several putative proteins, including FGF2, 6 and 19 which as ligands for MAPK signaling, were investigated in more detail. These studies emphasize that a “youthful” signaling of multiple signaling pathways is responsible for the pro-regenerative activity of the hESC factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadie Yousef
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. co-first authors
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. co-first authors
| | - Hikaru Mamiya
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew Zeiderman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christina Schlesinger
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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317
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Than-Trong E, Bally-Cuif L. Radial glia and neural progenitors in the adult zebrafish central nervous system. Glia 2015; 63:1406-28. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Than-Trong
- Team Zebrafisdh Neurogenetics; Paris-Saclay University, Paris-Sud University, CNRS, UMR 9197, Paris-Saclay Institute for Neuroscience (NeuroPSI); Avenue De La Terrasse, Bldg 5 Gif-sur-Yvette F-91190 France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Team Zebrafisdh Neurogenetics; Paris-Saclay University, Paris-Sud University, CNRS, UMR 9197, Paris-Saclay Institute for Neuroscience (NeuroPSI); Avenue De La Terrasse, Bldg 5 Gif-sur-Yvette F-91190 France
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318
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Bi P, Kuang S. Notch signaling as a novel regulator of metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:248-55. [PMID: 25805408 PMCID: PMC4435535 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily unprepared for modern high-calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles, humans are now unprecedentedly susceptible to metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic fatty liver, and cardiovascular disease. These metabolic conditions are intertwined, together known as metabolic syndrome, and compromise human life quality as well as lives. Notch signaling, a fundamental signal transduction pathway critical for cell-cell communication and development, has recently been recognized as a key player in metabolism. This review summarizes the emerging roles of Notch signaling in regulating the metabolism of various cell and tissue types, with emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms and the potential of targeting this signal axis to treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Bi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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319
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Brancaccio A, Palacios D. Chromatin signaling in muscle stem cells: interpreting the regenerative microenvironment. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:36. [PMID: 25904863 PMCID: PMC4387924 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration in the adult occurs in response to damage at expenses of a population of adult stem cells, the satellite cells. Upon injury, either physical or genetic, signals released within the satellite cell niche lead to the commitment, expansion and differentiation of the pool of muscle progenitors to repair damaged muscle. To achieve this goal satellite cells undergo a dramatic transcriptional reprogramming to coordinately activate and repress specific subset of genes. Although the epigenetics of muscle regeneration has been extensively discussed, less emphasis has been put on how extra-cellular cues are translated into the specific chromatin reorganization necessary for progression through the myogenic program. In this review we will focus on how satellite cells sense the regenerative microenvironment in physiological and pathological circumstances, paying particular attention to the mechanism through which the external stimuli are transduced to the nucleus to modulate chromatin structure and gene expression. We will discuss the pathways involved and how alterations in this chromatin signaling may contribute to satellite cells dysfunction during aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brancaccio
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Signaling, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Palacios
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Signaling, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
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320
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McCullagh KJA, Perlingeiro RCR. Coaxing stem cells for skeletal muscle repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:198-207. [PMID: 25049085 PMCID: PMC4295015 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a tremendous ability to regenerate, attributed to a well-defined population of muscle stem cells called satellite cells. However, this ability to regenerate diminishes with age and can also be dramatically affected by multiple types of muscle diseases, or injury. Extrinsic and/or intrinsic defects in the regulation of satellite cells are considered to be major determinants for the diminished regenerative capacity. Maintenance and replenishment of the satellite cell pool is one focus for muscle regenerative medicine, which will be discussed. There are other sources of progenitor cells with myogenic capacity, which may also support skeletal muscle repair. However, all of these myogenic cell populations have inherent difficulties and challenges in maintaining or coaxing their derivation for therapeutic purpose. This review will highlight recent reported attributes of these cells and new bioengineering approaches to creating a supply of myogenic stem cells or implants applicable for acute and/or chronic muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J A McCullagh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Rita C R Perlingeiro
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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321
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Kaseb HO, Gollin SM. Concerning consequences of blocking Notch signaling in satellite muscle stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:11. [PMID: 25741508 PMCID: PMC4332377 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem O Kaseb
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Susanne M Gollin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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322
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Parker MH. The altered fate of aging satellite cells is determined by signaling and epigenetic changes. Front Genet 2015; 6:59. [PMID: 25750654 PMCID: PMC4335604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a striated tissue composed of multinucleated fibers that contract under the control of the somatic nervous system to direct movement. The stem cells of skeletal muscle, known as satellite cells, are responsible for muscle fiber growth, turnover, and regeneration. Satellite cells are activated and proliferate in response to stimuli, and simplistically, have two main fates—to repopulate the satellite cell niche, or differentiate to regenerate or repair muscle fibers. However, the ability to regenerate muscle and replace lost myofibers declines with age. This loss of function may be a result of extrinsic changes in the niche, such as alterations in signaling or modifications to the extracellular matrix. However, intrinsic epigenetic changes within satellite cells may also affect cell fate and cause a decline in regenerative capacity. This review will describe the mechanisms that regulate cell fate decisions in adult skeletal muscle, and how changes during aging affect muscle fiber turnover and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura H Parker
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA, USA
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323
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Mu X, Tang Y, Lu A, Takayama K, Usas A, Wang B, Weiss K, Huard J. The role of Notch signaling in muscle progenitor cell depletion and the rapid onset of histopathology in muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2923-37. [PMID: 25678553 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been speculated that stem cell depletion plays a role in the rapid progression of the muscle histopathology associated with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for stem cell depletion remain poorly understood. The rapid depletion of muscle stem cells has not been observed in the dystrophin-deficient model of DMD (mdx mouse), which may explain the relatively mild dystrophic phenotype observed in this animal model. In contrast, we have observed a rapid occurrence of stem cell depletion in the dystrophin/utrophin double knockout (dKO) mouse model, which exhibits histopathological features that more closely recapitulate the phenotype observed in DMD patients compared with the mdx mouse. Notch signaling has been found to be a key regulator of stem cell self-renewal and myogenesis in normal skeletal muscle; however, little is known about the role that Notch plays in the development of the dystrophic histopathology associated with DMD. Our results revealed an over-activation of Notch in the skeletal muscles of dKO mice, which correlated with sustained inflammation, impaired muscle regeneration and the rapid depletion and senescence of the muscle progenitor cells (MPCs, i.e. Pax7+ cells). Consequently, the repression of Notch in the skeletal muscle of dKO mice delayed/reduced the depletion and senescence of MPCs, and restored the myogenesis capacity while reducing inflammation and fibrosis. We suggest that the down-regulation of Notch could represent a viable approach to reduce the dystrophic histopathologies associated with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Mu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ying Tang
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Aiping Lu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Koji Takayama
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Arvydas Usas
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kurt Weiss
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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324
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Zhang YC, Li YJ, Shi J, Qin ZF, Wei PK, Yan B. Notch signaling pathway and gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:381-387. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i3.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is still the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Currently, all the available therapeutic methods in practice appear to be blunt for the majority of advanced-stage patients and their long time-survival rate is also still rather frustrating. The Notch signaling pathway is increasingly demonstrated to play an important role in controlling the fate of gastric cancer cells and gastric cancer stem cells, and some previous studies have indicated that different Notch receptors and ligands, such as Notch-1, 2, 3, Dll-1, 4 and Jag-1, 2, were highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and were associated with various clinical parameters. More notably, these receptors and ligands were also found to be expressed in gastric cancer stem cells, which were CD44 positive, and could have a key role in regulating the fate of these cells. Taking into consideration the pivotal role of Notch signaling pathway in gastric cancer and cancer stem cells, it would be promising to predict that it could become therapeutic targets in the future.
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325
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Fu X, Wang H, Hu P. Stem cell activation in skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1663-77. [PMID: 25572293 PMCID: PMC4412728 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cell (satellite cell) activation post muscle injury is a transient and critical step in muscle regeneration. It is regulated by physiological cues, signaling molecules, and epigenetic regulatory factors. The mechanisms that coherently turn on the complex activation process shortly after trauma are just beginning to be illuminated. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of satellite cell activation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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326
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Abstract
Skeletal muscles in vertebrates have a phenomenal regenerative capacity. A muscle that has been crushed can regenerate fully both structurally and functionally within a month. Remarkably, efficient regeneration continues to occur following repeated injuries. Thousands of muscle precursor cells are needed to accomplish regeneration following acute injury. The differentiated muscle cells, the multinucleated contractile myofibers, are terminally withdrawn from mitosis. The source of the regenerative precursors is the skeletal muscle stem cells-the mononucleated cells closely associated with myofibers, which are known as satellite cells. Satellite cells are mitotically quiescent or slow-cycling, committed to myogenesis, but undifferentiated. Disruption of the niche after muscle damage results in their exit from quiescence and progression towards commitment. They eventually arrest proliferation, differentiate, and fuse to damaged myofibers or make de novo myofibers. Satellite cells are one of the well-studied adult tissue-specific stem cells and have served as an excellent model for investigating adult stem cells. They have also emerged as an important standard in the field of ageing and stem cells. Several recent reviews have highlighted the importance of these cells as a model to understand stem cell biology. This chapter begins with the discovery of satellite cells as skeletal muscle stem cells and their developmental origin. We discuss transcription factors and signalling cues governing stem cell function of satellite cells and heterogeneity in the satellite cell pool. Apart from satellite cells, a number of other stem cells have been shown to make muscle and are being considered as candidate stem cells for amelioration of muscle degenerative diseases. We discuss these "offbeat" muscle stem cells and their status as adult skeletal muscle stem cells vis-a-vis satellite cells. The ageing context is highlighted in the concluding section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India,
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327
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Guichet PO, Guelfi S, Teigell M, Hoppe L, Bakalara N, Bauchet L, Duffau H, Lamszus K, Rothhut B, Hugnot JP. Notch1 Stimulation Induces a Vascularization Switch With Pericyte-Like Cell Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2014; 33:21-34. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Guelfi
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Marisa Teigell
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Liesa Hoppe
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Norbert Bakalara
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Luc Bauchet
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi; Montpellier Cedex France
- CHU Montpellier; Hopital Guy de Chaulliac; Montpellier France
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi; Montpellier Cedex France
- CHU Montpellier; Hopital Guy de Chaulliac; Montpellier France
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Biology, Department of Neurosurgery; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Bernard Rothhut
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi; Montpellier Cedex France
- Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon; Montpellier Cedex France
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328
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Dayanidhi S, Lieber RL. Skeletal muscle satellite cells: mediators of muscle growth during development and implications for developmental disorders. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:723-32. [PMID: 25186345 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are the muscle stem cells responsible for longitudinal and cross-sectional postnatal growth and repair after injury and which provide new myonuclei when needed. We review their morphology and contribution to development and their role in sarcomere and myonuclear addition. SCs, similar to other tissue stem cells, cycle through different states, such as quiescence, activation, and self-renewal, and thus we consider the signaling mechanisms involved in maintenance of these states. The role of the SC niche and their interactions with other cells, such as fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix, are all emerging as major factors that affect aging and disease. Interestingly, children with cerebral palsy appear to have a reduced SC number, which could play a role in their reduced muscular development and even in muscular contracture formation. Finally, we review the current information on SC dysfunction in children with muscular dystrophy and emerging therapies that target promotion of myogenesis and reduction of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Dayanidhi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0863, La Jolla, California, 92093-0863, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA
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329
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Murakami K, Lee YH, Lucas ES, Chan YW, Durairaj RP, Takeda S, Moore JD, Tan BK, Quenby S, Chan JKY, Gargett CE, Brosens JJ. Decidualization induces a secretome switch in perivascular niche cells of the human endometrium. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4542-53. [PMID: 25116707 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The endometrial perivascular microenvironment is rich in mesenchymal stem-like cells that express type 1 integral membrane protein Sushi domain containing 2 (SUSD2) but the role of these cells in the decidual transformation of this tissue in pregnancy is unknown. We used an antibody directed against SUSD2 (W5C5) to isolate perivascular (W5C5(+)) and nonperivascular (W5C5(-)) fibroblasts from mid-luteal biopsies. We show that SUSD2 expression, and hence the ratio of W5C5(+):W5C5(-) cells, changes in culture depending on cell-cell contact and activation of the Notch signaling pathway. RNA sequencing revealed that cultures derived from W5C5(+) progenitor cells remain phenotypically distinct by the enrichment of novel and established endometrial perivascular signature genes. In an undifferentiated state, W5C5(+)-derived cells produced lower levels of various chemokines and inflammatory modulators when compared with their W5C5(-) counterparts. This divergence in secretomes was switched and became more pronounced upon decidualization, which transformed perivascular W5C5(+) cells into the dominant source of a range of chemokines and cytokines, including leukemia inhibitory factor and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7. Our findings suggest that the decidual response is spatially organized at the embryo-maternal interface with differentiating perivascular cells establishing distinct cytokine and chemokine profiles that could potentially direct trophoblast toward maternal vessels and govern local immune responses in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Murakami
- Division of Reproductive Health, Clinical Science Research Laboratories (K.M., E.S.L., R.P.D., B.K.T., S.Q., J.J.B.), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.M., S.T.), Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Interdisciplinary Research Groups of BioSystems and Micromechanics, and Infectious Diseases (Y.H.L.), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602; Warwick Systems Biology Centre (Y.-W.C., J.D.M.), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program (J.K.Y.C.), Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857; and The Ritchie Centre (C.E.G.), Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute, Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, Australia
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330
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von Grabowiecki Y, Licona C, Palamiuc L, Abreu P, Vidimar V, Coowar D, Mellitzer G, Gaiddon C. Regulation of a Notch3-Hes1 pathway and protective effect by a tocopherol-omega alkanol chain derivative in muscle atrophy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:23-32. [PMID: 25326132 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.216879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular atrophy, a physiopathologic process associated with severe human diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or cancer, has been linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The Notch pathway plays a role in muscle development and in muscle regeneration upon physical injury. In this study, we explored the possibility that the Notch pathway participates in the ROS-related muscular atrophy occurring in cancer-associated cachexia and ALS. We also tested whether hybrid compounds of tocopherol, harboring antioxidant activity, and the omega-alkanol chain, presenting cytoprotective activity, might reduce muscle atrophy and impact the Notch pathway. We identified one tocopherol-omega alkanol chain derivative, AGT251, protecting myoblastic cells against known cytotoxic agents. We showed that this compound presenting antioxidant activity counteracts the induction of the Notch pathway by cytotoxic stress, leading to a decrease of Notch1 and Notch3 expression. At the functional level, these regulations correlated with a repression of the Notch target gene Hes1 and the atrophy/remodeling gene MuRF1. Importantly, we also observed an induction of Notch3 and Hes1 expression in two murine models of muscle atrophy: a doxorubicin-induced cachexia model and an ALS murine model expressing mutated superoxide dismutase 1. In both models, the induction of Notch3 and Hes1 were partially opposed by AGT251, which correlated with ameliorations in body and muscle weight, reduction of muscular atrophy markers, and improved survival. Altogether, we identified a compound of the tocopherol family that protects against muscle atrophy in various models, possibly through the regulation of the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick von Grabowiecki
- INSERM U1113, Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., L.P., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); and AxoGlia Therapeutics, Fentange, Luxembourg (D.C.)
| | - Cynthia Licona
- INSERM U1113, Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., L.P., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); and AxoGlia Therapeutics, Fentange, Luxembourg (D.C.)
| | - Lavinia Palamiuc
- INSERM U1113, Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., L.P., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); and AxoGlia Therapeutics, Fentange, Luxembourg (D.C.)
| | - Paula Abreu
- INSERM U1113, Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., L.P., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); and AxoGlia Therapeutics, Fentange, Luxembourg (D.C.)
| | - Vania Vidimar
- INSERM U1113, Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., L.P., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); and AxoGlia Therapeutics, Fentange, Luxembourg (D.C.)
| | - Djalil Coowar
- INSERM U1113, Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., L.P., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); and AxoGlia Therapeutics, Fentange, Luxembourg (D.C.)
| | - Georg Mellitzer
- INSERM U1113, Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., L.P., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); and AxoGlia Therapeutics, Fentange, Luxembourg (D.C.)
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- INSERM U1113, Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France (Y.v.G., C.L., L.P., P.A., V.V., G.M., C.G.); and AxoGlia Therapeutics, Fentange, Luxembourg (D.C.)
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331
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Abstract
Aging is marked by changes that affect organs and resident stem cell function. Shorting of telomeres, DNA damage, oxidative stress, deregulation of genes and proteins, impaired cell-cell communication, and an altered systemic environment cause the eventual demise of cells. At the same time, reparative activities also decline. It is intriguing to correlate aging with the decline of regenerative abilities. Animal models with strong regenerative capabilities imply that aging processes might not be affecting regeneration. In this review, we selectively present age-dependent changes in stem/progenitor cells that are vital for tissue homeostasis and repair. In addition, the aging effect on regeneration following injury in organs such as lung, skeletal muscle, heart, nervous system, cochlear hair, lens, and liver are discussed. These tissues are also known for diseases such as heart attack, stroke, cognitive impairment, cataract, and hearing loss that occur mostly during aging in humans. Conclusively, vertebrate regeneration declines with age with the loss of stem/progenitor cell function. Future studies on improving the function of stem cells, along with studies in fish and amphibians where regeneration does not decline with age, will undoubtedly provide insights into both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sousounis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Joelle A Baddour
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Panagiotis A Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
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332
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Abstract
Muscle stem cells facilitate the long-term regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. This self-renewing population of satellite cells has only recently been defined through genetic and transplantation experiments. Although muscle stem cells remain in a dormant quiescent state in uninjured muscle, they are poised to activate and produce committed progeny. Unlike committed myogenic progenitor cells, the self-renewal capacity gives muscle stem cells the ability to engraft as satellite cells and capitulate long-term regeneration. Similar to other adult stem cells, understanding the molecular regulation of muscle stem cells has significant implications towards the development of pharmacological or cell-based therapies for muscle disorders. This Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster will review satellite cell characteristics and therapeutic potential, and provide an overview of the muscle stem cell hallmarks: quiescence, self-renewal and commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xin Wang
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nicolas A Dumont
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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333
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Czajkowski MT, Rassek C, Lenhard DC, Bröhl D, Birchmeier C. Divergent and conserved roles of Dll1 signaling in development of craniofacial and trunk muscle. Dev Biol 2014; 395:307-16. [PMID: 25220152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial and trunk skeletal muscles are evolutionarily distinct and derive from cranial and somitic mesoderm, respectively. Different regulatory hierarchies act upstream of myogenic regulatory factors in cranial and somitic mesoderm, but the same core regulatory network - MyoD, Myf5 and Mrf4 - executes the myogenic differentiation program. Notch signaling controls self-renewal of myogenic progenitors as well as satellite cell homing during formation of trunk muscle, but its role in craniofacial muscles has been little investigated. We show here that the pool of myogenic progenitor cells in craniofacial muscle of Dll1(LacZ/Ki) mutant mice is depleted in early fetal development, which is accompanied by a major deficit in muscle growth. At the expense of progenitor cells, supernumerary differentiating myoblasts appear transiently and these express MyoD. The progenitor pool in craniofacial muscle of Dll1(LacZ/Ki) mutants is largely rescued by an additional mutation of MyoD. We conclude from this that Notch exerts its decisive role in craniofacial myogenesis by repression of MyoD. This function is similar to the one previously observed in trunk myogenesis, and is thus conserved in cranial and trunk muscle. However, in cranial mesoderm-derived progenitors, Notch signaling is not required for Pax7 expression and impinges little on the homing of satellite cells. Thus, Dll1 functions in satellite cell homing and Pax7 expression diverge in cranial- and somite-derived muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej T Czajkowski
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Rassek
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana C Lenhard
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Bröhl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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334
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Zalc A, Hayashi S, Auradé F, Bröhl D, Chang T, Mademtzoglou D, Mourikis P, Yao Z, Cao Y, Birchmeier C, Relaix F. Antagonistic regulation of p57kip2 by Hes/Hey downstream of Notch signaling and muscle regulatory factors regulates skeletal muscle growth arrest. Development 2014; 141:2780-90. [PMID: 25005473 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A central question in development is to define how the equilibrium between cell proliferation and differentiation is temporally and spatially regulated during tissue formation. Here, we address how interactions between cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors essential for myogenic growth arrest (p21(cip1) and p57(kip2)), the Notch pathway and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) orchestrate the proliferation, specification and differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. We first show that cell cycle exit and myogenic differentiation can be uncoupled. In addition, we establish that skeletal muscle progenitor cells require Notch signaling to maintain their cycling status. Using several mouse models combined with ex vivo studies, we demonstrate that Notch signaling is required to repress p21(cip1) and p57(kip2) expression in muscle progenitor cells. Finally, we identify a muscle-specific regulatory element of p57(kip2) directly activated by MRFs in myoblasts but repressed by the Notch targets Hes1/Hey1 in progenitor cells. We propose a molecular mechanism whereby information provided by Hes/Hey downstream of Notch as well as MRF activities are integrated at the level of the p57(kip2) enhancer to regulate the decision between progenitor cell maintenance and muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Zalc
- UPMC Paris 06, U 974, Paris, F-75013, France INSERM, Avenir Team, Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, F-75013, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Shinichiro Hayashi
- UPMC Paris 06, U 974, Paris, F-75013, France INSERM, Avenir Team, Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, F-75013, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Frédéric Auradé
- UPMC Paris 06, U 974, Paris, F-75013, France INSERM, Avenir Team, Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, F-75013, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Dominique Bröhl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Ted Chang
- UPMC Paris 06, U 974, Paris, F-75013, France INSERM, Avenir Team, Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, F-75013, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Despoina Mademtzoglou
- UPMC Paris 06, U 974, Paris, F-75013, France INSERM, Avenir Team, Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, F-75013, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Philippos Mourikis
- UPMC Paris 06, U 974, Paris, F-75013, France INSERM, Avenir Team, Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, F-75013, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yi Cao
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Frédéric Relaix
- UPMC Paris 06, U 974, Paris, F-75013, France INSERM, Avenir Team, Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, F-75013, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France
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335
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Abstract
Muscle regeneration recapitulates many aspects of embryonic myogenesis and is an important homeostatic process of the adult skeletal muscle, which, after development, retains the capacity to regenerate in response to appropriate stimuli, activating the muscle compartment of stem cells, namely, satellite cells, as well as other precursor cells. Moreover, significant evidence suggests that while stem cells represent an important determinant for tissue regeneration, a “qualified” environment is necessary to guarantee and achieve functional results. It is therefore plausible that the loss of control over these cell fate decisions could lead to a pathological transdifferentiation, leading to pathologic defects in the regenerative process. This review provides an overview about the general aspects of muscle development and discusses the cellular and molecular aspects that characterize the five interrelated and time-dependent phases of muscle regeneration, namely, degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, remodeling, and maturation/functional repair.
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336
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Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a reversible non-proliferating state. The reactivation of 'sleep-like' quiescent cells (e.g. fibroblasts, lymphocytes and stem cells) into proliferation is crucial for tissue repair and regeneration and a key to the growth, development and health of higher multicellular organisms, such as mammals. Quiescence has been a primarily phenotypic description (i.e. non-permanent cell cycle arrest) and poorly studied. However, contrary to the earlier thinking that quiescence is simply a passive and dormant state lacking proliferating activities, recent studies have revealed that cellular quiescence is actively maintained in the cell and that it corresponds to a collection of heterogeneous states. Recent modelling and experimental work have suggested that an Rb-E2F bistable switch plays a pivotal role in controlling the quiescence-proliferation balance and the heterogeneous quiescent states. Other quiescence regulatory activities may crosstalk with and impinge upon the Rb-E2F bistable switch, forming a gene network that controls the cells' quiescent states and their dynamic transitions to proliferation in response to noisy environmental signals. Elucidating the dynamic control mechanisms underlying quiescence may lead to novel therapeutic strategies that re-establish normal quiescent states, in a variety of hyper- and hypo-proliferative diseases, including cancer and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA
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337
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Khanna N, Ge Y, Chen J. MicroRNA-146b promotes myogenic differentiation and modulates multiple gene targets in muscle cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100657. [PMID: 24956113 PMCID: PMC4067360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are established as crucial modulators of skeletal myogenesis, but our knowledge about their identity and targets remains limited. In this study, we have identified microRNA-146b (miR-146b) as a novel regulator of skeletal myoblast differentiation. Following up on a previous microRNA profiling study, we establish that the expression of miR-146b is up-regulated during myoblast differentiation in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo. Inhibition of miR-146b led to reduced myoblast differentiation, whereas overexpression of miR-146b enhanced differentiation. Computational prediction combined with gene expression information has revealed candidates for miR-146b targets in muscles. Among them, the expression of Smad4, Notch1, and Hmga2 are significantly suppressed by miR-146b overexpression in myocytes. In addition, expression levels of Smad4, Notch1 and Hmga2 are decreased during myoblast differentiation and muscle regeneration, inversely correlating to the levels of miR-146b. Importantly, inhibition of endogenous miR-146b prevents the down-regulation of Smad4, Notch1 and Hmga2 during differentiation. Furthermore, miR-146b directly targets the microRNA response elements (MREs) in the 3'UTR of those genes as assessed by reporter assays. Reporters with the seed regions of MREs mutated are insensitive to miR-146b, further confirming the specificity of targeting. In conclusion, miR-146b is a positive regulator of myogenic differentiation, possibly acting through multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Khanna
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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338
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Jiang C, Wen Y, Kuroda K, Hannon K, Rudnicki MA, Kuang S. Notch signaling deficiency underlies age-dependent depletion of satellite cells in muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:997-1004. [PMID: 24906372 PMCID: PMC4107328 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating disease characterized by muscle wasting, loss of mobility and death in early adulthood. Satellite cells are muscle-resident stem cells responsible for the repair and regeneration of damaged muscles. One pathological feature of DMD is the progressive depletion of satellite cells, leading to the failure of muscle repair. Here, we attempted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying satellite cell ablation in the dystrophin mutant mdx mouse, a well-established model for DMD. Initial muscle degeneration activates satellite cells, resulting in increased satellite cell number in young mdx mice. This is followed by rapid loss of satellite cells with age due to the reduced self-renewal ability of mdx satellite cells. In addition, satellite cell composition is altered even in young mdx mice, with significant reductions in the abundance of non-committed (Pax7+ and Myf5−) satellite cells. Using a Notch-reporter mouse, we found that the mdx satellite cells have reduced activation of Notch signaling, which has been shown to be necessary to maintain satellite cell quiescence and self-renewal. Concomitantly, the expression of Notch1, Notch3, Jag1, Hey1 and HeyL are reduced in the mdx primary myoblast. Finally, we established a mouse model to constitutively activate Notch signaling in satellite cells, and show that Notch activation is sufficient to rescue the self-renewal deficiencies of mdx satellite cells. These results demonstrate that Notch signaling is essential for maintaining the satellite cell pool and that its deficiency leads to depletion of satellite cells in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yefei Wen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kazuki Kuroda
- Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Kevin Hannon
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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339
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Razy-Krajka F, Lam K, Wang W, Stolfi A, Joly M, Bonneau R, Christiaen L. Collier/OLF/EBF-dependent transcriptional dynamics control pharyngeal muscle specification from primed cardiopharyngeal progenitors. Dev Cell 2014; 29:263-76. [PMID: 24794633 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, pluripotent pharyngeal mesoderm progenitors produce the cardiac precursors of the second heart field as well as the branchiomeric head muscles and associated stem cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the transition from multipotent progenitors to distinct muscle precursors remain obscured by the complexity of vertebrate embryos. Using Ciona intestinalis as a simple chordate model, we show that bipotent cardiopharyngeal progenitors are primed to activate both heart and pharyngeal muscle transcriptional programs, which progressively become restricted to corresponding precursors. The transcription factor COE (Collier/OLF/EBF) orchestrates the transition to pharyngeal muscle fate both by promoting an MRF-associated myogenic program in myoblasts and by maintaining an undifferentiated state in their sister cells through Notch-mediated lateral inhibition. The latter are stem cell-like muscle precursors that form most of the juvenile pharyngeal muscles. We discuss the implications of our findings for the development and evolution of the chordate cardiopharyngeal mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Karen Lam
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Marine Joly
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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340
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Azizidoost S, Bavarsad MS, Bavarsad MS, Shahrabi S, Jaseb K, Rahim F, Shahjahani M, Saba F, Ghorbani M, Saki N. The role of notch signaling in bone marrow niche. Hematology 2014; 20:93-103. [DOI: 10.1179/1607845414y.0000000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Azizidoost
- Health Research InstituteResearch Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mahsa Shanaki Bavarsad
- Health Research InstituteResearch Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and HematologyFaculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kaveh Jaseb
- Health Research InstituteResearch Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Health Research InstituteHearing Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Department of HematologySchool of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fakhredin Saba
- Department of HematologySchool of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani
- Department of Laboratory ScienceParamedical Faculty, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research InstituteResearch Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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341
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Fukada SI, Ma Y, Uezumi A. Adult stem cell and mesenchymal progenitor theories of aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:10. [PMID: 25364718 PMCID: PMC4207038 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in medical science and technology allow people live longer lives, which results in age-related problems. Humans cannot avoid the various aged-related alterations of aging; in other words, humans cannot remain young at molecular and cellular levels. In 1956, Harman proposed the "free radical theory of aging" to explain the molecular mechanisms of aging. Telomere length, and accumulation of DNA or mitochondrial damage are also considered to be mechanisms of aging. On the other hand, stem cells are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis by replacing parenchymal cells; therefore, the stem cell theory of aging is also used to explain the progress of aging. Importantly, the stem cell theory of aging is likely related to other theories. In addition, recent studies have started to reveal the essential roles of tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitors/stem cells/stromal cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis, and some evidence of their fundamental roles in the progression of aging has been presented. In this review, we discuss how stem cell and other theories connect to explain the progress of aging. In addition, we consider the mesenchymal progenitor theory of aging to describing the process of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuran Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University Toyoake, Japan
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342
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Gopinath SD, Webb AE, Brunet A, Rando TA. FOXO3 promotes quiescence in adult muscle stem cells during the process of self-renewal. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:414-26. [PMID: 24749067 PMCID: PMC3986584 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells, or “satellite cells” (SCs), are required for the regeneration of damaged muscle tissue. Although SCs self-renew during regeneration, the mechanisms that govern SC re-entry into quiescence remain elusive. We show that FOXO3, a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors, is expressed in quiescent SCs (QSCs). Conditional deletion of Foxo3 in QSCs impairs self-renewal and increases the propensity of SCs to adopt a differentiated fate. Transcriptional analysis of SCs lacking FOXO3 revealed a downregulation of Notch signaling, a key regulator of SC quiescence. Conversely, overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) rescued the self-renewal deficit of FOXO3-deficient SCs. We show that FOXO3 regulates NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 receptor expression and that decreasing expression of NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 receptors phenocopies the effect of FOXO3 deficiency in SCs. We demonstrate that FOXO3, perhaps by activating Notch signaling, promotes the quiescent state during SC self-renewal in adult muscle regeneration. FOXO3 is expressed in quiescent adult SCs FOXO3 is required for self-renewal of SCs FOXO3-deficient SCs display an increased propensity to differentiate FOXO3 promotes Notch signaling, a key regulator of quiescence in adult SCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra D Gopinath
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ashley E Webb
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Neurology Service and Rehabilitation Research and Developmental Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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343
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Giachino C, Taylor V. Notching up neural stem cell homogeneity in homeostasis and disease. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:32. [PMID: 24611040 PMCID: PMC3933793 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are perceived as a homogeneous population of cells that divide infrequently and are capable of multi-lineage differentiation. However, recent data revealed that independent stem cell lineages act in parallel to maintain neurogenesis and provide a cellular source for tissue repair. In addition, even within the same lineage, the stem and progenitor cells are strikingly heterogeneous including NSCs that are dormant or mitotically active. We will discuss these different NSC populations and activity states with relation to their role in neurogenesis and regeneration but also how these different stem cells respond to aging. NSCs depend on Notch signaling for their maintenance. While Notch-dependence is a common feature among NSC populations, we will discuss how differences in Notch signaling might contribute to adult NSC heterogeneity. Understanding the fate of multiple NSC populations with distinct functions has implications for the mechanisms of aging and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Giachino
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
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344
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Motohashi N, Asakura A. Muscle satellite cell heterogeneity and self-renewal. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:1. [PMID: 25364710 PMCID: PMC4206996 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle possesses extraordinary regeneration capacities. After muscle injury or exercise, large numbers of newly formed muscle fibers are generated within a week as a result of expansion and differentiation of a self-renewing pool of muscle stem cells termed muscle satellite cells. Normally, satellite cells are mitotically quiescent and reside beneath the basal lamina of muscle fibers. Upon regeneration, satellite cells are activated, and give rise to daughter myogenic precursor cells. After several rounds of proliferation, these myogenic precursor cells contribute to the formation of new muscle fibers. During cell division, a minor population of myogenic precursor cells returns to quiescent satellite cells as a self-renewal process. Currently, accumulating evidence has revealed the essential roles of satellite cells in muscle regeneration and the regulatory mechanisms, while it still remains to be elucidated how satellite cell self-renewal is molecularly regulated and how satellite cells are important in aging and diseased muscle. The number of satellite cells is decreased due to the changing niche during ageing, resulting in attenuation of muscle regeneration capacity. Additionally, in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, the loss of satellite cell regenerative capacity and decreased satellite cell number due to continuous needs for satellite cells lead to progressive muscle weakness with chronic degeneration. Thus, it is necessary to replenish muscle satellite cells continuously. This review outlines recent findings regarding satellite cell heterogeneity, asymmetric division and molecular mechanisms in satellite cell self-renewal which is crucial for maintenance of satellite cells as a muscle stem cell pool throughout life. In addition, we discuss roles in the stem cell niche for satellite cell maintenance, as well as related cell therapies for approaching treatment of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Motohashi
- Department of Neurology, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Atsushi Asakura
- Department of Neurology, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, USA
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345
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Mourikis P, Tajbakhsh S. Distinct contextual roles for Notch signalling in skeletal muscle stem cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:2. [PMID: 24472470 PMCID: PMC3903015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch signalling acts in virtually every tissue during the lifetime of metazoans. Recent studies have pointed to multiple roles for Notch in stem cells during quiescence, proliferation, temporal specification, and maintenance of the niche architecture. Skeletal muscle has served as an excellent paradigm to examine these diverse roles as embryonic, foetal, and adult skeletal muscle stem cells have different molecular signatures and functional properties, reflecting their developmental specification during ontology. Notably, Notch signalling has emerged as a major regulator of all muscle stem cells. This review will provide an overview of Notch signalling during myogenic development and postnatally, and underscore the seemingly opposing contextual activities of Notch that have lead to a reassessment of its role in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr, Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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346
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Ogura Y, Mishra V, Hindi SM, Kuang S, Kumar A. Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) suppresses satellite cell self-renewal through inversely modulating Notch and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35159-69. [PMID: 24151074 PMCID: PMC3853267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite cell self-renewal is an essential process to maintaining the robustness of skeletal muscle regenerative capacity. However, extrinsic factors that regulate self-renewal of satellite cells are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that TWEAK cytokine reduces the proportion of Pax7(+)/MyoD(-) cells (an index of self-renewal) on myofiber explants and represses multiple components of Notch signaling in satellite cell cultures. The number of Pax7(+) cells is significantly increased in skeletal muscle of TWEAK knock-out (KO) mice compared with wild-type in response to injury. Furthermore, Notch signaling is significantly elevated in cultured satellite cells and in regenerating myofibers of TWEAK-KO mice. Forced activation of Notch signaling through overexpression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) rescued the TWEAK-mediated inhibition of satellite cell self-renewal. TWEAK also activates the NF-κB transcription factor in satellite cells and inhibition of NF-κB significantly improved the number of Pax7(+) cells in TWEAK-treated cultures. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that a reciprocal interaction between NF-κB and Notch signaling governs the inhibitory effect of TWEAK on satellite cell self-renewal. Collectively, our study demonstrates that TWEAK suppresses satellite cell self-renewal through activating NF-κB and repressing Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogura
- From the Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 and
| | - Vivek Mishra
- From the Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 and
| | - Sajedah M. Hindi
- From the Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 and
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- the Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Ashok Kumar
- From the Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 and
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347
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Figeac N, Serralbo O, Marcelle C, Zammit PS. ErbB3 binding protein-1 (Ebp1) controls proliferation and myogenic differentiation of muscle stem cells. Dev Biol 2013; 386:135-51. [PMID: 24275324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are resident stem cells of skeletal muscle, supplying myoblasts for post-natal muscle growth, hypertrophy and repair. Many regulatory networks control satellite cell function, which includes EGF signalling via the ErbB family of receptors. Here we investigated the role of ErbB3 binding protein-1 (Ebp1) in regulation of myogenic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Ebp1 is a well-conserved DNA/RNA binding protein that is implicated in cell growth, apoptosis and differentiation in many cell types. Of the two main Ebp1 isoforms, only p48 was expressed in satellite cells and C2C12 myoblasts. Although not present in quiescent satellite cells, p48 was strongly induced during activation, remaining at high levels during proliferation and differentiation. While retroviral-mediated over-expression of Ebp1 had only minor effects, siRNA-mediated Ebp1 knockdown inhibited both proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells and C2C12 myoblasts, with a clear failure of myotube formation. Ebp1-knockdown significantly reduced ErbB3 receptor levels, yet over-expression of ErbB3 in Ebp1 knockdown cells did not rescue differentiation. Ebp1 was also expressed by muscle cells during developmental myogenesis in mouse. Since Ebp1 is well-conserved between mouse and chick, we switched to chick to examine its role in muscle formation. In chick embryo, Ebp1 was expressed in the dermomyotome, and myogenic differentiation of muscle progenitors was inhibited by specific Ebp1 down-regulation using shRNA electroporation. These observations demonstrate a conserved function of Ebp1 in the regulation of embryonic muscle progenitors and adult muscle stem cells, which likely operates independently of ErbB3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Figeac
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Olivier Serralbo
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christophe Marcelle
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter S Zammit
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, England, UK.
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348
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Diao Y, Guo X, Jiang L, Wang G, Zhang C, Wan J, Jin Y, Wu Z. miR-203, a tumor suppressor frequently down-regulated by promoter hypermethylation in rhabdomyosarcoma. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:529-39. [PMID: 24247238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.494716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma found in children and young adults. It is characterized by the expression of a number of skeletal muscle-specific proteins, including MyoD and muscle α-actin. However, unlike normal myoblasts, RMS cells differentiate poorly both in vivo and in culture. As microRNAs are known to regulate tumorigenesis, intensive efforts have been made to identify microRNAs that are involved in RMS development. In this work, we found that miR-203 was frequently down-regulated by promoter hypermethylation in both RMS cell lines and RMS biopsies and could be reactivated by DNA-demethylating agents. Re-expression of miR-203 in RMS cells inhibited their migration and proliferation and promoted terminal myogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, miR-203 exerts its tumor-suppressive effect by directly targeting p63 and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in RMS cells, which promotes myogenic differentiation by inhibiting the Notch and the JAK1/STAT1/STAT3 pathways, respectively. Our work reveals that miR-203 functions as a tumor suppressor in RMS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarui Diao
- From the Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, 518036 Shenzhen
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349
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Cellular dynamics in the muscle satellite cell niche. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:1062-72. [PMID: 24232182 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells, the quintessential skeletal muscle stem cells, reside in a specialized local environment whose anatomy changes dynamically during tissue regeneration. The plasticity of this niche is attributable to regulation by the stem cells themselves and to a multitude of functionally diverse cell types. In particular, immune cells, fibrogenic cells, vessel-associated cells and committed and differentiated cells of the myogenic lineage have emerged as important constituents of the satellite cell niche. Here, we discuss the cellular dynamics during muscle regeneration and how disease can lead to perturbation of these mechanisms. To define the role of cellular components in the muscle stem cell niche is imperative for the development of cell-based therapies, as well as to better understand the pathobiology of degenerative conditions of the skeletal musculature.
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350
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Fukada SI, Ma Y, Ohtani T, Watanabe Y, Murakami S, Yamaguchi M. Isolation, characterization, and molecular regulation of muscle stem cells. Front Physiol 2013; 4:317. [PMID: 24273513 PMCID: PMC3824104 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has great regenerative capacity which is dependent on muscle stem cells, also known as satellite cells. A loss of satellite cells and/or their function impairs skeletal muscle regeneration and leads to a loss of skeletal muscle power; therefore, the molecular mechanisms for maintaining satellite cells in a quiescent and undifferentiated state are of great interest in skeletal muscle biology. Many studies have demonstrated proteins expressed by satellite cells, including Pax7, M-cadherin, Cxcr4, syndecan3/4, and c-met. To further characterize satellite cells, we established a method to directly isolate satellite cells using a monoclonal antibody, SM/C-2.6. Using SM/C-2.6 and microarrays, we measured the genes expressed in quiescent satellite cells and demonstrated that Hesr3 may complement Hesr1 in generating quiescent satellite cells. Although Hesr1- or Hesr3-single knockout mice show a normal skeletal muscle phenotype, including satellite cells, Hesr1/Hesr3-double knockout mice show a gradual decrease in the number of satellite cells and increase in regenerative defects dependent on satellite cell numbers. We also observed that a mouse's genetic background affects the regenerative capacity of its skeletal muscle and have established a line of DBA/2-background mdx mice that has a much more severe phenotype than the frequently used C57BL/10-mdx mice. The phenotype of DBA/2-mdx mice also seems to depend on the function of satellite cells. In this review, we summarize the methodology of direct isolation, characterization, and molecular regulation of satellite cells based on our results. The relationship between the regenerative capacity of satellite cells and progression of muscular disorders is also summarized. In the last part, we discuss application of the accumulating scientific information on satellite cells to treatment of patients with muscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
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