301
|
Dallman MF. Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:159-65. [PMID: 19926299 PMCID: PMC2831158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress and emotional brain networks foster eating behaviors that can lead to obesity. The neural networks underlying the complex interactions among stressors, body, brain and food intake are now better understood. Stressors, by activating a neural stress-response network, bias cognition toward increased emotional activity and degraded executive function. This causes formed habits to be used rather than a cognitive appraisal of responses. Stress also induces secretion of glucocorticoids, which increases motivation for food, and insulin, which promotes food intake and obesity. Pleasurable feeding then reduces activity in the stress-response network, reinforcing the feeding habit. These effects of stressors emphasize the importance of teaching mental reappraisal techniques to restore responses from habitual to thoughtful, thus battling stress-induced obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Dallman
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
302
|
Tammela LI, Pääkkönen A, Karhunen LJ, Karhu J, Uusitupa MIJ, Kuikka JT. Brain electrical activity during food presentation in obese binge-eating women. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2010; 30:135-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2009.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
304
|
Killgore WDS, Ross AJ, Kamiya T, Kawada Y, Renshaw PF, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Citicoline affects appetite and cortico-limbic responses to images of high-calorie foods. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:6-13. [PMID: 19260039 PMCID: PMC3378241 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (citicoline) has a variety of cognitive enhancing, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative properties. In cocaine-addicted individuals, citicoline has been shown to increase brain dopamine levels and reduce cravings. The effects of this compound on appetite, food cravings, and brain responses to food are unknown. METHOD We compared the effects of treatment with Cognizin citicoline (500 mg/day versus 2,000 mg/day) for 6 weeks on changes in appetite ratings, weight, and cortico-limbic responses to images of high-calorie foods using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). RESULTS After 6 weeks, there was no significant change in weight status, although significant declines in appetite ratings were observed for the 2,000 mg/day group. The higher dose group also showed significant increases in functional brain responses to food stimuli within the amygdala, insula, and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Increased activation in these regions correlated with declines in appetite ratings. DISCUSSION These preliminary findings suggest a potential usefulness of citicoline in modulating appetite, but further research is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D. S. Killgore
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to William D. “Scott” Killgore, Ph.D., McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478. Phone: (617) 855-3166 Fax: (617) 877-2770
| | - Amy J. Ross
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toshi Kamiya
- Healthcare Products Development Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | - Yoko Kawada
- Healthcare Products Development Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
308
|
Lowe MR, van Steenburgh J, Ochner C, Coletta M. Neural correlates of individual differences related to appetite. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:561-71. [PMID: 19361535 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Using neuroimaging technologies to compare normal weight and obese individuals can reveal much about the pathophysiological state of obesity but such comparisons tell us little about what makes some normal weight individuals susceptible to obesity or about important individual differences amongst obese individuals. The current review therefore reviews neuroimaging research on individual difference measures that can illuminate these important topics. After introducing three neuropsychological models of the nature of motivation to approach rewarding stimuli, neuroimaging research on measures of impulsivity, craving, binge eating, restrained eating and disinhibited eating is reviewed. Although neuroimaging research on individual differences measures of brain activity related to appetite is in its infancy, existing studies suggest that such research could enrich the understanding, prevention and treatment of disordered eating and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|