301
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Culbertson C, Nicolas S, Zaharovits I, London ED, De La Garza R, Brody AL, Newton TF. Methamphetamine craving induced in an online virtual reality environment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:454-60. [PMID: 20643158 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to assess self-reported craving and physiological reactivity in a methamphetamine virtual reality (METH-VR) cue model created using Second Life, a freely available online gaming platform. Seventeen, non-treatment seeking, individuals that abuse methamphetamine (METH) completed this 1-day, outpatient, within-subjects study. Participants completed four test sessions: 1) METH-VR, 2) neutral-VR, 3) METH-video, and 4) neutral-video in a counterbalanced (Latin square) fashion. The participants provided subjective ratings of urges to use METH, mood, and physical state throughout each cue presentation. Measures of physiological reactivity (heart rate variability) were also collected during each cue presentation and at rest. The METH-VR condition elicited the greatest change in subjective reports of "crave METH", "desire METH", and "want METH" at all time points. The "high craving" participants displayed more high frequency cardiovascular activity while the "low craving" participants displayed more low frequency cardiovascular activity during the cue conditions, with the greatest difference seen during the METH-VR and METH-video cues. These findings reveal a physiological divergence between high and low craving METH abusers using heart rate variability, and demonstrate the usefulness of VR cues for eliciting subjective craving in METH abusers, as well as the effectiveness of a novel VR drug cue model created within an online virtual world.
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302
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Cavanagh JF, Frank MJ, Allen JJB. Social stress reactivity alters reward and punishment learning. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 6:311-20. [PMID: 20453038 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine how stress affects cognitive functioning, individual differences in trait vulnerability (punishment sensitivity) and state reactivity (negative affect) to social evaluative threat were examined during concurrent reinforcement learning. Lower trait-level punishment sensitivity predicted better reward learning and poorer punishment learning; the opposite pattern was found in more punishment sensitive individuals. Increasing state-level negative affect was directly related to punishment learning accuracy in highly punishment sensitive individuals, but these measures were inversely related in less sensitive individuals. Combined electrophysiological measurement, performance accuracy and computational estimations of learning parameters suggest that trait and state vulnerability to stress alter cortico-striatal functioning during reinforcement learning, possibly mediated via medio-frontal cortical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Cavanagh
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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303
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Henelius A, Hirvonen K, Holm A, Korpela J, Muller K. Mental workload classification using heart rate metrics. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2009:1836-9. [PMID: 19963519 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5332602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability of different short-term heart rate variability metrics to classify the level of mental workload (MWL) in 140 s segments was studied. Electrocardiographic data and event related potentials (ERPs), calculated from electroencephalographic data, were collected from 13 healthy subjects during the performance of a computerised cognitive multitask test with different task load levels. The amplitude of the P300 component of the ERPs was used as an objective measure of MWL. Receiver operating characteristics analysis (ROC) showed that the time domain metric of average interbeat interval length was the best-performing metric in terms of classification ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Henelius
- Brain Work Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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304
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Stephens CL, Christie IC, Friedman BH. Autonomic specificity of basic emotions: evidence from pattern classification and cluster analysis. Biol Psychol 2010; 84:463-73. [PMID: 20338217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) specificity of emotion remains controversial in contemporary emotion research, and has received mixed support over decades of investigation. This study was designed to replicate and extend psychophysiological research, which has used multivariate pattern classification analysis (PCA) in support of ANS specificity. Forty-nine undergraduates (27 women) listened to emotion-inducing music and viewed affective films while a montage of ANS variables, including heart rate variability indices, peripheral vascular activity, systolic time intervals, and electrodermal activity, were recorded. Evidence for ANS discrimination of emotion was found via PCA with 44.6% of overall observations correctly classified into the predicted emotion conditions, using ANS variables (z=16.05, p<.001). Cluster analysis of these data indicated a lack of distinct clusters, which suggests that ANS responses to the stimuli were nomothetic and stimulus-specific rather than idiosyncratic and individual-specific. Collectively these results further confirm and extend support for the notion that basic emotions have distinct ANS signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad L Stephens
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436, USA
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305
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Herbert BM, Pollatos O, Flor H, Enck P, Schandry R. Cardiac awareness and autonomic cardiac reactivity during emotional picture viewing and mental stress. Psychophysiology 2010; 47:342-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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306
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Kisilevsky BS, Hains SMJ. Exploring the relationship between fetal heart rate and cognition. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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307
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Weinberg A, Klonsky ED, Hajcak G. Autonomic impairment in Borderline Personality Disorder: A laboratory investigation. Brain Cogn 2009; 71:279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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308
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Paine P, Worthen SF, Gregory LJ, Thompson DG, Aziz Q. Personality differences affect brainstem autonomic responses to visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21:1155-e98. [PMID: 19538443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brainstem autonomic nuclei integrate interoceptive inputs including pain, with descending modulation, to produce homeostatic and defence outputs. Cardiac Vagal Control is especially implicated in psychophysiological processes for both health and disease and is indexed non-invasively by heart rate variability. The study aim was to determine the nature of psychophysiological response profiles for visceral pain. Nineteen healthy subjects had electrocardiographic recordings at rest and during 10 painful oesophageal balloon distensions. Cardiac Vagal Control originating from nucleus ambiguus (CVC(NA)) was determined by polynomial filter application to the electrocardiogram inter-beat interval series. Heart rate and 'Cardiac Sympathetic Index (CSI)' were also determined. Psychological state and trait, including neuroticism and extroversion, were assessed. Subjects who increased CVC(NA) to pain were more neurotic, anxious and sensory sensitive than those who decreased CVC(NA.) Cluster analysis identified two psychophysiological groups: Group 1 (n = 11) demonstrated lower baseline CVC(NA) (P = 0.0001), higher heart rate (P = 0.02) and CSI (P = 0.015), pain tolerance at lower balloon volumes (P = 0.04), but attenuated heart rate response to pain (P = 0.01). Group 2 (n = 8) had the converse profile. Neuroticism scores were higher (P = 0.0004) and extroversion lower (P = 0.01) for group 1 than group 2. Two distinct psychophysiological response profiles to visceral pain exist that are influenced by personality. These may reflect different psychobiological bases for active and passive defence repertoires. Prevalence and clinical relevance of these endophenotypes as vulnerability factors for pain and emotion disorders warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paine
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Hope Hospital, University of Manchester, UK
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309
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Davies PT, Sturge-Apple ML, Cicchetti D, Manning LG, Zale E. Children's patterns of emotional reactivity to conflict as explanatory mechanisms in links between interpartner aggression and child physiological functioning. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009; 50:1384-91. [PMID: 19744183 PMCID: PMC2765509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper examined children's fearful, sad, and angry reactivity to interparental conflict as mediators of associations between their exposure to interparental aggression and physiological functioning. METHODS Participants included 200 toddlers and their mothers. Assessments of interparental aggression and children's emotional reactivity were derived from maternal surveys and a semi-structured interview. Cortisol levels and cardiac indices of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity were used to assess toddler physiological functioning. RESULTS Results indicated that toddler exposure to interparental aggression was associated with greater cortisol levels and PNS activity and diminished SNS activity. Toddler angry emotional reactivity mediated associations between interparental aggression and cortisol and PNS functioning. Fearful emotional reactivity was a mediator of the link between interparental aggression and SNS functioning. CONCLUSIONS The results are interpreted within conceptualizations of how exposure and reactivity to family risk organize individual differences in physiological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Davies
- Department of Clinical and Social, Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
| | | | | | - Liviah G. Manning
- Department of Clinical and Social, Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
| | - Emily Zale
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester
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310
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Lutz A, Greischar LL, Perlman DM, Davidson RJ. BOLD signal in insula is differentially related to cardiac function during compassion meditation in experts vs. novices. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1038-46. [PMID: 19426817 PMCID: PMC2854658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain and the cardiovascular system influence each other during the processing of emotion. The study of the interactions of these systems during emotion regulation has been limited in human functional neuroimaging, despite its potential importance for physical health. We have previously reported that mental expertise in cultivation of compassion alters the activation of circuits linked with empathy and theory of mind in response to emotional stimuli. Guided by the finding that heart rate increases more during blocks of compassion meditation than neutral states, especially for experts, we examined the interaction between state (compassion vs. neutral) and group (novice, expert) on the relation between heart rate and BOLD signal during presentation of emotional sounds presented during each state. Our findings revealed that BOLD signal in the right middle insula showed a significant association with heart rate (HR) across state and group. This association was stronger in the left middle/posterior insula when experts were compared to novices. The positive coupling of HR and BOLD was higher within the compassion state than within the neutral state in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex for both groups, underlining the role of this region in the modulation of bodily arousal states. This state effect was stronger for experts than novices in somatosensory cortices and the right inferior parietal lobule (group by state interaction). These data confirm that compassion enhances the emotional and somatosensory brain representations of others' emotions, and that this effect is modulated by expertise. Future studies are needed to further investigate the impact of compassion training on these circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Lutz
- Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behavior, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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311
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Paine P, Kishor J, Worthen SF, Gregory LJ, Aziz Q. Exploring relationships for visceral and somatic pain with autonomic control and personality. Pain 2009; 144:236-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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312
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Knepp MM, Friedman BH. Cardiovascular activity during laboratory tasks in women with high and low worry. Biol Psychol 2008; 79:287-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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313
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Gyurak A, Ayduk O. Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia buffers against rejection sensitivity via emotion control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 8:458-67. [PMID: 18729578 DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.8.4.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that high resting heart rate variability in the respiratory frequency band, or respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may capture individual differences in the capacity to engage in situationally appropriate regulation of affect and behavior. The authors therefore hypothesized that high RSA may act as a protective factor against difficulties controlling negative affect and hostile behaviors in conflicts with romantic partners in highly rejection-sensitive individuals--a population otherwise vulnerable to these responses. Results were consistent with this hypothesis such that highly rejection-sensitive participants reported less emotion control and more hostility in conflicts only if they were also low in RSA. Furthermore, emotion control mediated the joint effect of rejection-sensitivity and RSA on hostile conflict behavior. These results are consistent with the argument that resting RSA is a marker of flexible responding in the context of highly emotional situations, and further suggest that it may serve as a protective factor particularly in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Gyurak
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-5050, USA.
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314
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Papousek I, Freudenthaler HH, Schulter G. The interplay of perceiving and regulating emotions in becoming infected with positive and negative moods. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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315
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Field T, Diego M. Vagal activity, early growth and emotional development. Infant Behav Dev 2008; 31:361-73. [PMID: 18295898 PMCID: PMC2556849 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A review of the research on infant vagal tone suggests that vagal activity is associated with both infant growth and infant socioemotional development. Vagal activity has been noted to increase following the stimulation of pressure receptors as in massage therapy. Vagal activity, in turn, stimulates gastric motility which mediates weight gain in infants. Vagal activity has also been notably elevated during synchronous mother-infant interactions and positive affect, providing confirmatory data for the Porges "social engagement system" model. In contrast, low vagal activity has been noted in prenatally depressed mothers (and prenatally angry and anxious mothers) and their infants, as well as in children with autism. These studies highlight the relations between vagal activity and the social behaviors of attentiveness, facial expressions and vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Field
- Touch Research Institutes, University of Miami School of Medicine, United States; Fielding Graduate University, United States.
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316
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Studying noninvasive indices of vagal control: the need for respiratory control and the problem of target specificity. Biol Psychol 2008; 80:158-68. [PMID: 18775468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is a popular index of cardiac vagal control; however, research has rarely adequately addressed respiratory influences on RSA. In addition, simplistic views of the parasympathetic system have resulted in an overinterpretation of RSA as a general indicator of vagal control. Research using a respiration-corrected time-domain index of RSA has yielded plausible findings that substantially deviate from uncorrected RSA. Paced breathing, which is used for baseline calibration of RSA in this correction procedure, allows for a representative sampling of respiratory influences on RSA and has minimal impact on autonomic regulation. Past research has largely focused on cardiac vagal activity and ignored the extent of target specificity in the parasympathetic system. More research is needed on new noninvasive indices of vagal control at other organ sites. Studies also need to address muscarinic receptor sensitivity before noninvasive vagal indices can be interpreted as markers of central vagal outflow.
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317
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Martens A, Greenberg J, Allen JJB. Self-Esteem and Autonomic Physiology: Parallels Between Self-Esteem and Cardiac Vagal Tone as Buffers of Threat. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2008; 12:370-89. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868308323224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article a potential physiological connection to self-esteem is suggested: cardiac vagal tone, the degree of influence on the heart by the vagus, a primary nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system. This hypothesis emerges from parallels between the two literatures that suggest both self-esteem and cardiac vagal tone function to provide protection from threat responding. This article reviews these literatures and evidence and preliminary findings that suggest in some contexts self-esteem and cardiac vagal tone may exert an influence on each other. Last, the article discusses theoretical and applied health implications of this potential physiological connection to self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Martens
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,
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318
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Chambers AS, Allen JJB. Sex differences in cardiac vagal control in a depressed sample: implications for differential cardiovascular mortality. Biol Psychol 2007; 75:32-6. [PMID: 17204359 PMCID: PMC1885549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest depression is a risk factor for all cause mortality, with depressed men at greater risk than depressed women. Diminished cardiac vagal control (CVC) in depressed patients has also been found to increase risk of cardiac mortality. Previous research found that depressed women have higher CVC than depressed men suggesting CVC might be related to the discrepancy in mortality rates between depressed men and women. This finding, however, was in the context of a study with several methodological weaknesses. The current study sought to replicate the sex difference in CVC in a sample of 137 medically healthy and clinically diagnosed depressed patients. Main effects of sex and age significantly predicted CVC such that depressed women had greater CVC and CVC decreased with age in the cross-sectional sample. The results suggest greater CVC in depressed women might confer cardioprotective functions, which may partially explain the sex difference in mortality rates in the depressed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Chambers
- University of Arizona, Cognitive Science, and Neuroscience, 1503 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721-0068, United States.
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319
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