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Rubinchik-Stern M, Shmuel M, Bar J, Kovo M, Eyal S. Adverse placental effects of valproic acid: Studies in perfused human placentas. Epilepsia 2018; 59:993-1003. [PMID: 29667177 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In utero exposure to valproic acid (VPA) has been associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared to all other antiepileptic drugs. We have previously shown that VPA alters the expression of placental transporters for hormones and nutrients in vitro and in pregnant mice. Here, our aim was to characterize the effects of short exposure to VPA on the expression of carriers for compounds essential for fetal development in human placentas ex vivo, under controlled conditions. METHODS Placentas were obtained from cesarean deliveries of women with no known epilepsy. Cotyledons were cannulated and perfused in the absence or the presence of VPA (42, 83, or 166 μg/mL; n = 6/group) in the maternal perfusate over 180 minutes. A customized gene panel array was used to analyze the expression of carrier genes in the perfused cotyledons. We additionally measured in the perfused placentas folic acid concentrations and histone acetylation. RESULTS VPA significantly altered the mRNA levels of major carriers for folic acid, glucose, choline, thyroid hormones, and serotonin (P < .05) and reduced placental folate concentrations by 25%-35% (P = .059). The effects were observed at therapeutic concentrations sufficient to enhance placental histone acetylation, and some were concentration-dependent. SIGNIFICANCE Our results point to the placenta as a novel target of VPA, implying potential involvement of the placenta in VPA's adverse fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rubinchik-Stern
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Shmuel
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Bar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Kovo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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302
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Bai X, Moraes TF, Reithmeier RAF. Structural biology of solute carrier (SLC) membrane transport proteins. Mol Membr Biol 2018; 34:1-32. [PMID: 29651895 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2018.1448123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The human solute carriers (SLCs) comprise over 400 different transporters, organized into 65 families ( http://slc.bioparadigms.org/ ) based on their sequence homology and transport function. SLCs are responsible for transporting extraordinarily diverse solutes across biological membranes, including inorganic ions, amino acids, lipids, sugars, neurotransmitters and drugs. Most of these membrane proteins function as coupled symporters (co-transporters) utilizing downhill ion (H+ or Na+) gradients as the driving force for the transport of substrate against its concentration gradient into cells. Other members work as antiporters (exchangers) that typically contain a single substrate-binding site with an alternating access mode of transport, while a few members exhibit channel-like properties. Dysfunction of SLCs is correlated with numerous human diseases and therefore they are potential therapeutic drug targets. In this review, we identified all of the SLC crystal structures that have been determined, most of which are from prokaryotic species. We further sorted all the SLC structures into four main groups with different protein folds and further discuss the well-characterized MFS (major facilitator superfamily) and LeuT (leucine transporter) folds. This review provides a systematic analysis of the structure, molecular basis of substrate recognition and mechanism of action in different SLC family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Bai
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Trevor F Moraes
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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303
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Clémençon B, Lüscher BP, Hediger MA. Establishment of a novel microscale thermophoresis ligand-binding assay for characterization of SLC solute carriers using oligopeptide transporter PepT1 (SLC15 family) as a model system. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 92:67-76. [PMID: 29580877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Membrane proteins represent roughly one third of the human proteome and many of them serve as targets of therapeutic drugs. An exception is the SLC solute carrier superfamily with only a handful of approved drugs targeting SLCs. Indeed, for many of the SLCs, the natural transport substrates are still unknown. A major limitation for SLCs has been the difficulty to thoroughly characterize these multimembrane spanning proteins. The intrinsic properties of membrane proteins with alternative hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains lead to instability, making the purification tasks even more challenging compared to soluble proteins. This issue also holds true for conventional ligand-binding assays (LBAs) which usually require high-quality, pure and concentrated protein samples. Herein, we report a novel binding assay strategy to overcome these issues, taking advantage of a unique combination of yeast expression and microscale thermophoresis (MST). Following yeast overexpression of SLC15A1/PepT1 ortholog from moss Physcomitrella patens, PepTPp, which exhibits remarkable similarity to human PepT1, the approach was validated using dipeptide glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar) and antiviral prodrug valacyclovir as test substrates. METHOD The originality of our approach is based on the comparative analysis of solubilized total membrane preparations with or without expression of the SLC target of interest, using a yeast strain (S. cerevisiae), in which the corresponding endogenous SLC homolog is depleted. MST is a recently developed technique that takes advantage of the properties of biomolecules in solution to migrate along a temperature gradient. Importantly, this migration is affected by substrate binding. It is being monitored by fluorescence using labelled SLC molecules in the presence of different ligand concentrations. RESULTS We herein report a novel MST/yeast-based method to characterize binding of ligands to SLCs without the need for a prior SLC-purification step. For validation purposes, we used a close eukaryotic homolog of the human H+-coupled oligopeptide transporter PepT1 (SLC15A1) that mediates uptake of di-tripeptides and peptide-like drugs as a test model. This approach allowed the successful confirmation of the binding of Gly-Sar at the mM range and revealed for the first time the KD of the antiviral prodrug valacyclovir to the PepT1 homolog at around 50 μM. DISCUSSION This novel LBA approach is independent of protein purification. It is suitable for drug discovery as it is upscalable to high throughput compound screening. It works well for SLC transporters which are underrepresented targets due to their difficulties to study them. Moreover, this approach could make a significant contribution toward "deorphanization" of SLCs, revealing their transport substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clémençon
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin P Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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304
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Natale A, Boeckmans J, Desmae T, De Boe V, De Kock J, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Rodrigues RM. Hepatic cells derived from human skin progenitors show a typical phospholipidotic response upon exposure to amiodarone. Toxicol Lett 2018; 284:184-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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305
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He J, Jin Y, Zhou M, Li X, Chen W, Wang Y, Gu S, Cao Y, Chu C, Liu X, Zou Q. Solute carrier family 35 member F2 is indispensable for papillary thyroid carcinoma progression through activation of transforming growth factor-β type I receptor/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling axis. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:642-655. [PMID: 29274137 PMCID: PMC5834798 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family members control essential physiological functions and are tightly linked to human diseases. Solute carrier family 35 member F2 (SLC35F2) is aberrantly activated in several malignancies. However, the biological function and molecular mechanism of SLC35F2 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are yet to be fully explored. Here, we showed that SLC35F2 was prominently upregulated in PTC tissues at both protein and mRNA expression level compared with matched adjacent normal tissues. Besides, the high expression of SLC35F2 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with PTC. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SLC35F2 attenuated the tumorigenic properties of PTC, including cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced G1 phase arrest. In contrast, ectopic expression of SLC35F2 brought about aggressive malignant phenotypes of PTC cells. Moreover, SLC35F2 expedited the proliferation and migration of PTC cells by targeting transforming growth factor-β type I receptor (TGFBR1) and phosphorylation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (p-ASK-1), thereby activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. The malignant behaviors induced by overexpression of SLC35F2 could be abrogated by silencing of TGFBR1 using a specific inhibitor. We conducted the first study on SLC35F2 in thyroid cancer with the aim of elucidating the functional significance and molecular mechanism of SLC35F2. Our findings suggest that SLC35F2 exerts its oncogenic effect on PTC progression through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, with dependence on activation of TGFBR-1 and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiting Jin
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mingxia Zhou
- Department of GastroenterologyXinhua HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wanna Chen
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Siwen Gu
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chengyu Chu
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of PathologyThe Fifth People's Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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306
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Console L, Scalise M, Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Indiveri C. Characterization of Exosomal SLC22A5 (OCTN2) carnitine transporter. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3758. [PMID: 29491466 PMCID: PMC5830701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in cell-to-cell communication. Previous large scale proteomics revealed that they contain SLC proteins. However, no data on the function of exosomal SLCs is available, so far. An SLC localized in exosomes was here characterized for the first time: the carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5). The protein was detected by Western Blot analysis in HEK293 exosomes. To investigate the functional properties of the exosomal OCTN2, the proteins extracted from vesicles were reconstituted into proteolipsomes and the transport function was measured as uptake of 3H-carnitine. Transport was stimulated by sodium and was dependent on pH. 3H-carnitine uptake was inhibited by Acetyl-carnitine, but not by Asn, Gln and Arg thus excluding interference by ATB0,+, an amino acid transporter which also recognizes carnitine. Cardiolipin failed to stimulate transport, excluding the activity of the mitochondrial Carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter. Increased level of exosomal OCTN2 was induced by treatment of HEK293 with the pro-inflammatory cytokine INFγ. All data concurred to demonstrate that OCTN2 present in exosomes is fully functional and is in its native conformation. Functional OCTN2 was detected also in human urinary exosomes, thus suggesting the OCTN2 exosomal protein as a candidate biomarker for inflammation related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy. .,CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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307
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O'Hagan S, Wright Muelas M, Day PJ, Lundberg E, Kell DB. GeneGini: Assessment via the Gini Coefficient of Reference "Housekeeping" Genes and Diverse Human Transporter Expression Profiles. Cell Syst 2018; 6:230-244.e1. [PMID: 29428416 PMCID: PMC5840522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The expression levels of SLC or ABC membrane transporter transcripts typically differ 100- to 10,000-fold between different tissues. The Gini coefficient characterizes such inequalities and here is used to describe the distribution of the expression of each transporter among different human tissues and cell lines. Many transporters exhibit extremely high Gini coefficients even for common substrates, indicating considerable specialization consistent with divergent evolution. The expression profiles of SLC transporters in different cell lines behave similarly, although Gini coefficients for ABC transporters tend to be larger in cell lines than in tissues, implying selection. Transporter genes are significantly more heterogeneously expressed than the members of most non-transporter gene classes. Transcripts with the stablest expression have a low Gini index and often differ significantly from the "housekeeping" genes commonly used for normalization in transcriptomics/qPCR studies. PCBP1 has a low Gini coefficient, is reasonably expressed, and is an excellent novel reference gene. The approach, referred to as GeneGini, provides rapid and simple characterization of expression-profile distributions and improved normalization of genome-wide expression-profiling data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, 131, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marina Wright Muelas
- School of Chemistry, 131, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Philip J Day
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Emma Lundberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-17121 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, 131, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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308
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Majd H, King MS, Palmer SM, Smith AC, Elbourne LDH, Paulsen IT, Sharples D, Henderson PJF, Kunji ERS. Screening of candidate substrates and coupling ions of transporters by thermostability shift assays. eLife 2018; 7:38821. [PMID: 30320551 PMCID: PMC6211832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Substrates of most transport proteins have not been identified, limiting our understanding of their role in physiology and disease. Traditional identification methods use transport assays with radioactive compounds, but they are technically challenging and many compounds are unavailable in radioactive form or are prohibitively expensive, precluding large-scale trials. Here, we present a high-throughput screening method that can identify candidate substrates from libraries of unlabeled compounds. The assay is based on the principle that transport proteins recognize substrates through specific interactions, which lead to enhanced stabilization of the transporter population in thermostability shift assays. Representatives of three different transporter (super)families were tested, which differ in structure as well as transport and ion coupling mechanisms. In each case, the substrates were identified correctly from a large set of chemically related compounds, including stereo-isoforms. In some cases, stabilization by substrate binding was enhanced further by ions, providing testable hypotheses on energy coupling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Majd
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin S King
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shane M Palmer
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony C Smith
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Liam DH Elbourne
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - David Sharples
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom,School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter JF Henderson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom,School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - Edmund RS Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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309
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Luo Q, Jiang M, Kou L, Zhang L, Li G, Yao Q, Shang L, Chen Y. Ascorbate-conjugated nanoparticles for promoted oral delivery of therapeutic drugs via sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SVCT1). ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:198-208. [PMID: 29260899 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1417864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Luo
- a Department of Pharmacy , the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Department of the First Clinical Pharmacy , China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- a Department of Pharmacy , the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Longfa Kou
- c Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Ling Zhang
- d Department of Biotherapy , Cancer Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Guyue Li
- a Department of Pharmacy , the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Qing Yao
- c Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Lei Shang
- e College of Basic Medical Sciences , Shenyang Medical college , Shenyang , China
| | - Ying Chen
- a Department of Pharmacy , the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
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310
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Celay J, Lozano T, Concepcion AR, Beltrán E, Rudilla F, García-Barchino MJ, Robles EF, Rabal O, de Miguel I, Panizo C, Casares N, Oyarzabal J, Prieto J, Medina JF, Lasarte JJ, Martínez-Climent JÁ. Targeting the anion exchanger 2 with specific peptides as a new therapeutic approach in B lymphoid neoplasms. Haematologica 2017; 103:1065-1072. [PMID: 29191842 PMCID: PMC6058773 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.175687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells can weaken antitumor immune responses, and inhibition of their function appears to be a promising therapeutic approach in cancer patients. Mice with targeted deletion of the gene encoding the Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger AE2 (also termed SLC4A2), a membrane-bound carrier involved in intracellular pH regulation, showed a progressive decrease in the number of Treg cells. We therefore challenged AE2 as a potential target for tumor therapy, and generated linear peptides designed to bind the third extracellular loop of AE2, which is crucial for its exchange activity. Peptide p17AE2 exhibited optimal interaction ability and indeed promoted apoptosis in mouse and human Treg cells, while activating effector T-cell function. Interestingly, this linear peptide also induced apoptosis in different types of human leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines and primary malignant samples, while it showed only moderate effects on normal B lymphocytes. Finally, a macrocyclic AE2 targeting peptide exhibiting increased stability in vivo was effective in mice xenografted with B-cell lymphoma. These data suggest that targeting the anion exchanger AE2 with specific peptides may represent an effective therapeutic approach in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Celay
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Axel R Concepcion
- Division of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Beltrán
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesc Rudilla
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María José García-Barchino
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eloy F Robles
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Obdulia Rabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene de Miguel
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Panizo
- Department of Hematology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Division of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan F Medina
- Division of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Ángel Martínez-Climent
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
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311
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Verrier ER, Colpitts CC, Bach C, Heydmann L, Zona L, Xiao F, Thumann C, Crouchet E, Gaudin R, Sureau C, Cosset FL, McKeating JA, Pessaux P, Hoshida Y, Schuster C, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF. Solute Carrier NTCP Regulates Innate Antiviral Immune Responses Targeting Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Hepatocytes. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1357-1368. [PMID: 27783949 PMCID: PMC5098118 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B, C, and D virus (HBV, HCV, and HDV) infections are the leading causes of liver disease and cancer worldwide. Recently, the solute carrier and sodium taurocholate co-transporter NTCP has been identified as a receptor for HBV and HDV. Here, we uncover NTCP as a host factor regulating HCV infection. Using gain- and loss-of-function studies, we show that NTCP mediates HCV infection of hepatocytes and is relevant for cell-to-cell transmission. NTCP regulates HCV infection by augmenting the bile-acid-mediated repression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including IFITM3. In conclusion, our results uncover NTCP as a mediator of innate antiviral immune responses in the liver, and they establish a role for NTCP in the infection process of multiple viruses via distinct mechanisms. Collectively, our findings suggest a role for solute carriers in the regulation of innate antiviral responses, and they have potential implications for virus-host interactions and antiviral therapies. NTCP is involved in hepatocyte infection by multiple viruses via distinct mechanisms NTCP facilitates HCV infection by modulating innate antiviral responses Solute carrier NTCP is a regulator of antiviral immune responses in the liver This function is relevant for infection and therapies for hepatotropic viruses
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R Verrier
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Che C Colpitts
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Bach
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Heydmann
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laetitia Zona
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fei Xiao
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Thumann
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphaël Gaudin
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Sureau
- INTS, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure, 69007 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5308, 69007 Lyon, France; LabEx Ecofect, University of Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Catherine Schuster
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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312
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Colas C, Masuda M, Sugio K, Miyauchi S, Hu Y, Smith DE, Schlessinger A. Chemical Modulation of the Human Oligopeptide Transporter 1, hPepT1. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4685-4693. [PMID: 29111754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, peptides derived from dietary proteins and peptide-like drugs are transported via the proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter hPepT1 (SLC15A1). hPepT1 is located across the apical membranes of the small intestine and kidney, where it serves as a high-capacity low-affinity transporter of a broad range of di- and tripeptides. hPepT1 is also overexpressed in the colon of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, where it mediates the transport of harmful peptides of bacterial origin. Therefore, hPepT1 is a drug target for prodrug substrates interacting with intracellular proteins or inhibitors blocking the transport of toxic bacterial products. In this study, we construct multiple structural models of hPepT1 representing different conformational states that occur during transport and inhibition. We then identify and characterize five ligands of hPepT1 using computational methods, such as virtual screening and QM-polarized ligand docking (QPLD), and experimental testing with uptake kinetic measurements and electrophysiological assays. Our results improve our understanding of the substrate and inhibitor specificity of hPepT1. Furthermore, the newly discovered ligands exhibit unique chemotypes, providing a framework for developing tool compounds with optimal intestinal absorption as well as future IBD therapeutics against this emerging drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Masayuki Masuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sugio
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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313
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Ceder MM, Lekholm E, Hellsten SV, Perland E, Fredriksson R. The Neuronal and Peripheral Expressed Membrane-Bound UNC93A Respond to Nutrient Availability in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:351. [PMID: 29163028 PMCID: PMC5671512 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many transporters such as the solute carriers belonging to the Major facilitator superfamily Pfam clan are orphans in that their tissue and cellular localization as well as substrate profile and function are still unknown. Here we have characterized the putative solute carrier UNC93A. We aimed to investigate the expression profile on both protein and mRNA level of UNC93A in mouse since it has not been clarified. UNC93A staining was found in cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. It was found to be expressed in many neurons, but not all, with staining located in close proximity to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we aimed to extend the starvation data available for Unc93a in hypothalamic cell cultures from mouse. We investigated the Unc93a alterations with focus on amino acid deprivation in embryonic cortex cells from mice as well as 24 h starvation in adult male mice and compared it to recently studied putative and known solute carriers. Unc93a expression was found both in the brain and peripheral organs, in low to moderate levels in the adult mice and was affected by amino acid deprivation in embryonic cortex cultures and starvation in in vivo samples. In conclusion, the membrane-bound UNC93A is expressed in both the brain and peripheral tissues and responds to nutrient availability in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Ceder
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilia Lekholm
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofie V Hellsten
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Perland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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314
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Resculpting the binding pocket of APC superfamily LeuT-fold amino acid transporters. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 75:921-938. [PMID: 29058016 PMCID: PMC5809530 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are essential components of prokaryote and eukaryote cells, possess distinct physiological functions, and differ markedly in substrate specificity. Amino acid transporters can be both drug targets and drug transporters (bioavailability, targeting) with many monogenic disorders resulting from dysfunctional membrane transport. The largest collection of amino acid transporters (including the mammalian SLC6, SLC7, SLC32, SLC36, and SLC38 families), across all kingdoms of life, is within the Amino acid-Polyamine-organoCation (APC) superfamily. The LeuT-fold is a paradigm structure for APC superfamily amino acid transporters and carriers of sugars, neurotransmitters, electrolytes, osmolytes, vitamins, micronutrients, signalling molecules, and organic and fatty acids. Each transporter is specific for a unique sub-set of solutes, specificity being determined by how well a substrate fits into each binding pocket. However, the molecular basis of substrate selectivity remains, by and large, elusive. Using an integrated computational and experimental approach, we demonstrate that a single position within the LeuT-fold can play a crucial role in determining substrate specificity in mammalian and arthropod amino acid transporters within the APC superfamily. Systematic mutation of the amino acid residue occupying the equivalent position to LeuT V104 titrates binding pocket space resulting in dramatic changes in substrate selectivity in exemplar APC amino acid transporters including PAT2 (SLC36A2) and SNAT5 (SLC38A5). Our work demonstrates how a single residue/site within an archetypal structural motif can alter substrate affinity and selectivity within this important superfamily of diverse membrane transporters.
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315
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Perland E, Hellsten SV, Schweizer N, Arapi V, Rezayee F, Bushra M, Fredriksson R. Structural prediction of two novel human atypical SLC transporters, MFSD4A and MFSD9, and their neuroanatomical distribution in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186325. [PMID: 29049335 PMCID: PMC5648162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Out of the 430 known solute carriers (SLC) in humans, 30% are still orphan transporters regarding structure, distribution or function. Approximately one third of all SLCs belong to the evolutionary conserved and functionally diverse Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS). Here, we studied the orphan proteins, MFSD4A and MFSD9, which are atypical SLCs of MFS type. Hidden Markov Models were used to identify orthologues in several vertebrates, and human MFSD4A and MFSD9 share high sequence identity with their identified orthologues. MFSD4A and MFSD9 also shared more than 20% sequence identity with other phylogenetically related SLC and MFSD proteins, allowing new family clustering. Homology models displayed 12 transmembrane segments for both proteins, which were predicted to fold into a transporter-shaped structure. Furthermore, we analysed the location of MFSD4A and MFSD9 in adult mouse brain using immunohistochemistry, showing abundant neuronal protein staining. As MFSD4A and MFSD9 are plausible transporters expressed in food regulatory brain areas, we monitored transcriptional changes in several mouse brain areas after 24 hours food-deprivation and eight weeks of high-fat diet, showing that both genes were affected by altered food intake in vivo. In conclusion, we propose MFSD4A and MFSD9 to be novel transporters, belonging to disparate SLC families. Both proteins were located to neurons in mouse brain, and their mRNA expression levels were affected by the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Perland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Sofie Victoria Hellsten
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadine Schweizer
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fatemah Rezayee
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mona Bushra
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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316
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Mahadevan V, Khademullah CS, Dargaei Z, Chevrier J, Uvarov P, Kwan J, Bagshaw RD, Pawson T, Emili A, De Koninck Y, Anggono V, Airaksinen M, Woodin MA. Native KCC2 interactome reveals PACSIN1 as a critical regulator of synaptic inhibition. eLife 2017; 6:e28270. [PMID: 29028184 PMCID: PMC5640428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KCC2 is a neuron-specific K+-Cl- cotransporter essential for establishing the Cl- gradient required for hyperpolarizing inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS). KCC2 is highly localized to excitatory synapses where it regulates spine morphogenesis and AMPA receptor confinement. Aberrant KCC2 function contributes to human neurological disorders including epilepsy and neuropathic pain. Using functional proteomics, we identified the KCC2-interactome in the mouse brain to determine KCC2-protein interactions that regulate KCC2 function. Our analysis revealed that KCC2 interacts with diverse proteins, and its most predominant interactors play important roles in postsynaptic receptor recycling. The most abundant KCC2 interactor is a neuronal endocytic regulatory protein termed PACSIN1 (SYNDAPIN1). We verified the PACSIN1-KCC2 interaction biochemically and demonstrated that shRNA knockdown of PACSIN1 in hippocampal neurons increases KCC2 expression and hyperpolarizes the reversal potential for Cl-. Overall, our global native-KCC2 interactome and subsequent characterization revealed PACSIN1 as a novel and potent negative regulator of KCC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mahadevan
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | | | - Zahra Dargaei
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Jonah Chevrier
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Julian Kwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Richard D Bagshaw
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
| | - Tony Pawson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Yves De Koninck
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de QuébecQuébecCanada
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Victor Anggono
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Matti Airaksinen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Melanie A Woodin
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
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317
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Rapp C, Bai X, Reithmeier RAF. Molecular analysis of human solute carrier SLC26 anion transporter disease-causing mutations using 3-dimensional homology modeling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2420-2434. [PMID: 28941661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The availability of the first crystal structure of a bacterial member (SLC26Dg) of the solute carrier SLC26 family of anion transporters has allowed us to create 3-dimensional models of all 10 human members (SLC26A1-A11, A10 being a pseudogene) of these membrane proteins using the Phyre2 bioinformatic tool. The homology modeling predicted that the SLC26 human proteins, like the SLC26Dg template, all consist of 14 transmembrane segments (TM) arranged in a 7+7 inverted topology with the amino-termini of two half-helices (TM3 and 10) facing each other in the centre of the protein to create the anion-binding site, linked to a C-terminal cytosolic sulfate transporter anti-sigma factor antagonist (STAS) domain. A plethora of human diseases are associated with mutations in the genes encoding human SLC26 transporters, including chondrodysplasias with varying severity in SLC26A2 (~50 mutations, 27 point mutations), congenital chloride-losing diarrhea in SLC26A3 (~70 mutations, 31 point mutations) and Pendred Syndrome or deafness autosomal recessive type 4 in SLC26A4 (~500 mutations, 203 point mutations). We have localized all of these point mutations in the 3-dimensional structures of the respective SLC26A2, A3 and A4 proteins and systematically analyzed their effect on protein structure. While most disease-causing mutations may cause folding defects resulting in impaired trafficking of these membrane glycoproteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface - as demonstrated in a number of functional expression studies - the modeling also revealed that a number of pathogenic mutations are localized to the anion-binding site, which may directly affect transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Rapp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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318
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Abstract
The evolution of a nervous system as a control system of the body's functions is a key innovation of animals. Its fundamental units are neurons, highly specialized cells dedicated to fast cell-cell communication. Neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells at specialized junctions, the synapses, where transmitters are released from vesicles in a Ca2+-dependent fashion to activate receptors in the membrane of the target cell. Reconstructing the origins of neuronal communication out of a more simple process remains a central challenge in biology. Recent genomic comparisons have revealed that all animals, including the nerveless poriferans and placozoans, share a basic set of genes for neuronal communication. This suggests that the first animal, the Urmetazoan, was already endowed with neurosecretory cells that probably started to connect into neuronal networks soon afterward. Here, we discuss scenarios for this pivotal transition in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Varoqueaux
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
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319
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Brosseau N, Andreev E, Ramotar D. Uptake Assays to Monitor Anthracyclines Entry into Mammalian Cells. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2555. [PMID: 34541201 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin and daunorubicin, are DNA damaging agents that autofluoresce and can be readily detected in cells. Herein, we developed suitable assays to quantify and localize daunorubicin in mammalian cells. These assays can be exploited to identify components that are involved in the uptake of anthracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brosseau
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, and the Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emil Andreev
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, and the Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, and the Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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320
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Liu P, Calvisi DF, Kiss A, Cigliano A, Schaff Z, Che L, Ribback S, Dombrowski F, Zhao D, Chen X. Central role of mTORC1 downstream of YAP/TAZ in hepatoblastoma development. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73433-73447. [PMID: 29088718 PMCID: PMC5650273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common type of liver malignancy in children. Recent studies suggest that activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a major molecular event in HB development, as activated YAP synergizes with mutant β-catenin to promote HB formation in mice (YAP/β-catenin). However, how YAP regulates HB development remains poorly defined. Similarly, de-regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling has been implicated in multiple tumor types, but its functional role in HB development is scarcely understood. In the present study, we found that mTORC1 is activated in human HB cells and YAP/β-catenin-induced mouse HB tumor tissues. mTOR inhibitor MLN0128 significantly inhibits human HB cell growth in vitro. Furthermore, ablation of Raptor, the unique subunit of mTORC1, strongly delayed YAP/β-catenin-induced HB development in mice. At the molecular level, we found that expression of the amino acid transporter SLC38A1 is induced in mouse HB tissues, and amino acid deprivation leads to mTORC1 suppression in HB cell lines. Silencing of YAP and/or its paralog, transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ), decreased SLC38A1 expression as well as mTORC1 activation in HB cells. Furthermore, a frequent and concomitant upregulation of mTORC1 and SLC38A1 was detected in a collection of human HB specimens. Altogether, our study demonstrates the key role of mTORC1 in HB development. YAP and TAZ promote HB development via inducing SLC38A1 expression, whose upregulation leads to mTORC1 activation. Targeting mTOR pathway or amino acid transporters may represent novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andras Kiss
- Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio Cigliano
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Schaff
- Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Li Che
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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321
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Scarabelli S, Tan KT, Griss R, Hovius R, D’Alessandro PL, Vorherr T, Johnsson K. Evaluating Cellular Drug Uptake with Fluorescent Sensor Proteins. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1191-1197. [PMID: 28766337 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We are introducing a new approach to evaluate cellular uptake of drugs and drug candidates into living cells. The approach is based on converting the protein target of a given class of compounds into a fluorescent biosensor. By measuring the binding of different compounds to their cognate biosensor in live cells and comparing these values to those measured in vitro, their cellular uptake and concentrations can be ranked. We demonstrate that our strategy enables the evaluation of the cellular uptake into the cytosol of 2 classes of inhibitors using two different sensor designs; first, sensors comprising the self-labeling protein SNAP conjugated with a chemically modified inhibitor shown for inhibitors of the enzyme human carbonic anhydrase II; and a label-free sensor for inhibitors of protein-protein interactions demonstrated for the protein pair p53-HDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scarabelli
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kui Thong Tan
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Griss
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ruud Hovius
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Vorherr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Kai Johnsson
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Department of Chemical
Biology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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322
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A Glimpse of Membrane Transport through Structures—Advances in the Structural Biology of the GLUT Glucose Transporters. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2710-2725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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323
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Rives ML, Javitch JA, Wickenden AD. Potentiating SLC transporter activity: Emerging drug discovery opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 135:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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324
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Kordonowy L, MacManes M. Characterizing the reproductive transcriptomic correlates of acute dehydration in males in the desert-adapted rodent, Peromyscus eremicus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:473. [PMID: 28645248 PMCID: PMC5481918 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of genomic and physiological mechanisms related to how organisms living in extreme environments survive and reproduce is an outstanding question facing evolutionary and organismal biologists. One interesting example of adaptation is related to the survival of mammals in deserts, where extreme water limitation is common. Research on desert rodent adaptations has focused predominantly on adaptations related to surviving dehydration, while potential reproductive physiology adaptations for acute and chronic dehydration have been relatively neglected. This study aims to explore the reproductive consequences of acute dehydration by utilizing RNAseq data in the desert-specialized cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus). RESULTS We exposed 22 male cactus mice to either acute dehydration or control (fully hydrated) treatment conditions, quasimapped testes-derived reads to a cactus mouse testes transcriptome, and then evaluated patterns of differential transcript and gene expression. Following statistical evaluation with multiple analytical pipelines, nine genes were consistently differentially expressed between the hydrated and dehydrated mice. We hypothesized that male cactus mice would exhibit minimal reproductive responses to dehydration; therefore, this low number of differentially expressed genes between treatments aligns with current perceptions of this species' extreme desert specialization. However, these differentially expressed genes include Insulin-like 3 (Insl3), a regulator of male fertility and testes descent, as well as the solute carriers Slc45a3 and Slc38a5, which are membrane transport proteins that may facilitate osmoregulation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in male cactus mice, acute dehydration may be linked to reproductive modulation via Insl3, but not through gene expression differences in the subset of other a priori tested reproductive hormones. Although water availability is a reproductive cue in desert-rodents exposed to chronic drought, potential reproductive modification via Insl3 in response to acute water-limitation is a result which is unexpected in an animal capable of surviving and successfully reproducing year-round without available external water sources. Indeed, this work highlights the critical need for integrative research that examines every facet of organismal adaptation, particularly in light of global climate change, which is predicted, amongst other things, to increase climate variability, thereby exposing desert animals more frequently to the acute drought conditions explored here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kordonowy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Rudman Hall (MCBS), 46 College Road, Durham, 03824 NH USA
| | - Matthew MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Rudman Hall (MCBS), 46 College Road, Durham, 03824 NH USA
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325
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Kisser B, Mangelsen E, Wingolf C, Partecke LI, Heidecke CD, Tannergren C, Oswald S, Keiser M. The Ussing Chamber Assay to Study Drug Metabolism and Transport in the Human Intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28640954 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ussing chamber is an old but still powerful technique originally designed to study the vectorial transport of ions through frog skin. This technique is also used to investigate the transport of chemical agents through the intestinal barrier as well as drug metabolism in enterocytes, both of which are key determinants for the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. More contemporary model systems, such as Caco-2 cell monolayers or stably transfected cells, are more limited in their use compared to the Ussing chamber because of differences in expression rates of transporter proteins and/or metabolizing enzymes. While there are limitations to the Ussing chamber assay, the use of human intestinal tissue remains the best laboratory test for characterizing the transport and metabolism of compounds following oral administration. Detailed in this unit is a step-by-step protocol for preparing human intestinal tissue, for designing Ussing chamber experiments, and for analyzing and interpreting the findings. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kisser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eva Mangelsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Lars Ivo Partecke
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claus-Dieter Heidecke
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Keiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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326
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Saidijam M, Karimi Dermani F, Sohrabi S, Patching SG. Efflux proteins at the blood-brain barrier: review and bioinformatics analysis. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:506-532. [PMID: 28481715 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1328148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
1. Efflux proteins at the blood-brain barrier provide a mechanism for export of waste products of normal metabolism from the brain and help to maintain brain homeostasis. They also prevent entry into the brain of a wide range of potentially harmful compounds such as drugs and xenobiotics. 2. Conversely, efflux proteins also hinder delivery of therapeutic drugs to the brain and central nervous system used to treat brain tumours and neurological disorders. For bypassing efflux proteins, a comprehensive understanding of their structures, functions and molecular mechanisms is necessary, along with new strategies and technologies for delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. 3. We review efflux proteins at the blood-brain barrier, classified as either ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (P-gp, BCRP, MRPs) or solute carrier (SLC) transporters (OATP1A2, OATP1A4, OATP1C1, OATP2B1, OAT3, EAATs, PMAT/hENT4 and MATE1). 4. This includes information about substrate and inhibitor specificity, structural organisation and mechanism, membrane localisation, regulation of expression and activity, effects of diseases and conditions and the principal technique used for in vivo analysis of efflux protein activity: positron emission tomography (PET). 5. We also performed analyses of evolutionary relationships, membrane topologies and amino acid compositions of the proteins, and linked these to structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Saidijam
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics , Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran and
| | - Fatemeh Karimi Dermani
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics , Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran and
| | - Sareh Sohrabi
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics , Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran and
| | - Simon G Patching
- b School of BioMedical Sciences and the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
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327
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Amirthagunabalasingam S, Papaluca A, Harihar T, Ramotar D. Imaging the Pharynx to Measure the Uptake of Doxorubicin in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2291. [PMID: 34541064 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans offers an array of advantages to investigate the roles of uptake transporters. Herein, an epifluorescent microscopy approach was developed to monitor the uptake of the autofluorescent anticancer drug, doxorubicin, into the pharynx of C. elegans by organic cation transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivathevy Amirthagunabalasingam
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, and the Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Taramatti Harihar
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, and the Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, and the Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
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328
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Regulation of Metabolic Activity by p53. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7020021. [PMID: 28531108 PMCID: PMC5487992 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells is controlled by the activation of multiple oncogenic signalling pathways in order to promote macromolecule biosynthesis during rapid proliferation. Cancer cells also need to adapt their metabolism to survive and multiply under the metabolically compromised conditions provided by the tumour microenvironment. The tumour suppressor p53 interacts with the metabolic network at multiple nodes, mostly to reduce anabolic metabolism and promote preservation of cellular energy under conditions of nutrient restriction. Inactivation of this tumour suppressor by deletion or mutation is a frequent event in human cancer. While loss of p53 function lifts an important barrier to cancer development by deleting cell cycle and apoptosis checkpoints, it also removes a crucial regulatory mechanism and can render cancer cells highly sensitive to metabolic perturbation. In this review, we will summarise the major concepts of metabolic regulation by p53 and explore how this knowledge can be used to selectively target p53 deficient cancer cells in the context of the tumour microenvironment.
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329
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Developmental Control of NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) Expression in Professional Phagocytes. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6020028. [PMID: 28467369 PMCID: PMC5485475 DOI: 10.3390/biology6020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) is a professional phagocyte membrane importer of divalent metals that contributes to iron recycling at homeostasis and to nutritional immunity against infection. Analyses of data generated by several consortia and additional studies were integrated to hypothesize mechanisms restricting NRAMP1 expression to mature phagocytes. Results from various epigenetic and transcriptomic approaches were collected for mesodermal and hematopoietic cell types and compiled for combined analysis with results of genetic studies associating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with variations in NRAMP1 expression (eQTLs). Analyses establish that NRAMP1 is part of an autonomous topologically associated domain delimited by ubiquitous CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) sites. NRAMP1 locus contains five regulatory regions: a predicted super-enhancer (S-E) key to phagocyte-specific expression; the proximal promoter; two intronic areas, including 3' inhibitory elements that restrict expression during development; and a block of upstream sites possibly extending the S-E domain. Also the downstream region adjacent to the 3' CTCF locus boundary may regulate expression during hematopoiesis. Mobilization of the locus 14 predicted transcriptional regulatory elements occurs in three steps, beginning with hematopoiesis; at the onset of myelopoiesis and through myelo-monocytic differentiation. Basal expression level in mature phagocytes is further influenced by genetic variation, tissue environment, and in response to infections that induce various epigenetic memories depending on microorganism nature. Constitutively associated transcription factors (TFs) include CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPb), purine rich DNA binding protein (PU.1), early growth response 2 (EGR2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) while hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) may stimulate iron acquisition in pro-inflammatory conditions. Mouse orthologous locus is generally conserved; chromatin patterns typify a de novo myelo-monocytic gene whose expression is tightly controlled by TFs Pu.1, C/ebps and Irf8; Irf3 and nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p 65 subunit (RelA) regulate expression in inflammatory conditions. Functional differences in the determinants identified at these orthologous loci imply that species-specific mechanisms control gene expression.
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330
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Nyquist MD, Corella A, Burns J, Coleman I, Gao S, Tharakan R, Riggan L, Cai C, Corey E, Nelson PS, Mostaghel EA. Exploiting AR-Regulated Drug Transport to Induce Sensitivity to the Survivin Inhibitor YM155. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:521-531. [PMID: 28465296 PMCID: PMC5471626 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0315-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is fundamental to prostate cancer and is the dominant therapeutic target in metastatic disease. However, stringent androgen deprivation therapy regimens decrease quality of life and have been largely unsuccessful in curtailing mortality. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have taken advantage of the dichotomous ability of AR signaling to elicit growth-suppressive and differentiating effects by administering hyperphysiologic levels of testosterone. In this study, high-throughput drug screening identified a potent synergy between high-androgen therapy and YM155, a transcriptional inhibitor of survivin (BIRC5). This interaction was mediated by the direct transcriptional upregulation of the YM155 transporter SLC35F2 by the AR. Androgen-mediated YM155-induced cell death was completely blocked by the overexpression of multidrug resistance transporter ABCB1. SLC35F2 expression was significantly correlated with intratumor androgen levels in four distinct patient-derived xenograft models, and with AR activity score in a large gene expression dataset of castration-resistant metastases. A subset of tumors had significantly elevated SLC35F2 expression and, therefore, may identify patients who are highly responsive to YM155 treatment. IMPLICATIONS The combination of androgen therapy with YM155 represents a novel drug synergy, and SLC35F2 may serve as a clinical biomarker of response to YM155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Nyquist
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alexandra Corella
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Burns
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shuai Gao
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robin Tharakan
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Luke Riggan
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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331
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Golubev A, Hanson AD, Gladyshev VN. Non-enzymatic molecular damage as a prototypic driver of aging. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6029-6038. [PMID: 28264930 PMCID: PMC5391736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.751164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical potentialities of metabolites far exceed metabolic requirements. The required potentialities are realized mostly through enzymatic catalysis. The rest are realized spontaneously through organic reactions that (i) occur wherever appropriate reactants come together, (ii) are so typical that many have proper names (e.g. Michael addition, Amadori rearrangement, and Pictet-Spengler reaction), and (iii) often have damaging consequences. There are many more causes of non-enzymatic damage to metabolites than reactive oxygen species and free radical processes (the "usual suspects"). Endogenous damage accumulation in non-renewable macromolecules and spontaneously polymerized material is sufficient to account for aging and differentiates aging from wear-and-tear of inanimate objects by deriving it from metabolism, the essential attribute of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Golubev
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia,
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- the Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- the Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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332
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Lu YW, Acoba MG, Selvaraju K, Huang TC, Nirujogi RS, Sathe G, Pandey A, Claypool SM. Human adenine nucleotide translocases physically and functionally interact with respirasomes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1489-1506. [PMID: 28404750 PMCID: PMC5449148 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of interactions for human adenine nucleotide translocases, required for oxidative phosphorylation, is reported. Of particular interest is an evolutionarily conserved and functionally important association with respiratory supercomplexes, which is surprising because the respirasomes of yeast and mammals are different. Members of the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) family exchange ADP for ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane, an activity that is essential for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mutations in or dysregulation of ANTs is associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia, cardiomyopathy, nonsyndromic intellectual disability, apoptosis, and the Warburg effect. Binding partners of human ANTs have not been systematically identified. The absence of such information has prevented a detailed molecular understanding of the assorted ANT-associated diseases, including insight into their disparate phenotypic manifestations. To fill this void, in this study, we define the interactomes of two human ANT isoforms. Analogous to its yeast counterpart, human ANTs associate with heterologous partner proteins, including the respiratory supercomplex (RSC) and other solute carriers. The evolutionarily conserved ANT–RSC association is particularly noteworthy because the composition, and thereby organization, of RSCs in yeast and human is different. Surprisingly, absence of the major ANT isoform only modestly impairs OXPHOS in HEK293 cells, indicating that the low levels of other isoforms provide functional redundancy. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of OXPHOS expression and function inhibits ANT-dependent ADP/ATP exchange. Thus ANTs and the OXPHOS machinery physically interact and functionally cooperate to enhance ANT transport capacity and mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Michelle Grace Acoba
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Kandasamy Selvaraju
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Tai-Chung Huang
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Raja S Nirujogi
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
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333
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Cellular Models and In Vitro Assays for the Screening of modulators of P-gp, MRP1 and BCRP. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040600. [PMID: 28397762 PMCID: PMC6153761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are highly expressed in tumor cells, as well as in organs involved in absorption and secretion processes, mediating the ATP-dependent efflux of compounds, both endogenous substances and xenobiotics, including drugs. Their expression and activity levels are modulated by the presence of inhibitors, inducers and/or activators. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies with both known and newly synthesized P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inducers and/or activators have shown the usefulness of these transport mechanisms in reducing the systemic exposure and specific tissue access of potentially harmful compounds. This article focuses on the main ABC transporters involved in multidrug resistance [P-gp, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)] expressed in tissues of toxicological relevance, such as the blood-brain barrier, cardiovascular system, liver, kidney and intestine. Moreover, it provides a review of the available cellular models, in vitro and ex vivo assays for the screening and selection of safe and specific inducers and activators of these membrane transporters. The available cellular models and in vitro assays have been proposed as high throughput and low-cost alternatives to excessive animal testing, allowing the evaluation of a large number of compounds.
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334
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Protein Kinases C-Mediated Regulations of Drug Transporter Activity, Localization and Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040764. [PMID: 28375174 PMCID: PMC5412348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug transporters are now recognized as major actors in pharmacokinetics, involved notably in drug–drug interactions and drug adverse effects. Factors that govern their activity, localization and expression are therefore important to consider. In the present review, the implications of protein kinases C (PKCs) in transporter regulations are summarized and discussed. Both solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters can be regulated by PKCs-related signaling pathways. PKCs thus target activity, membrane localization and/or expression level of major influx and efflux drug transporters, in various normal and pathological types of cells and tissues, often in a PKC isoform-specific manner. PKCs are notably implicated in membrane insertion of bile acid transporters in liver and, in this way, are thought to contribute to cholestatic or choleretic effects of endogenous compounds or drugs. The exact clinical relevance of PKCs-related regulation of drug transporters in terms of drug resistance, pharmacokinetics, drug–drug interactions and drug toxicity remains however to be precisely determined. This issue is likely important to consider in the context of the development of new drugs targeting PKCs-mediated signaling pathways, for treating notably cancers, diabetes or psychiatric disorders.
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335
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Higgins GA, Allyn-Feuer A, Georgoff P, Nikolian V, Alam HB, Athey BD. Mining the topography and dynamics of the 4D Nucleome to identify novel CNS drug pathways. Methods 2017; 123:102-118. [PMID: 28385536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacoepigenome can be defined as the active, noncoding province of the genome including canonical spatial and temporal regulatory mechanisms of gene regulation that respond to xenobiotic stimuli. Many psychotropic drugs that have been in clinical use for decades have ill-defined mechanisms of action that are beginning to be resolved as we understand the transcriptional hierarchy and dynamics of the nucleus. In this review, we describe spatial, temporal and biomechanical mechanisms mediated by psychotropic medications. Focus is placed on a bioinformatics pipeline that can be used both for detection of pharmacoepigenomic variants that discretize drug response and adverse events to improve pharmacogenomic testing, and for the discovery of novel CNS therapeutics. This approach integrates the functional topology and dynamics of the transcriptional hierarchy of the pharmacoepigenome, gene variant-driven identification of pharmacogenomic regulatory domains, and mesoscale mapping for the discovery of novel CNS pharmacodynamic pathways in human brain. Examples of the application of this pipeline are provided, including the discovery of valproic acid (VPA) mediated transcriptional reprogramming of neuronal cell fate following injury, and mapping of a CNS pathway glutamatergic pathway for the mood stabilizer lithium. These examples in regulatory pharmacoepigenomics illustrate how ongoing research using the 4D nucleome provides a foundation to further insight into previously unrecognized psychotropic drug pharmacodynamic pathways in the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Ari Allyn-Feuer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Patrick Georgoff
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Vahagn Nikolian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Brian D Athey
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), USA.
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336
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Nyquist MD, Prasad B, Mostaghel EA. Harnessing Solute Carrier Transporters for Precision Oncology. Molecules 2017; 22:E539. [PMID: 28350329 PMCID: PMC5570559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters are a large superfamily of transmembrane carriers involved in the regulated transport of metabolites, nutrients, ions and drugs across cellular membranes. A subset of these solute carriers play a significant role in the cellular uptake of many cancer therapeutics, ranging from chemotherapeutics such as antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, platinum-based drugs and taxanes to targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. SLC transporters are co-expressed in groups and patterns across normal tissues, suggesting they may comprise a coordinated regulatory circuit serving to mediate normal tissue functions. In cancer however, there are dramatic changes in expression patterns of SLC transporters. This frequently serves to feed the increased metabolic demands of the tumor cell for amino acids, nucleotides and other metabolites, but also presents a therapeutic opportunity, as increased transporter expression may serve to increase intracellular concentrations of substrate drugs. In this review, we examine the regulation of drug transporters in cancer and how this impacts therapy response, and discuss novel approaches to targeting therapies to specific cancers via tumor-specific aberrations in transporter expression. We propose that among the oncogenic changes in SLC transporter expression there exist emergent vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically, extending the application of precision medicine from tumor-specific drug targets to tumor-specific determinants of drug uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Nyquist
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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337
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Grixti JM, O'Hagan S, Day PJ, Kell DB. Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Therapeutic Index through Cheminformatics-Based Selection of Small Molecule Binary Weapons That Improve Transporter-Mediated Targeting: A Cytotoxicity System Based on Gemcitabine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28396636 PMCID: PMC5366350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of drug molecules is mainly determined by the distribution of influx and efflux transporters for which they are substrates. To enable tissue targeting, we sought to develop the idea that we might affect the transporter-mediated disposition of small-molecule drugs via the addition of a second small molecule that of itself had no inhibitory pharmacological effect but that influenced the expression of transporters for the primary drug. We refer to this as a “binary weapon” strategy. The experimental system tested the ability of a molecule that on its own had no cytotoxic effect to increase the toxicity of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine to Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells. An initial phenotypic screen of a 500-member polar drug (fragment) library yielded three “hits.” The structures of 20 of the other 2,000 members of this library suite had a Tanimoto similarity greater than 0.7 to those of the initial hits, and each was itself a hit (the cheminformatics thus providing for a massive enrichment). We chose the top six representatives for further study. They fell into three clusters whose members bore reasonable structural similarities to each other (two were in fact isomers), lending strength to the self-consistency of both our conceptual and experimental strategies. Existing literature had suggested that indole-3-carbinol might play a similar role to that of our fragments, but in our hands it was without effect; nor was it structurally similar to any of our hits. As there was no evidence that the fragments could affect toxicity directly, we looked for effects on transporter transcript levels. In our hands, only the ENT1-3 uptake and ABCC2,3,4,5, and 10 efflux transporters displayed measurable transcripts in Panc1 cultures, along with a ribonucleoside reductase RRM1 known to affect gemcitabine toxicity. Very strikingly, the addition of gemcitabine alone increased the expression of the transcript for ABCC2 (MRP2) by more than 12-fold, and that of RRM1 by more than fourfold, and each of the fragment “hits” served to reverse this. However, an inhibitor of ABCC2 was without significant effect, implying that RRM1 was possibly the more significant player. These effects were somewhat selective for Panc cells. It seems, therefore, that while the effects we measured were here mediated more by efflux than influx transporters, and potentially by other means, the binary weapon idea is hereby fully confirmed: it is indeed possible to find molecules that manipulate the expression of transporters that are involved in the bioactivity of a pharmaceutical drug. This opens up an entirely new area, that of chemical genomics-based drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Grixti
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Steve O'Hagan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Philip J Day
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
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338
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O'Hagan S, Kell DB. Analysis of drug-endogenous human metabolite similarities in terms of their maximum common substructures. J Cheminform 2017; 9:18. [PMID: 28316656 PMCID: PMC5344883 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, we have assessed the structural similarities between marketed drugs (‘drugs’) and endogenous natural human metabolites (‘metabolites’ or ‘endogenites’), using ‘fingerprint’ methods in common use, and the Tanimoto and Tversky similarity metrics, finding that the fingerprint encoding used had a dramatic effect on the apparent similarities observed. By contrast, the maximal common substructure (MCS), when the means of determining it is fixed, is a means of determining similarities that is largely independent of the fingerprints, and also has a clear chemical meaning. We here explored the utility of the MCS and metrics derived therefrom. In many cases, a shared scaffold helps cluster drugs and endogenites, and gives insight into enzymes (in particular transporters) that they both share. Tanimoto and Tversky similarities based on the MCS tend to be smaller than those based on the MACCS fingerprint-type encoding, though the converse is also true for a significant fraction of the comparisons. While no single molecular descriptor can account for these differences, a machine learning-based analysis of the nature of the differences (MACCS_Tanimoto vs MCS_Tversky) shows that they are indeed deterministic, although the features that are used in the model to account for this vary greatly with each individual drug. The extent of its utility and interpretability vary with the drug of interest, implying that while MCS is neither ‘better’ nor ‘worse’ for every drug–endogenite comparison, it is sufficiently different to be of value. The overall conclusion is thus that the use of the MCS provides an additional and valuable strategy for understanding the structural basis for similarities between synthetic, marketed drugs and natural intermediary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK.,Centre for the Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
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339
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Abstract
Understanding how to design cell permeable ligands for intracellular targets that have difficult binding sites, such as protein-protein interactions, would open vast opportunities for drug discovery. Interestingly, libraries of cyclic peptides displayed a steep drop-off in membrane permeability at molecular weights above 1000 Da and it appears likely that this cutoff constitutes an upper size limit also for more druglike compounds. However, chemical space from 500 to 1000 Da remains virtually unexplored and represents a vast opportunity for those prepared to venture into new territories of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, BMC, Uppsala University , Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University , Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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340
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Fisel P, Nies AT, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. The importance of drug transporter characterization to precision medicine. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:361-365. [PMID: 28140687 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1290083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Fisel
- a Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch - Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Stuttgart , Germany.,b University Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Anne T Nies
- a Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch - Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Stuttgart , Germany.,b University Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- a Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch - Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Stuttgart , Germany.,b University Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- a Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch - Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Stuttgart , Germany.,c Department of Clinical Pharmacology , University Hospital Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,d Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
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341
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eUnaG: a new ligand-inducible fluorescent reporter to detect drug transporter activity in live cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41619. [PMID: 28176814 PMCID: PMC5296874 DOI: 10.1038/srep41619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of metabolites and toxic organic solutes are orchestrated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and the organic solute carrier family (SLC) proteins. A large number of ABC and SLC transpoters exist; however, only a small number have been well characterized. To facilitate the analysis of these transporters, which is important for drug safety and physiological studies, we developed a sensitive genetically encoded bilirubin (BR)-inducible fluorescence sensor (eUnaG) to detect transporter-coupled influx/efflux of organic compounds. This sensor can be used in live cells to measure transporter activity, as excretion of BR depends on ABC and SLC transporters. Applying eUnaG in functional RNAi screens, we characterize l(2)03659 as a Drosophila multidrug resistant-associated ABC transporter.
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342
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Lekholm E, Perland E, Eriksson MM, Hellsten SV, Lindberg FA, Rostami J, Fredriksson R. Putative Membrane-Bound Transporters MFSD14A and MFSD14B Are Neuronal and Affected by Nutrient Availability. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:11. [PMID: 28179877 PMCID: PMC5263138 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of orphan transporters is of importance due to their involvement in cellular homeostasis but also in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The tissue and cellular localization, as well as function, is still unknown for many of the solute carriers belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) Pfam clan. Here, we have characterized two putative novel transporters MFSD14A (HIAT1) and MFSD14B (HIATL1) in the mouse central nervous system and found protein staining throughout the adult mouse brain. Both transporters localized to neurons and MFSD14A co-localized with the Golgi marker Giantin in primary embryonic cortex cultures, while MFSD14B staining co-localized with an endoplasmic retention marker, KDEL. Based on phylogenetic clustering analyses, we predict both to have organic substrate profiles, and possible involvement in energy homeostasis. Therefore, we monitored gene regulation changes in mouse embryonic primary cultures after amino acid starvations and found both transporters to be upregulated after 3 h of starvation. Interestingly, in mice subjected to 24 h of food starvation, both transporters were downregulated in the hypothalamus, while Mfsd14a was also downregulated in the brainstem. In addition, in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD), upregulation of both transporters was seen in the striatum. Both MFSD14A and MFSD14B were intracellular neuronal membrane-bound proteins, expressed in the Golgi and Endoplasmic reticulum, affected by both starvation and HFD to varying degree in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Lekholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Perland
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikaela M Eriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofie V Hellsten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida A Lindberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinar Rostami
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
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343
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Hellsten SV, Lekholm E, Ahmad T, Fredriksson R. The gene expression of numerous SLC transporters is altered in the immortalized hypothalamic cell line N25/2 following amino acid starvation. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:249-264. [PMID: 28174690 PMCID: PMC5292668 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are known to play a key role in gene expression regulation, and in mammalian cells, amino acid signaling is mainly mediated via two pathways, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and the amino acid responsive (AAR) pathway. It is vital for cells to have a system to sense amino acid levels, in order to control protein and amino acid synthesis and catabolism. Amino acid transporters are crucial in these pathways, due to both their sensing and transport functions. In this large-scale study, an immortalized mouse hypothalamic cell line (N25/2) was used to study the gene expression changes following 1, 2, 3, 5 or 16 h of amino acid starvation. We focused on genes encoding solute carriers (SLCs) and putative SLCs, more specifically on amino acid transporters. The microarray contained 28 270 genes and 86.2% of the genes were expressed in the cell line. At 5 h of starvation, 1001 genes were upregulated and 848 genes were downregulated, and among these, 47 genes from the SLC superfamily or atypical SLCs were found. Of these, 15 were genes encoding amino acid transporters and 32 were genes encoding other SLCs or atypical SLCs. Increased expression was detected for genes encoding amino acid transporters from system A, ASC, L, N, T, xc-, and y+. Using GO annotations, genes involved in amino acid transport and amino acid transmembrane transporter activity were found to be most upregulated at 3 h and 5 h of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie V Hellsten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology Uppsala University Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology Uppsala University Sweden
| | - Emilia Lekholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology Uppsala University Sweden
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology Uppsala University Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology Uppsala University Sweden
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344
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Perland E, Fredriksson R. Classification Systems of Secondary Active Transporters. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 38:305-315. [PMID: 27939446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound solute carrier (SLC) transporter proteins are vital to the human body, as they sustain homeostasis by moving soluble molecule as nutrients, drugs, and waste across lipid membranes. Of the 430 identified secondary active transporters in humans, 30% are still orphans, and systematic research has been requested to elaborate on their possible involvement in diseases and their potential as drug targets. To enable this, the various classification systems in use must be understood and used correctly. In this review, we describe how various classification systems for human SLCs are constructed, and how they overlap and differ. To facilitate communication between researchers and to avoid ambiguities, everyone must clearly state which classification system they are referring to when writing scientific articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Perland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 7512, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 7512, Sweden.
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345
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Cocucci E, Kim JY, Bai Y, Pabla N. Role of Passive Diffusion, Transporters, and Membrane Trafficking-Mediated Processes in Cellular Drug Transport. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:121-129. [PMID: 27804130 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular drug accumulation is thought to be dictated by two major processes, passive diffusion through the lipid membrane or membrane transporters. The relative role played by these distinct processes remains actively debated. Moreover, the role of membrane-trafficking in drug transport remains underappreciated and unexplored. Here we discuss the distinct processes involved in cellular drug distribution and propose that better experimental models are required to elucidate the differential contributions of various processes in intracellular drug accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cocucci
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J Y Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Y Bai
- Division of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - N Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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346
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Berrios C, Padi M, Keibler MA, Park DE, Molla V, Cheng J, Lee SM, Stephanopoulos G, Quackenbush J, DeCaprio JA. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Promotes Pro-Glycolytic Metabolic Perturbations Required for Transformation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006020. [PMID: 27880818 PMCID: PMC5120958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is an etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a highly aggressive skin cancer. The MCPyV small tumor antigen (ST) is required for maintenance of MCC and can transform normal cells. To gain insight into cellular perturbations induced by MCPyV ST, we performed transcriptome analysis of normal human fibroblasts with inducible expression of ST. MCPyV ST dynamically alters the cellular transcriptome with increased levels of glycolytic genes, including the monocarboxylate lactate transporter SLC16A1 (MCT1). Extracellular flux analysis revealed increased lactate export reflecting elevated aerobic glycolysis in ST expressing cells. Inhibition of MCT1 activity suppressed the growth of MCC cell lines and impaired MCPyV-dependent transformation of IMR90 cells. Both NF-κB and MYC have been shown to regulate MCT1 expression. While MYC was required for MCT1 induction, MCPyV-induced MCT1 levels decreased following knockdown of the NF-κB subunit RelA, supporting a synergistic activity between MCPyV and MYC in regulating MCT1 levels. Several MCC lines had high levels of MYCL and MYCN but not MYC. Increased levels of MYCL was more effective than MYC or MYCN in increasing extracellular acidification in MCC cells. Our results demonstrate the effects of MCPyV ST on the cellular transcriptome and reveal that transformation is dependent, at least in part, on elevated aerobic glycolysis. In 2008, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was identified as clonally integrated in a majority of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC), a rare but highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Since then, studies have highlighted the roles of the MCPyV T antigens in promoting and sustaining MCC oncogenesis. In particular, MCPyV small T antigen (ST) has oncogenic activity in vivo and in vitro. We performed transcriptome analysis of normal human fibroblasts with inducible expression of MCPyV ST and observed significant alterations in levels of metabolic pathway genes, particularly those involved in glycolysis. MCT1, a major monocarboxylate transporter, was rapidly induced following ST expression and inhibition of MCT1 activity reduced the ST growth promoting and transforming activities. The metabolic perturbations induced by this oncogenic human polyomavirus reflect a potent transforming mechanism of MCPyV ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Berrios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Megha Padi
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Keibler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donglim Esther Park
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vadim Molla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jingwei Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Soo Mi Lee
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Quackenbush
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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347
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A time-resolved molecular map of the macrophage response to VSV infection. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2016; 2:16027. [PMID: 28725479 PMCID: PMC5516859 DOI: 10.1038/npjsba.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the relationship between virus infection and cellular response is paradigmatic for our understanding of how perturbation changes biological systems. Immune response, in this context is a complex yet evolutionarily adapted and robust cellular change, and is experimentally amenable to molecular analysis. To visualize the full cellular response to virus infection, we performed temporal transcriptomics, proteomics, and phosphoproteomics analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected mouse macrophages. This enabled the understanding of how infection-induced changes in host gene and protein expression are coordinated with post-translational modifications by cells in time to best measure and control the infection process. The vast and complex molecular changes measured could be decomposed in a limited number of clusters within each category (transcripts, proteins, and protein phosphorylation) each with own kinetic parameter and characteristic pathways/processes, suggesting multiple regulatory options in the overall sensing and homeostatic program. Altogether, the data underscored a prevalent executive function to phosphorylation. Resolution of the molecular events affecting the RIG-I pathway, central to viral recognition, reveals that phosphorylation of the key innate immunity adaptor mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) on S328/S330 is necessary for activation of type-I interferon and nuclear factor κ B (NFκB) pathways. To further understand the hierarchical relationships, we analyzed kinase–substrate relationships and found RAF1 and, to a lesser extent, ARAF to be inhibiting VSV replication and necessary for NFκB activation, and AKT2, but not AKT1, to be supporting VSV replication. Integrated analysis using the omics data revealed co-regulation of transmembrane transporters including SLC7A11, which was subsequently validated as a host factor in the VSV replication. The data sets are predicted to greatly empower future studies on the functional organization of the response of macrophages to viral challenges.
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348
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Kordonowy LL, MacManes MD. Characterization of a male reproductive transcriptome for Peromyscus eremicus (Cactus mouse). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2617. [PMID: 27812417 PMCID: PMC5088585 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents of the genus Peromyscus have become increasingly utilized models for investigations into adaptive biology. This genus is particularly powerful for research linking genetics with adaptive physiology or behaviors, and recent research has capitalized on the unique opportunities afforded by the ecological diversity of these rodents. Well characterized genomic and transcriptomic data is intrinsic to explorations of the genetic architecture responsible for ecological adaptations. Therefore, this study characterizes the transcriptome of three male reproductive tissues (testes, epididymis and vas deferens) of Peromyscus eremicus (Cactus mouse), a desert specialist. The transcriptome assembly process was optimized in order to produce a high quality and substantially complete annotated transcriptome. This composite transcriptome was generated to characterize the expressed transcripts in the male reproductive tract of P. eremicus, which will serve as a crucial resource for future research investigating our hypothesis that the male Cactus mouse possesses an adaptive reproductive phenotype to mitigate water-loss from ejaculate. This study reports genes under positive selection in the male Cactus mouse reproductive transcriptome relative to transcriptomes from Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) and Mus musculus. Thus, this study expands upon existing genetic research in this species, and we provide a high quality transcriptome to enable further explorations of our proposed hypothesis for male Cactus mouse reproductive adaptations to minimize seminal fluid loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. Kordonowy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Matthew D. MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
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349
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Govindarajan R, Sparreboom A. Drug Transporters: Advances and Opportunities. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:398-403. [PMID: 27718234 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug transporter research conducted over the last several decades has led to a greatly advanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying the principles of drug absorption and disposition. Although many transporters remain poorly characterized, there is ample evidence that the drug transporter field will ultimately provide vital support to routine patient management, and will play a key role in the discovery, development, and evaluation of innovative, cutting-edge therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - A Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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350
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Abstract
Cells need to strictly control their internal milieu, a function which is performed by the plasma membrane. Selective passage of molecules across the plasma membrane is controlled by transport proteins. As the liver is the central organ for drug metabolism, hepatocytes are equipped with numerous drug transporters expressed at the plasma membrane. Drug disposition includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a drug and hence multiple passages of drugs and their metabolites across membranes. Consequently, understanding the exact mechanisms of drug transporters is essential both in drug development and in drug therapy. While many drug transporters are expressed in hepatocytes, and some of them are well characterized, several transporters have only recently been identified as new drug transporters. Novel powerful tools to deorphanize (drug) transporters are being applied and show promising results. Although a large set of tools are available for studying transport in vitro and in isolated cells, tools for studying transport in living organisms, including humans, are evolving now and rely predominantly on imaging techniques, e.g. positron emission tomography. Imaging is an area which, certainly in the near future, will provide important insights into "transporters at work" in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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