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Maurya VK, Shakya A, Aggarwal M, Gothandam KM, Bohn T, Pareek S. Fate of β-Carotene within Loaded Delivery Systems in Food: State of Knowledge. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:426. [PMID: 33802152 PMCID: PMC8001630 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has opened new opportunities for delivering bioactive agents. Their physiochemical characteristics, i.e., small size, high surface area, unique composition, biocompatibility and biodegradability, make these nanomaterials an attractive tool for β-carotene delivery. Delivering β-carotene through nanoparticles does not only improve its bioavailability/bioaccumulation in target tissues, but also lessens its sensitivity against environmental factors during processing. Regardless of these benefits, nanocarriers have some limitations, such as variations in sensory quality, modification of the food matrix, increasing costs, as well as limited consumer acceptance and regulatory challenges. This research area has rapidly evolved, with a plethora of innovative nanoengineered materials now being in use, including micelles, nano/microemulsions, liposomes, niosomes, solidlipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipids and nanostructured carriers. These nanodelivery systems make conventional delivery systems appear archaic and promise better solubilization, protection during processing, improved shelf-life, higher bioavailability as well as controlled and targeted release. This review provides information on the state of knowledge on β-carotene nanodelivery systems adopted for developing functional foods, depicting their classifications, compositions, preparation methods, challenges, release and absorption of β-carotene in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and possible risks and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Kumar Maurya
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India; (V.K.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Amita Shakya
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India;
| | - Manjeet Aggarwal
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India; (V.K.M.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Sunil Pareek
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India;
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302
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Buzigi E, Pillay K, Siwela M. Potential of pumpkin to combat vitamin A deficiency during complementary feeding in low and middle income countries: variety, provitamin A carotenoid content and retention, and dietary reference intakes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6103-6112. [PMID: 33683154 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1896472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The risk of child vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in low and middle income countries (LMICs) begins during the age range of complementary feeding (6-24 months), when children are fed complementary foods (CFs) deficient in vitamin A. However, pumpkin, a source of provitamin A carotenoids (PVACs) is widely cultivated in LMICs, but underutilized as a complementary food. Moreover, when consumed by humans, PVACs are bioconverted to retinol, the active form of vitamin A used by the body. This study evaluated the potential of pumpkin toward combating VAD by reviewing varieties of pumpkin cultivated in LMICs and their provitamin A carotenoid (PVAC) content; retention of PVACs in pumpkin during processing it as a CF; and the extent to which a CF prepared from pumpkin may meet the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for vitamin A for children aged 6-24 months old. Pumpkin may combat VAD because the varieties cultivated have high β-carotene content, it is a provitamin A biofortifiable food crop, and 100% retention of PVACs was observed when processed using home cooking methods. Feeding less than 50 g of cooked pumpkin per day meets 100% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI) of vitamin A for children 6 to 24 months old. Consumption of pumpkin may be used to complement vitamin A supplementation, fortification, and diversification of CFs with animal source foods. For better yield of pumpkin in LMICs, nutrition sensitive agricultural programmes such as biofortification and agronomic management of pumpkin need to be promoted and supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Buzigi
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.,Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Human Nutrition & Home Economics, Kyambogo University, Kyambogo, Kampala Uganda
| | - Kirthee Pillay
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Muthulisi Siwela
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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303
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Malchikov PN, Myasnikova MG. [The content of yellow pigments in durum wheat (Titicum durum Desf.) grains: biosynthesis, genetic control, marker selection]. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 24:501-511. [PMID: 33659834 PMCID: PMC7716578 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Зерно с высоким содержанием каротиноидных пигментов ценится за ярко-желтый цвет пасты,
производимой из него, и провитаминную (витамин А) и антиоксидантную активность пигментов. Цель настоя-
щего обзора – обобщение современных знаний о биосинтезе и генетическом контроле накопления пигментов
в зерне твердой пшеницы и оценка основных результатов исследований и селекции за последние двадцать
лет за рубежом и в России. Признак «концентрация каротиноидных пигментов в зерне» (Ypc) относится к раз-
ряду количественных. Тем не менее превалирование сильных аддитивных эффектов генов и высокая насле-
дуемость способствовали значительному прогрессу в селекции по этому признаку. Методами молекулярного
маркирования локусов количественных признаков (QTL), контролирующих синтез каротиноидных пигментов
и значения индекса желтизны (IY), установлено их распределение по всем хромосомам генома твердой пшеницы.
Основные генетические локусы, определяющие более 60 % варьирования признака, были картированы
в хромосомах 7AL и 7BL. Вклад этих локусов связан с аллельными вариациями, влияющими на активность
фермента фитоенсинтетазы (PSY). В других хромосомах были локализованы минорные генетические факторы,
из которых наиболее значимы QTL, расположенные в хромосомах 3AS (ассоциирован с геном LCYE-ликопин-
ε-циклаза) и 4ВS (аллель Lpx-B1.1c). При этом показано, что аллель Lpx-B1.1c вносит вклад в снижение актив-
ности липоксигеназы, окисляющей каротиноиды в процессе изготовления конечных продуктов. Рассмотрены
и обсуждены проблемы использования молекулярных маркеров в селекционных программах, нацеленных на
увеличение концентрации пигментов в зерне и улучшение цветовых характеристик пасты.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Malchikov
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara Scientific Research Agriculture Institute named after N.M. Tulaikov, Bezenchuk, Samara region, Russi
| | - M G Myasnikova
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara Scientific Research Agriculture Institute named after N.M. Tulaikov, Bezenchuk, Samara region, Russi
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304
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Gao N, Wu Y, Zhang H. Protoplast fusion between Blakeslea trispora 14,271 (+) and 14,272 (-) enhanced the yield of lycopene and β-carotene. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:58. [PMID: 33655368 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blakeslea trispora, a heterothallic Zygomycota with two mating types (termed "plus" and "minus"), is an ideal source of lycopene and β-carotene. The lycopene and β-carotene yields when the two type strains are used for fermentation separately are lower than those when they are joint together. To enhance the yield of lycopene and β-carotene in B. trispora, protoplast fusion technology was carried out between ATCC 14,271 (+) and ATCC 14,272 (-). After protoplast preparation, protoplast fusion, fusion sorting, fusion regeneration, and high-throughput screening, two fusions (Fu-1and Fu-2) with high lycopene and β-carotene yields were obtained. The lycopene yields of Fu-1 and Fu-2 were increased to 0.60 mg/gDW and 0.90 mg/gDW, which were respectively 3.62- and 5.44-fold those of 14,271 and 1.76- and 2.64-fold those of 14,272. The β-carotene yields of Fu-1 and Fu-2 were increased to 22.07 mg/gDW and 36.93 mg/gDW, which were respectively 1.72- and 2.89-fold those of 14,271 and 1.23- and 2.06-fold those of 14,272. In this study, the protoplast fusion technique was successfully used in Blakeslea trispora, providing new ideas for improving lycopene and β-carotene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.
| | - Yicun Wang
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Na Gao
- Amicogen (China) Biopharm Company, Jining, 272073, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Hongfa Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
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305
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Rödiger A, Agne B, Dobritzsch D, Helm S, Müller F, Pötzsch N, Baginsky S. Chromoplast differentiation in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1431-1442. [PMID: 33258209 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report here a detailed analysis of the proteome adjustments that accompany chromoplast differentiation from chloroplasts during bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit ripening. While the two photosystems are disassembled and their constituents degraded, the cytochrome b6 f complex, the ATPase complex, and Calvin cycle enzymes are maintained at high levels up to fully mature chromoplasts. This is also true for ferredoxin (Fd) and Fd-dependent NADP reductase, suggesting that ferredoxin retains a central role in the chromoplasts' redox metabolism. There is a significant increase in the amount of enzymes of the typical metabolism of heterotrophic plastids, such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) and amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. Enzymes of chlorophyll catabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis increase in abundance, supporting the pigment reorganization that goes together with chromoplast differentiation. The majority of plastid encoded proteins decline but constituents of the plastid ribosome and AccD increase in abundance. Furthermore, the amount of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) remains unchanged despite a significant increase in phytoene desaturase (PDS) levels, suggesting that the electrons from phytoene desaturation are consumed by another oxidase. This may be a particularity of non-climacteric fruits such as bell pepper that lack a respiratory burst at the onset of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Rödiger
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Birgit Agne
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Dobritzsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Helm
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fränze Müller
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Pötzsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sacha Baginsky
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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306
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In vitro and in vivo study of the enhancement of carotenoid bioavailability in vegetables using excipient nanoemulsions: Impact of lipid content. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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307
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Singh J, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. Improved Sample Preparation and Optimized Solvent Extraction for Quantitation of Carotenoids. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 76:60-67. [PMID: 33420704 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate, rapid quantitation of key antioxidants such as carotenoids is important for assessment of food quality. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments that are susceptible to oxidation due to their highly conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds. Therefore, the present work focuses on improving sample preparation to facilitate rapid analysis of carotenoids. The method involves optimized carotenoid extraction followed by direct HPLC analysis without further concentration and redissolution. For extraction, we tested the effect of blending time (1, 3 and 5 min) and 12 different solvent combinations for carotenoid extraction from cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis) and oranges (Citrus sinensis), two popular fruits that are high in carotenoids. The identification of carotenoids was performed by LC-APCI-QTOF-HR-MS in positive-ionization mode. In melon, 1 min blending time gave significantly higher β-carotene content with CHCl3: Ace (1:1) solvent. The optimized method was validated with tomato, watermelon, oranges, grapefruit, melon varieties and commercial products such as fruit juices. Among the different melon varieties, Western Shipper had significantly higher β-carotene (25.1 ± 0.4 µg/g) contents. In oranges, β-carotene and (all-E)-lycopene contents were 4.4 ± 0.1and 3.8 ± 0.1 µg/g, respectively. The optimized method has fewer unit operations and is reproducible for the quantitation of carotenoids and their isomers. This is the first report on the identification of ζ-carotene isomers, and lycopene isomers from cantaloupe varieties and lycopene from oranges. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashbir Singh
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Guddadarangavvanahally K Jayaprakasha
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
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308
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Murador DC, De Souza Mesquita LM, Neves BV, Braga AR, Martins PL, Zepka LQ, De Rosso VV. Bioaccessibility and cellular uptake by Caco-2 cells of carotenoids and chlorophylls from orange peels: A comparison between conventional and ionic liquid mediated extractions. Food Chem 2021; 339:127818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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309
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Lakey-Beitia J, Vasquez V, Mojica-Flores R, Fuentes C AL, Murillo E, Hedge ML, Rao KS. Pouteria sapota (Red Mamey Fruit): Chemistry and Biological Activity of Carotenoids. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1134-1147. [PMID: 33645478 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210301093711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red mamey fruit known as P. sapota, comes from trees found in Mesoamerica and Asia. This fruit is considered a nutraceutical food due to it's a food and has multiple beneficial health including anti-amyloidogenic activity and potential anti-tumorigenic property. Red mamey fruit contain a variety of carotenoids including novel ketocarotenoids such as sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin. A ketocarotenoid is a chemical compound with a carbonyl group present in the β-ring or in the double bond chain of a carotenoid. In red mamey, the 3'-deoxy-k-end group in sapotexanthin has proved to be an important pro-vitamin A source, which is essential for maintaining a healthy vision and cognitive processes. OBJECTIVE Summarize the chemistry and biological activity of the studied carotenoids present in this fruit until now. METHOD An exhaustive extraction is the most usual methodology to isolate and thoroughly characterize the carotenoids present in this fruit. High performance liquid chromatography is used to determine the profile of total carotenoid and its purity. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization is used to determine the molecular weight of carotenoid. Nuclear magnetic resonance is used to determine the structure of carotenoids. RESULT For each 100 g of fresh weight, 0.12 mg of total carotenoid from this fruit can be obtained. Out of the more than 47 reported carotenoids in red mamey, only 34 have a detailed characterization. CONCLUSION it is important to continue studying the chemical composition and biological activity of this unique tropical fruit with commercial and nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johant Lakey-Beitia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, 0843-01103. Panama
| | - Velmarini Vasquez
- Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, 0843-01103. Panama
| | - Randy Mojica-Flores
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, 0843-01103. Panama
| | - Arelys L Fuentes C
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, 0843-01103. Panama
| | - Enrique Murillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Exact Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama City. Panama
| | - Muralidhar L Hedge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030. United States
| | - K S Rao
- Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, 0843-01103. Panama
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310
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Bao M, Li J, Chen H, Chen Z, Xu D, Wen Y. Enantioselective effects of imazethapyr on the secondary metabolites and nutritional value of wheat seedlings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143759. [PMID: 33279196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolism of plants is key for mediating responses to environmental stress, but few studies have examined how the relationship between secondary metabolism and the stress response of plants is affected by exposure to chiral herbicides. Here, we studied the enantioselective disturbance of the chiral herbicide imazethapyr (IM) on the secondary metabolism and nutrient levels of wheat seedlings. The bioactive enantiomer R-IM significantly increased the contents of major secondary metabolites, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and carotenoids but greatly inhibited the production of benzoxazine. The antioxidant system also responded strongly to R-IM; specifically, the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPX enzymes were all significantly induced, and the GSH content initially increased but then decreased. Furthermore, the nutrient levels of wheat seedlings were also affected; dietary fiber content decreased, while the contents of the microelements Fe, Mn, and Zn increased. In sum, this study provides new insight into the phytotoxic effects of IM and raises new questions on the role of secondary metabolites and nutrients in mediating enantioselective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Dongmei Xu
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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311
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Rapoport A, Guzhova I, Bernetti L, Buzzini P, Kieliszek M, Kot AM. Carotenoids and Some Other Pigments from Fungi and Yeasts. Metabolites 2021; 11:92. [PMID: 33561985 PMCID: PMC7915786 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are an essential group of compounds that may be obtained by microbiological synthesis. They are instrumental in various areas of industry, medicine, agriculture, and ecology. The increase of carotenoids' demand at the global market is now essential. At the moment, the production of natural carotenoids is more expensive than obtaining their synthetic forms, but several new approaches/directions on how to decrease this difference were developed during the last decades. This review briefly describes the information accumulated until now about the beneficial effects of carotenoids on human health protection, their possible application in the treatments of various diseases, and their use in the food and feed industry. This review also describes some issues that are linked with biotechnological production of fungal and yeasts carotenoids, as well as new approaches/directions to make their biotechnological production more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rapoport
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1-537, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Irina Guzhova
- Laboratory of Cell Protective Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Lorenzo Bernetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences and Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences and Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Maria Kot
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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312
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Savic Gajic IM, Savic IM, Gajic DG, Dosic A. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Orange Peel Using Olive Oil and Its Encapsulation in Ca-Alginate Beads. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020225. [PMID: 33562827 PMCID: PMC7915125 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper was aimed at developing an ultrasound-assisted extraction of carotenoids from orange peel using olive oil as a solvent. A central composite design was used to define the optimal conditions for their extraction. Under the optimal conditions (extraction time of 35 min, extraction temperature of 42 ℃, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 15 mL/g), the experimental and predicted values of carotenoid content were 1.85 and 1.83 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The agreement of these values indicated the adequacy of the proposed regression model. The extraction temperature only had a negative influence on carotenoid content. The impact of extraction parameters on the carotenoid content was decreased according to the following order: extraction time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and extraction temperature. Ca-alginate beads were prepared using the extrusion process to increase the stability and protect the antioxidant activity of olive oil enriched with carotenoids. The encapsulation efficiency and particle mean diameter were 89.5% and 0.78 mm, respectively. The presence of oil extract in Ca-alginate beads was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of the oil enriched with carotenoids before and after encapsulation in the alginate beads was determined according to the DPPH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana M. Savic Gajic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Nis, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-16-247-203
| | - Ivan M. Savic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Nis, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | | | - Aleksandar Dosic
- Faculty of Technology Zvornik, University of East Sarajevo, Karakaj 34A, 75400 Zvornik, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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313
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Murillo‐Cruz MC, Chova M, Bermejo‐Román R. Effect of adding fungal β‐carotene to picual extra virgin olive oils on their physical and chemical properties. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mª Carmen Murillo‐Cruz
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry Jaén UniversityLinares High Polytechnic School (EPSL) Linares Spain
| | - Mariela Chova
- Cortijo de la Loma S.L. (Castillo de Canena Olive Juice) Jaén Spain
| | - Ruperto Bermejo‐Román
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry Jaén UniversityLinares High Polytechnic School (EPSL) Linares Spain
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314
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Lin Y, Huang J. Characterization of an algal phosphomannose isomerase gene and its application as a selectable marker for genetic manipulation of tomato. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:63-70. [PMID: 33778226 PMCID: PMC7987571 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Establishing a transgenic plant largely relies on a selectable marker gene that can confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance to plant cells. The existence of such selectable marker genes in genetically modified foods has long been criticized. Plant cells generally exhibit too low an activity of phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) to grow with mannose as a sole carbon source. In this study, we characterized PMI from the green microalga Chlorococcum sp. and assessed its feasibility as a selectable marker for plant biotechnology. Chlorococcum sp. PMI (ChlPMI) was shown to be closely related to higher plants but more distant to bacterial counterparts. Overexpression of ChlPMI in tomato induced callus and shoot formation in media containing mannose (6 g/L) and had an average transformation rate of 3.9%. Based on this transformation system, a polycistronic gene cluster containing crtB, HpBHY, CrBKT and SlLCYB (BBBB) was co-expressed in a different tomato cultivar. Six putative transformants were achieved with a transformation rate of 1.4%, which produced significant amounts of astaxanthin due to the expression of the BBBB genes. Taken together, these findings indicate that we have established an additional tool for plant biotechnology that may be suitable for genetically modifying foods safely.
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Key Words
- Algae
- Astaxanthin
- BHY, β-carotene hydroxylase
- BKT, β-carotene ketolase
- Chl, Chlorococcum sp
- LCYB, Lycopene β-cyclase
- MS, Murashige and Skoog
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
- PMI, phosphomannose isomerase
- PSY, phytoene synthase
- Phosphomannose isomerase
- RACE, Rapid amplification of cDNA ends
- Tomato
- Transformation
- UPLC, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- WT, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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315
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Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Böhm V, Borge GIA, Cano MP, Fikselová M, Gruskiene R, Lavelli V, Loizzo MR, Mandić AI, Brahm PM, Mišan AČ, Pintea AM, Sereikaitė J, Vargas-Murga L, Vlaisavljević SS, Vulić JJ, O'Brien NM. Carotenoids: Considerations for Their Use in Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, Nutricosmetics, Supplements, Botanicals, and Novel Foods in the Context of Sustainability, Circular Economy, and Climate Change. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:433-460. [PMID: 33467905 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062220-013218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are versatile isoprenoids that are important in food quality and health promotion. There is a need to establish recommended dietary intakes/nutritional reference values for carotenoids. Research on carotenoids in agro-food and health is being propelled by the two multidisciplinary international networks, the Ibero-American Network for the Study of Carotenoids as Functional Foods Ingredients (IBERCAROT; http://www.cyted.org) and the European Network to Advance Carotenoid Research and Applications in Agro-Food and Health (EUROCAROTEN; http://www.eurocaroten.eu). In this review, considerations for their safe and sustainable use in products mostly intended for health promotion are provided. Specifically, information about sources, intakes, and factors affecting bioavailability is summarized. Furthermore, their health-promoting actions and importance in public health in relation to the contribution of reducing the risk of diverse ailments are synthesized. Definitions and regulatory and safety information for carotenoid-containing products are provided. Lastly, recent trends in research in the context of sustainable healthy diets are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Nutrition and Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Bioactive Plant Products Research Group, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - M Pilar Cano
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martina Fikselová
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ruta Gruskiene
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vera Lavelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Anamarija I Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Paula Mapelli Brahm
- Nutrition and Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Č Mišan
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Adela M Pintea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jolanta Sereikaitė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Sanja S Vlaisavljević
- Departmant of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena J Vulić
- Department of Applied and Engineering Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nora M O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 Cork, Ireland
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316
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Pardo-Medina J, Gutiérrez G, Limón MC, Avalos J. Impact of the White Collar Photoreceptor WcoA on the Fusarium fujikuroi Transcriptome. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:619474. [PMID: 33574802 PMCID: PMC7871910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.619474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of the White Collar 1 family (WC) constitute a major class of flavin photoreceptors, widely distributed in fungi, that work in cooperation with a WC 2 protein forming a regulatory complex. The WC complex was investigated in great detail in Neurospora crassa, a model fungus in photobiology studies, where it controls all its major photoresponses. The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, a model system in the production of secondary metabolites, contains a single WC-1 gene called wcoA. The best-known light response in this fungus is the photoinduction of the synthesis of carotenoids, terpenoid pigments with antioxidant properties. Loss of WcoA in F. fujikuroi results in a drastic reduction in the mRNA levels of the carotenoid genes, and a diversity of morphological and metabolic changes, including alterations in the synthesis of several secondary metabolites, suggesting a complex regulatory role. To investigate the function of WcoA, the transcriptome of F. fujikuroi was analyzed in the dark and after 15-, 60- or 240-min illumination in a wild strain and in a formerly investigated wcoA insertional mutant. Using a threshold of four-fold change in transcript levels, 298 genes were activated and 160 were repressed in the wild strain under at least one of the light exposures. Different response patterns were observed among them, with genes exhibiting either fast, intermediate, and slow photoinduction, or intermediate or slow repression. All the fast and intermediate photoresponses, and most of the slow ones, were lost in the wcoA mutant. However, the wcoA mutation altered the expression of a much larger number of genes irrespective of illumination, reaching at least 16% of the annotated genes in this fungus. Such genes include many related to secondary metabolism, as well as others related to photobiology and other cellular functions, including the production of hydrophobins. As judged by the massive transcriptomic changes exhibited by the wcoA mutant in the dark, the results point to WcoA as a master regulatory protein in F. fujikuroi, in addition to a central function as the photoreceptor responsible for most of the transcriptional responses to light in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pardo-Medina
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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317
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Li S, Fang K, Chen S, Xu J, Chen J, Chen H. Profiling fragments for carotenoid esters in Penaeus monodon by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8938. [PMID: 32885511 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The precise identification of carotenoid esters of Penaeus monodon, especially those in the carotenoid skeleton, needs to occur during mass spectrometry analysis. Detailed structural information about carotenoid esters is significant not only for the assessment of nutritional quality, but also for tracing biosynthetic precursors. METHODS The profiling of carotenoid esters in P. monodon was elucidated using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-HRMS). The raw LC/MS data were analyzed using Exact Finder™ software. RESULTS The structurally relevant ions, *l and *m, were considered markers of the astaxanthin monoester. Moreover, the carotenoid skeleton was unequivocally identified using the diagnostic ions *i, *j/*j' and *g/*g' generated by the carbon-carbon bond cleavage between β-ionone ketones and conjugated polyene moieties. In total, 24 carotenoid esters were identified in P. monodon based on the fragmentation patterns discussed above. The identified carotenoid skeleton includes astaxanthin, astacene, oxidized astaxanthin and adonixanthin, which have been described for the first time. CONCLUSIONS Characterization of the unknown carotenoid esters demonstrates the capabilities of this methodology, which is significant for enriching the carotenoid species in P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
- Ningbo Customs Technology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China
| | - Keyi Fang
- Ningbo Customs Technology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China
| | - Shubing Chen
- Ningbo Customs Technology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China
| | - Jilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
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318
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Abstract
Spirulina stands out as a sustainable bioactive microalga with health-promoting properties, and an important active ingredient of natural cosmetics products. Currently, Spirulina has been incorporated in topical skin-care formulations, such as a moisturizing, antiwrinkles, antiaging and antiacne agent. Furthermore, this microalga is used by cosmetic formulators to promote healthy sunscreen protection, to treat skin pigmentation disorders and to heal wounds. Most of commercial cosmetics claim a large range of Spirulina properties, including antioxidant, revitalizing, remineralizing, moisturizing, protecting alongside cleansing and shining action, both for hair and for skin. In this review, recent cosmetic applications of Spirulina are revised, by highlighting its ability in improving skin appearance and health. Additionally, the analysis of the Spirulina cosmetic benchmark is discussed. Looking at the current emergence of the beauty industry, many Spirulina extracts and dry powder/flakes, both the starting ingredient and final Spirulina-based cosmetic products, are available on the market. In this industrial field, Spirulina—mainly Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima—is used either as a powder, like in the case of cheaper products, or as a phycocyanin-rich blue extract, particularly in the luxury market. It is likely that, in the coming years, diversity, quality and topical applications of Spirulina will rapidly increase.
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319
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de Oliveira GLR, Medeiros I, Nascimento SSDC, Viana RLS, Porto DL, Rocha HAO, Aragão CFS, Maciel BLL, de Assis CF, Morais AHDA, Passos TS. Antioxidant stability enhancement of carotenoid rich-extract from Cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L.) nanoencapsulated in gelatin under different storage conditions. Food Chem 2021; 348:129055. [PMID: 33508595 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the potential and antioxidant stability of nanoencapsulated carotenoid-rich extract (CE) from Cantaloupe melon (EPG). DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were used to investigate the nanoencapsulation effect on antioxidant potential. CE and EPG stability were evaluated at 25 °C and 5 °C, with and without light (1600 lx) for 60 days, determining the β-carotene concentration by UHPLC and antioxidant potential by ABTS. The antioxidant potential of carotenoids increased after nanoencapsulation (57-59%). After 60 days, there was low retention of β-carotene (0-43.6%) in the CE, mainly at 25 °C light (0.00%) and dark (10.0%), and total loss of activity in the four conditions. EPG preserved the β-carotene concentration in the dark at 25 °C (99.0%) and in the light (83.1%) and dark (99.0%) at 5 °C, maintaining the antioxidant potential (68.7-48.3%). Therefore, EPG enhanced and stabilized the antioxidant potential of carotenoids, beneficial to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaiane Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Sara Sayonara da Cruz Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Rony Lucas Silva Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Dayanne Lopes Porto
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Cícero Flávio Soares Aragão
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Bruna Leal Lima Maciel
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Fernandes de Assis
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Souza Passos
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
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320
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Wang Z, Zhang L, Dong C, Guo J, Jin L, Wei P, Li F, Zhang X, Wang R. Characterization and functional analysis of phytoene synthase gene family in tobacco. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:32. [PMID: 33413114 PMCID: PMC7791662 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids play important roles in photosynthesis, hormone signaling, and secondary metabolism. Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the first step of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we aimed to characterize the PSY genes in tobacco and analyze their function. RESULTS In this study, we identified three groups of PSY genes, namely PSY1, PSY2, and PSY3, in four Nicotiana species; phylogenetic analysis indicated that these genes shared a high similarity with those in tomato but not with those in monocots such as rice and maize. The expression levels of PSY1 and PSY2 were observed to be highest in leaves compared to other tissues, and they could be elevated by treatment with certain phytohormones and exposure to strong light. No PSY3 expression was detected under these conditions. We constructed virus-induced PSY1 and PSY2 silencing in tobacco and found that the newly emerged leaves in these plants were characterized by severe bleaching and markedly decreased carotenoid and chlorophyll content. Thylakoid membrane protein complex levels in the gene-silenced plants were also less than those in the control plants. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, qP, and NPQ, which reflect photosynthetic system activities, of the gene-silenced plants were also significantly decreased. We further performed RNA-Seq and metabonomics analysis between gene-silenced tobacco and control plants. RNA-Seq results showed that abiotic stress, isoprenoid compounds, and amino acid catabolic processes were upregulated, whereas the biosynthesis of cell wall components was downregulated. Metabolic analysis results were consistent with the RNA-Seq. We also found the downstream genes in carotenoid biosynthesis pathways were upregulated, and putative transcription factors that regulate carotenoid biosynthesis were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PSY can regulate carotenoid contents not only by controlling the first biosynthesis step but also by exerting effects on the expression of downstream genes, which would thereby affect photosynthetic activity. Meanwhile, PSY may affect other processes such as amino acid catabolism and cell wall organization. The information we report here may aid further research on PSY genes and carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Wang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650231, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen Dong
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Lifeng Jin
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pan Wei
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoquan Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- School of Life Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Road, Gaoxin Distract, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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321
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Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Mandić AI, Bantis F, Böhm V, Borge GIA, Brnčić M, Bysted A, Cano MP, Dias MG, Elgersma A, Fikselová M, García-Alonso J, Giuffrida D, Gonçalves VSS, Hornero-Méndez D, Kljak K, Lavelli V, Manganaris GA, Mapelli-Brahm P, Marounek M, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Periago-Castón MJ, Pintea A, Sheehan JJ, Tumbas Šaponjac V, Valšíková-Frey M, Meulebroek LV, O'Brien N. A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: status quo, applications, patents, and research needs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:1999-2049. [PMID: 33399015 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoids widely distributed in foods that have been always part of the diet of humans. Unlike the other so-called food bioactives, some carotenoids can be converted into retinoids exhibiting vitamin A activity, which is essential for humans. Furthermore, they are much more versatile as they are relevant in foods not only as sources of vitamin A, but also as natural pigments, antioxidants, and health-promoting compounds. Lately, they are also attracting interest in the context of nutricosmetics, as they have been shown to provide cosmetic benefits when ingested in appropriate amounts. In this work, resulting from the collaborative work of participants of the COST Action European network to advance carotenoid research and applications in agro-food and health (EUROCAROTEN, www.eurocaroten.eu, https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA15136/#tabs|Name:overview) research on carotenoids in foods and feeds is thoroughly reviewed covering aspects such as analysis, carotenoid food sources, carotenoid databases, effect of processing and storage conditions, new trends in carotenoid extraction, daily intakes, use as human, and feed additives are addressed. Furthermore, classical and recent patents regarding the obtaining and formulation of carotenoids for several purposes are pinpointed and briefly discussed. Lastly, emerging research lines as well as research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Nutrition and Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anamarija I Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Filippos Bantis
- Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Grethe Iren A Borge
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mladen Brnčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anette Bysted
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Pilar Cano
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Graça Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Martina Fikselová
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristina Kljak
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Lavelli
- DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - George A Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Adela Pintea
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nora O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Gómez-Gómez L, Diretto G, Ahrazem O, Al-Babili S. Determination of In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Plant Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2083:63-74. [PMID: 31745913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9952-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage products, apocarotenoids, are biologically active compounds exerting important functions as chromophore, hormones, signaling molecules, volatiles, and pigments. Apocarotenoids are generally synthesized by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) that comprise a ubiquitous family of enzymes. The activity of plant CCDs was unraveled more than 20 years ago, with the characterization of the maize VP14, the first identified CCD. The protocol developed to determine the activity of this enzyme in vitro is still being used, with minor modifications. In addition, in vivo procedures have been developed during these years, mainly based on the exploitation of Escherichia coli cells engineered to produce specific carotenoid substrates. Further, technological developments have led to significant improvements, contributing to a more efficient detection of the reaction products. This chapter provides an updated set of detailed protocols suitable for the in vitro and in vivo characterization of the activities of CCDs, starting from well-established methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The Bioactives Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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323
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Lackner S, Meier-Allard N, Mörkl S, Müller W, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Mangge H, Zelzer S, Holasek S. Hypercarotenemia in Anorexia Nervosa Patients May Influence Weight Balance: Results of a Clinical Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:758300. [PMID: 34992554 PMCID: PMC8725815 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.758300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) can co-occur with hypercarotenemia, a clinical condition characterized by elevated β-carotene in plasma and skin tissue. Carotenoids have known anti-obesogenic effects in adipocyte biology. Thus, carotenoids may potentially play a retarding role in weight gain during the recovery of AN patients. This study evaluated the plasma carotenoid profile and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in a cohort of AN patients and normal weight (NW) controls. Methods: Plasma concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene were determined by HPLC analysis. SAT thicknesses were measured by a highly accurate and reliable ultrasound technique. Information on dietary intakes were collected by repeated 24-h recalls. Results: Sixty-two females (AN: n = 18, NW: n = 44) were included. The concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.045) and lycopene (p = 0.004) were significantly lower in AN patients. β-carotene levels were higher in AN patients (n.s.) and α-carotene did not differ significantly. SAT thickness was significantly lower in AN patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). β-carotene was significantly negative (r s = -0.471) and lycopene significantly positive (r s = 0.366) correlated with SAT. The correlation of β-carotene and SAT was even higher in the AN group alone (r s = -0.742). Also, β- cryptoxanthin and the sum of provitamin A carotenoids were correlated to SAT (r s = -0.647 and r s = -0.746, respectively) in AN patients. Fruits and vegetable intake did not differ significantly between AN and NW but adjusted for SAT, AN patients consumed relatively higher amounts (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Higher plasma β-carotene concentrations were associated with reduced SAT levels, most probably due to a reduced ability of the remaining adipose tissue to store carotenoids. Thus, the antiobesity effects of carotenoids might impact the treatment success of undernutrition and AN. A systemic carotenoid overload may contribute to changes in adipogenesis and metabolic capacities for energy storage. Therefore, high plasma β-carotene may be a marker of delay in weight recovery in AN patients. Interventional studies should consider including carotenoid-status in AN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Lackner
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nathalie Meier-Allard
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfram Müller
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alfred Fürhapter-Rieger
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sieglinde Zelzer
- Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Holasek
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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324
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Controlled Transcription of Regulator Gene carS by Tet-on or by a Strong Promoter Confirms Its Role as a Repressor of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010071. [PMID: 33383912 PMCID: PMC7824685 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis is a frequent trait in fungi. In the ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi, the synthesis of the carboxylic xanthophyll neurosporaxanthin (NX) is stimulated by light. However, the mutants of the carS gene, encoding a protein of the RING finger family, accumulate large NX amounts regardless of illumination, indicating the role of CarS as a negative regulator. To confirm CarS function, we used the Tet-on system to control carS expression in this fungus. The system was first set up with a reporter mluc gene, which showed a positive correlation between the inducer doxycycline and luminescence. Once the system was improved, the carS gene was expressed using Tet-on in the wild strain and in a carS mutant. In both cases, increased carS transcription provoked a downregulation of the structural genes of the pathway and albino phenotypes even under light. Similarly, when the carS gene was constitutively overexpressed under the control of a gpdA promoter, total downregulation of the NX pathway was observed. The results confirmed the role of CarS as a repressor of carotenogenesis in F. fujikuroi and revealed that its expression must be regulated in the wild strain to allow appropriate NX biosynthesis in response to illumination.
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325
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Requena-Ramírez MD, Atienza SG, Hornero-Méndez D, Rodríguez-Suárez C. Mediation of a GDSL Esterase/Lipase in Carotenoid Esterification in Tritordeum Suggests a Common Mechanism of Carotenoid Esterification in Triticeae Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:592515. [PMID: 33746990 PMCID: PMC7971304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential in human diet, so that the development of programs toward carotenoid enhancement has been promoted in several crops. The cereal tritordeum, the amphiploid derived from the cross between Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schulz. and durum wheat has a remarkable carotenoid content in the endosperm. Besides, a high proportion of these carotenoids are esterified with fatty acids. The identification of the gene(s) responsible for xanthophyll esterification would be useful for breeding as esterified carotenoids show an increased ability to accumulate within plant cells and have a higher stability during post-harvest storage. In this work, we analyzed five genes identified as candidates for coding the xanthophyll acyltransferase (XAT) enzyme responsible for lutein esterification in H. chilense genome. All these genes were expressed during grain development in tritordeum, but only HORCH7HG021460 was highly upregulated. Sequence analysis of HORCH7HG021460 revealed a G-to-T transversion, causing a Glycine to Cysteine substitution in the protein of H290 (the only accession not producing quantifiable amounts of lutein esters, hereinafter referred as zero-ester) of H. chilense compared to the esterifying genotypes. An allele-specific marker was designed for the SNP detection in the H. chilense diversity panel. From the 93 accessions, only H290 showed the T allele and the zero-ester phenotype. Furthermore, HORCH7HG021460 is the orthologue of XAT-7D, which encodes a XAT enzyme responsible for carotenoid esterification in wheat. Thus, HORCH7HG021460 (XAT-7Hch) is a strong candidate for lutein esterification in H. chilense and tritordeum, suggesting a common mechanism of carotenoid esterification in Triticeae species. The transference of XAT-7Hch to wheat may be useful for the enhancement of lutein esters in biofortification programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio G. Atienza
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible ‐ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa ‐ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible ‐ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
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326
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Rey F, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ. Carotenoids, Vitamin C, and Antioxidant Capacity in the Peel of Mandarin Fruit in Relation to the Susceptibility to Chilling Injury during Postharvest Cold Storage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121296. [PMID: 33348913 PMCID: PMC7766470 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chilling injury (CI) is a postharvest disorder occurring in the fruit of cold-sensitive Citrus species during storage at low temperatures. This study investigated the involvement of carotenoids and vitamin C, two major antioxidants of citrus peel, and the antioxidant capacity in the CI susceptibility of mandarin fruit. To that end, the fruit of three commercial varieties, Fortune, Nova, and Nadorcott, with significant differences in CI susceptibility, were selected. By on-tree fruit bagging, carotenoids and vitamin C contents were modified, and a differential effect of each cultivar on CI was observed. Carotenoid analysis in the peel revealed a strong negative correlation between total carotenoid concentration (TCC) at harvest, and specifically of β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin, and CI index at the end of storage. In contrast, vitamin C content was significantly and positively correlated with CI susceptibility. The antioxidant activity assessed by the DPPH• and FRAP reflected the contribution of vitamin C to the antioxidant system, while the SOAC assay correlated positively with TTC, β-cryptoxanthin, and violaxanthin. Collectively, the antioxidant capacity of carotenoids at harvest, as efficient singlet oxygen quenchers, suggests a protective role against the development of CI in mandarin fruit, while vitamin C is not likely playing a critical role.
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327
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Marcelino G, Machate DJ, Freitas KDC, Hiane PA, Maldonade IR, Pott A, Asato MA, Candido CJ, Guimarães RDCA. β-Carotene: Preventive Role for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245803. [PMID: 33316948 PMCID: PMC7763535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are vital antioxidants for plants and animals. They protect cells from oxidative events and act against the inflammatory process and carcinogenesis. Among the most abundant carotenoids in human and foods is β-carotene. This carotenoid has the highest level of provitamin A activity, as it splits into two molecules of retinol through the actions of the cytosolic enzymes: β-carotene-15,15′-monooxygenase (β-carotene-15,15′-oxygenase 1) and β-carotene-9′,10′-dioxygenase (β-carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase 2). The literature supports the idea that β-carotene acts against type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Due to the many processes involved in β-carotene biosynthesis and metabolic function, little is known about such components, since many mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, our study concisely described the relationships between the consumption of carotenoids, with emphasis on β-carotene, and obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated parameters in order to understand the preventive role of carotenoids better and encourage their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Marcelino
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
| | - David Johane Machate
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health (GEBABS), Graduate Program in Science of Materials, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Karine de Cássia Freitas
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
| | - Iriani Rodrigues Maldonade
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Vegetables), Brasília 70275-970, Brazil;
| | - Arnildo Pott
- Laboratory of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Arakaki Asato
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Camila Jordão Candido
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
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328
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Fournié M, Truan G. Multiplicity of carotene patterns derives from competition between phytoene desaturase diversification and biological environments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21106. [PMID: 33273560 PMCID: PMC7713294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene desaturases catalyse from two to six desaturation reactions on phytoene, generating a large diversity of molecules that can then be cyclised and produce, depending on the organism, many different carotenoids. We constructed a phylogenetic tree of a subset of phytoene desaturases from the CrtI family for which functional data was available. We expressed in a bacterial system eight codon optimized CrtI enzymes from different clades. Analysis of the phytoene desaturation reactions on crude extracts showed that three CrtI enzymes can catalyse up to six desaturations, forming tetradehydrolycopene. Kinetic data generated using a subset of five purified enzymes demonstrate the existence of characteristic patterns of desaturated molecules associated with various CrtI clades. The kinetic data was also analysed using a classical Michaelis–Menten kinetic model, showing that variations in the reaction rates and binding constants could explain the various carotene patterns observed. Competition between lycopene cyclase and the phytoene desaturases modified the distribution between carotene intermediates when expressed in yeast in the context of the full β-carotene production pathway. Our results demonstrate that the desaturation patterns of carotene molecules in various biological environments cannot be fully inferred from phytoene desaturases classification but is governed both by evolutionary-linked variations in the desaturation rates and competition between desaturation and cyclisation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Fournié
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.,Adisseo France S.A.S., 10 place du Général de Gaulle, 92160, Anthony, France.,Groupe Avril, 11 Rue de Monceau, 75378, Paris, Cedex 08, France
| | - Gilles Truan
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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329
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Xu Y, Harvey PJ. Phytoene and phytofluene overproduction by Dunaliella salina using the mitosis inhibitor chlorpropham. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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330
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Food bioactive small molecule databases: Deep boosting for the study of food molecular behaviors. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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331
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di Corcia S, Dhuique-Mayer C, Dornier M. Concentrates from citrus juice obtained by crossflow microfiltration: Guidance of the process considering carotenoid bioaccessibility. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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332
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COSTA GLA, BUCCINI DF, ARRUDA ALA, FAVARO SP, MORENO SE. Phytochemical profile, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. pulp oil. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.25319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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333
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Villa-Rivera MG, Ochoa-Alejo N. Chili Pepper Carotenoids: Nutraceutical Properties and Mechanisms of Action. Molecules 2020; 25:E5573. [PMID: 33260997 PMCID: PMC7729576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chili pepper is a prominent cultivated horticultural crop that is traditionally used for food seasoning and is applied for the treatment and prevention of multiple diseases. Its beneficial health properties are due to its abundance and variety of bioactive components, such as carotenoids, capsaicinoids, and vitamins. In particular, carotenoids have important nutraceutical properties, and several studies have focused on their potential in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In this article, we reviewed the state of knowledge of general aspects of chili pepper carotenoids (biosynthesis pathway, types and content in Capsicum spp., and the effects of processing on carotenoid content) and recent findings on the effects of carotenoid nutraceuticals, such as antioxidant, cancer preventive, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular disorder preventive, and anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico;
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334
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Nakano T, Wiegertjes G. Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E568. [PMID: 33227976 PMCID: PMC7699198 DOI: 10.3390/md18110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nakano
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Geert Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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335
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Li S, Tang X, Lu Y, Xu J, Chen J, Chen H. An improved method for the separation of carotenoids and carotenoid isomers by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:539-548. [PMID: 33200871 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids consist of a series of conjugated isoprene units that are characteristically highly conjugated through double bonds, leading to the formation of many isomers that are susceptible to oxidation and other chemical modifications. Extreme hydrophobicity and high complexity make carotenoids difficult to identify and quantify. We implemented the use of a common Syncronis C18 column with strong eluting solvent, here isopropanol, to successfully separate a mixture of 23 carotenoids standards with different structural properties. In addition, the method differentiated between three groups of isomeric carotenoids (lycopene/δ-carotene/γ-carotene/ε-carotene/α-carotene/β-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin/β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin/lutein) by optimizing the gradient profile and using liquid chrmatography-mass spectrometry. The LOD ranged from 0.05 to 5.51 ng/mL, and the recovery of carotenoids in Mytilus coruscus was from 63.54 to 93.25%, with standard deviations <10%. Twenty-five carotenoids were detected with a total content of 857 ± 55.1 mg/kg, and three isomeric carotenoids were identified: ε-carotene, α-carotene, and β-carotene. Our results show that this methodology is a significant improvement over other alternatives for analyzing carotenoids because of its compatibility with carotenoids of different categories, and most importantly, its ability to resolve isomeric carotenes, which is significant not only for assessing carotenoid species, but also for the tracing of metabolic pathways of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,Food Testing Laboratory, Ningbo Customs Technology Center, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Haimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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336
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Vargas-Sinisterra AF, Ramírez-Castrillón M. Yeast carotenoids: production and activity as antimicrobial biomolecule. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:873-888. [PMID: 33151382 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a large group of organic, pigmented, isoprenoid-type compounds that play biological activities in plants and microorganisms (yeasts, bacteria, and microalgae). Literature reported it as vitamin A precursors and antioxidant activity. Carotenoids also can act as antimicrobial agents and few reports showed quantitative measurements of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations against different pathogens. In this sense, some carotenoids were added to medical-surgical materials. The demand for scale-up of different naturally obtained carotenoids has increased due to the concern about the detrimental health effects caused by synthetic molecules and antimicrobial resistance. In this review, we reported the variability in pigment production and culture conditions, extraction methods used in laboratory, and we discussed the antimicrobial activity carried out by these molecules and the promising acting as new molecules to be scaled-up to industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Vargas-Sinisterra
- Maestría en Ciencias Biomédicas, Grupo de Investigación BIOSALUD, Facultad de Ciencias para la salud, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 # 26-10, Manizales, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación iCUBO, Facultad de Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Ramírez-Castrillón
- Research Group in Mycology (GIM/CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Calle 5 # 62-00, Cali, Colombia.
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337
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Wu Z, Gao R, Zhou G, Huang Y, Zhao X, Ye F, Zhao G. Effect of temperature and pH on the encapsulation and release of β-carotene from octenylsuccinated oat β-glucan micelles. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 255:117368. [PMID: 33436201 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Effect and working mechanism of temperature and pH on encapsulation and release of β-carotene from octenylsuccinated-oat-β-glucan-micelles (OSβG-Ms) were investigated. The stability and solubility of β-carotene, and changes in surface hydrophilicity, core hydrophobicity, and size of β-carotene-loaded-OSβG-Ms were determined. When exposed to temperature (25-45 °C) and pH (4.5-8.5), β-carotene solubilization changed in parabolic manners. Size and absolute zeta-potential of β-carotene-loaded-OSβG-Ms decreased with temperature, while they gave parabolic changing patterns with pH. Those results were ascribed to their hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and core/shell compactness via regulating molecule mobility, orientation, and interactions by temperature/pH. The higher temperature concluded with higher β-carotene release, while a U-shaped release profile was observed with pH. Besides its diffusion, erosion-induced shrinking and collapsing of OSβG-Ms favored β-carotene release at pH 1.2-4.5, which was replaced by swelling-induced structural-relaxation at pH 6.8-8.5. The results were favourable in controlling the behavior of β-carotene-loaded-OSβG-Ms by selectively applying environmental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Health Science, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400065, PR China
| | - Ruiping Gao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Gaojuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yongxia Huang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Xiaowan Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Fayin Ye
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Foods, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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338
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Silva PGPD, Prescendo Júnior D, Sala L, Burkert JFDM, Santos LO. Magnetic field as a trigger of carotenoid production by Phaffia rhodozyma. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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339
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Karniel U, Koch A, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. Development of zeaxanthin-rich tomato fruit through genetic manipulations of carotenoid biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2292-2303. [PMID: 32320515 PMCID: PMC7589248 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenated carotenoid zeaxanthin provides numerous benefits to human health due to its antioxidant properties. Especially it is linked to protecting, together with the xanthophyll lutein, the retina in the human eye by filtering harmful blue light thus delaying the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most prevalent cause of blindness in developed countries. Despite its high nutritional value, zeaxanthin is less available than other substantial carotenoids in our diet. To solve this shortage, we chose to develop a new food source that would contain a high concentration of natural zeaxanthin. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was selected as the target plant since it is the second largest vegetable crop grown worldwide and its fruit characteristically synthesizes and accumulates a high concentration of carotenoids. We employed two genetic approaches in order to enhance zeaxanthin biosynthesis in tomato fruit: a transgenic metabolic engineering and classical genetic breeding. A nontransgenic tomato line, named 'Xantomato', was generated whose fruit accumulated zeaxanthin at a concentration of 39 μg/g fresh weight (or 577 μg/g dry weight), which comprised ca. 50% of total fruit carotenoids compared to zero in the wild type. This is the highest concentration of zeaxanthin reached in a primary crop. Xantomato can potentially increase zeaxanthin availability in the human diet and serve as raw material for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Karniel
- Department of GeneticsAlexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Amit Koch
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and GeneticsThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Dani Zamir
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and GeneticsThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Department of GeneticsAlexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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340
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Lana G, Zacarias-Garcia J, Distefano G, Gentile A, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L. Transcriptional Analysis of Carotenoids Accumulation and Metabolism in a Pink-Fleshed Lemon Mutant. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1294. [PMID: 33143225 PMCID: PMC7692314 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink lemon is a spontaneous bud mutation of lemon (Citrus limon, L. Burm. f) characterized by the production of pink-fleshed fruits due to an unusual accumulation of lycopene. To elucidate the genetic determinism of the altered pigmentation, comparative carotenoid profiling and transcriptional analysis of both the genes involved in carotenoid precursors and metabolism, and the proteins related to carotenoid-sequestering structures were performed in pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type. The carotenoid profile of pink lemon pulp is characterized by an increased accumulation of linear carotenoids, such as lycopene, phytoene and phytofluene, from the early stages of development, reaching their maximum in mature green fruits. The distinctive phenotype of pink lemon is associated with an up-regulation and down-regulation of the genes upstream and downstream the lycopene cyclase, respectively. In particular, 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase genes were overexpressed in pink lemon compared with the wild-type, suggesting an altered regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Similarly, during early development of the fruits, genes of the carotenoid-associated proteins heat shock protein 21, fibrillin 1 and 2 and orange gene were overexpressed in the pulp of the pink-fleshed lemon compared to the wild-type, indicating its increased capacity for sequestration, stabilization or accumulation of carotenes. Altogether, the results highlighted significant differences at the transcriptomic level between the pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type, in terms of carotenoid metabolism and the capacity of stabilization in storage structures between the two accessions. Such changes may be either responsible for the altered carotenoid accumulation or in contrast, a metabolic consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lana
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Jaime Zacarias-Garcia
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - María J. Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
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341
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Li L, Liu Z, Jiang H, Mao X. Biotechnological production of lycopene by microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10307-10324. [PMID: 33097966 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene is a dark red carotenoid belonging to C40 terpenoids and is widely found in a variety of plants, especially ripe red fruits and vegetables. Lycopene has been shown to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, other cancers, and cardiovascular disease. It is one of the most widely used carotenoids in the healthcare product market. Currently, commercially available lycopene is mainly extracted from tomatoes. However, production of lycopene from plants is costly and environmentally unfriendly. To date, there have been many reports on the biosynthesis of lycopene by microorganisms, providing another route for lycopene production. This review discusses the lycopene biosynthetic pathway and natural and engineered lycopene-accumulating microorganisms, as well as their production of lycopene. The effects of different metabolic engineering strategies on lycopene accumulation are also considered. Furthermore, this work presents perspectives concerning the microbial production of lycopene, especially trends to construct microbial cell factories for lycopene production. KEY POINTS: • Recent achievements in the lycopene biosynthesis in microorganisms. • Review of lycopene biosynthetic metabolism engineering strategy. • Discuss the current challenges and prospects of using microorganisms to produce lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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342
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Characterization of Andean Blueberry in Bioactive Compounds, Evaluation of Biological Properties, and In Vitro Bioaccessibility. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101483. [PMID: 33080796 PMCID: PMC7602944 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate Andean blueberries (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) from Ecuador as a potential functional ingredient for the food and pharmaceutical industries. The analysis of bioactive compounds by HPLC–DAD–MSn determined a high content of (poly)phenols, mainly anthocyanins, and the presence of the carotenoid lutein. Regarding its biological properties, Andean blueberry did not show toxicity by the zebrafish embryogenesis test, showing also a lack of the antinutrients lectins. Moreover, the results of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity evaluation suggested its possibility to be used as natural antioxidant. This fruit also exhibited antimicrobial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in low doses. Finally, in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion showed a partial bioaccessibility of (poly) phenols (~50% at the final step), showing high antioxidant capacity in the different GI phases. These results revealed Andean blueberry as an interesting candidate for being used as a functional ingredient and the development of further in vivo and clinical assays.
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343
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Khalil MNA, Farghal HH, Farag MA. Outgoing and potential trends of composition, health benefits, juice production and waste management of the multi-faceted Grapefruit Citrus Χ paradisi: A comprehensive review for maximizing its value. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:935-956. [PMID: 33054326 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1830364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Grapefruit (GF) Citrus Χ paradisi Macfad (F. Rutaceae) is one of the major citrus fruits that encompass a myriad of bioactive chemicals and most unique among citrus fruits. Nevertheless, no study has yet to assess comprehensively its multitudinous constituents, health benefits, and valuable waste products. Hereto, the present review provides an updated comprehensive review on the different aspects of GF, its juice production, waste valorization, enhancement of its byproducts quality, and compared to other citrus fruits. Grapefruit uniqueness among other citrus fruits stands from its unique taste, flavor, and underlying complex chemical composition. Despite limonene abundance in peel oil and grapefruit juice (GFJ) aroma, nootkatone and sulfur compounds are the key determinants of its flavor, whereas flavanones contribute to its bitter taste and in conjunction with limonoids. Different postharvest treatments and juice processing are reviewed and in context to its influence on final product quality and or biological effects. Flavanones, furanocoumarins, and limonoids appear as the most prominent in GF drug interactions affecting its metabolism and or excretion. Valorization of GF peel is overviewed for its utilization as biosrobent, its oil in aromatherapy, limonene as antimicrobial or in cosmetics, fruit pectin for bioethanol production, or as biosorbent, and peel phenolics biotransformation. The present review capitalizes on all of the aforementioned aspects in GF and further explore novel aspects of its juice quality presenting the full potential of this valued multi-faceted citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed N A Khalil
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatullah H Farghal
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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344
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Ghilardi C, Sanmartin Negrete P, Carelli AA, Borroni V. Evaluation of olive mill waste as substrate for carotenoid production by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe “alperujo” is a waste from the olive oil industry with great potential for valorization. It has a high organic load, with the presence of valuable compounds such as biophenols and sugars. The use of this waste can be thought of as a biorefinery from which different compounds of high added value can be obtained, whether they are present in the “alperujo” such as biophenols or can be generated from the “alperujo”. Therefore, the production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was evaluated using the liquid fraction of ‘alperujo’ (Alperujo Water, AW) or an aqueous extract (AE) of “alperujo” at different concentrations (5, 10, 20 and 30% w/V) as substrates. The AEs had an acidic pH, a total sugar concentration ranging from 1.6 to 7.6 g/L, a polyphenols content from 0.4 to 2.9 g/L and a significant amount of proteins (0.5–3 g/L). AW is similar in composition as 30% AE, but with a higher amount of total sugars. Rh. mucilaginosa was able to grow at the different mediums with consumption of glucose and fructose, a reduction in protein content and alkalinization of the medium. Maximum total carotenoid production (7.3 ± 0.6 mg/L) was achieved at AW, while the specific production was higher when the yeast grew at AW or at 30% AE (0.78 ± 0.06 and 0.73 ± 0.10 mg/g of biomass, respectively). Torulene and torularhodin were the main carotenoids produced. Polyphenol content did not change; thus, it is still possible to recover these compounds after producing carotenoids. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using alperujo-based mediums as cheap substrates to produce torularhodin and torulene and to include this bioprocess as a step in an integral approach for alperujo valorization.
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345
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Gomes A, Costa ALR, Cardoso DD, Náthia-Neves G, Meireles MAA, Cunha RL. Interactions of β-carotene with WPI/Tween 80 mixture and oil phase: Effect on the behavior of O/W emulsions during in vitro digestion. Food Chem 2020; 341:128155. [PMID: 33045587 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of adding β-carotene on the structure of fresh O/W emulsions with different oil phase (sunflower oil-LCT or NEOBEE®1053-MCT) and emulsifiers (WPI, Tween 80 - T80 or WPI/T80 mixture). In this sense, the behavior of emulsions through the gastrointestinal tract, the stability and bioaccessibility of β-carotene were also assessed. The β-carotene reduced the interfacial tension of the LCT/MCT-water systems. The addition of β-carotene promoted an increase of viscoelasticity of LCT/MCT-T80 (0.5%WPI/0.5%T80 and 1%T80 w/w) interfaces, but an increase of WPI content reduced the viscoelasticity of interfacial layers (LCT/MCT-1% WPI). These changes in the interface properties influenced the mean droplet size and ζ-potential of the fresh emulsions. LCT systems presented similar bioaccessibility/stability of β-carotene. However, β-carotene entrapped within protein-coated MCT droplets was more stable than within T80-MCT systems. Our results show that β-carotene interacted with other ingredients of emulsions changing their properties and behavior under gastrointestinal tract as well as the stability/bioaccessibility of β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andresa Gomes
- Department of Food Engineering (DEA), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP CEP: 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Rodrigues Costa
- Department of Materials and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas, SP CEP: 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Dayane Dias Cardoso
- Department of Food Engineering (DEA), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP CEP: 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Náthia-Neves
- Department of Food Engineering (DEA), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP CEP: 13083-862, Brazil; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena 5, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Angela A Meireles
- Department of Food Engineering (DEA), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP CEP: 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Lopes Cunha
- Department of Food Engineering (DEA), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP CEP: 13083-862, Brazil.
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346
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Llorente B, Torres-Montilla S, Morelli L, Florez-Sarasa I, Matus JT, Ezquerro M, D'Andrea L, Houhou F, Majer E, Picó B, Cebolla J, Troncoso A, Fernie AR, Daròs JA, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Synthetic conversion of leaf chloroplasts into carotenoid-rich plastids reveals mechanistic basis of natural chromoplast development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21796-21803. [PMID: 32817419 PMCID: PMC7474630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004405117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastids, the defining organelles of plant cells, undergo physiological and morphological changes to fulfill distinct biological functions. In particular, the differentiation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts results in an enhanced storage capacity for carotenoids with industrial and nutritional value such as beta-carotene (provitamin A). Here, we show that synthetically inducing a burst in the production of phytoene, the first committed intermediate of the carotenoid pathway, elicits an artificial chloroplast-to-chromoplast differentiation in leaves. Phytoene overproduction initially interferes with photosynthesis, acting as a metabolic threshold switch mechanism that weakens chloroplast identity. In a second stage, phytoene conversion into downstream carotenoids is required for the differentiation of chromoplasts, a process that involves a concurrent reprogramming of nuclear gene expression and plastid morphology for improved carotenoid storage. We hence demonstrate that loss of photosynthetic competence and enhanced production of carotenoids are not just consequences but requirements for chloroplasts to differentiate into chromoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briardo Llorente
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Morelli
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, 46908 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ezquerro
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucio D'Andrea
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fakhreddine Houhou
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eszter Majer
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Picó
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Cebolla
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Troncoso
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR-CNRS 7025, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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347
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Harvey PJ, Ben-Amotz A. Towards a sustainable Dunaliella salina microalgal biorefinery for 9-cis β-carotene production. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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348
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Martí M, Diretto G, Aragonés V, Frusciante S, Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, Daròs JA. Efficient production of saffron crocins and picrocrocin in Nicotiana benthamiana using a virus-driven system. Metab Eng 2020; 61:238-250. [PMID: 32629020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crocins and picrocrocin are glycosylated apocarotenoids responsible, respectively, for the color and the unique taste of the saffron spice, known as red gold due to its high price. Several studies have also shown the health-promoting properties of these compounds. However, their high costs hamper the wide use of these metabolites in the pharmaceutical sector. We have developed a virus-driven system to produce remarkable amounts of crocins and picrocrocin in adult Nicotiana benthamiana plants in only two weeks. The system consists of viral clones derived from tobacco etch potyvirus that express specific carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) enzymes from Crocus sativus and Buddleja davidii. Metabolic analyses of infected tissues demonstrated that the sole virus-driven expression of C. sativus CsCCD2L or B. davidii BdCCD4.1 resulted in the production of crocins, picrocrocin and safranal. Using the recombinant virus that expressed CsCCD2L, accumulations of 0.2% of crocins and 0.8% of picrocrocin in leaf dry weight were reached in only two weeks. In an attempt to improve apocarotenoid content in N. benthamiana, co-expression of CsCCD2L with other carotenogenic enzymes, such as Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (PaCrtB) and saffron β-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), was performed using the same viral system. This combinatorial approach led to an additional crocin increase up to 0.35% in leaves in which CsCCD2L and PaCrtB were co-expressed. Considering that saffron apocarotenoids are costly harvested from flower stigma once a year, and that Buddleja spp. flowers accumulate lower amounts, this system may be an attractive alternative for the sustainable production of these appreciated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Martí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Verónica Aragonés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Mehmood A, Usman M, Patil P, Zhao L, Wang C. A review on management of cardiovascular diseases by olive polyphenols. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:4639-4655. [PMID: 32994927 PMCID: PMC7500788 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases have increasingly grown the cause of morbidities and mortalities worldwide. Among them, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the major contributor to deaths. CVDs are common in the urban community population due to the substandard living conditions, which have a significant impact on the healthcare system, and over 23 million human beings are anticipated to suffer from the CVDs before 2030. At the moment, CVD physicians are immediately advancing both primary and secondary prevention modalities in high-risk populations. The cornerstone of CVD prevention is a healthy lifestyle that is more cost-effective than the treatments after disease onset. In fact, in the present scenario, comprehensive research conducted on food plant components is potentially efficacious in reducing some highly prevalent CVD risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Polyphenols of olive oil (OO), virgin olive oil (VOO), and extra virgin olive oil contribute an essential role for the management of CVDs. Olive oil induces cardioprotective effects due to the presence of a plethora of polyphenolic compounds, for example, oleuropein (OL), tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol. The present study examines the bioavailability and absorption of major olive bioactive compounds, for instance, oleacein, oleocanthal, OL, and tyrosol. This review also elucidates the snobbish connection of olive polyphenols (OP) and the potential mechanism involved in combating various CVD results taken up from the in vitro and in vivo studies, such as animal and human model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives School of Food and Chemical Technology Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives School of Food and Chemical Technology Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Prasanna Patil
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives School of Food and Chemical Technology Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives School of Food and Chemical Technology Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives School of Food and Chemical Technology Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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350
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Kou Y, Liu M, Sun P, Dong Z, Liu J. High light boosts salinity stress-induced biosynthesis of astaxanthin and lipids in the green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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