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Niklas AA, Borge GIA, Rødbotten R, Berget I, Müller MHB, Herrmann SS, Granby K, Kirkhus B. Levels of nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines in model sausages during heat treatment and in vitro digestion - The impact of adding nitrite and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Food Res Int 2023; 166:112595. [PMID: 36914322 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite derivatives react with endogenous precursors forming N-nitrosamines associated with development of colorectal cancer. The present study aims to investigate the formation of N-nitrosamines in sausage during processing and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion after adding sodium nitrite and/or spinach emulsion. The INFOGEST digestion protocol was used to simulate the oral, gastric, and small intestinal phases of digestion, and sodium nitrite was added in the oral phase to mimic the input of nitrite from saliva as it has shown to affect the endogenous formation of N-nitrosamines. The results show that the addition of spinach emulsion, in spite of it being a source of nitrate, did not affect the nitrite content in either batter, sausage, or roasted sausage. The levels of N-nitrosamines increased with the added amount of sodium nitrite, and further formation of some volatile N-nitrosamines was observed during roasting and in vitro digestion. In general, N-nitrosamine levels in the intestinal phase followed the same trend as in the undigested products. The results further indicate that nitrite present in saliva may cause a significant increase in N-nitrosamine levels in the gastrointestinal tract and that bioactive components in spinach may protect against the formation of volatile N-nitrosamines both during roasting and digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Niklas
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Grethe Iren A Borge
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NO-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Rune Rødbotten
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NO-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Ingunn Berget
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NO-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NO-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Susan S Herrmann
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bente Kirkhus
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NO-1433 Ås, Norway
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Rønning SB, Voldvik V, Bergum SK, Aaby K, Borge GIA. Ellagic acid and urolithin A modulate the immune response in LPS-stimulated U937 monocytic cells and THP-1 differentiated macrophages. Food Funct 2021; 11:7946-7959. [PMID: 32832941 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyphenols are subjected, following ingestion, to an extensive metabolism, and the molecules that act at the cellular and tissue level will be, most likely, metabolites rather than native polyphenols. The mechanisms behind the positive effects exerted by polyphenols are not yet completely elucidated, since most in vitro studies use unmetabolised polyphenols rather than the metabolites present in the body. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the potential effect of phenolic metabolites on the immune response using U937 monocyte and THP-1 macrophage cell cultures. Of the 16 metabolites tested, urolithins (Uro), and Uro A, in particular were the most potent, showing a modest increase in basal NF-κB activity and a reduction in lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced NF-κB activity, gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Protocatechuic acid and its sulfate/glucuronide metabolites reduced LPS-induced NF-κB activity, but not IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine secretion. Interestingly, both ellagic acid and its metabolite Uro A had immunomodulating effects, although they regulated the immune response differently, and both reduced LPS-induced NF-κB activity in U937 cells. However, while Uro A dramatically reduced IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA expression, no effect could be observed with ellagic acid. In THP-1 cells, treatment with ellagic acid dramatically reduced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4, while Uro A had no effect. The dual role observed for Uro A, showing both a modest increase in basal NF-κB activity and a reduction in LPS-induced NF-κB activity, as well as a reduction in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, makes this metabolite particularly interesting for further studies in animals and humans.
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Dias MG, Borge GIA, Kljak K, Mandić AI, Mapelli-Brahm P, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Pintea AM, Ravasco F, Tumbas Šaponjac V, Sereikaitė J, Vargas-Murga L, Vulić JJ, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. European Database of Carotenoid Levels in Foods. Factors Affecting Carotenoid Content. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050912. [PMID: 33919309 PMCID: PMC8143354 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies indicate that diets including carotenoid-rich foods have positive effects on human health. Some of these compounds are precursors of the essential nutrient vitamin A. The present work is aimed at implementing a database of carotenoid contents of foods available in the European market. Factors affecting carotenoid content were also discussed. Analytical data available in peer-reviewed scientific literature from 1990 to 2018 and obtained by HPLC/UHPLC were considered. The database includes foods classified according to the FoodEx2 system and will benefit compilers, nutritionists and other professionals in areas related to food and human health. The results show the importance of food characterization to ensure its intercomparability, as large variations in carotenoid levels are observed between species and among varieties/cultivars/landraces. This highlights the significance of integrating nutritional criteria into agricultural choices and of promoting biodiversity. The uncertainty quantification associated with the measurements of the carotenoid content was very rarely evaluated in the literature consulted. According to the EuroFIR data quality evaluation system for food composition tables, the total data quality index mean was 24 in 35, reflecting efforts by researchers in the analytical methods, and less resources in the sampling plan documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Graça Dias
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.D.); (F.R.)
| | - Grethe Iren A. Borge
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NO 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Kristina Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anamarija I. Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | | | - Adela M. Pintea
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Francisco Ravasco
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.D.); (F.R.)
| | - Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.T.Š.); (J.J.V.)
| | - Jolanta Sereikaitė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | | | - Jelena J. Vulić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.T.Š.); (J.J.V.)
| | - Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Mandić AI, Bantis F, Böhm V, Borge GIA, Brnčić M, Bysted A, Cano MP, Dias MG, Elgersma A, Fikselová M, García-Alonso J, Giuffrida D, Gonçalves VSS, Hornero-Méndez D, Kljak K, Lavelli V, Manganaris GA, Mapelli-Brahm P, Marounek M, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Periago-Castón MJ, Pintea A, Sheehan JJ, Tumbas Šaponjac V, Valšíková-Frey M, Meulebroek LV, O'Brien N. A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: status quo, applications, patents, and research needs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:1999-2049. [PMID: 33399015 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoids widely distributed in foods that have been always part of the diet of humans. Unlike the other so-called food bioactives, some carotenoids can be converted into retinoids exhibiting vitamin A activity, which is essential for humans. Furthermore, they are much more versatile as they are relevant in foods not only as sources of vitamin A, but also as natural pigments, antioxidants, and health-promoting compounds. Lately, they are also attracting interest in the context of nutricosmetics, as they have been shown to provide cosmetic benefits when ingested in appropriate amounts. In this work, resulting from the collaborative work of participants of the COST Action European network to advance carotenoid research and applications in agro-food and health (EUROCAROTEN, www.eurocaroten.eu, https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA15136/#tabs|Name:overview) research on carotenoids in foods and feeds is thoroughly reviewed covering aspects such as analysis, carotenoid food sources, carotenoid databases, effect of processing and storage conditions, new trends in carotenoid extraction, daily intakes, use as human, and feed additives are addressed. Furthermore, classical and recent patents regarding the obtaining and formulation of carotenoids for several purposes are pinpointed and briefly discussed. Lastly, emerging research lines as well as research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Nutrition and Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anamarija I Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Filippos Bantis
- Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Grethe Iren A Borge
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mladen Brnčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anette Bysted
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Pilar Cano
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Graça Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Martina Fikselová
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristina Kljak
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Lavelli
- DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - George A Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Adela Pintea
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nora O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Kirkhus B, Afseth NK, Borge GIA, Grimsby S, Steppeler C, Krona A, Langton M. Increased release of carotenoids and delayed in vitro lipid digestion of high pressure homogenized tomato and pepper emulsions. Food Chem 2019; 285:282-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Almeida AF, Borge GIA, Piskula M, Tudose A, Tudoreanu L, Valentová K, Williamson G, Santos CN. Bioavailability of Quercetin in Humans with a Focus on Interindividual Variation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:714-731. [PMID: 33350133 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
After consumption of plant-derived foods or beverages, dietary polyphenols such as quercetin are absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized by the body, or they are subject to catabolism by the gut microbiota followed by absorption of the resulting products by the colon. The resulting compounds are bioavailable, circulate in the blood as conjugates with glucuronide, methyl, or sulfate groups attached, and they are eventually excreted in the urine. In this review, the various conjugates from different intervention studies are summarized and discussed. In addition, the substantial variation between different individuals in the measured quercetin bioavailability parameters is assessed in detail by examining published human intervention studies where sources of quercetin have been consumed in the form of food, beverages, or supplements. It is apparent that most reported studies have examined quercetin and/or metabolites in urine and plasma from a relatively small number of volunteers. Despite this limitation, it is evident that there is less interindividual variation in metabolites which are derived from absorption in the small intestine compared to catabolites derived from the action of microbiota in the colon. There is also some evidence that a high absorber of intact quercetin conjugates could be a low absorber of microbiota-catalyzed phenolics, and vice versa. From the studies reported so far, the reasons or causes of the interindividual differences are not clear, but, based on the known metabolic pathways, it is predicted that dietary history, genetic polymorphisms, and variations in gut microbiota metabolism would play significant roles. In conclusion, quercetin bioavailability is subject to substantial variation between individuals, and further work is required to establish if this contributes to interindividual differences in biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Filipa Almeida
- Inst. de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Inst. de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Univ. Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Grethe Iren A Borge
- Nofima AS, the Norwegian Inst. of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mariusz Piskula
- Inst. of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adriana Tudose
- Central Military Emergency Univ. Hospital "dr. Carol Davila", Bucharest, 010825, Romania
| | - Liliana Tudoreanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Inst. of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cláudia N Santos
- Inst. de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Inst. de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Univ. Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Borge GIA, Sandberg E, Øyaas J, Abrahamsen RK. Variation of terpenes in milk and cultured cream from Norwegian alpine rangeland-fed and in-door fed cows. Food Chem 2015; 199:195-202. [PMID: 26775961 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The terpene content of milk and cream made from milk obtained from cows fed indoors, and by early or late grazing, in alpine rangeland farms in Norway, were analysed for three consecutive years. The main terpenes identified and semi-quantified were the monoterpenes β-pinene, α-pinene, α-thujene, camphene, sabinene, δ-3-carene, d-limonene, γ-terpinene, camphor, β-citronellene, and the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene. The average total terpene content increased five times during the alpine rangeland feeding period. The terpenes α-thujene, sabinene, γ-terpinene and β-citronellene were only detected in milk and cultured cream from the alpine rangeland feeding period and not in samples from the indoors feeding period. These four terpenes could be used, as indicators, to show that milk and cultured cream originate from the alpine rangeland feeding period. The terpenes did not influence the sensorial quality of the milk or the cultured cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethe Iren A Borge
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Ellen Sandberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Roger K Abrahamsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, Savolainen MJ, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Brader L, Mortensen LS, Cloetens L, Johansson-Persson A, Onning G, Landin-Olsson M, Herzig KH, Hukkanen J, Rosqvist F, Iggman D, Paananen J, Pulkki KJ, Siloaho M, Dragsted L, Barri T, Overvad K, Bach Knudsen KE, Hedemann MS, Arner P, Dahlman I, Borge GIA, Baardseth P, Ulven SM, Gunnarsdottir I, Jónsdóttir S, Thorsdottir I, Orešič M, Poutanen KS, Risérus U, Akesson B. Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome -- a randomized study (SYSDIET). J Intern Med 2013; 274:52-66. [PMID: 23398528 PMCID: PMC3749468 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different healthy food patterns may modify cardiometabolic risk. We investigated the effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, blood pressure and inflammatory markers in people with metabolic syndrome. METHODS We conducted a randomized dietary study lasting for 18-24 weeks in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome (mean age 55 years, BMI 31.6 kg m(-2) , 67% women). Altogether 309 individuals were screened, 200 started the intervention after 4-week run-in period, and 96 (proportion of dropouts 7.9%) and 70 individuals (dropouts 27%) completed the study, in the Healthy diet and Control diet groups, respectively. Healthy diet included whole-grain products, berries, fruits and vegetables, rapeseed oil, three fish meals per week and low-fat dairy products. An average Nordic diet served as a Control diet. Compliance was monitored by repeated 4-day food diaries and fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids. RESULTS Body weight remained stable, and no significant changes were observed in insulin sensitivity or blood pressure. Significant changes between the groups were found in non-HDL cholesterol (-0.18, mmol L(-1) 95% CI -0.35; -0.01, P = 0.04), LDL to HDL cholesterol (-0.15, -0.28; -0.00, P = 0.046) and apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 ratios (-0.04, -0.07; -0.00, P = 0.025) favouring the Healthy diet. IL-1 Ra increased during the Control diet (difference -84, -133; -37 ng L(-1) , P = 0.00053). Intakes of saturated fats (E%, beta estimate 4.28, 0.02; 8.53, P = 0.049) and magnesium (mg, -0.23, -0.41; -0.05, P = 0.012) were associated with IL-1 Ra. CONCLUSIONS Healthy Nordic diet improved lipid profile and had a beneficial effect on low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Kirkhus B, Lundon AR, Haugen JE, Vogt G, Borge GIA, Henriksen BIF. Effects of environmental factors on edible oil quality of organically grown Camelina sativa. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:3179-3185. [PMID: 23514260 DOI: 10.1021/jf304532u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential for the production of edible oil from organically grown camelina ( Camelina sativa L. Crantz), focusing on the influence of environmental factors on nutritional quality parameters. Field experiments with precrop barley were conducted in Norway in the growing seasons 2007, 2008, and 2009. Trials were fully randomized with two levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization, 0 and 120 kg total N ha(-1), and two levels of sulfur (S) fertilization, 0 and 20 kg total S ha(-1). Weather conditions, that is, temperature and precipitation, were recorded. Additional experiments were performed in the years 2008 and 2009 to evaluate the effects of replacing precrop barley with precrop pea. Seed oil content was measured by near-infrared transmittance, and crude oil compositions of fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and phospholipids were analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results showed significant seasonal variations in seed oil content and oil composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, and phospholipids that to a great extent could be explained by the variations in weather conditions. Furthermore, significant effects of N fertilization were observed. Seed oil content decreased at the highest level of N fertilization, whereas the oil concentrations of α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), erucic acid (22:1n-9), tocopherols, and campesterol increased. Pea compared to barley as precrop also increased the 18:3n-3 content of oil. S fertilization had little impact on oil composition, but an increase in tocopherols and a decrease in brassicasterol were observed. In conclusion, organically grown camelina seems to be well suited for the production of edible oil. Variations in nutritional quality parameters were generally small, but significantly influenced by season and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Kirkhus
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Tromsø, Norway.
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Ottestad I, Retterstøl K, Myhrstad MCW, Andersen LF, Vogt G, Nilsson A, Borge GIA, Nordvi B, Brønner KW, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Intake of oxidised fish oil does not affect circulating levels of oxidised LDL or inflammatory markers in healthy subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:e3-e4. [PMID: 23146358 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Olsen H, Grimmer S, Aaby K, Saha S, Borge GIA. Antiproliferative effects of fresh and thermal processed green and red cultivars of curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica). J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:7375-7383. [PMID: 22769426 DOI: 10.1021/jf300875f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brassica vegetables contain a diverse range of phytochemicals with biological properties such as antioxidant and anticancer activity. However, knowledge about how biological activities are affected by processing is lacking. A green cultivar and a red cultivar of curly kale were evaluated for water/methanol-soluble phytochemicals before and after processing involving blanching, freeze storage, and boil-in-bag heat treatment. In both kale cultivars, processing resulted in a significant decrease of total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and content and distribution of flavonols, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, glucosinolates, and vitamin C. Interestingly, the red curly kale cultivar had a higher capacity to withstand thermal loss of phytochemicals. The extracts of both green and red curly kale inhibited the cell proliferation of three human colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT 116). However, extracts from fresh plant material had a significantly stronger antiproliferative effect than extracts from processed plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Olsen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research , Osloveien 1, NO-1430 Ås, Norway
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Olsen H, Aaby K, Borge GIA. Characterization, quantification, and yearly variation of the naturally occurring polyphenols in a common red variety of curly kale ( Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica cv. 'Redbor'). J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:11346-11354. [PMID: 20949945 DOI: 10.1021/jf102131g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the characterization and quantification of polyphenols in the edible leaves of red curly kale ( Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala (DC.) Alef. var. sabellica L.), variety 'Redbor F1 hybrid'. The kale was grown at an experimental field (59° 40' N) in the years 2007-2009. The analysis of kale extract by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS has allowed the determination of 47 different acylated and nonacylated flavonoid glycosides and complex hydroxycinnamic acids. Those compounds included mono- to tetraglycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, and cyanidin and derivatives of p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, and caffeic acid. Among the compounds characterized, four flavonols, three anthocyanins, and three phenolic acids were identified in the Brassica family for the first time. Aglycones and conjugated polyphenols were quantified by HPLC-DAD using commercially available standards. The main flavonol, anthocyanin, and phenolic acid were kaempferol-3-sinapoyl-diglucoside-7-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-sinapoyl-feruloyl-diglucoside-5-glucoside, and disinapoyl-diglucoside, respectively, each representing 9.8, 10.3, and 4.9% of the total amount of 872 mg polyphenol equivalents per 100 g of fresh kale. Variations between individual plants and growing seasons were of the same order of magnitude for total phenolics and total monomeric anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Olsen
- Nofima Mat AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Aas, Norway
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Olsen H, Aaby K, Borge GIA. Characterization and quantification of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. Convar. acephala Var. sabellica) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:2816-25. [PMID: 19253943 DOI: 10.1021/jf803693t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Kale is a leafy green vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family, a group of vegetables including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts, with a high content of health-promoting phytochemicals. The flavonoids and hydroxycinammic acids of curly kale ( Brassica oleracea L. ssp. oleracea convar. acephala (DC.) Alef. var. sabellica L.), a variety of kale, were characterized and identified primarily through HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) analysis. Thirty-two phenolic compounds including glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol and derivatives of p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, and caffeic acid were tentatively identified, providing a more complete identification of phenolic compounds in curly kale than previously reported. Moreover, three hydroxycinnamic acids and one flavonoid with an unusual high grade of glycosylation, quercetin-3-disinapoyl-triglucoside-7-diglucoside, have been tentatively identified for the first time. The influence of different extraction conditions (extraction method, solvent type, solvent/solid ratio, and duration of extraction) was investigated. The total flavonol and hydroxycinnamic acid contents in curly kale determined as rutin equivalents (RE) were 646 and 204 mg of RE/100 g of fresh weight (fw), respectively. The contents of individual flavonoids ranged from 2 to 159 mg of RE/100 g of fw, with main compounds kaempferol-3-sinapoyl-diglucoside-7-diglucoside (18.7%) and quercetin-3-sinapoyl-diglucoside-7-diglucoside (16.5%). After acidic hydrolysis, two flavonol aglycones were identified in curly kale, quercetin and kaempferol, with total contents of 44 and 58 mg/100 g of fw, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Olsen
- Nofima Mat AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Aas, Norway.
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Volden J, Borge GIA, Hansen M, Wicklund T, Bengtsson GB. Processing (blanching, boiling, steaming) effects on the content of glucosinolates and antioxidant-related parameters in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. botrytis). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Munkeby BH, Børke WB, Bjørnland K, Sikkeland LIB, Borge GIA, Lømo J, Rivera S, Khrestchatisky M, Halvorsen B, Saugstad OD. Resuscitation of hypoxic piglets with 100% O2 increases pulmonary metalloproteinases and IL-8. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:542-8. [PMID: 16148071 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000179407.46810.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that resuscitation with 100% O2 compared with 21% O2 is detrimental to pulmonary tissue. The pulmonary injury was assessed by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, oxidative stress, IL-8, and histology 2.5 h after resuscitation from a hypoxic state. In pulmonary tissue extracts, MMP activity was analyzed by broad matrix-degrading capacity (total MMP) and zymography. MMP-2 mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Total endogenous antioxidant capacity was measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and IL-8 was analyzed by ELISA technique. In bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, MMPs were analyzed by zymography. In pulmonary tissue, pro- and active MMP-2 levels were increased in piglets that were resuscitated with 100% O2 compared with 21% O2. Pro-MMP-9, total MMP activity, and MMP-2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in resuscitated piglets compared with baseline. Net gelatinolytic activity increased in submucosa and blood vessels after 100% O2 and only in the blood vessels after 21% O2. Compared with baseline, ORAC values were considerably lowered in the resuscitated piglets and significantly reduced in the 100% O2 versus 21% O2 group. In BAL fluid, both pro-MMP-9 and pro-MMP-2 increased 2-fold in the 100% O2 group compared with 21% O2. Moreover, IL-8 concentration increased significantly in piglets that were resuscitated with 100% O2 compared with 21% O2, suggesting a marked proinflammatory response in the pulmonary tissue. Altogether, these data strongly suggest that caution must be taken when applying pure O2 to the newborn infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Holthe Munkeby
- Department of Pediatric Research, Rikhospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Borke WB, Munkeby BH, Halvorsen B, Bjornland K, Tunheim SH, Borge GIA, Thaulow E, Saugstad OD. Increased myocardial matrix metalloproteinases in hypoxic newborn pigs during resuscitation: effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:459-66. [PMID: 15255782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal asphyxia is associated with cardiac dysfunction, and it is important to prevent further tissue injury during resuscitation. There is increasing evidence that myocardial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in myocardial hypoxaemia-reoxygenation injury. OBJECTIVE To assess MMPs and antioxidant capacity in newborn pigs after global ischaemia and subsequent resuscitation with ambient air or 100% O(2) at different PaCO(2)-levels. METHODS Newborn pigs (12-36 h of age) were resuscitated for 30 min by ventilation with 21% or 100% O(2) at different PaCO(2) levels after a hypoxic insult, and thereafter observed for 150 min. In myocardial tissue extracts, MMPs were analyzed by gelatin zymography and broad matrix-degrading capacity (total MMP). Total endogenous antioxidant capacity in myocardial tissue extracts was measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. RESULTS Matrix metalloproteinase-2 more than doubled from baseline values (P < 0.001), and was higher in piglets resuscitated with 100% O(2) than with ambient air (P = 0.012). The ORAC value was considerably decreased (P < 0.001). In piglets with elevated PaCO(2), total MMP-activity in the right ventricle was more increased than in the left ventricle (P = 0.008). In the left ventricle, total MMPactivity was higher in the piglets with low PaCO(2) than in the piglets with elevated PaCO(2) (P = 0.013). CONCLUSION In hypoxaemia-reoxygenation injury the MMP-2 level was highly increased and was most elevated in the piglets resuscitated with 100% O(2). Antioxidant capacity was considerably decreased. Assessed by total MMP-activity, elevated PaCO(2) during resuscitation might protect the left ventricle, and probably increase right ventricle injury of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Borke
- Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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