301
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van der Heijden M, Vermeulen L. Stem cells in homeostasis and cancer of the gut. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:66. [PMID: 30927915 PMCID: PMC6441158 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial lining is one of the most rapidly renewing cell populations in the body. As a result, the gut has been an attractive model to resolve key mechanisms in epithelial homeostasis. In particular the role of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in the renewal process has been intensely studied. Interestingly, as opposed to the traditional stem cell theory, the ISC is not a static population but displays significant plasticity and in situations of tissue regeneration more differentiated cells can revert back to a stem cell state upon exposure to extracellular signals. Importantly, normal intestinal homeostasis provides important insight into mechanisms that drive colorectal cancer (CRC) development and growth. Specifically, the dynamics of cancer stem cells bear important resemblance to ISC functionality. In this review we present an overview of the current knowledge on ISCs in homeostasis and their role in malignant transformation. Also, we discuss the existence of stem cells in intestinal adenomas and CRC and how these cells contribute to (pre-)malignant growth. Furthermore, we will focus on new paradigms in the field of dynamical cellular hierarchies in CRC and the intimate relationship between tumor cells and their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje van der Heijden
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, AZ, Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, AZ, Netherlands.
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302
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Toden S, Kunitoshi S, Cardenas J, Gu J, Hutchins E, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Uetake H, Toiyama Y, Goel A. Cancer stem cell-associated miRNAs serve as prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125294. [PMID: 30895943 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance in cancer is linked to a subset of cancer cells termed "cancer stem cells" (CSCs), and in particular, those expressing the CD44 variant appear to represent a more aggressive disease phenotype. Herein, we demonstrate that CD44v6 represents a CSC population with increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, and its high expression is frequently associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). CD44v6+ cells showed elevated resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and significantly high tumor initiation capacity. Inhibition of CD44v6 resulted in the attenuation of self-renewal capacity and resensitization to chemotherapeutic agents. Of note, miRNA profiling of CD44v6+ spheroid-derived CSCs identified a unique panel of miRNAs indicative of high self-renewal capacity. In particular, miR-1246 was overexpressed in CD44v6+ cells, and associated with poor OS and DFS in CRC patients. We demonstrate that CD44v6+ CSCs induced chemoresistance and enhance tumorigenicity in CRC cells, and this was in part orchestrated by a distinct panel of miRNAs with dysregulated profiles. These findings suggest that specific miRNAs could serve as therapeutic targets as well as promising prognostic biomarkers in patients with colorectal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - Shigeyasu Kunitoshi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - Jacob Cardenas
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jinghua Gu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hutchins
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Hiroyuki Uetake
- Department of Translational Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Toiyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer, Dallas Texas, USA
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303
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Han X, Wang W, He J, Jiang L, Li X. Osteopontin as a biomarker for osteosarcoma therapy and prognosis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2592-2598. [PMID: 30854034 PMCID: PMC6365895 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignancy, and is particularly prevalent in children and adolescents. OS is an aggressive tumor with a tendency to metastasize and invade to para-carcinoma tissues. The primary treatment for this tumor is a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. However, the prognosis remains poor due to chemoresistance and early metastasis. Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional secreted protein, has emerged as an important potential biomarker for diagnosing and treating cancer. The overexpression of OPN has been found in numerous malignant tumors, including breast, lung, gastric and ovarian cancer, as well as melanoma. Recent studies have suggested that OPN may provide an important function in the diagnosis and treatment of OS. The present review summarizes current knowledge and progress in understanding the potential role of OPN as a biomarker in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Han
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing He
- Department of Liver Diseases, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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304
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Tavianatou AG, Caon I, Franchi M, Piperigkou Z, Galesso D, Karamanos NK. Hyaluronan: molecular size-dependent signaling and biological functions in inflammation and cancer. FEBS J 2019; 286:2883-2908. [PMID: 30724463 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a linear nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix that plays a pivotal role in a variety of biological processes. High-molecular weight HA exhibits different biological properties than oligomers and low-molecular weight HA. Depending on their molecular size, HA fragments can influence cellular behavior in a different mode of action. This phenomenon is attributed to the different manner of interaction with the HA receptors, especially CD44 and RHAMM. Both receptors can trigger signaling cascades that regulate cell functional properties, such as proliferation migration, angiogenesis, and wound healing. HA fragments are able to enhance or attenuate the HA receptor-mediated signaling pathways, as they compete with the endogenous HA for binding to the receptors. The modulation of these pathways could be crucial for the development of pathological conditions, such as inflammation and cancer. The primary goal of this review is to critically present the importance of HA molecular size on cellular signaling, functional cell properties, and morphology in normal and pathological conditions, including inflammation and cancer. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G Tavianatou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) /Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | | | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) /Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
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305
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Li N, Babaei-Jadidi R, Lorenzi F, Spencer-Dene B, Clarke P, Domingo E, Tulchinsky E, Vries RGJ, Kerr D, Pan Y, He Y, Bates DO, Tomlinson I, Clevers H, Nateri AS. An FBXW7-ZEB2 axis links EMT and tumour microenvironment to promote colorectal cancer stem cells and chemoresistance. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:13. [PMID: 30783098 PMCID: PMC6381143 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients develop recurrence after chemotherapy owing to the survival of stem cell-like cells referred to as cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). The origin of CSCs is linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Currently, it remains poorly understood how EMT programmes enable CSCs residing in the tumour microenvironment to escape the effects of chemotherapy. This study identifies a key molecular pathway that is responsible for the formation of drug-resistant CSC populations. Using a modified yeast-2-hybrid system and 2D gel-based proteomics methods, we show that the E3-ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 directly binds and degrades the EMT-inducing transcription factor ZEB2 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Loss of FBXW7 induces an EMT that can be effectively reversed by knockdown of ZEB2. The FBXW7-ZEB2 axis regulates such important cancer cell features, as stemness/dedifferentiation, chemoresistance and cell migration in vitro, ex vivo and in animal models of metastasis. High expression of ZEB2 in cancer tissues defines the reduced ZEB2 expression in the cancer-associated stroma in patients and in murine intestinal organoids, demonstrating a tumour-stromal crosstalk that modulates a niche and EMT activation. Our study thus uncovers a new molecular mechanism, by which the CRC cells display differences in resistance to chemotherapy and metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Li
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Roya Babaei-Jadidi
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Federica Lorenzi
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Philip Clarke
- Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Enric Domingo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Eugene Tulchinsky
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Robert G J Vries
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David Kerr
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Yihang Pan
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yulong He
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - David O Bates
- Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Abdolrahman S Nateri
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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306
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Turdo A, Veschi V, Gaggianesi M, Chinnici A, Bianca P, Todaro M, Stassi G. Meeting the Challenge of Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:16. [PMID: 30834247 PMCID: PMC6387961 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding cancer patients benefit from a plethora of therapeutic alternatives, drug resistance remains a critical hurdle. Indeed, the high mortality rate is associated with metastatic disease, which is mostly incurable due to the refractoriness of metastatic cells to current treatments. Increasing data demonstrate that tumors contain a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) able to establish primary tumor and metastasis. CSCs are endowed with multiple treatment resistance capabilities comprising a highly efficient DNA damage repair machinery, the activation of survival pathways, enhanced cellular plasticity, immune evasion and the adaptation to a hostile microenvironment. Due to the presence of distinct cell populations within a tumor, cancer research has to face the major challenge of targeting the intra-tumoral as well as inter-tumoral heterogeneity. Thus, targeting molecular drivers operating in CSCs, in combination with standard treatments, may improve cancer patients’ outcomes, yielding long-lasting responses. Here, we report a comprehensive overview on the most significant therapeutic advances that have changed the known paradigms of cancer treatment with a particular emphasis on newly developed compounds that selectively affect the CSC population. Specifically, we are focusing on innovative therapeutic approaches including differentiation therapy, anti-angiogenic compounds, immunotherapy and inhibition of epigenetic enzymes and microenvironmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Turdo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Veronica Veschi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Miriam Gaggianesi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aurora Chinnici
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Bianca
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Department of PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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307
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Soft fibrin matrix downregulates DAB2IP to promote Nanog-dependent growth of colon tumor-repopulating cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:151. [PMID: 30770783 PMCID: PMC6377646 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be responsible for the recurrence and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). As a crucial microenvironmental factor, extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness is known to affect the stemness of CSCs. Recently, fibrin deposition in the stroma of CRC was demonstrated to be responsible for tumor development. In this study, we used salmon fibrin gel to provide a 3D ECM for colon cancer cells and investigated its effects on cell growth as well as the underlying mechanisms. Compared with stiff 420 Pascal (Pa) and 1 050 Pa gels, 90 Pa soft fibrin gel was most efficient at isolating and enriching tumor colonies. The size and number of colony formation negatively correlated with gel stiffness. Specifically, these tumor colonies exhibited efficient tumorigenicity, upregulated stem cell markers, and had anti-chemotherapeutic properties and were thus named tumor-repopulating cells (TRCs). More importantly, the self-renewal molecule Nanog was sharply induced in 3D-cultured colon TRCs; further, Nanog siRNA significantly inhibited colony formation, suggesting the indispensable role of Nanog in TRC growth. A subsequent mechanistic study illustrated that Nanog expression could be modulated through fibrin gel stiffness-induced DAB2IP/PI3K/FOXA1 signaling in colon TRCs.
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308
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Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition Markers and CD44 Isoforms Are Differently Expressed in 2D and 3D Cell Cultures of Prostate Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020143. [PMID: 30754655 PMCID: PMC6406374 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures allow the mimic of functions of living tissues and provide key information encoded in tissue architecture. Considered the pivotal role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in carcinoma progression, including prostate cancer (PCa), we aimed at investigating the effect of the 3D arrangement on the expression of some key markers of EMT in cultured human prostate cancer (PCa) cells, to better understand PCa cell behavior. PC3 and DU145 PCa cells were cultured in RPMI cell culture medium either in 2D-monolayers or in 3D-spheroids. The main EMT markers E-cadherin, N-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), vimentin, Snail, Slug, Twist and Zeb1 were evaluated by confocal microscopy, real-time PCR and Western blot. Confocal microscopy revealed that E-cadherin was similarly expressed at the cell boundaries on the plasma membrane of PCa cells grown in 2D-monolayers, as well as in 3D-spheroids, but resulted up-regulated in 3D-spheroids, compared to 2D-monolayers, at the mRNA and protein level. Moreover, markers of the mesenchymal phenotype were expressed at very low levels in 3D-spheroids, suggesting important differences in the phenotype of PCa cells grown in 3D-spheroids or in 2D-monolayers. Considered as a whole, our findings contribute to a clarification of the role of EMT in PCa and confirm that a 3D cell culture model could provide deeper insight into the understanding of the biology of PCa.
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309
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Martinez M, Moon EK. CAR T Cells for Solid Tumors: New Strategies for Finding, Infiltrating, and Surviving in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:128. [PMID: 30804938 PMCID: PMC6370640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, T cells that have been genetically engineered to express a receptor that recognizes a specific antigen, have given rise to breakthroughs in treating hematological malignancies. However, their success in treating solid tumors has been limited. The unique challenges posed to CAR T cell therapy by solid tumors can be described in three steps: finding, entering, and surviving in the tumor. The use of dual CAR designs that recognize multiple antigens at once and local administration of CAR T cells are both strategies that have been used to overcome the hurdle of localization to the tumor. Additionally, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has implications for T cell function in terms of differentiation and exhaustion, and combining CARs with checkpoint blockade or depletion of other suppressive factors in the microenvironment has shown very promising results to mitigate the phenomenon of T cell exhaustion. Finally, identifying and overcoming mechanisms associated with dysfunction in CAR T cells is of vital importance to generating CAR T cells that can proliferate and successfully eliminate tumor cells. The structure and costimulatory domains chosen for the CAR may play an important role in the overall function of CAR T cells in the TME, and “armored” CARs that secrete cytokines and third- and fourth-generation CARs with multiple costimulatory domains offer ways to enhance CAR T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martinez
- Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edmund Kyung Moon
- Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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310
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Hua F, Shang S, Yang YW, Zhang HZ, Xu TL, Yu JJ, Zhou DD, Cui B, Li K, Lv XX, Zhang XW, Liu SS, Yu JM, Wang F, Zhang C, Huang B, Hu ZW. TRIB3 Interacts With β-Catenin and TCF4 to Increase Stem Cell Features of Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells and Tumorigenesis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:708-721.e15. [PMID: 30365932 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of Wnt signaling to β-catenin contributes to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Expression of tribbles pseudo-kinase 3 (TRIB3) is increased in some colorectal tumors and associated with poor outcome. We investigated whether increased TRIB3 expression promotes stem cell features of CRC cells and tumor progression by interacting with the Wnt signaling pathway. METHODS We performed studies with C57BL/6J-ApcMin/J mice injected with an adeno-associated virus vector that expresses a small hairpin RNA against Trib3 mRNA (ApcMin/J-Trib3KD) or a control vector (ApcMin/J-Ctrl). We created BALB/c mice that overexpress TRIB3 from an adeno-associated virus vector and mice with small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of β-catenin. The mice were given azoxymethane followed by dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis-associated cancer. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, gene expression profiling, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-positive (LGR5Pos) and LGR5-negative (LGR5Neg) HCT-8 CRC cells, with or without knockdown or transgenic expression of TRIB3, were sorted and analyzed in sphere-formation assays. We derived organoids from human and mouse colorectal tumors to analyze the function of TRIB3 and test the effect of a peptide inhibitor. Wnt signaling to β-catenin was analyzed in dual luciferase reporter, chromatin precipitation, immunofluorescence, and immunoblot assays. Proteins that interact with TRIB3 were identified by immunoprecipitation. CRC cell lines were grown in nude mice as xenograft tumors. RESULTS At 10 weeks of age, more than half the ApcMin/J-Ctrl mice developed intestinal high-grade epithelial neoplasia, whereas ApcMin/J-Trib3KD mice had no intestinal polyps and normal histology. Colon tissues from ApcMin/J-Trib3KD mice expressed lower levels of genes regulated by β-catenin and genes associated with cancer stem cells. Mice with overexpression of Trib3 developed more tumors after administration of azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate than BALB/c mice. Mice with knockdown of β-catenin had a lower tumor burden after administration of azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate, regardless of Trib3 overexpression. Intestinal tissues from mice with overexpression of Trib3 and knockdown of β-catenin did not have activation of Wnt signaling or expression of genes regulated by β-catenin. LGR5Pos cells sorted from HCT-8 cells expressed higher levels of TRIB3 than LGR5Neg cells. CRC cells that overexpressed TRIB3 had higher levels of transcription by β-catenin and formed larger spheroids than control CRC cells; knockdown of β-catenin prevented the larger organoid size caused by TRIB3 overexpression. TRIB3 interacted physically with β-catenin and transcription factor 4 (TCF4). TRIB3 overexpression increased, and TRIB3 knockdown decreased, recruitment of TCF4 and β-catenin to the promoter region of genes regulated by Wnt. Activated β-catenin increased expression of TRIB3, indicating a positive-feedback loop. A peptide (P2-T3A6) that bound β-catenin disrupted its interaction with TRIB3 and TCF4. In primary CRC cells and HCT-8 cells, P2-T3A6 decreased expression of genes regulated by β-catenin and genes associated with cancer stem cells and decreased cell viability and migration. Injection of C57BL/6J-ApcMin/J mice with P2-T3A6 decreased the number and size of tumor nodules and colon expression of genes regulated by β-catenin. P2-T3A6 increased 5-fluorouracil-induced death of CRC cells and survival times of mice with xenograft tumors. CONCLUSION TRIB3 interacts with β-catenin and TCF4 in intestine cells to increase expression of genes associated with cancer stem cells. Knockdown of TRIB3 decreases colon neoplasia in mice, migration of CRC cells, and their growth as xenograft tumors in mice. Strategies to block TRIB3 activity might be developed for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hua
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Shang
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wei Yang
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Zeng Zhang
- Institute of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Lei Xu
- Institute of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Yu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Cui
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xi Lv
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Mei Yu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Hu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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311
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Zhang H, Brown RL, Wei Y, Zhao P, Liu S, Liu X, Deng Y, Hu X, Zhang J, Gao XD, Kang Y, Mercurio AM, Goel HL, Cheng C. CD44 splice isoform switching determines breast cancer stem cell state. Genes Dev 2019; 33:166-179. [PMID: 30692202 PMCID: PMC6362815 DOI: 10.1101/gad.319889.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zhang et al. show that manipulating the splicing regulator ESRP1 to shift alternative splicing from splice isoform CD44v to CD44s leads to an induction of cancer stem cell properties. Although changes in alternative splicing have been observed in cancer, their functional contributions still remain largely unclear. Here we report that splice isoforms of the cancer stem cell (CSC) marker CD44 exhibit strikingly opposite functions in breast cancer. Bioinformatic annotation in patient breast cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database reveals that the CD44 standard splice isoform (CD44s) positively associates with the CSC gene signatures, whereas the CD44 variant splice isoforms (CD44v) exhibit an inverse association. We show that CD44s is the predominant isoform expressed in breast CSCs. Elimination of the CD44s isoform impairs CSC traits. Conversely, manipulating the splicing regulator ESRP1 to shift alternative splicing from CD44v to CD44s leads to an induction of CSC properties. We further demonstrate that CD44s activates the PDGFRβ/Stat3 cascade to promote CSC traits. These results reveal CD44 isoform specificity in CSC and non-CSC states and suggest that alternative splicing provides functional gene versatility that is essential for distinct cancer cell states and thus cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Rhonda L Brown
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Pu Zhao
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sali Liu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Xuan Liu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yu Deng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xin D Gao
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Chonghui Cheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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312
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Ma L, Dong L, Chang P. CD44v6 engages in colorectal cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:30. [PMID: 30631039 PMCID: PMC6328617 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein. When the CD44 gene is expressed, its pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) can be alternatively spliced into mature mRNAs that encode several CD44 isoforms. The mRNA assembles with ten standard exons, and the sixth variant exon encodes CD44v6, which engages in a variety of biological processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, CD44v6 interacts with hyaluronic acid (HA) or osteopontin, or it acts as a coreceptor for various cytokines, such as epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and C-X-C motif chemokine 12. In this context, the receptor tyrosine kinase or G protein-coupled receptor-associated signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt, are activated. Using these actions, homeostasis or regeneration can be facilitated among normal tissues. However, overexpression of the mature mRNA encoding CD44v6 can induce cancer progression. For example, CD44v6 assists colorectal cancer stem cells in colonization, invasion, and metastasis. Overexpression of CD44v6 predicts poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer, as patients with a large number of CD44v6-positive cells in their tumors are generally diagnosed at late stages. Thus, the clinical significance of CD44v6 in colorectal cancer deserves consideration. Preclinical results have indicated satisfactory efficacies of anti-CD44 therapy among several cancers, including prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer. Moreover, clinical trials aiming to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and toxicity of a commercialized anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody developed by Roche (RO5429083) have been conducted among patients with CD44-expressing malignant tumors, and a clinical trial focusing on the dose escalation of this antibody is ongoing. Thus, we are hopeful that anti-CD44 therapy will be applied in the treatment of colorectal cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, China.
| | - Pengyu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, China.
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313
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Hara T, Makino T, Yamasaki M, Tanaka K, Miyazaki Y, Takahashi T, Kurokawa Y, Nakajima K, Matsuura N, Mori M, Doki Y. Effect of c-Met and CD44v6 Expression in Resistance to Chemotherapy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:899-906. [PMID: 30610559 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-07126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-Met relies on CD44v6 for its activation and signaling in several cancer cell lines. However, the correlation of c-Met and CD44v6 expression and its biological significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unknown. METHODS Expression of c-Met and CD44v6 was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 147 ESCC specimens. We analyzed the impact of c-Met and CD44v6 expression on clinicopathological parameters, including chemoresistance or prognosis in ESCC. RESULTS High expression of c-Met and CD44v6 in cancerous lesions was identified in 49.7% and 50.3% of all patients, respectively. The c-Met-high group comprised more advanced pT and pM stages than the c-Met-low group. In addition, more patients in the c-Met-high group received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) than the c-Met-low group (64.4% vs. 43.2%, P = 0.010). On the other hand, the CD44v6-high group was associated with more advanced pT/pN stages and a poorer clinical response to NACT (response rate 53.5% vs. 77.8%, P = 0.025) than the CD44v6-low group. Double-positive immunostaining of c-Met and CD44v6 was identified in 28.6% of all cases, and multivariate analysis of overall survival (OS) identified them (hazard ratio 1.79, 95% confidence interval 1.03-3.04, P = 0.038) as independent prognostic factors in addition to pN and pM stage. CONCLUSIONS c-Met/CD44v6 were associated with tumor progression or chemoresistance. Double-positive expression of c-Met and CD44v6 negatively impacted patient prognosis in ESCC, implying that c-Met and CD44v6 are candidates for targeted therapy in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Hara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miyazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kurokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nariaki Matsuura
- Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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314
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Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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315
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Dong Y, Wei MH, Lu JG, Bi CY. RETRACTED: Long non-coding RNA HULC interacts with miR-613 to regulate colon cancer growth and metastasis through targeting RTKN. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:2035-2042. [PMID: 30551459 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. The journal was alerted to an associated PubPeer post, in which tumor section images within Figure 2J appear to have been published in another article, as detailed here: https://pubpeer.com/publications/23CE08275104B978982371F3E62696. The journal performed independent image analysis to confirm the suspected image duplications. The journal requested the authors provide an explanation to these concerns and associated raw data, but none of the authors responded to repeated requests. The Editor-in-Chief assessed the case and decided to retract the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mao-Hua Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Jin-Gen Lu
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chong-Yao Bi
- Department of General Surgery, Jiao Zhou Central Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao 266000, China
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316
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Hirata A, Hatano Y, Niwa M, Hara A, Tomita H. Heterogeneity of Colon Cancer Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1139:115-126. [PMID: 31134498 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14366-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have attracted a great deal of interest because of their potential clinical implications in a range of cancers, including CRC. CSCs were initially considered to be cell populations with well-defined phenotypic and molecular characteristics. However, accumulating evidence suggests that CSCs represent a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous population. Recent studies also demonstrate colorectal CSCs to be dynamic rather than static populations that are continuously altered by various extrinsic factors in addition to intrinsic cellular factors such as genetic and epigenetic alterations. Thus, CSCs do not represent a fixed target population any longer, and their heterogeneous and dynamic nature present a serious problem in establishing specific therapeutic strategies. This chapter summarizes past and current literature related to CSC population heterogeneity and dynamics in CRC tissues, including evidence of the presence of distinct CSC subpopulations and signaling pathways and intra- and extra-tumoral factors involved in the regulation of CSCs in cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Niwa
- Medical Science Division, United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
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317
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Pisanu ME, Maugeri-Saccà M, Fattore L, Bruschini S, De Vitis C, Tabbì E, Bellei B, Migliano E, Kovacs D, Camera E, Picardo M, Jakopin Z, Cippitelli C, Bartolazzi A, Raffa S, Torrisi MR, Fulciniti F, Ascierto PA, Ciliberto G, Mancini R. Inhibition of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 reverts BRAF and MEK inhibition-induced selection of cancer stem cells in BRAF-mutated melanoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:318. [PMID: 30558661 PMCID: PMC6298024 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors significantly improves survival in BRAF mutated melanoma patients but is unable to prevent disease recurrence due to the emergence of drug resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been involved in these long-term treatment failures. We previously reported in lung cancer that CSCs maintenance is due to altered lipid metabolism and dependent upon Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD1)-mediated upregulation of YAP and TAZ. On this ground, we investigated the role of SCD1 in melanoma CSCs. METHODS SCD1 gene expression data of melanoma patients were downloaded from TCGA and correlated with disease progression by bioinformatics analysis and confirmed on patient's tissues by qRT-PCR and IHC analyses. The effects of combination of BRAF/MEKi and the SCD1 inhibitor MF-438 were monitored by spheroid-forming and proliferation assays on a panel of BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines grown in 3D and 2D conditions, respectively. SCD1, YAP/TAZ and stemness markers were evaluated in melanoma cells and tissues by qRT-PCR, WB and Immunofluorescence. RESULTS We first observed that SCD1 expression increases during melanoma progression. BRAF-mutated melanoma 3D cultures enriched for CSCs overexpressed SCD1 and were more resistant than 2D differentiated cultures to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. We next showed that exposure of BRAF-mutated melanoma cells to MAPK pathway inhibitors enhanced stemness features by upregulating the expression of YAP/TAZ and downstream genes but surprisingly not SCD1. However, SCD1 pharmacological inhibition was able to downregulate YAP/TAZ and to revert at the same time CSC enrichment and resistance to MAPK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our data underscore the role of SCD1 as prognostic marker in melanoma and promote the use of SCD1 inhibitors in combination with MAPK inhibitors for the control of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Pisanu
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Present Address: High Resolution NMR Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Fattore
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutics Agents Unit, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bruschini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia De Vitis
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Tabbì
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCSS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Migliano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCSS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCSS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCSS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCSS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Ziga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Claudia Cippitelli
- Pathology Research laboratory, Sapienza University, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Pathology Research laboratory, Sapienza University, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raffa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sapienza University, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sapienza University, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Fulciniti
- Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Servizio di Citologia Clinica, 6600 Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Paolo A. Ascierto
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCSS Regina Elena, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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318
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Nunes T, Hamdan D, Leboeuf C, El Bouchtaoui M, Gapihan G, Nguyen TT, Meles S, Angeli E, Ratajczak P, Lu H, Di Benedetto M, Bousquet G, Janin A. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells to Overcome Chemoresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4036. [PMID: 30551640 PMCID: PMC6321478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are heterogeneous at the cell level, and the mechanisms leading to cancer heterogeneity could be clonal evolution or cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are resistant to most anti-cancer treatments and could be preferential targets to reverse this resistance, either targeting stemness pathways or cancer stem cell surface markers. Gold nanoparticles have emerged as innovative tools, particularly for photo-thermal therapy since they can be excited by laser to induce hyperthermia. Gold nanoparticles can be functionalized with antibodies to specifically target cancer stem cells. Preclinical studies using photo-thermal therapy have demonstrated the feasibility of targeting chemo-resistant cancer cells to reverse clinical chemoresistance. Here, we review the data linking cancer stem cells and chemoresistance and discuss the way to target them to reverse resistance. We particularly focus on the use of functionalized gold nanoparticles in the treatment of chemo-resistant metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Nunes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Diaddin Hamdan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Hôpital de La Porte Verte, F-78004 Versailles, France.
| | - Christophe Leboeuf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Morad El Bouchtaoui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Gapihan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Solveig Meles
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Eurydice Angeli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Ratajczak
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - He Lu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Mélanie Di Benedetto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Université Paris 13, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Guilhem Bousquet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Université Paris 13, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, AP-HP-Hôpital Avicenne, F-93008 Bobigny, France.
| | - Anne Janin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1165, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Service de Pathologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75010 Paris, France.
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319
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Vitamin D-induced vitamin D receptor expression induces tamoxifen sensitivity in MCF-7 stem cells via suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180595. [PMID: 30314996 PMCID: PMC6435469 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for the drug resistance of breast cancers. Vitamin D deficiency promotes tumor resistance. The present study examined the effect of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression on the tamoxifen resistance of CSCs. Methods: MCF-7 cells were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and their levels of VDR expression, viability, and apoptosis were detected. CD133+ MCF-7 stem cells were identified and transfected with a VDR-overexpression plasmid. The tamoxifen concentration that reduced MCF-7 cell viability by 50% (IC50) was determined. The activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling was also investigated. Results: Vitamin D reduced the viability of MCF-7 cells and promoted their apoptosis. Vitamin D enhanced VDR expression and induced DNA damage. When CD133+ stem cells were separated from MCF-7 cells, the IC50 of tamoxifen for stem cells was significantly higher than that of parental MCF-7 cells, suggesting a higher tamoxifen resistance in MCF-7 stem cells. Levels of VDR expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in CD133+ cells were markedly lower and higher than those in CD133− cells, respectively. Stem cells transfected with VDR overexpression plasmids showed decreased tamoxifen IC50 values, viability, spheroid formation, and expression of Wnt and β-catenin proteins when compared with control cells. Cell apoptosis was increased by transfection with a VDR overexpression plasmid. Finally, the inhibitory effects induced by VDR overexpression could be reversed by the VDR inhibitor, calcifediol. Conclusion: Stem cells contributed to the tamoxifen resistance of MCF-7 cells. Vitamin D-induced VDR expression increased the sensitivity of MCF-7 stem cells to tamoxifen by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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320
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Lodestijn SC, Lenos KJ, Miedema DM, Bijlsma MF, Vermeulen L. Cancer stem cells: here, there, and everywhere. Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 6:1540235. [PMID: 30788417 PMCID: PMC6370381 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2018.1540235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By using marker-free lineage tracing in combination with quantitative analysis, we recently revealed cancer stem cell functionality in established human colon cancer is not intrinsically defined, but fully spatiotemporally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Lodestijn
- Amsterdam UMC, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan J Lenos
- Amsterdam UMC, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniël M Miedema
- Amsterdam UMC, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Amsterdam UMC, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Amsterdam UMC, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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321
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Maccalli C, Rasul KI, Elawad M, Ferrone S. The role of cancer stem cells in the modulation of anti-tumor immune responses. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:189-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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322
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Barkeer S, Chugh S, Karmakar S, Kaushik G, Rauth S, Rachagani S, Batra SK, Ponnusamy MP. Novel role of O-glycosyltransferases GALNT3 and B3GNT3 in the self-renewal of pancreatic cancer stem cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1157. [PMID: 30466404 PMCID: PMC6251200 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylation plays a critical role in the aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer (PC). Emerging evidences indicate significant involvement of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in PC aggressiveness. However, the importance of glycosylation in pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs) is yet to be addressed. Hence, we evaluated the potential role of glycosylation in maintenance of stemness of PCSCs. METHODS Effect of glycosylation specific inhibitors on growth and PCSCs of PC cells was assessed by MTT assay and Side Population (SP) analysis. Isolated PCSCs/SP were characterized using molecular and functional assays. Expression of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) was analyzed in PCSCs by western blotting. Effect of tunicamycin on PCSCs was analyzed by tumorsphere, clonogenicity, migration assay and immunoblotting for CSCs markers. The differential expression of glycogenes in PCSCs compared to non-CSCs were determined by RT-qPCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Co-expression of GALNT3 and B3GNT3 with CD44v6 was assessed in progression stages of KrasG12D; Pdx-1-Cre (KC) and KrasG12D; p53R172H; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) tumors by immunofluorescence. Transient and CRISPR/Cas9 silencing of GALNT3 and B3GNT3 was performed to examine their effect on CSCs maintenance. RESULTS Inhibition of glycosylation decreased growth and CSCs/SP in PC cells. PCSCs overexpressed CSC markers (CD44v6, ESA, SOX2, SOX9 and ABCG2), exhibited global expressional variation of TACAs and showed higher self-renewal potential. Specifically, N-glycosylation inhibition, significantly decreased tumorsphere formation, migration, and clonogenicity of PCSCs, as well as hypo-glycosylated CD44v6 and ESA. Of note, glycosyltransferases (GFs), GALNT3 and B3GNT3, were significantly overexpressed in PCSCs and co-expressed with CD44v6 at advanced PDAC stages in KC and KPC tumors. Further, GALNT3 and B3GNT3 knockdown led to a decrease in the expression of cell surface markers (CD44v6 and ESA) and self-renewal markers (SOX2 and OCT3/4) in PCSCs. Interestingly, CD44v6 was modified with sialyl Lewis a in PCSCs. Finally, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated GALNT3 KO significantly decreased self-renewal, clonogenicity, and migratory capacity in PCSCs. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, for the first time, our study showed the importance of glycosylation in mediating growth, stemness, and maintenance of PCSCs. These results indicate that elevated GALNT3 and B3GNT3 expression in PCSCs regulate stemness through modulating CSC markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Barkeer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
| | - Seema Chugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
| | - Saswati Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
| | - Garima Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
| | - Sanchita Rauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
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323
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Di C, Syafrizayanti, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Sun C, Zhang H, Hoheisel JD. Function, clinical application, and strategies of Pre-mRNA splicing in cancer. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1181-1194. [PMID: 30464224 PMCID: PMC6748147 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is a fundamental process that plays a considerable role in generating protein diversity. Pre-mRNA splicing is also the key to the pathology of numerous diseases, especially cancers. In this review, we discuss how aberrant splicing isoforms precisely regulate three basic functional aspects in cancer: proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis. Importantly, clinical function of aberrant splicing isoforms is also discussed, in particular concerning drug resistance and radiosensitivity. Furthermore, this review discusses emerging strategies how to modulate pathologic aberrant splicing isoforms, which are attractive, novel therapeutic agents in cancer. Last we outline current and future directions of isoforms diagnostic methodologies reported so far in cancer. Thus, it is highlighting significance of aberrant splicing isoforms as markers for cancer and as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Di
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Syafrizayanti
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Qianjing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yupei Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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324
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Patel S, Waghela B, Shah K, Vaidya F, Mirza S, Patel S, Pathak C, Rawal R. Silibinin, A Natural Blend In Polytherapy Formulation For Targeting Cd44v6 Expressing Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16985. [PMID: 30451890 PMCID: PMC6242811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer stem cells have been attributed to poor prognosis, therapeutic resistance and aggressive nature of the malignancy. Recent reports associated CD44v6 expression with relapse, metastasis and reduced 5-year survival of colon cancer patients, thereby making it a potential therapeutic target. Thus, in this study, comprehensive prediction and screening of CD44v6 against 1674 lead compounds was conducted. Silibinin was identified as a potential compound targeting CD44v6. Inorder to substantiate these findings, the cytotoxic effect of 5FU, Silibinin and 5FU+ Silibinin was assessed on human colon carcinoma cell line HCT116 derived CD44+ subpopulation. 5FU+ Silibinin inhibited cell proliferation of CD44+ subpopulation at lower concentration than Silibinin standalone. Further, corresponding to CD44v6 knockdown cells, 5FU+ Silibinin treatment significantly decreased CD44v6, Nanog, CTNNB1 and CDKN2A expression whereas increased E-cadherin expression in HCT116 derived CD44+ cells. Moreover, synergistic effect of these drugs suppressed sphere formation, inhibited cell migration, triggered PARP cleavage and perturbation in mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby activating intrinsic apoptotic pathways and induced autophagic cell death. Importantly, 5FU+ Silibinin could inhibit PI3K/MAPK dual activation and arrest the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Thus, our study suggests that inhibition of CD44v6 attenuates stemness of colon cancer stem cells and holds a prospect of potent therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaya Patel
- Division of Biological & Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhargav Waghela
- Department of Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kanisha Shah
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Foram Vaidya
- Department of Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheefa Mirza
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Saumya Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Chandramani Pathak
- Department of Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Rawal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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325
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Lee IC, Wu YC, Hung WS. Hyaluronic Acid-Based Multilayer Films Regulate Hypoxic Multicellular Aggregation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells with Distinct Cancer Stem-Cell-like Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:38769-38779. [PMID: 30395429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro spherical cancer models have been widely used in cancer stem cell (CSC) research, and the ability of CSCs to form multicellular colonies is recognized as a morphological marker. However, although several spherical/colony models share a common three-dimensional (3D) conformation, each model displays its own intrinsic properties. Thus, the CSC phenotypes with distinct multicellular aggregate morphologies must be defined and clarified. Here, a novel 3D model was designed to regulate the type of pancreatic CSC colonies that form using niche mimetic hyaluronic acid (HA)-based multilayer nanofilms and hypoxia. The multicellular aggregate morphology, CSC phenotypes, CSC-related marker expression, cell cycle, invasion, and drug resistance were determined. On the basis of the results of a cell morphology analysis, colonies formed on multilayer nanofilms in response to both normoxia and hypoxia, but round and island-type colonies, were investigated. Immunostaining results revealed a significantly higher expression of stem cell markers, such as OCT4, CXCR4, and CD44v6, in colonies that formed on multilayer nanofilms. These colonies also expressed higher levels of E-cadherin, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and vimentin, particularly the round-type colonies that formed on HA-based multilayer nanofilms, [poly(allylamine) (PAH)/HA]3, indicating that these colonies exhibit hybrid and metastable epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes. Moreover, the cell cycle and invasion tests revealed that most of the cells in colonies growing on multilayer nanofilms showed a quiescent, slow cycling phenotype but displayed higher invasion after induction. Furthermore, a hypoxic environment strongly influences the drug resistance. This study describes a useful tool to investigate the diverse phenotypes of pancreatic CSC colonies and to study their regulatory factors that may benefit CSC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering , Chang-Gung University , Taoyuan 33302 , Taiwan
- Neurosurgery Department , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou 33305 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering , Chang-Gung University , Taoyuan 33302 , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering , Chang-Gung University , Taoyuan 33302 , Taiwan
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326
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Kennedy PJ, Sousa F, Ferreira D, Pereira C, Nestor M, Oliveira C, Granja PL, Sarmento B. Fab-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles effectively target cancer cells expressing human CD44v6. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:208-218. [PMID: 30267881 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of CD44 isoforms containing exon v6 (CD44v6) represents a viable strategy for the therapy and/or early diagnosis of metastatic cancers of the epithelium (e.g. gastric and colorectal cancer). We developed and characterized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and engrafted, by site-directed conjugation, with an engineered human Fab that specifically target human CD44v6 (v6 Fab-PLGA NPs). The v6 Fab-PLGA NPs displayed spherical morphology around 300 nm and were negatively charged. They strongly bound to a CD44v6-derived peptide and, more importantly, to cells that endogenously and exogenously express CD44v6, but not to non-expressing cells and cells expressing the standard isoform of CD44. The v6 Fab-PLGA NPs also recognized CD44v6 in tumor sections from cells grown subcutaneously within mice. The NPs had nominal cytotoxicity at 50 µg/mL and withstood simulated intestinal fluid exposure. Interestingly, v6 Fab-PLGA NPs cryopreserved in 10% trehalose and stored maintained specific cell binding. In conclusion, we envision NPs targeting CD44v6 as potential in vivo diagnostic agents and/or as anti-cancer agents in patients previously stratified with CD44v6+ carcinomas. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The v6 Fab-PLGA NPs displayed many favorable qualities as a potential CD44v6-targeted drug and/or diagnostic delivery agent. The NPs were designed for optimal ligand orientation and for immediate administration into humans. v6 Fab-PLGA NPs strongly bound to cells that endogenously and exogenously express CD44v6, but not to non-expressing cells and cells expressing the standard isoform of CD44. Binding ability was retained after freeze-drying and long-term storage, providing evidences on the stability of Fab-functionalized NPs. These NPs can potentially be used as an in vivo diagnostic from parenteral or oral/rectal administration.
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327
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Shah K, Patel S, Mirza S, Rawal RM. A multi-gene expression profile panel for predicting liver metastasis: An algorithmic approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206400. [PMID: 30383826 PMCID: PMC6211708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & aim Liver metastasis has been found to affect outcome in prostate, pancreatic and colorectal cancers, but its role in lung cancer is unclear. The 5 year survival rate remains extensively low owing to intrinsic resistance to conventional therapy which can be attributed to the genetic modulators involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Thus, this study aims to generate a model for early diagnosis and timely treatment of liver metastasis in lung cancer patients. Methods mRNA expression of 15 genes was quantified by real time PCR on lung cancer specimens with (n = 32) and without (n = 30) liver metastasis and their normal counterparts. Principal Component analysis, linear discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering were conducted to obtain a predictive model. The accuracy of the models was tested by performing Receiver Operating Curve analysis. Results The expression profile of all the 15 genes were subjected to PCA and LDA analysis and 5 models were generated. ROC curve analysis was performed for all the models and the individual genes. It was observed that out of the 15 genes only 8 genes showed significant sensitivity and specificity. Another model consisting of the selected eight genes was generated showing a specificity and sensitivity of 90.0 and 96.87 respectively (p <0.0001). Moreover, hierarchical clustering showed that tumors with a greater fold change lead to poor prognosis. Conclusion Our study led to the generation of a concise, biologically relevant multi-gene panel that significantly and non-invasively predicts liver metastasis in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanisha Shah
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacogenomics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shanaya Patel
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacogenomics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheefa Mirza
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacogenomics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacogenomics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail: ,
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328
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Demystifying the Differences Between Tumor-Initiating Cells and Cancer Stem Cells in Colon Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-018-0421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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329
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Autologous cell lines from circulating colon cancer cells captured from sequential liquid biopsies as model to study therapy-driven tumor changes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15931. [PMID: 30374140 PMCID: PMC6206091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important clinical indicators for prognosis and treatment efficacy. However, CTC investigation is hampered by their low number, making the establishment of permanent CTC lines very challenging. We derived and characterized nine CTC lines using blood samples from a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer collected before and after chemotherapy and targeted therapy, and during cancer progression. These cell lines displayed an intermediate epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype, stem-cell like characteristics, angiogenesis potential, an osteomimetic signature and the capacity to escape from the immune system. Moreover, they showed changes in mRNA and protein expression (e.g., DEFA6, ABCB1 and GAL), whereas analysis of chromosomal copy number aberrations revealed no significant variation over time. These data indicate that although CTC lines derived from sequential blood samples during therapy have common traits, treatment-resistant CTC clones with distinct phenotypic characteristics are selected over time.
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330
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Ouhtit A, Rizeq B, Saleh HA, Rahman MM, Zayed H. Novel CD44-downstream signaling pathways mediating breast tumor invasion. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1782-1790. [PMID: 30443182 PMCID: PMC6231220 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44, also known as homing cell adhesion molecule is a multi-structural cell molecule involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix communications. CD44 regulates a number of central signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, Rho GTPases and the Ras-MAPK pathways, but also acts as a growth/arrest sensor, and inhibitor of angiogenesis and invasion, in response to signals from the microenvironment. The function of CD44 has been very controversial since it acts as both, a suppressor and a promoter of tumor growth and progression. To address this discrepancy, we have previously established CD44-inducible system both in vitro and in vivo. Next, using microarray analysis, we have identified and validated Survivin, Cortactin and TGF-β2 as novel CD44-downstream target genes, and characterized their signaling pathways underpinning CD44-promoted breast cancer (BC) cell invasion. This report aims to update the literature by adding and discussing the impact of these novel three signaling pathways to better understand the CD44-signaling pathways involved in BC tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allal Ouhtit
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Balsam Rizeq
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haissam Abou Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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331
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Lenos KJ, Miedema DM, Lodestijn SC, Nijman LE, van den Bosch T, Romero Ros X, Lourenço FC, Lecca MC, van der Heijden M, van Neerven SM, van Oort A, Leveille N, Adam RS, de Sousa E Melo F, Otten J, Veerman P, Hypolite G, Koens L, Lyons SK, Stassi G, Winton DJ, Medema JP, Morrissey E, Bijlsma MF, Vermeulen L. Stem cell functionality is microenvironmentally defined during tumour expansion and therapy response in colon cancer. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1193-1202. [PMID: 30177776 PMCID: PMC6163039 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Solid malignancies have been speculated to depend on cancer stem cells (CSCs) for expansion and relapse after therapy. Here we report on quantitative analyses of lineage tracing data from primary colon cancer xenograft tissue to assess CSC functionality in a human solid malignancy. The temporally obtained clone size distribution data support a model in which stem cell function in established cancers is not intrinsically, but is entirely spatiotemporally orchestrated. Functional stem cells that drive tumour expansion predominantly reside at the tumour edge, close to cancer-associated fibroblasts. Hence, stem cell properties change in time depending on the cell location. Furthermore, although chemotherapy enriches for cells with a CSC phenotype, in this context functional stem cell properties are also fully defined by the microenvironment. To conclude, we identified osteopontin as a key cancer-associated fibroblast-produced factor that drives in situ clonogenicity in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiaan J Lenos
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël M Miedema
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie C Lodestijn
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne E Nijman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van den Bosch
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Romero Ros
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filipe C Lourenço
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria C Lecca
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje van der Heijden
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne M van Neerven
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita van Oort
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Leveille
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronja S Adam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joy Otten
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Veerman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Hypolite
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Koens
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott K Lyons
- Preclinical Imaging, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Cellular & Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Surgical & Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Douglas J Winton
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Morrissey
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Enrichment of cancer stem cells by agarose multi-well dishes and 3D spheroid culture. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:397-408. [PMID: 30244317 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As the theory of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is maturing, CSC-targeted therapy is emerging as an important therapeutic strategy and seeking the ideal method for rapid enrichment and purification of CSCs has become crucial. So far, based on the known CSC phenotypes and biological characteristics, the methods for enrichment CSCs mainly include low adhesion culture, low oxygen culture, chemotherapy drug stimulation and side population (SP) sorting but these methods cannot realize quick enrichment of the desired CSCs. Herein, we adopt a novel method that efficiently enriches a certain amount of CSCs through agarose multi-well dishes using rubber micro-molds to make cancer cells into cell spheroids (3D). These 3D cancer cell spheroids in the proportions of expression of CSC biomarkers (single stain of CD44, CD44v6 and CD133 or double stain of both CD44 and CD133) were significantly higher than those of the conventional adherent culture (2D) using flow cytometry analysis. In addition, the expression levels of stemness transcription factors such as OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 in 3D were also significantly higher than that in 2D through Western blot (WB) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. In addition, the CSCs in 3D could form colonies with different sizes in soft agar. In conclusion, we developed a new method to enrich some kinds of CSCs, which might be a benefit for future CSC-targeted therapy studies and anti-CSC drug screening applications.
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333
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Xiong Y, Deng Y, Wang K, Zhou H, Zheng X, Si L, Fu Z. Profiles of alternative splicing in colorectal cancer and their clinical significance: A study based on large-scale sequencing data. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:183-195. [PMID: 30243491 PMCID: PMC6197784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS), as a potent and pervasive mechanism of transcriptional regulatory, expands the genome's coding capacity and involves in the initiation and progression of cancer. Systematic analysis of alternative splicing in colorectal cancer (CRC) is lacking and greatly needed. Methods RNA-Seq data and corresponding clinical information of CRC cohort were downloaded from the TCGA data portal. Then, a java application, known as SpliceSeq, was used to evaluate the RNA splicing patterns and calculate the Percent Spliced In (PSI) value. Differently expressed AS events (DEAS) were identified based on PSI value between paired CRC and adjacent tissues. DEAS and its splicing networks were further analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Kaplan-Meier, Cox proportional regression and unsupervised clustering analysis were used to evaluate the association between DEAS and patients' clinical features. Results After strict filtering, a total of 34,334 AS events were identified, among which 421 AS events were found expressed differently. Parent genes of these DEAS play a important role in regulating CRC-related processes such as protein kinase activity (FDR<0.0001), PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (FDR = 0.0024) and p53 signaling pathway (FDR = 0.0143). 37 DEAS events were found to be associated with OS, and 68 DEAS events were found to be associated with DFS. Stratifying patients according to the PSI value of AT in CXCL12 and RI in CSTF3 formed significant Kaplan-Meier curves in both OS and DFS survival analysis. Unsupervised clustering analysis using DEAS revealed four clusters with distinct survival patterns, and associated with consensus molecular subtypes. Conclusions Large differences of AS events in CRC appear to exist, and these differences are likely to be important determinants of both prognosis and biological regulation. Our identified CRC-related AS events and uncovered splicing networks are valuable in deciphering the underlying mechanisms of AS in CRC, and provide clues of therapeutic targets to further validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangru Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangyi Si
- Department of Cardiovascular, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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334
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Zhou G, Latchoumanin O, Hebbard L, Duan W, Liddle C, George J, Qiao L. Aptamers as targeting ligands and therapeutic molecules for overcoming drug resistance in cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018. [DOI: '10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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335
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Zhou G, Latchoumanin O, Hebbard L, Duan W, Liddle C, George J, Qiao L. Aptamers as targeting ligands and therapeutic molecules for overcoming drug resistance in cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 134:107-121. [PMID: 29627370 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional anticancer therapies are often unable to completely eradicate the tumor bulk due to multi-drug resistance (MDR) of cancers. A number of mechanisms such as micro-environmental stress and overexpression of drug efflux pumps are involved in the MDR process. Hence, therapeutic strategies for overcoming MDR are urgently needed to improve cancer treatment efficacy. Aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides or peptides exhibiting unique three-dimensional structures and possess several unique advantages over conventional antibodies such as low immunogenicity and stronger tissue-penetration capacity. Aptamers targeting cancer-associated receptors have been explored to selectively deliver a therapeutic cargo (anticancer drugs, siRNAs, miRNAs and drug-carriers) to the intratumoral compartment where they can exert better tumor-killing effects. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the multiple regulatory mechanisms of MDR, with a particular emphasis on aptamer-mediated novel therapeutic agents and strategies that seek to reversing MDR. The challenges associated with aptamer-based agents and approaches are also discussed.
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336
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Durinikova E, Kozovska Z, Poturnajova M, Plava J, Cierna Z, Babelova A, Bohovic R, Schmidtova S, Tomas M, Kucerova L, Matuskova M. ALDH1A3 upregulation and spontaneous metastasis formation is associated with acquired chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:848. [PMID: 30143021 PMCID: PMC6109326 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efficiency of colorectal carcinoma treatment by chemotherapy is diminished as the resistance develops over time in patients. The same holds true for 5-fluorouracil, the drug used in first line chemotherapy of colorectal carcinoma. Methods Chemoresistant derivative of HT-29 cells was prepared by long-term culturing in increasing concentration of 5-fluorouracil. Cells were characterized by viability assays, flow cytometry, gene expression arrays and kinetic imaging. Immunomagnetic separation was used for isolation of subpopulations positive for cancer stem cells-related surface markers. Aldehyde dehydrogenase expression was attenuated by siRNA. In vivo studies were performed on SCID/bg mice. Results The prepared chemoresistant cell line labeled as HT-29/EGFP/FUR is assigned with different morphology, decreased proliferation rate and 135-fold increased IC50 value for 5-fluorouracil in comparison to parental counterparts HT-29/EGFP. The capability of chemoresistant cells to form tumor xenografts, when injected subcutaneously into SCID/bg mice, was strongly compromised, however, they formed distant metastases in mouse lungs spontaneously. Derived cells preserved their resistance in vitro and in vivo even without the 5-fluorouracil selection pressure. More importantly, they were resistant to cisplatin, oxaliplatin and cyclophosphamide exhibiting high cross-resistance along with alterations in expression of cancer-stem cell markers such as CD133, CD166, CD24, CD26, CXCR4, CD271 and CD274. We also detected increased aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity associated with overexpression of specific ALDH isoform 1A3. Its inhibition by siRNA approach partially sensitized cells to various agents, thus linking for the first time the ALDH1A3 and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that acquired chemoresistance goes along with metastatic and migratory phenotype and can be accompanied with increased activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase. We describe here the valuable model to study molecular link between resistance to chemotherapy and metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Durinikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kozovska
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Poturnajova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Plava
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Cierna
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 813 72, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Babelova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Bohovic
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Schmidtova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Tomas
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Surgical Oncology of Slovak Medical University, National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 831 01, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kucerova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslava Matuskova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Gao X, Sheng Y, Yang J, Wang C, Zhang R, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Yan S, Sun H, Wei J, Wang X, Yu X, Zhang Y, Luo Q, Zheng Y, Qiao P, Zhao Y, Dong Q, Qin L. Osteopontin alters DNA methylation through up-regulating DNMT1 and sensitizes CD133+/CD44+ cancer stem cells to 5 azacytidine in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:179. [PMID: 30064482 PMCID: PMC6069805 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), CD133+/CD44+ cells are one subgroup with high stemness and responsible for metastatic relapse and resistance to treatment. Our previous studies have demonstrated that osteopontin (OPN) plays critical roles in HCC metastasis. We further investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the role of OPN in regulating the stemness of HCC epigenetically and explored possible targeting strategy. METHODS CD133+/CD44+ subgroup sorting from HCC cell lines and HCC tissues was used to investigate the effects of OPN knockdown on stemness. iTRAQ and MedIP-sequencing were applied to detect the protein profile and epigenetic modification of CD133+/CD44+ subgroup with or without OPN knockdown. The antitumor effects of 5 Azacytidine were examined in cultured HCC cells and patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. RESULTS OPN was accumulated in CD133+/CD44+ subgroup of HCC cells. Knocking down OPN significantly inhibited the sphere formation and stemness-related genes expression, and delayed tumor initiation of CD133+/CD44+ subgroup of HCC cells. Employing MedIP-sequencing, dot blot and iTRAQ analyses of CD133+/CD44+ SCR and CD133+/CD44+ shOPN cells, we found that OPN knockdown leaded to reduction in DNA methylation with particular enrichment in CGI. Meanwhile, DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), the main methylation maintainer, was downregulated via proteomics analysis, which mediated OPN altering DNA methylation. Furthermore, DNMT1 upregulation could partially rescue the properties of CD133+/CD44+ shOPN cells. Both in vitro and in vivo assays showed that CD133+/CD44+ cells with high OPN levels were more sensitive to DNA methylation inhibitor, 5 Azacytidine (5 Aza). The above findings were validated in HCC primary cells, a more clinically relevant model. CONCLUSIONS OPN induces methylome reprogramming to enhance the stemness of CD133+/CD44+ subgroup and provides the therapeutic benefits to DNMT1 targeting treatment in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuanyuan Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Shican Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Haoting Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jinwang Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xinxin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qin Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Peng Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lunxiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Hankey W, Chen Z, Bergman MJ, Fernandez MO, Hancioglu B, Lan X, Jegga AG, Zhang J, Jin VX, Aronow BJ, Wang Q, Groden J. Chromatin-associated APC regulates gene expression in collaboration with canonical WNT signaling and AP-1. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31214-31230. [PMID: 30131849 PMCID: PMC6101278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the APC gene occurs in a high percentage of colorectal tumors and is a central event driving tumor initiation in the large intestine. The APC protein performs multiple tumor suppressor functions including negative regulation of the canonical WNT signaling pathway by both cytoplasmic and nuclear mechanisms. Published reports that APC interacts with β-catenin in the chromatin fraction to repress WNT-activated targets have raised the possibility that chromatin-associated APC participates more broadly in mechanisms of transcriptional control. This screening study has used chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing to identify APC-associated genomic regions in colon cancer cell lines. Initial target selection was performed by comparison and statistical analysis of 3,985 genomic regions associated with the APC protein to whole transcriptome sequencing data from APC-deficient and APC-wild-type colon cancer cells, and two types of murine colon adenomas characterized by activated Wnt signaling. 289 transcripts altered in expression following APC loss in human cells were linked to APC-associated genomic regions. High-confidence targets additionally validated in mouse adenomas included 16 increased and 9 decreased in expression following APC loss, indicating that chromatin-associated APC may antagonize canonical WNT signaling at both WNT-activated and WNT-repressed targets. Motif analysis and comparison to ChIP-seq datasets for other transcription factors identified a prevalence of binding sites for the TCF7L2 and AP-1 transcription factors in APC-associated genomic regions. Our results indicate that canonical WNT signaling can collaborate with or antagonize the AP-1 transcription factor to fine-tune the expression of shared target genes in the colorectal epithelium. Future therapeutic strategies for APC-deficient colorectal cancers might be expanded to include agents targeting the AP-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hankey
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maxwell J Bergman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Max O Fernandez
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Baris Hancioglu
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xun Lan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Division of Bioinformatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Division of Bioinformatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qianben Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joanna Groden
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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De Cola A, Lamolinara A, Lanuti P, Rossi C, Iezzi M, Marchisio M, Todaro M, De Laurenzi V. MiR-205-5p inhibition by locked nucleic acids impairs metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:821. [PMID: 30050081 PMCID: PMC6062508 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mir-205 plays an important role in epithelial biogenesis and in mammary gland development but its role in cancer still remains controversial depending on the specific cellular context and target genes. We have previously reported that miR-205-5p is upregulated in breast cancer stem cells targeting ERBB pathway and leading to targeted therapy resistance. Here we show that miR-205-5p regulates tumorigenic properties of breast cancer cells, as well as epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Silencing this miRNA in breast cancer results in reduced tumor growth and metastatic spreading in mouse models. Moreover, we show that miR-205-5p knock-down can be obtained with the use of specific locked nucleic acids oligonucleotides in vivo suggesting a future potential use of this approach in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Cola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Alessia Lamolinara
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Cosmo Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Department of DiBiMIS, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
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Abstract
Cancer metastasis is defined as the dissemination of malignant cells from the primary tumor site, leading to colonization of distant organs and the establishment of a secondary tumor. Metastasis is frequently associated with chemoresistance and is the major cause of cancer-related mortality. Metastatic cells need to acquire the ability to resist to stresses provided by different environments, such as reactive oxygen species, shear stress, hemodynamic forces, stromal composition, and immune responses, to colonize other tissues. Hence, only a small population of cells has a metastasis-initiating potential. Several studies have revealed the misregulation of transcriptional variants during cancer progression, and many splice events can be used to distinguish between normal and tumoral tissue. These variants, which are abnormally expressed in malignant cells, contribute to an adaptive response of tumor cells and the success of the metastatic cascade, promoting an anomalous cell cycle, cellular adhesion, resistance to death, cell survival, migration and invasion. Understanding the different aspects of splicing regulation and the influence of transcriptional variants that control metastatic cells is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe how transcriptional variants contribute to metastatic competence and discuss how targeting specific isoforms may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice De Faria Poloni
- a Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Diego Bonatto
- a Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
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Stem-like and highly invasive prostate cancer cells expressing CD44v8-10 marker originate from CD44-negative cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30905-30918. [PMID: 30112117 PMCID: PMC6089404 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In human prostate cancer (PCa), the neuroendocrine cells, expressing the prostate cancer stem cell (CSC) marker CD44, may be resistant to androgen ablation and promote tumor recurrence. During the study of heterogeneity of the highly aggressive neuroendocrine PCa cell lines PC3 and DU-145, we isolated and expanded in vitro a minor subpopulation of very small cells lacking CD44 (CD44neg). Unexpectedly, these sorted CD44neg cells rapidly and spontaneously converted to a stable CD44high phenotype specifically expressing the CD44v8-10 isoform which the sorted CD44high subpopulation failed to express. Surprisingly and potentially interesting, in these cells expression of CD44v8-10 was found to be induced in stem cell medium. CD44 variant isoforms are known to be more expressed in CSC and metastatic cells than CD44 standard isoform. In agreement, functional analysis of the two sorted and cultured subpopulations has shown that the CD44v8-10pos PC3 cells, resulting from the conversion of the CD44neg subpopulation, were more invasive in vitro and had a higher clonogenic potential than the sorted CD44high cells, in that they produced mainly holoclones, known to be enriched in stem-like cells. Of interest, the CD44v8-10 is more expressed in human PCa biopsies than in normal gland. The discovery of CD44v8-10pos cells with stem-like and invasive features, derived from a minoritarian CD44neg cell population in PCa, alerts on the high plasticity of stem-like markers and urges for prudency on the approaches to targeting the putative CSC.
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342
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Li J, Tseng CS, Federico A, Ivankovic F, Huang YS, Ciccodicola A, Swanson MS, Yu P. SFMetaDB: a comprehensive annotation of mouse RNA splicing factor RNA-Seq datasets. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2018; 2017:4161772. [PMID: 29220461 PMCID: PMC5737203 DOI: 10.1093/database/bax071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the number of RNA-Seq datasets deposited publicly has increased over the past few years, incomplete annotation of the associated metadata limits their potential use. Because of the importance of RNA splicing in diseases and biological processes, we constructed a database called SFMetaDB by curating datasets related with RNA splicing factors. Our effort focused on the RNA-Seq datasets in which splicing factors were knocked-down, knocked-out or over-expressed, leading to 75 datasets corresponding to 56 splicing factors. These datasets can be used in differential alternative splicing analysis for the identification of the potential targets of these splicing factors and other functional studies. Surprisingly, only ∼15% of all the splicing factors have been studied by loss- or gain-of-function experiments using RNA-Seq. In particular, splicing factors with domains from a few dominant Pfam domain families have not been studied. This suggests a significant gap that needs to be addressed to fully elucidate the splicing regulatory landscape. Indeed, there are already mouse models available for ∼20 of the unstudied splicing factors, and it can be a fruitful research direction to study these splicing factors in vitro and in vivo using RNA-Seq. Database URL:http://sfmetadb.ece.tamu.edu/
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.,TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ching-San Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Antonio Federico
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Franjo Ivankovic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alfredo Ciccodicola
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Maurice S Swanson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.,TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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343
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Bielli P, Panzeri V, Lattanzio R, Mutascio S, Pieraccioli M, Volpe E, Pagliarulo V, Piantelli M, Giannantoni A, Di Stasi SM, Sette C. The Splicing Factor PTBP1 Promotes Expression of Oncogenic Splice Variants and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5422-5432. [PMID: 30012566 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a malignant disease characterized by high heterogeneity, which corresponds to dysregulated gene expression and alternative splicing (AS) profiles. Bioinformatics analyses of splicing factors potentially linked to bladder cancer progression identified the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (i.e., PTBP1) as candidate. This study aimed at investigating whether PTBP1 expression associates with clinical outcome in patients with NMIBC.Experimental Design: A cohort of 152 patients presenting with primary NMIBC (pTa-pT1) was enrolled. Primary NMIBCs were assessed for PTBP1 expression by IHC, and the results were correlated with clinical data using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses. Cell proliferation and survival assays were performed to assess the function of PTBP1. Furthermore, the impact of PTBP1 on the AS pattern of specific bladder cancer-related genes was investigated in cancer cell lines and in patients' specimens.Results: Public datasets querying highlighted a positive correlation between PTBP1 expression and NMIBC progression, which was then confirmed by IHC analysis. High PTBP1 expression was associated with worse clinical outcome in terms of incidence of tumor relapse and survival in patients with NMIBC. Interestingly, downregulation of PTBP1 in bladder cancer cell lines affected prosurvival features. Accordingly, PTBP1 modulated AS of bladder cancer-related genes in cell lines and patient's specimens.Conclusions: PTBP1 expression correlates with disease progression, poor prognosis, and worse survival in patients with NMIBC. Downregulation of PTBP1 expression affects prosurvival features of bladder cancer cells and modulates AS of genes with relevance for bladder cancer, suggesting its role as an outcome-predictor in this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5422-32. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Bielli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Panzeri
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Science Medical/Chirurgic and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.,Institute of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.,Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Mutascio
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pieraccioli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Pagliarulo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Giannantoni
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Savino M Di Stasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Sette
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy. .,Institute of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Pilla L, Ferrone S, Maccalli C. Methods for improving the immunogenicity and efficacy of cancer vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:765-784. [PMID: 29874943 PMCID: PMC8670419 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1485649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer vaccines represent one of the oldest immunotherapy strategies. A variety of tumor-associated antigens have been exploited to investigate their immunogenicity as well as multiple strategies for vaccine administration. These efforts have led to the development of several clinical trials in tumors with different histological origins to test the clinical efficacy of cancer vaccines. However, suboptimal clinical results have been reported mainly due to the lack of optimized strategies to induce strong and sustained systemic tumor antigen-specific immune responses. AREAS COVERED We provide an overview of different types of cancer vaccines that have been developed and used in the context of clinical studies. Moreover, we review different preclinical and clinical strategies pursued to enhance the immunogenicity, stability, and targeting at tumor site of cancer vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Additional and appropriate preclinical studies are warranted to optimize the immunogenicity and delivery of cancer vaccines. The appropriate choice of target antigens is challenging; however, the exploitation of neoantigens generated from somatic mutations of tumor cells represents a promising approach to target highly immunogenic tumor-specific antigens. Remarkably, the investigation of the combination of cancer vaccines with immunomodulating agents able to skew the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunostimulating will dramatically improve their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pilla
- Medical Oncology Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Clinical Research Center, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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345
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Kozovska Z, Patsalias A, Bajzik V, Durinikova E, Demkova L, Jargasova S, Smolkova B, Plava J, Kucerova L, Matuskova M. ALDH1A inhibition sensitizes colon cancer cells to chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:656. [PMID: 29902974 PMCID: PMC6003038 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence in cancer research, developed the notion that malignant tumors consist of different subpopulations of cells, one of them, known as cancer stem cells, being attributed many important properties such as enhanced tumorigenicity, proliferation potential and profound multidrug resistance to chemotherapy. Several key stem cells markers were identified in colon cancer. In our study we focused on the aldehyde dehydrogenase type 1 (ALDH1) expression in colon cancer-derived cell lines HT-29/eGFP, HCT-116/eGFP and LS-180/eGFP, and its role in the chemoresistance and tumorigenic potential. Methods The effect of pharmacological inhibition of ALDH activity by diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) and also effect of molecular inhibition by specific siRNA was evaluated in vitro in cultures of human colorectal cell lines. The expression level of different isoenzymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase was determined using qPCR. Changes in cell biology were evaluated by expression analysis, western blot and apoptosis assay. The efficiency of cytotoxic treatment in the presence of different chemotherapeutic drugs was analyzed by fluorimetric assay. Tumorigenicity of cells with specific ALDH1A1 siRNA was tested in xenograft model in vivo. Results Treatment by DEAB partially sensitized the tested cell lines to chemotherapeutics. Subsequently the molecular inhibition of specific isoforms of ALDH by ALDH1A1 or ALDH1A3 siRNA led to sensitizing of cell lines HT-29/eGFP, HCT-116/eGFP to capecitabine and 5-FU. On the model of athymic mice we observed the effect of molecular inhibition of ALDH1A1 in HT-29/eGFP cells by siRNA. We observed inhibition of proliferation of subcutaneous xenografts in comparison to control cells. Conclusion This research, verifies the significance of the ALDH1A isoforms in multidrug resistance of human colorectal cancer cells and its potential as a cancer stem cell marker. This provides the basis for the development of new approaches regarding the treatment of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and potentially the treatment of other tumor malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kozovska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - A Patsalias
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - V Bajzik
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - E Durinikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Demkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - S Jargasova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - B Smolkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - J Plava
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Kucerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Matuskova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
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346
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Hypoxic tumor microenvironment activates GLI2 via HIF-1α and TGF-β2 to promote chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5990-E5999. [PMID: 29891662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801348115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer patients often relapse after chemotherapy, owing to the survival of stem or progenitor cells referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Although tumor stromal factors are known to contribute to chemoresistance, it remains not fully understood how CSCs in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment escape the chemotherapy. Here, we report that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-secreted TGF-β2 converge to activate the expression of hedgehog transcription factor GLI2 in CSCs, resulting in increased stemness/dedifferentiation and intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy. Genetic or small-molecule inhibitor-based ablation of HIF-1α/TGF-β2-mediated GLI2 signaling effectively reversed the chemoresistance caused by the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, high expression levels of HIF-1α/TGF-β2/GLI2 correlated robustly with the patient relapse following chemotherapy, highlighting a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Our study thus uncovers a molecular mechanism by which hypoxic colorectal tumor microenvironment promotes cancer cell stemness and resistance to chemotherapy and suggests a potentially targeted treatment approach to mitigating chemoresistance.
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347
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Chen J, Gong C, Mao H, Li Z, Fang Z, Chen Q, Lin M, Jiang X, Hu Y, Wang W, Zhang X, Chen X, Li H. E2F1/SP3/STAT6 axis is required for IL-4-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:567-578. [PMID: 29901191 PMCID: PMC6017240 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of cancer with a mortality rate among the highest worldwide owing to its high rate of metastasis. Therefore, inflammation-associated metastasis in the development of CRC is currently a topic of considerable interest. In the present study, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) was identified to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CRC cells. However, the enhancing effect of IL-4 was more evident in HCT116 cells compared with in RKO cells. Accordingly, an increased expression level of STAT6 was observed in HCT116 cells compared with RKO cells. Further investigations identified that E2F1 was required for maintaining the level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in HCT116 cells. Mechanistically, E2F1 induced specificity protein 3 (SP3) directly by binding to the promoter of the STAT6 gene and activating its transcription in CRC cells. As a result, phosphorylation-activated STAT6 increased the expression of several EMT drivers, including zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (Zeb)1 and Zeb2, which serve a critical function in IL-4-induced EMT. Rescue experiments further confirmed that IL-4-induced EMT relied on an intact E2F1/SP3/STAT6 axis in CRC cells. Finally, analysis of clinical CRC specimens revealed a positive correlation between E2F1, SP3 and STAT6. The ectopically expressed E2F1/SP3/STAT6 axis indicated a poor prognosis in patients with CRC. In conclusion, the E2F1/SP3/STAT6 pathway was identified to be essential for IL-4 signaling-induced EMT and aggressiveness of CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoe Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Chaoju Gong
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Huiqin Mao
- Ultrasonography Department, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyun Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou, Zheijiang 318000, P.R. China
| | - Zejun Fang
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Min Lin
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou, Zheijiang 318000, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zheijiang 317100, P.R. China
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348
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Comoglio PM, Trusolino L, Boccaccio C. Known and novel roles of the MET oncogene in cancer: a coherent approach to targeted therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:341-358. [PMID: 29674709 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The MET oncogene encodes an unconventional receptor tyrosine kinase with pleiotropic functions: it initiates and sustains neoplastic transformation when genetically altered ('oncogene addiction') and fosters cancer cell survival and tumour dissemination when transcriptionally activated in the context of an adaptive response to adverse microenvironmental conditions ('oncogene expedience'). Moreover, MET is an intrinsic modulator of the self-renewal and clonogenic ability of cancer stem cells ('oncogene inherence'). Here, we provide the latest findings on MET function in cancer by focusing on newly identified genetic abnormalities in tumour cells and recently described non-mutational MET activities in stromal cells and cancer stem cells. We discuss how MET drives cancer clonal evolution and progression towards metastasis, both ab initio and under therapeutic pressure. We then elaborate on the use of MET inhibitors in the clinic with a critical appraisal of failures and successes. Ultimately, we advocate a rationale to improve the outcome of anti-MET therapies on the basis of thorough consideration of the entire spectrum of MET-mediated biological responses, which implicates adequate patient stratification, meaningful biomarkers and appropriate clinical end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo M Comoglio
- Exploratory Research and Molecular Cancer Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Carla Boccaccio
- Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy
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349
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Sakuma K, Sasaki E, Kimura K, Komori K, Shimizu Y, Yatabe Y, Aoki M. HNRNPLL, a newly identified colorectal cancer metastasis suppressor, modulates alternative splicing of CD44 during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Gut 2018; 67:1103-1111. [PMID: 28360095 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the recent advances in treatment of colon cancer, the prognosis is unfavourable for patients with distant metastases. The aim of this study was to identify targets for prevention and/or therapy of colon cancer metastasis. DESIGN CMT93 cells, a murine rectal cancer cell line with poor metastasising activity, were transduced with lentiviral shRNA library and transplanted into the rectum of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Genomic DNA was collected from metastatic lesions, and the integrated shRNA were retrieved by PCR for sequencing, followed by identification of the candidate genes targeted by the shRNA. RESULTS The genome-wide shRNA library screen identified Hnrnpll (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like) encoding a pre-mRNA splicing factor as a candidate metastasis suppressor gene. Knockdown of Hnrnpll enhanced matrigel invasion activity of colon cancer cells in vitro, as well as their metastatic ability in vivo. An RNA-immunoprecipitation analysis showed Hnrnpll-binding to Cd44 pre-mRNAs, and the level of Cd44 variable exon 6 (Cd44v6), a poor prognosis marker of colorectal cancer, was increased by knocking down Hnrnpll. A neutralising Cd44v6 antibody suppressed the matrigel invasion ability induced by Hnrnpll knockdown. HNRNPLL expression was downregulated when colon cancer cells were induced to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Immunohistochemistry of clinical samples indicated that colorectal cancer cells with low E-cadherin expression at the invasion front exhibited decreased HNRNPLL expression. CONCLUSIONS HNRNPLL is a novel metastasis suppressor of colorectal cancer, and modulates alternative splicing of CD44 during EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Sakuma
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sasaki
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenya Kimura
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Komori
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cancer Genetics, Program in Function Construction Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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350
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Kennedy PJ, Perreira I, Ferreira D, Nestor M, Oliveira C, Granja PL, Sarmento B. Impact of surfactants on the target recognition of Fab-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:366-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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