301
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Pedersen NR, Wimmer R, Emmersen J, Degn P, Pedersen LH. Effect of fatty acid chain length on initial reaction rates and regioselectivity of lipase-catalysed esterification of disaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:1179-84. [PMID: 12110192 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a reaction medium mixture of 9:11 t-BuOH and pyridine (v/v) the effect of fatty acid chain length (C-4-C-12) on C. antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435, EC 3.1.1.3) catalysed esterification was studied. alpha and beta maltose 6'-O-acyl esters in an anomeric molar ratio of 1.0:1.1 were synthesised independently of the chain length, but the initial specific reaction rate increased with decreasing chain length of the acyl donor. The product yield followed the same trend with a lauryl ester yield of 1.1% (mol/mol) and a butyl ester yield of 27.6% (mol/mol) after 24 h of reaction. With sucrose as the acyl acceptor the 6'-O-acyl and 6-O-acyl monoesters were formed with fatty acids of chain length C-4 and C-10 while the 6',6-O-acyl diester was formed only with butanoic acid (C-4:0) as acyl donor. The 6'-O-acyl and 6-O-acyl monoesters and the 6',6-O-acyl diester of butanoic acid were produced in a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:0.2 and with decanoic acid (C-10:0) the 6'-O-acyl and 6-O-acyl monoesters were formed in the ratio of 1.0:0.3. The highest initial reaction rate and yield were obtained with the shortest chain length of the acyl donor. Initial reaction rates and ester yields were affected by the solubility of the disaccharide, with higher reaction rates and yields with maltose than with sucrose, while no formation of esters were observed with either cellobiose or lactose as acyl acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninfa R Pedersen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, DK-9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
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302
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Schmitt J, Brocca S, Schmid RD, Pleiss J. Blocking the tunnel: engineering of Candida rugosa lipase mutants with short chain length specificity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2002; 15:595-601. [PMID: 12200542 DOI: 10.1093/protein/15.7.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of chain length specificity of Candida rugosa lipase 1 was investigated by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. The synthetic lip1 gene and the lipase mutants were expressed in Pichia pastoris and assayed for their chain length specificity in single substrate assays using triglycerides as well as in a competitive substrate assay using a randomized oil. Mutation of amino acids at different locations inside the tunnel (P246F, L413F, L410W, L410F/S300E, L410F/S365L) resulted in mutants with a different chain length specificity. Mutants P246F and L413F have a strong preference for short chain lengths whereas substrates longer than C10 are hardly hydrolyzed. Increasing the bulkiness of the amino acid at position 410 led to mutants that show a strong discrimination of chain lengths longer than C14. The results obtained can be explained by a simple mechanical model: the activity for a fatty acid sharply decreases as it becomes long enough to reach the mutated site. In contrast, a mutation at the entrance of the tunnel (L304F) has a strong impact on C4 and C6 substrates. This mutant is nevertheless capable of hydrolyzing chain lengths longer than C8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Schmitt
- Institute of Technical Biology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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303
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Oskolkova OV, Hermetter A. Fluorescent inhibitors reveal solvent-dependent micropolarity in the lipid binding sites of lipases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1597:60-6. [PMID: 12009403 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol analogue p-nitrophenyl phosphonates specifically react with the active-site serine of lipolytic enzymes to give covalent lipase-inhibitor complexes, mimicking the first transition state which is involved in lipase-mediated ester hydrolysis. Here we report on a new type of phosphonate inhibitors containing a polarity-sensitive fluorophore to monitor micropolarity around the active site of the enzyme in different solvents. The respective compounds are hexyl and methyl dimethylamino-naphthalenecarbonylethylmercaptoethoxy-phosphonates. The hexyl phosphonate derivative was reacted with lipases from Rhizopus oryzae (ROL), Chromobacterium viscosum (CVL), and Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL). The resulting lipid-protein complexes were characterized in solution with respect to water penetration into the lipid binding site and the associated conformational changes of the proteins as a consequence of solvent polarity changes. We found that the accessibility of the lipid-binding site in all lipases studied was lowest in water. It was much higher when the protein was dissolved in aqueous ethanol. These biophysical effects may contribute to the previously observed dramatic changes of enzyme functions such as activity and stereoselectivity depending on the respective solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Oskolkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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304
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Yang J, Koga Y, Nakano H, Yamane T. Modifying the chain-length selectivity of the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia KWI-56 through in vitro combinatorial mutagenesis in the substrate-binding site. Protein Eng Des Sel 2002; 15:147-52. [PMID: 11917151 DOI: 10.1093/protein/15.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mature lipase of Burkholderia cepacia KWI-56 was synthesized in an enzymatically active form using an in vitro Escherichia coli S30 coupled transcription/translation system by expressing the mature lipase gene (rlip) in the presence of its specific activator. To investigate the substrate specificity of the lipase comprehensively, a large number of mutant lipases were constructed and analyzed in a high throughput manner by combining overlapping PCR and in vitro protein synthesis. In this paper, Phe119 and Leu167, which are located in the acyl portion of the substrate-binding pocket of the lipase of B.cepacia KWI-56, were substituted with six hydrophobic amino acid residues by the in vitro combinatorial mutagenesis. The wild-type and 35 mutant genes amplified by PCR were directly used as templates for the in vitro transcription/translation. The acyl chain-length selectivity of the in vitro expressed lipases against p-nitrophenyl butyrate, p-nitrophenyl caprylate and p-nitrophenyl palmitate, was compared by their relative hydrolysis rates. Two mutant lipases, L167V and F119A/L167M, which showed a significant shift in substrate selectivity were further expressed in vivo and refolded in vitro. It was found that L167V raised its preference for the short-chain ester, whereas F119A/L167M improved its selectivity for the long-chain ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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305
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HUANG J, AKI T, KAWAMOTO S, SHIGETA S, ONO K, SUZUKI O. Enzymatic Preparation of Glycerides Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid from Thraustochytrid Single Cell Oils by Candida rugosa Lipase. J Oleo Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.51.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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306
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Kauffmann I, Schmidt-Dannert C. Conversion of Bacillus thermocatenulatus lipase into an efficient phospholipase with increased activity towards long-chain fatty acyl substrates by directed evolution and rational design. PROTEIN ENGINEERING 2001; 14:919-28. [PMID: 11742112 DOI: 10.1093/protein/14.11.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The thermoalkalophilic lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus BTL2 exhibits a low phospholipase activity (lecithin/tributyrin ratio 0.03). A single round of random mutagenesis of the BTL2 gene followed by screening of 6000 transformants on egg-yolk plates identified three variants with 10-12-fold increased phospholipase activities, corresponding to lecithin/tributyrin ratios of 0.16-0.36. All variants were specific for the sn-1 acyl ester bond of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Mutations occurred predominantly in the N-terminal part of BTL2 with regions surrounding the predicted helix alpha(4) and lid as hotspots. Two mutations, L184P located in the predicted helix alpha(4) and H15P found in the highly conserved oxy-anion hole motif among hydrolases, were identified to account for increased phospholipase activity. Two of the three variants showed reduced activities towards medium- and long-chain fatty acyl methyl esters compared to the wild-type enzyme. Substitution of Leu353 with Ser, which is located adjacent to the active site histidine and is important for phospholipase activity in the Staphylococcus hyicus lipase, increased the absolute phospholipase activities of the variants, but not of BTL2, approximately 2-fold. The engineered best variant displayed a lecithin/tributyrin ratio of 0.52, corresponding to a 17-fold increase compared to the wild-type enzyme. Moreover, this variant exhibited a 1.5-4-fold higher activity towards long-chain fatty acyl methyl ester (C18:1, C18:2, C18 and C20) compared to BTL2. A second round of mutagenesis and screening on lecithin-plates yielded no new variants with further increased phospholipase/lipase activity ratios, but instead one variant with a 5-fold increased expression rate and two variants with a 3-fold reduced activity towards triolein were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kauffmann
- Institute for Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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307
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Guieysse D, Salagnad C, Monsan P, Remaud-Simeon M. Resolution of 2-bromo-o-tolyl-carboxylic acid by transesterification using lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Pseudomonas cepacia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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308
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Gaskin DJ, Romojaro A, Turner NA, Jenkins J, Vulfson EN. Alteration of lipase chain length specificity in the hydrolysis of esters by random mutagenesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73:433-41. [PMID: 11344447 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of altering the chain length specificity of industrially important Rhizomucor miehei lipase was investigated by randomly mutating Phe94 in the protein groove which is responsible for accommodating the acyl chain of the substrate. The recombinant lipase was initially expressed in E. coli. Individual colonies were selected, grown, and the DNA sequence of the lipase gene determined. Fourteen of the 19 possible mutants were identified and each of these was transformed into Pichia pastoris which expresses the enzyme extracellularly. The yeast was grown and the supernatants assessed in several assays with long and short chain substrates. Based on this preliminary screen, one mutant, Phe94Gly, was selected and purified to homogeneity for further analysis. It was found that the substitution of phenylalanine 94 with glycine led to an enzyme which was about six times less active against resorufin ester but displayed 3-4 times higher activity with short chain substrates such as butyric acid esters. The observed alteration to the enzyme specificity was rationalised using the available 3D structure of the lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Gaskin
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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309
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González-Navarro H, Bañó MC, Abad C. The closed/open model for lipase activation. Addressing intermediate active forms of fungal enzymes by trapping of conformers in water-restricted environments. Biochemistry 2001; 40:3174-83. [PMID: 11258933 DOI: 10.1021/bi002202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of prototypic fungal lipases in a water-restricted environment has been investigated by exploiting the reported experimental strategy that allows the trapping (freeze-drying) of the enzyme in the conformation present in aqueous solution and to subsequently assay it in nonaqueous media [Mingarro, I., Abad, C., and Braco, L. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 3308-3312]. We now report, using simple esterification as well as acidolysis (triglycerides as substrates) as nonaqueous model reactions, that the presence of a detergent (n-octyl-beta-glucopyranoside) in the freeze-drying buffer, at concentrations below the critical micellar concentration, generates different catalytically active (kinetically trapped) conformational states of the enzyme. These activated forms exquisitely discriminate between short- and long-chain fatty acids, suggesting that they can be correlated with intermediate conformations of the protein sufficiently open to permit the access of relatively small but not large substrates. Additional data obtained from aqueous solution activity measurements in the presence of detergent revealed that the fungal lipase retains an active conformation induced by high detergent concentration (30 mM) for a long period of time, a 'memory effect', which is stabilized in the absence of a well-defined interface by few detergent molecules. Together these results provide support to a model of lipase action involving several equilibrium states (closed, intermediate, and open), which can be modulated by the composition of the microenvironment, i.e., by the detergent concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H González-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
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310
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Enantioselective properties of Fusarium solani pisi cutinase on transesterification of acyclic diols: activity and stability evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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311
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Lessard LP, Hill CG. Effect of pH on the production of lipolyzed butter oil by a calf pregastric esterase immobilized in a hollow-fiber reactor: II. Multiresponse kinetics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 70:332-41. [PMID: 10992237 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20001105)70:3<332::aid-bit10>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lipolysis of butter oil in a hollow-fiber reactor containing an immobilized calf pregastric esterase was studied at 40 degrees C and at pH values of 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0. The concentrations of ten fatty acid species in the lipolyzed product were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The relative specificity of this esterase depended on pH. Three mathematical models derived from a generalized Michaelis-Menten mechanism were tested for their ability to describe the rates of release of individual specific fatty acids. Loss of enzyme activity was modeled using first order kinetics. The models for deactivation and reaction kinetics were fit simultaneously to the data. The parameters of the model were also tested for dependence on pH. The model was successful in describing the rates of release of all ten fatty acid species for a range of space times and pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Lessard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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312
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313
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Arsan J, Parkin KL. Selectivity of Rhizomucor miehei lipase as affected by choice of cosubstrate system in ester modification reactions in organic media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 69:222-6. [PMID: 10861401 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(20000720)69:2<222::aid-bit11>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) selectivity of immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase was determined for various cosubstrate systems for ester modification involving competing n-acyl-donor substrates of even-chain length (C4-C16; FA or their methyl esters, FAME) and either n-propanol or propyl acetate in hexane. Acyl-chain-length optima were observed for C8 and C14/16 in all cases. Upon changing between cosubstrate systems of [FA + propanol] to [FAME + propanol] to [FAME + propyl acetate], there was a general shift in selectivity toward shorter-chain-length FA (C4-C8). The greatest degree of reaction selectivity (based on ratios of selectivity constants) among the FA substrates was 3.1 for the [FA + propanol], 2.5 for the [FAME + propanol], and 1.4 for the [FAME + propyl acetate] cosubstrate systems. For esterification reactions between C6 FA and reactive members of a series of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, the greatest degree of selectivity observed was 3.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arsan
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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314
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Tafi A, van Almsick A, Corelli F, Crusco M, Laumen KE, Schneider MP, Botta M. Computer simulations of enantioselective ester hydrolyses catalyzed by Pseudomonas cepacia lipase. J Org Chem 2000; 65:3659-65. [PMID: 10864749 DOI: 10.1021/jo9919198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the X-ray crystal structure of the lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PcL)-an enzyme representative for a whole family of Pseudomonas lipases (lipase PS, SAM-2, AK 10, and others with a high degree of homology with PcL)-a computational study was performed to rationalize both the enantioselectivity and substrate specificity (tolerance) displayed by this lipase in the enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic esters 1a-12a from various secondary aromatic alcohols. The major goal of this project was the development of a binding model for PcL which is able to rationalize the experimental findings to predict "a priori the enantioselective behavior of PcL toward a wider range of substrates. A two-step modeling procedure, namely, docking experiments followed by construction of tetrahedral intermediates, was used for the simulation of the involved enzyme-substrate recognition/hydrolysis processes. The study of the recognition process (docking experiments) led to unambiguous identification of the binding geometry for the two enantiomeric series of substrates, but did not suggest a definitive interpretation of the behavior of PcL. Taking into consideration the stereoelectronic requirements of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, both the enantioselectivity and tolerance of the enzyme were then explained through the study of the tetrahedral intermediates, in turn constructed from the calculated docking geometries of 1a-12a.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tafi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universit¿a degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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315
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Soledad de Castro M, Domı́nguez P, Sinisterra JV. Enzymatic Amidation and Alkoxycarbonylation of Amines using Native and Immobilised Lipases with Different Origins: a Comparative Study. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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316
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Otto RT, Scheib H, Bornscheuer UT, Pleiss J, Syldatk C, Schmid RD. Substrate specificity of lipase B from Candida antarctica in the synthesis of arylaliphatic glycolipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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317
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Pristovsek P, Kidric J. Solution structure of polymyxins B and E and effect of binding to lipopolysaccharide: an NMR and molecular modeling study. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4604-13. [PMID: 10579822 DOI: 10.1021/jm991031b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic decapeptides polymyxin B (PmB) and E (PmE) (mo-K'TK'-cyclo-[K'K'XLK'K'T]; mo, methyl octanoate; K', diaminobutyric acid; X, D-Phe (PmB) or D-Leu (PmE)) display antimicrobial and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antagonistic activities. We have investigated the conformational behavior of PmB and PmE in water solution, free and bound to LPS, by homonuclear NMR and molecular modeling methods. The free peptides exist in equilibria of fast exchanging conformations with local preferences for a distorted type II' beta-turn from residues 5-8, and/or a gamma-turn in residue 10. These two motifs are not present in the bound conformation of the peptides. The latter is amphiphilic separating the two hydrophobic residues in the cycle from the positively charged diaminobutyric acid side chains by an envelope-like fold of the cycle. The bound conformation is used for the derivation of a model of the PmB-lipid A complex based on electrostatic interactions and reduction of hydrophobic area. The proposed mode of binding breaks up the supramolecular structure of LPS connected with its toxicity. The model should contribute to the understanding of entropy-driven PmB-lipid A binding at the molecular level and assist the design of inhibitors of endotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pristovsek
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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318
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Conde S, López-Serrano P, Castro A, Martínez A. Regioselective Lipase-Catalysed Amidation of DicarboxylicN-Blocked Amino Acid Diesters – Effect of the Side-Chain Length. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199911)1999:11<2835::aid-ejoc2835>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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319
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Abstract
Lipases, mainly of microbial origin, represent the most widely used class of enzymes in biotechnological applications and organic chemistry. Modern methods of genetic engineering combined with an increasing knowledge of structure and function will allow further adaptation to industrial needs and exploration of novel applications. Production of such tailored lipases requires their functional overexpression in a suitable host. Hence, this article describes the functional heterologous production of commercially important microbial lipases. Based on the knowledge of different lipases' substrate binding sites, the most suitable lipase for a particular application may be selected.
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