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Olsson ME, Andersson CS, Oredsson S, Berglund RH, Gustavsson KE. Antioxidant levels and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by extracts from organically and conventionally cultivated strawberries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:1248-55. [PMID: 16478244 DOI: 10.1021/jf0524776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of extracts from five cultivars of strawberries on the proliferation of colon cancer cells HT29 and breast cancer cells MCF-7 were investigated, and possible correlations with the levels of several antioxidants were analyzed. In addition, the effects of organic cultivation compared to conventional cultivation on the content of antioxidants in the strawberries and strawberry extracts on the cancer cell proliferation were investigated. The ratio of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate was significantly higher in the organically cultivated strawberries. The strawberry extracts decreased the proliferation of both HT29 cells and MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent way. The inhibitory effect for the highest concentration of the extracts was in the range of 41-63% (average 53%) inhibition compared to controls for the HT29 cells and 26-56% (average 43%) for MCF-7 cells. The extracts from organically grown strawberries had a higher antiproliferative activity for both cell types at the highest concentration than the conventionally grown, and this might indicate a higher content of secondary metabolites with anticarcinogenic properties in the organically grown strawberries. For HT29 cells, there was a negative correlation at the highest extract concentration between the content of ascorbate or vitamin C and cancer cell proliferation, whereas for MCF-7 cells, a high ratio of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate correlated with a higher inhibition of cell proliferation at the second highest concentration. The significance of the effect of ascorbate on cancer cell proliferation might lie in a synergistic action with other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Olsson
- Department of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
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302
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Fang Z, Zhang M, Sun Y, Sun J. How to improve bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) juice color quality: effect of juice processing on bayberry anthocyanins and polyphenolics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:99-106. [PMID: 16390184 DOI: 10.1021/jf051943o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fresh bayberries (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) were processed into juice at an industrialized scale with four treatments: control, SO2 addition, pasteurization of the crushed pulp, and blanching before fruit crushing. Changes in anthocyanin pigments and polyphenolics (hydrobenzoic acids and flavonol glycosides) were monitored during processing. Centrifuged juice yield ranged from 73 to 78% (w/w), but only 12-27% of the anthocyanins and 20-32% of the polyphenolics were recovered in the ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) juices. Fifty-two to 58% of anthocyanins and 30-35% of polyphenolics were present in the centrifuged cakes. The initial processing steps of blanching, crushing, pasteurization, and depectinization caused a great loss of total and individual polyphenolics. Total monomeric anthocyanins were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in pasteurization- and blanching-treated samples than those in the SO2 treated samples, whereas those in the SO2-treated sample were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the control juice. Overall polyphenolic levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in pasteurization- and blanching-treated samples than in the SO2-treated and control samples after each processing step. Important changes occurred in the polyphenolic profile with a 50-150% of hydroxybenzoic acids increase due to the free gallic acid from the flavonol glycoside-gallates during the initial processing steps. Flavonol deoxyhexosides were more stable than the flavonol hexosides during bayberry juice processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Ministry of Education, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi 214036, China
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303
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Lam LH, Sakaguchi K, Ukeda H, Sawamura M. Flow Injection Determination of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Its Application to Food Samples. ANAL SCI 2006; 22:105-9. [PMID: 16429783 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme xanthine oxidase (XOD) has been recognized as a key enzyme causing oxidative injury to tissues by ischemia-reperfusion. For this reason, XOD inhibitor, which effectively suppresses this enzyme, plays an important role in the inhibition of many diseases related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to screen XOD inhibitors rapidly and conveniently, a novel assay using flow injection analysis (FIA) was proposed in the present investigation. To optimize the practical FIA system, we studied the effect of the reagent concentrations and the flow condition on the enzymatic reaction, and then selected the optimum condition as follows: 200-mU/ml XOD concentration, 0.5-mM xanthine concentration, 0.5-ml/min flow rate, and 2-m mixing coil length. Under this condition, a typical XOD inhibitor quercetin was determined in the concentration range 0.1 - 1.5 mM at a sampling frequency of 10 samples/h. Using the optimized FIA method, we determined the XOD inhibitory activity of some food samples: onions, apples and teas, which are the high sources of flavonoids known as the potential XOD inhibitors. Among these samples, tea leaves showed the highest activity, the second was onions and the lowest was apples. Based on the result of the assay, not only quercetin, but also other components in investigated samples, contributed to the XOD inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Hoang Lam
- Department of Bioresources Science, Faculty ofAgriculture, Kochi University, Monobe B-200, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan
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304
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Harkensee D, Beutel S, Ulber R, Young M. Entwicklung eines bioanalytischen Systems zur Messung von Polyphenolen in Weintrauben. CHEM-ING-TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200500073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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305
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Rudell DR, Mattheis JP, Fellman JK. Relationship of superficial scald development and alpha-farnesene oxidation to reactions of diphenylamine and diphenylamine derivatives in Cv. Granny Smith apple peel. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:8382-9. [PMID: 16218691 DOI: 10.1021/jf0512407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cv. Granny Smith apple fruit, treated at harvest with aqueous emulsions containing diphenylamine (DPA) and DPA derivatives, were evaluated for the peel disorder superficial scald (scald) after 6 months of cold storage at 1 degrees C plus 0 or 7 days at 20 degrees C. Metabolism of these derivatives and alpha-farnesene oxidation were also evaluated after 6 months. Derivatives substituted at the para position prevented scald, but scald developed on fruit treated with derivatives substituted in the amino, ortho, or meta positions. The extent of scald control was also dependent on the chemical nature of the functional group used to derivatize DPA. Hydroxylation of DPA and DPA derivatives during storage was not associated with scald control. Methoxylated DPA derivatives produced during storage resulted from O-methylation of C-hydroxylated derivatives rather than C-methoxylation of DPA. N-Nitrosodiphenylamine provided partial scald control, possibly resulting from its degradation to DPA, indicating that the amino hydrogen of DPA may be crucial for scald control. Results suggest that functional group position and chemical properties both contribute to the efficacy of DPA derivatives for scald control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Rudell
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1104 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, Washington 98801, USA
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306
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Bolarinwa A, Linseisen J. Validated application of a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of selected flavonoids and phenolic acids in human plasma using electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 823:143-51. [PMID: 16019270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a sensitive method for determination of 23 flavonoids and phenolic acids, which represent phenolic acids and five subclasses of flavonoids. Plasma samples were extracted with selective solid-phase-extraction columns and separated by RP-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For detection an electrochemical detector was used. Identification and test of purity were carried out via retention times and spectra analyses. Limits of detection varied from 1.45 to 22.27 nmol/l. Recovery varied from 81% to 106%. Reproducibility for all analytes was below 10% (coefficient of variation, CV (%)) and ranged between 3.1% and 9.8%. This method can be applied to samples from interventional studies as well as observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Bolarinwa
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention, Centre of Life Science, Technical University Munich, Alte Akademie 16, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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307
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Colaric M, Veberic R, Solar A, Hudina M, Stampar F. Phenolic acids, syringaldehyde, and juglone in fruits of different cultivars of Juglans regia L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:6390-6. [PMID: 16076123 DOI: 10.1021/jf050721n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, ellagic, and syringic acid) as well as syringaldehyde and juglone were identified in ripe fruits of 10 walnut cultivars: Adams, Cisco, Chandler, Franquette, Lara, Fernor, Fernette, Alsoszentivani 117 (A-117), Rasna, and Elit. Analyses were done using a high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a diode array detector. Significant differences in the contents of identified phenolics were observed among cultivars. Phenolics were determined separately in the kernel and in the thin skin of the walnut, termed the pellicle. Not only in the kernel but also in the pellicle did syringic acid, juglone, and ellagic acid predominate (average values of 33.83, 11.75, and 5.90 mg/100 g of kernel; and 1003.24, 317.90, and 128.98 mg/100 g of pellicle, respectively), and the contents of ferulic and sinapic acid (average values of 0.06 and 0.05 mg/100 g of kernel and 2.93 and 2.17 mg/100 g of pellicle, respectively) were the lowest in all cultivars. The highest differences in the sum of all identified phenolics were observed between Rasna and Fernette fruits; in Rasna there were >2-fold higher contents of identified phenolics in both kernel and pellicle. It was found that the walnut pellicle is the most important source of walnut phenolics. The ratio between the contents in pellicle and kernel varied by at least 14.8-fold for caffeic acid (cv. Adams) and by up to 752.0-fold for p-coumaric acid (cv. Elit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Colaric
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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308
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Aguilar-Sánchez R, Ahuatl-García F, Dávila-Jiménez MM, Elizalde-González MP, Guevara-Villa MRG. Chromatographic and electrochemical determination of quercetin and kaempferol in phytopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:239-49. [PMID: 15925214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An NP-HPLC method both with diode-array (DAD) and electrochemical detection (ED) was developed and validated for the determination of quercetin and kaempferol, the principal active constituents in phytopharmaceuticals of Ginkgo Biloba. Calculated retention of the two flavonoids was contrasted with experimental values in five different reversed phase columns for methanol-water, acetonitrile-water, THF-water and dioxane-hexane binary mixtures as mobile phases. The capacity factor k, selectivity alpha and asymmetry factor F were evaluated and compared in DAD-RP-HPLC, DAD-NP-HPLC, ED-RP-HPLC and ED-NP-HPLC. The methods were used for the quantitative analysis of acid hydrolyzed extracts of tablet phytopharmaceuticals. Calibration curves were linear within the range 10 and 40 microg ml(-1) for the DAD and 10-270 microg ml(-1) for the ED, whereby limits of detection ranged from 0.5 microg ml(-1) (quercetin) to 0.1 microg ml(-1) (kaempferol). The electrochemical method based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with a C-PVC electrode resolved the quercetin and kaempferol peaks and exhibited a two orders higher sensitivity in comparison with a carbon fiber electrode. DPV calibration curves were linear within the range 96-300 microg ml(-1) for quercetin and 68-960 microg ml(-1) for kaempferol. The respective oxidation peaks appeared at 462 and 518+/-2 mV and were used in the direct determination of quercetin in extracts of commercial phytopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aguilar-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-55, Puebla, Pue. 72571, Mexico
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309
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Cui T, Nakamura K, Ma L, Li JZ, Kayahara H. Analyses of arbutin and chlorogenic acid, the major phenolic constituents in Oriental pear. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:3882-7. [PMID: 15884812 DOI: 10.1021/jf047878k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The HPLC retention time, photodiode array UV spectrum analysis, and LC/MS results indicated that arbutin and chlorogenic acid are the main phenolic constituents in Oriental pear. The two compounds exist in different organs of the Yali pear, which is one of the major cultivars of Pyrus bretschnrideri. The contents of arbutin in the leaf bud, floral bud, flower, and young fruit were 11.9, 12.4, 8.29, and 9.92 mg/g fresh weight (FW), respectively. Chlorogenic acid amounts in the same organs were 2.26, 3.22, 5.32, and 3.72 mg/g FW, respectively. During development, the concentration of the two compounds in Yali pears was the greatest in young fruit (9.92 mg/g FW of arbutin and 3.72 mg/g FW of chlorogenic acid), and then declined swiftly with fruit growth to less than 0.400 and 0.226 mg/g FW, respectively, in mature fruit. Large differences existed in the distribution of the two compounds in parts of the mature fruit of 14 Oriental pear cultivars. The greatest concentration of arbutin was found in the peel (1.20 mg/g FW), which was 3-5 times greater than that found in the core and 10-45 times greater than the level in the pulp. The concentration of chlorogenic acid in the core was greater than that in the peel. The compounds in 17 cultivars of Oriental pear, including P. bretschnrideri, Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus ussuriensis, and Pyrus sinkiangensis, were compared with those in 5 cultivars of Occidental pear (Pyrus communis). The mean concentration of arbutin in the Oriental pear cultivars was 0.164 mg/g FW, greater than the 0.083 mg/g FW found in the Occidental pear cultivars. The greatest arbutin content was 0.400 mg/g FW, found in the Yali pear. However, the mean concentration of chlorogenic acid in the Oriental pear was 0.163 mg/g FW, less than that found in the Occidental pear (0.309 mg/g FW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology of the Agricultural University of Hebei, Heber 071001, China
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310
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Molnár-Perl I, Füzfai Z. Chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic and capillary electrochromatographic techniques in the analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1073:201-27. [PMID: 15909523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of chromatographic methods currently in use to determine flavonoids, including free aglycones, their corresponding glycosides, one by one, and, in the presence of each other. As a basis of selection, the following approaches can be distinguished: critical evaluation of the preliminary steps (extraction/isolation and hydrolysis) as well as the separation, identification and quantitation of constituents both on the basic research level and/or subsequently to various work up procedures. Chromatographic techniques were discussed after extraction/isolation of various flavonoids from several natural matrices. Papers were classified and compared from analytical point of view, primarily on the chromatographic, secondly on the detection techniques applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Molnár-Perl
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest 112, H-1518, PO Box 32, Hungary.
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311
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312
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Barth SW, Fähndrich C, Bub A, Dietrich H, Watzl B, Will F, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G. Cloudy apple juice decreases DNA damage, hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci development in the distal colon of DMH-initiated rats. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1414-21. [PMID: 15802299 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear (CleA) and cloudy (CloA) apple juices containing different amounts of analyzed procyanidins and pectin were investigated for preventive effects of colon cancer and underlying molecular mechanisms in F344 rats given intraperitoneal injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH; 20 mg/kg body wt) once a week for 4 weeks. Rats received either water (Cont), CleA or CloA (ad libitum) for 7 weeks starting 1 week before the first DMH injection. CloA inhibited DMH induced genotoxic damage in mucosa cells of the distal colon compared with Cont as investigated by single-cell microgel electrophoresis assay. The mean tail intensity in mucosa cells of DMH-treated controls (Cont/DMH: 6.1+/-0.9%) was significantly reduced by CloA (2.4+/-0.8%; P<0.01) but not by CleA intervention (4.1+/-1.2%; P>0.05). The crypt cell proliferation index induced by DMH (Cont/NaCl: 10.0+/-0.7%; Cont/DMH: 19.9+/-1.0%; P<0.001) was significantly decreased by CleA (15.7+/-0.7%; P<0.001) and CloA intervention (11.9+/-0.4%; P<0.001). CloA but not CleA significantly reduced the number of large aberrant crypt foci (ACF) consisting of more than four aberrant crypts (AC) (Cont/DMH: 37.4+/-5.4; CleA/DMH: 32.8+/-4.4, P>0.05; CloA/DMH: 18.8+/-2.5 ACF; P<0.05) and the overall mean ACF size in the distal colon (Cont/DMH: 2.31+/-0.09; CleA/DMH: 2.27+/-0.05; CloA/DMH: 2.04+/-0.03 AC/ACF; P<0.05). After treatment with DMH and/or apple juices there were no changes in transcript levels of colonic cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX-1, COX-2) or glutathione-associated enzymes (GST-M2, gamma-GCS, GST-P), the splenocyte natural killer cell activity and plasma antioxidant status. However, CloA but not CleA prevented the DMH-induced reduction of splenocyte CD4/CD8 (T-helper cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes) ratio. Since both formulations contained comparable concentrations and types of monomeric polyphenols, complex polyphenols or non-polyphenolic compounds, such as pectin might be responsible for the stronger cancer-preventive effect by CloA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Barth
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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313
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Eisele TA, Drake SR. The partial compositional characteristics of apple juice from 175 apple varieties. J Food Compost Anal 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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314
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Suntornsuk L, Anurukvorakun O. Precision improvement for the analysis of flavonoids in selected Thai plants by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:648-60. [PMID: 15690438 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the analyses of kaempferol in Centella asiatica and Rosa hybrids and rutin in Chromolaena odorata was developed. The optimization was performed on analyses of flavonoids (e.g., rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, and apigenin) and organic carboxylic acids (e.g., ethacrynic acid and xanthene-9-carboxylic acid) by investigation of the effects of types and amounts of organic modifiers, background electrolyte concentrations, temperature, and voltage. Baseline separation (R(s) = 2.83) of the compounds was achieved within 10 min in 20 mM NaH2PO4 - Na2HPO4 (pH 8.0) containing 10% v/v ACN and 6% v/v MeOH using a voltage of 25 kV, a temperature of 30 degrees C, and a detection wavelength set at 220 nm. The application of the corrected migration time (t(c)), using ethacrynic acid as the single marker, was efficient to improve the precision of flavonoid identification (% relative standard deviation (RSD) = 0.65%). The method linearity was excellent (r2 > 0.999) over 50-150 microg/mL. Precision (%RSD < 1.66%) and recoveries were good (> 96% and %RSDs < 1.70%) with detection and quantitation limits of 2.23 and 7.14 microg/mL, respectively. Kaempferol in C. asiatica and R. hybrids was 0.014 g/100 g (%RSD = 0.59%) and 0.044 g/100 g (%RSD = 1.04%), respectively, and rutin in C. odorata was 0.088 g/100 g (%RSD = 0.06%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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315
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Suárez B, Palacios N, Fraga N, Rodríguez R. Liquid chromatographic method for quantifying polyphenols in ciders by direct injection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1066:105-10. [PMID: 15794560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the quantitative determination of the principal phenolic compounds (benzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, 3-phenylpropionic acids, flavanols, procyanidins, dihydrochalcones, quercetin glycosides) in ciders, which successfully employs a RP-HPLC and photodiode-array detection system without prior treatment of the sample, is described. Parameters usually examined in the method validation were evaluated. Good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999 and the detection limits ranged from 0.07 mg/L (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) to 2 mg/L (hydrocaffeic acid). Recoveries ranging between 90 and 104% and the reproducibility of the method was always < 8% (RSD). The method was applied to a set of commercial samples and the results obtained may be helpful to establish a phenolic profile in Asturian cider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Suárez
- Area de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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316
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Mihalev K, Schieber A, Mollov P, Carle R. Effect of mash maceration on the polyphenolic content and visual quality attributes of cloudy apple juice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7306-7310. [PMID: 15563212 DOI: 10.1021/jf049480u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of enzymatic mash treatments on yield, turbidity, color, and polyphenolic content of cloudy apple juice were studied. Using HPLC-ESI-MS, cryptochlorogenic acid was identified in cv. Brettacher cloudy apple juice for the first time. Commercial pectolytic enzyme preparations with different levels of secondary protease activity were tested under both oxidative and nonoxidative conditions. Without the addition of ascorbic acid, oxidation substantially decreased chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2 contents due to enzymatic browning. The content of chlorogenic acid as the major polyphenolic compound was also influenced by the composition of pectolytic enzyme preparations because the presence of secondary protease activity resulted in a rise of chlorogenic acid. The latter effect was probably due to the inhibited protein-polyphenol interactions, which prevented binding of polyphenolic compounds to the matrix, thus increasing their antioxidative potential. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the advantage of the nonoxidative mash maceration for the production of cloud-stable apple juice with a high polyphenolic content, particularly in a premature processing campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiril Mihalev
- Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Hohenheim University, August-von-Hartmann-Strasse 3, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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317
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Olsson ME, Gustavsson KE, Andersson S, Nilsson A, Duan RD. Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7264-7271. [PMID: 15563205 DOI: 10.1021/jf030479p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 10 different extracts of fruits and berries on cell proliferation of colon cancer cells HT29 and breast cancer cells MCF-7 were investigated. The fruits and berries used were rosehips, blueberries, black currant, black chokeberries, apple, sea buckthorn, plum, lingonberries, cherries, and raspberries. The extracts decreased the proliferation of both colon cancer cells HT29 and breast cancer cells MCF-7, and the effect was concentration dependent. The inhibition effect for the highest concentration of the extracts varied 2-3-fold among the species, and it was in the ranges of 46-74% (average = 62%) for the HT29 cells and 24-68% (average = 52%) for the MCF-7 cells. There were great differences in the content of the analyzed antioxidants in the extracts. The level of the vitamin C content varied almost 100-fold, and the content of total carotenoids varied almost 150-fold among the species. Also in the composition and content of flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, and phenolics were found great differences among the 10 species. The inhibition of cancer cell proliferation seen in these experiments correlated with levels of some carotenoids and with vitamin C levels, present at levels that can be found in human tissues. The same inhibition of cell proliferation could not be found by ascorbate standard alone. This correlation might indicate a synergistic effect of vitamin C and other substances. In MCF-7 cells, the anthocyanins may contribute to the inhibition of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Olsson
- Department of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
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318
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319
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Alonso-Salces RM, Ndjoko K, Queiroz EF, Ioset JR, Hostettmann K, Berrueta LA, Gallo B, Vicente F. On-line characterisation of apple polyphenols by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr A 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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320
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Kammerer D, Claus A, Carle R, Schieber A. Polyphenol screening of pomace from red and white grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:4360-4367. [PMID: 15237937 DOI: 10.1021/jf049613b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds of 14 pomace samples originating from red and white winemaking were characterized by HPLC-MS. Up to 13 anthocyanins, 11 hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, and 13 catechins and flavonols as well as 2 stilbenes were identified and quantified in the skins and seeds by HPLC-DAD. Large variabilities comprising all individual phenolic compounds were observed, depending on cultivar and vintage. Grape skins proved to be rich sources of anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and flavonol glycosides, whereas flavanols were mainly present in the seeds. However, besides the lack of anthocyanins in white grape pomace, no principal differences between red and white grape varieties were observed. This is the first study presenting comprehensive data on the contents of individual phenolic compounds comprising all polyphenolic subclasses of grapes including a comparison of several red and white pomaces from nine cultivars. The results obtained in the present study confirm that both skins and seeds of most grape cultivars constitute a promising source of polyphenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kammerer
- Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Hohenheim University, August-von-Hartmann-Strasse 3, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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321
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Schütz K, Kammerer D, Carle R, Schieber A. Identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice, and pomace by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:4090-6. [PMID: 15212452 DOI: 10.1021/jf049625x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A method for the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice, and pomace by HPLC with diode array and mass spectrometric detection was developed. Among the 22 major compounds, 11 caffeoylquinic acids and 8 flavonoids were detected. Quantification of individual compounds was carried out by external calibration. Apigenin 7-O-glucuronide was found to be the major flavonoid in all samples investigated. 1,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid represented the major hydroxycinnamic acid, with 3890 mg/kg in artichoke heads and 3269 mg/kg in the pomace, whereas in the juice 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) was predominant, due to the isomerization during processing. Total phenolic contents of approximately 12 g/kg on a dry matter basis revealed that artichoke pomace is a promising source of phenolic compounds that might be recovered and used as natural antioxidants or functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schütz
- Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Hohenheim University, August-von-Hartmann-Strasse 3, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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322
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Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla) extracts. Food Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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323
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Chinnici F, Gaiani A, Natali N, Riponi C, Galassi S. Improved HPLC determination of phenolic compounds in cv. golden delicious apples using a monolithic column. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:3-7. [PMID: 14709005 DOI: 10.1021/jf030459n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A rapid HPLC-DAD determination of phenols in apple using an RP monolithic column is reported. Because of the hydrodynamic advantages offered by this kind of column and the use of acidified acetonitrile as eluent, assays of apple extracts can be performed in <21 min. Assays of pulp and peel extracts were carried out without the need for time-consuming sample pretreatment except filtration. Several flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acids, dihydrochalcones, and six quercetin glycosides were identified and quantified. A seventh quercetin derivative, two chalcone-related compounds, and three hydroxycinnamic derivatives were also found. Peels proved to be richer in phenols than pulps, the former being composed mainly of (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, hyperin, and avicularin. In pulps, where the chlorogenic acid was the principal phenolic compound, quercetin glycosides were found in very low amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Chinnici
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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324
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Määttä KR, Kamal-Eldin A, Törrönen AR. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolic compounds in berries with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection: ribes species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6736-44. [PMID: 14582969 DOI: 10.1021/jf0347517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection was used to study phenolic compounds in berries of black, green, red, and white currants (Ribes spp.). UV-visible spectrometry was a valuable tool for the identification of the class of the phenolic compound, whereas MS and MS-MS fragmentation data were useful for further structural characterization. Distinct similarities were found in the relative distribution of conjugated forms of phenolic compounds among the four currants. Phenolic acids were found mainly as hexose esters. Flavonol glycosides and anthocyanin pigments were mainly found as 3-O-rutinosides and second as 3-O-glucosides. However, cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside and quercetin hexoside-malonate were notable phenolic compounds in red currant. Flavonol hexoside-malonates were identified and quantified in the berries of currants for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisu R Määttä
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology and Food and Health Research Centre, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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325
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Tsao R, Yang R. Optimization of a new mobile phase to know the complex and real polyphenolic composition: towards a total phenolic index using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1018:29-40. [PMID: 14582624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method is reported for the separation and quantification of five major polyphenolic groups found in fruits and related products: single ring phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives), flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, and dihydrochalcones. A binary mobile phase consisting of 6% acetic acid in 2 mM sodium acetate aqueous solution (v/v, final pH 2.55) (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) was used. The use of sodium acetate was new and key to the near baseline separation of 25 phenolics commonly found in fruits. A photodiode array detector was used and data were collected at four wavelengths (280, 320, 360, and 520 nm). This method was sensitive and gave good separation of polyphenolics in apple, cherry, strawberry, blackberry, grape, apple juice, and a processing by-product. The improved separation has led to better understanding of the polyphenolic profiles of these fruits. Individual as well as total phenolic content was obtained, and the latter was close to and correlated well with that obtained by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (FC). The HPLC data can be used as a total phenolic index (TPI) for quantification of fruit phenolics, which is advantageous over the FC because it has more information on individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tsao
- Food Research Program, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ont., N1G 5C9 Canada.
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326
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Tsao R, Yang R, Young JC, Zhu H. Polyphenolic profiles in eight apple cultivars using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6347-53. [PMID: 14518966 DOI: 10.1021/jf0346298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds of apple may play an important role in physiologic functions related to human health. Different polyphenolics may have varied biological activities including antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to investigate the profiles of polyphenolic compounds in different apple varieties and different parts of an apple. The total and individual polyphenolics differed significantly among the eight apple cultivars grown in Ontario, and the peels had higher concentrations than the flesh. Among the tested cultivars, Red Delicious and Northern Spy had the highest concentrations and Empire the lowest. Five major polyphenolic groups with a total of 16 identified individual compounds were found, among which the dihydroxycinnamic acid esters, phloretin glycosides, and flavan-3-ols were found in both flesh and peel, whereas quercetin glycosides were almost exclusively found in the peel. Cyanidin 3-galactoside was unique to and found only in red apple peels. In both apple peel and flesh, the predominant group of polyphenolics was the procyanidins, followed by quercetin glycosides in the peel and hydroxycinnamic acid esters in the flesh. 3-Hydroxyphloretin 2'-xyloglucoside was newly identified in apple. The results obtained in this study will further the understanding of the polyphenolic composition of apples and their roles in health-promoting physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tsao
- Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
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327
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Schieber A, Berardini N, Carle R. Identification of flavonol and xanthone glycosides from mango (Mangifera indica L. Cv. "Tommy Atkins") peels by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:5006-5011. [PMID: 12903961 DOI: 10.1021/jf030218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flavonol O- and xanthone C-glycosides were extracted from mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. "Tommy Atkins") peels and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Among the fourteen compounds analyzed, seven quercetin O-glycosides, one kaempferol O-glycoside, and four xanthone C-glycosides were found. On the basis of their fragmentation pattern, the latter were identified as mangiferin and isomangiferin and their respective galloyl derivatives. A flavonol hexoside with m/z 477 was tentatively identified as a rhamnetin glycoside, which to the best of our knowledge, has not yet been reported in mango peels. The results obtained in the present study confirm that peels originating from mango fruit processing are a promising source of phenolic compounds that might be recovered and used as natural antioxidants or functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schieber
- Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Hohenheim University, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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328
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Sánchez-Rabaneda F, Jáuregui O, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Bastida J, Viladomat F, Codina C. Identification of phenolic compounds in artichoke waste by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1008:57-72. [PMID: 12943250 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new fast and efficient method combining liquid chromatography coupled to ionspray mass spectrometry in tandem mode with negative ion detection is described for the qualitative analysis of artichoke waste. Forty-five phenolic compounds were identified on the basis of their mass spectra in full scan mode, mass spectra in different MS-MS modes, and retention times compared with those of available reference substances. The major compounds were found to be both caffeoylquinic and dicaffeoylquinic acids, luteolin glucuronide, luteolin galactoside, quercetin, and some quercetin glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Sánchez-Rabaneda
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Biologia Vegetal i Edafologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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329
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Abstract
Analytical strategies dealing with bioactive phenols in plants and foods are reviewed. These depend on the purpose of the analysis which may be classified as studies where the principal purpose is biological screening, phytochemical and/or chemical screening. Nevertheless, extraction of the phenol from the sample matrix is common and methods of achieving a suitable extract are assessed. Advances in the separation sciences and spectrometry are exploited for identification and quantification of isolated phenols. The various procedures are summarized and some typical "case studies" are presented. Two important areas are introduced briefly. Thus, plant phenols are reactive species and their ultimate fate has been relatively neglected. Studies of bioactive compounds generate a considerable volume of data making data handling and informatics important topics that warrant a separate review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Robards
- School of Science and Technology, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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330
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Gliszczynska-Swiglo A, Tyrakowska B. Quality of Commercial Apple Juices Evaluated on the Basis of the Polyphenol Content and the TEAC Antioxidant Activity. J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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331
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Hilt P, Schieber A, Yildirim C, Arnold G, Klaiber I, Conrad J, Beifuss U, Carle R. Detection of phloridzin in strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:2896-2899. [PMID: 12720368 DOI: 10.1021/jf021115k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic profile of strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa Duch., Rosaceae) was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. A peak displaying retention time and UV spectral data identical to those of phloridzin (phloretin 2'-O-beta-d-glucoside), a dihydrochalcone glucoside so far considered characteristic of apples, was monitored. For further characterization, crude extracts of strawberries were purified on polyamide, and the target compound was isolated by preparative and analytical HPLC. Structure elucidation was performed on the basis of APCI- and ESI-MS in the negative ion mode as well as by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy using authentic phloridzin for comparison. The d-configuration of the sugar moiety was established by HPLC analysis of the corresponding acyclic 1-deoxy-1-(N-acetyl-alpha-methylbenzylamino)alditol acetate. Apart from its chemotaxonomic relevance, this first report on the occurrence of phloridzin in strawberries is of particular interest for the authenticity control of strawberry products such as juices, jams, and fruit preparations since phloridzin has so far been used for the detection of fraudulent admixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hilt
- Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Institute of Food Technology, Hohenheim University, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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332
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Robbins RJ. Phenolic acids in foods: an overview of analytical methodology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:2866-87. [PMID: 12720366 DOI: 10.1021/jf026182t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are aromatic secondary plant metabolites, widely spread throughout the plant kingdom. Existing analytical methods for phenolic acids originated from interest in their biological roles as secondary metabolites and from their roles in food quality and their organoleptic properties. Recent interest in phenolic acids stems from their potential protective role, through ingestion of fruits and vegetables, against oxidative damage diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancers). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as gas chromatography (GC) are the two separation techniques reviewed. Extraction from plant matrixes and cleavage reactions through hydrolysis (acidic, basic, and enzymatic) are discussed as are the derivatization reagents used in sample preparation for GC. Detection systems discussed include UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemical, and fluorometric detection. The most common tandem techniques are HPLC/UV and GC/MS, yet LC/MS is becoming more common. The masses and MS fragmentation patterns of phenolic acids are discussed and tabulated as are the UV absorption maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Robbins
- Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Building 161, BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705-3000, USA.
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333
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Schieber A, Hilt P, Streker P, Endreß HU, Rentschler C, Carle R. A new process for the combined recovery of pectin and phenolic compounds from apple pomace. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(02)00087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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334
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Sakakibara H, Honda Y, Nakagawa S, Ashida H, Kanazawa K. Simultaneous determination of all polyphenols in vegetables, fruits, and teas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:571-81. [PMID: 12537425 DOI: 10.1021/jf020926l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols, which have beneficial effects on health and occur ubiquitously in plant foods, are extremely diverse. We developed a method for simultaneously determining all the polyphenols in foodstuffs, using HPLC and a photodiode array to construct a library comprising retention times, spectra of aglycons, and respective calibration curves for 100 standard chemicals. The food was homogenized in liquid nitrogen, lyophilized, extracted with 90% methanol, and subjected to HPLC without hydrolysis. The recovery was 68-92%, and the variation in reproducibility ranged between 1 and 9%. The HPLC eluted polyphenols with good resolution within 95 min in the following order: simple polyphenols, catechins, anthocyanins, glycosides of flavones, flavonols, isoflavones and flavanones, their aglycons, anthraquinones, chalcones, and theaflavins. All the polyphenols in 63 vegetables, fruits, and teas were then examined in terms of content and class. The present method offers accuracy by avoiding the decomposition of polyphenols during hydrolysis, the ability to determine aglycons separately from glycosides, and information on simple polyphenol levels simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sakakibara
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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335
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Sanli N, Fonrodona G, Barrón D, Ozkan G, Barbosa J. Prediction of chromatographic retention, pKa values and optimization of the separation of polyphenolic acids in strawberries. J Chromatogr A 2002; 975:299-309. [PMID: 12456084 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenolic acids are a complex group of compounds that have attracted enormous attention in the last few years because of their biological properties. In this work, the proportion of organic modifier and the pH of acetonitrile-water mixtures used as mobile phases were optimized in order to separate a series of polyphenolic compounds. The linear solvation energy relationship formalism based on the single solvent polarity parameter, E(T)N was used to predict their chromatographic behavior as a function of the percentage of acetonitrile in the eluent. Moreover, the correlation established between retention and the pH of the aqueous-organic mobile phase was used to optimize the pH of the mobile phase. The optimized mobile phase is composed of acetonitrile and formic acid buffer adjusted to pH 4.25, with 12% (v/v) acetonitrile. Also, the pKa values of polyphenolic acids in acetonitrile-water mixtures were determined using chromatographic data, and in order to validate the optimized conditions, a series of polyphenolic compounds was studied in strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sanli
- Science and Literature Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Süleyman Demirel University, 32010 Isparta, Turkey
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336
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Tura D, Robards K. Sample handling strategies for the determination of biophenols in food and plants. J Chromatogr A 2002; 975:71-93. [PMID: 12458749 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of phenols in samples of plant and food origin attracts considerable attention. However, sample handling is often an ignored feature of the analysis. This review highlights the importance of sample extraction in an analysis and the problems that can arise during this step. Many questions remain unanswered and there is a need to more carefully validate extraction efficiencies. Although many new procedures have been developed the use of traditional techniques still dominates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Tura
- School of Science and Technology, Charles Stuart University, P.O. Box 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
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337
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Ferreira D, Guyot S, Marnet N, Delgadillo I, Renard CMGC, Coimbra MA. Composition of phenolic compounds in a Portuguese pear (Pyrus communis L. var. S. Bartolomeu) and changes after sun-drying. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:4537-44. [PMID: 12137473 DOI: 10.1021/jf020251m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The composition of phenolic compounds of a Portuguese pear cultivar (Pyrus communis L. var. S. Bartolomeu) was determined by HPLC after thioacidolysis. The average concentration of phenolic compounds in pear harvested at commercial maturity stage was 3.7 g per kg of fresh pulp. Procyanidins were the predominant phenolics (96%), with a mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of 13-44; hydroxycinnamic acids (2%), arbutin (0.8%), and catechins (0.7%) were also present. The most abundant monomer in the procyanidin structures was (-)-epicatechin (99%), which was found as extension and terminal units; (+)-catechin (1%) was found only as a terminal unit. Sun-drying of these pears caused a decrease of 64% (on a dry pulp basis) in the total amount of native phenolic compounds. Hydroxycinnamic acids and procyanidins showed the largest decrease; the B2 procyanidin was not found at all in the sun-dried pear. Less affected were arbutin and catechins. In the sun-dried pear, the procyanidins with high mDP became unextractable in the solvents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcineia Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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338
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Schieber A, Hilt P, Conrad J, Beifuss U, Carle R. Elution order of quercetin glycosides from apple pomace extracts on a new HPLC stationary phase with hydrophilic endcapping. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020401)25:5/6<361::aid-jssc361>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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339
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Schieber A, Keller P, Streker P, Klaiber I, Carle R. Detection of isorhamnetin glycosides in extracts of apples (Malus domestica cv. "Brettacher") by HPLC-PDA and HPLC-APCI-MS/MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:87-94. [PMID: 12018028 DOI: 10.1002/pca.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of apple fruits (Malus domestica cv. "Brettacher") were analysed by HPLC with photodiode array detection. An unknown peak was monitored displaying the same retention time as isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside. Preliminary identification of the isorhamnetin aglycone was performed by comparison of UV spectral data of the unknown compound with a reference substance. Using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode, the presence of an isorhamnetin glycoside was supported by loss of 162 amu from the pseudomolecular ion (m/z 477). MS2 product ion analysis of the parent ion m/z 477 provided a fragmentation pattern identical to the reference. Collision-induced dissociation of the aglycone (m/z 315) in the MS3 product ion analysis allowed the differentiation of rhamnetin and isorhamnetin, and unambiguous assignment by comparison with standard compounds. A second isorhamnetin glycoside eluting prior to the glucoside was tentatively identified as isorhamnetin 3-O-galactoside. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isorhamnetin glycosides in apple fruit extracts. Results are discussed with respect to chemotaxonomic relevance within the genera Malus and Pyrus, and especially in consideration of the control of the authenticity of apple products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schieber
- Hohenheim University, Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Techology, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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340
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Hvattum E. Determination of phenolic compounds in rose hip (Rosa canina) using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry and diode-array detection. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:655-662. [PMID: 11921243 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with negative and positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and diode-array detection (DAD) was used for determination of phenols in rose hip (Rosa canina) extract. ESI mass spectra of the chromatographically separated phenols gave the molecular weight of the compounds through prominent [M - H](-) ions for most of the compounds and M(+) ions for the anthocyanins. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of the [M - H](-) (or M(+)) precursor ions yielded product ions which determined the molecular weight of the aglycones. In-source fragmentation followed by CID of the resulting deprotonated aglycone ([A - H](-)) provided product ions for the identification of the unconjugated phenols. The identification was based on comparison with product ion spectra of commercial standards. UV-diode-array spectra were used for identity confirmation. This combined approach allowed the identification in rose hip extract of an anthocyanin, i.e. cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, several glycosides of quercetin and glycosides of taxifolin and eriodictyol. Phloridzin was identified, and several conjugates of methyl gallate were also found, one of which was tentatively identified as methyl gallate-rutinoside. Catechin and quercetin were found as the aglycones in the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Hvattum
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Norway, As, Norway.
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341
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By-products of plant food processing as a source of functional compounds — recent developments. Trends Food Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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342
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2001; 12:286-291. [PMID: 11708301 DOI: 10.1002/pca.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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