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Puniya BL, Allen L, Hochfelder C, Majumder M, Helikar T. Systems Perturbation Analysis of a Large-Scale Signal Transduction Model Reveals Potentially Influential Candidates for Cancer Therapeutics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:10. [PMID: 26904540 PMCID: PMC4750464 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation in signal transduction pathways can lead to a variety of complex disorders, including cancer. Computational approaches such as network analysis are important tools to understand system dynamics as well as to identify critical components that could be further explored as therapeutic targets. Here, we performed perturbation analysis of a large-scale signal transduction model in extracellular environments that stimulate cell death, growth, motility, and quiescence. Each of the model’s components was perturbed under both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations. Using 1,300 simulations under both types of perturbations across various extracellular conditions, we identified the most and least influential components based on the magnitude of their influence on the rest of the system. Based on the premise that the most influential components might serve as better drug targets, we characterized them for biological functions, housekeeping genes, essential genes, and druggable proteins. The most influential components under all environmental conditions were enriched with several biological processes. The inositol pathway was found as most influential under inactivating perturbations, whereas the kinase and small lung cancer pathways were identified as the most influential under activating perturbations. The most influential components were enriched with essential genes and druggable proteins. Moreover, known cancer drug targets were also classified in influential components based on the affected components in the network. Additionally, the systemic perturbation analysis of the model revealed a network motif of most influential components which affect each other. Furthermore, our analysis predicted novel combinations of cancer drug targets with various effects on other most influential components. We found that the combinatorial perturbation consisting of PI3K inactivation and overactivation of IP3R1 can lead to increased activity levels of apoptosis-related components and tumor-suppressor genes, suggesting that this combinatorial perturbation may lead to a better target for decreasing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Finally, our approach shows a potential to identify and prioritize therapeutic targets through systemic perturbation analysis of large-scale computational models of signal transduction. Although some components of the presented computational results have been validated against independent gene expression data sets, more laboratory experiments are warranted to more comprehensively validate the presented results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanwar Lal Puniya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE , USA
| | - Laura Allen
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha, NE , USA
| | | | - Mahbubul Majumder
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE , USA
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302
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Cassius C, Pages C, Roux J, Lhote R, Lavocat R, Réa D, Bagot M, Mourah S, Battistella M, Lebbé C, Dumaz N. Association of Vemurafenib and Pipobroman Enhances BRAF-CRAF Dimerization in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1302-1305. [PMID: 26854489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Cassius
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.
| | - Cécile Pages
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Roux
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Raphael Lhote
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Romain Lavocat
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Delphine Réa
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Martine Bagot
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Samia Mourah
- INSERM U976 and Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Battistella
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Céleste Lebbé
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; INSERM U976 and Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dumaz
- INSERM U976 and Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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303
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Lito P, Solomon M, Li LS, Hansen R, Rosen N. Allele-specific inhibitors inactivate mutant KRAS G12C by a trapping mechanism. Science 2016; 351:604-8. [PMID: 26841430 PMCID: PMC4955282 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that KRAS oncoproteins are constitutively active because their guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity is disabled. Consequently, drugs targeting the inactive or guanosine 5'-diphosphate-bound conformation are not expected to be effective. We describe a mechanism that enables such drugs to inhibit KRAS(G12C) signaling and cancer cell growth. Inhibition requires intact GTPase activity and occurs because drug-bound KRAS(G12C) is insusceptible to nucleotide exchange factors and thus trapped in its inactive state. Indeed, mutants completely lacking GTPase activity and those promoting exchange reduced the potency of the drug. Suppressing nucleotide exchange activity downstream of various tyrosine kinases enhanced KRAS(G12C) inhibition, whereas its potentiation had the opposite effect. These findings reveal that KRAS(G12C) undergoes nucleotide cycling in cancer cells and provide a basis for developing effective therapies to treat KRAS(G12C)-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piro Lito
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Martha Solomon
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Neal Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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304
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Jensen KJ, Moyer CB, Janes KA. Network Architecture Predisposes an Enzyme to Either Pharmacologic or Genetic Targeting. Cell Syst 2016; 2:112-121. [PMID: 26942229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical inhibition and genetic knockdown of enzymes are not equivalent in cells, but network-level mechanisms that cause discrepancies between knockdown and inhibitor perturbations are not understood. Here we report that enzymes regulated by negative feedback are robust to knockdown but susceptible to inhibition. Using the Raf-MEK-ERK kinase cascade as a model system, we find that ERK activation is resistant to genetic knockdown of MEK but susceptible to a comparable degree of chemical MEK inhibition. We demonstrate that negative feedback from ERK to Raf causes this knockdown-versus-inhibitor discrepancy in vivo. Exhaustive mathematical modeling of three-tiered enzyme cascades suggests that this result is general: negative autoregulation or feedback favors inhibitor potency, whereas positive autoregulation or feedback favors knockdown potency. Our findings provide a rationale for selecting pharmacologic versus genetic perturbations in vivo and point out the dangers of using knockdown approaches in search of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christian B Moyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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305
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Nguyen LK, Kholodenko BN. Feedback regulation in cell signalling: Lessons for cancer therapeutics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 50:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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306
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Braf V600E mutation in melanoma: translational current scenario. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 18:863-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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307
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Zhang J, Lu B, Liu D, Shen R, Yan Y, Yang L, Zhang M, Zhang L, Cao G, Cao H, Fu B, Gong A, Sun Q, Wan H, Zhang L, Tao W, Cao J. EBI-907, a novel BRAF(V600E) inhibitor, has potent oral anti-tumor activity and a broad kinase selectivity profile. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:199-207. [PMID: 26810733 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic mutation of BRAF(V600E) has been found in approximately 8% of all human cancers, including more than 60% of melanoma and 10% of colorectal cancers. The clinical proof of concept in treating BRAF(V600E)-driving melanoma patients with the BRAF inhibitors has been well established. We have sought to identify and develop novel BRAF(V600E) inhibitors with more favorable profiles. Our chemistry effort has led to the discovery of EBI-907 as a novel BRAF(V600E) inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In a LanthaScreen BRAF(V600E) kinase assay, EBI-907 showed an IC50 of 4.8 nM, which is >10 -fold more potent than Vemurafenib (IC50 = 58.5 nM). In addition, EBI-907 showed a broader kinase selectivity profile, with potent activity against a number of important oncogenic kinases including FGFR1-3, RET, c-Kit, and PDGFRb. Concomitant with such properties, EBI-907 exhibits potent and selective cytotoxicity against a broader range of BRAF(V600E)-dependent cell lines including certain colorectal cancer cell lines with innate resistance to Vemurafenib. In BRAF(V600E)-dependent human Colo-205 and A375 tumor xenograft mouse models, EBI-907 caused a marked tumor regression in a dose-dependent manner, with superior efficacy to Vemurafenib. Our results also showed that combination with EGFR or MEK inhibitor enhanced the potency of EBI-907 in cell lines with innate or acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition alone. Our findings present EBI-907 as a potent and promising BRAF inhibitor, which might be useful in broader indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- a Eternity Bioscience Inc , 2005 EastPark Blvd, Cranbury , USA
| | - Biao Lu
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Dong Liu
- a Eternity Bioscience Inc , 2005 EastPark Blvd, Cranbury , USA
| | - Ru Shen
- a Eternity Bioscience Inc , 2005 EastPark Blvd, Cranbury , USA
| | - Yinfa Yan
- a Eternity Bioscience Inc , 2005 EastPark Blvd, Cranbury , USA
| | - Liuqing Yang
- a Eternity Bioscience Inc , 2005 EastPark Blvd, Cranbury , USA
| | - Minsheng Zhang
- a Eternity Bioscience Inc , 2005 EastPark Blvd, Cranbury , USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Hu Cao
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Beibei Fu
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Aishen Gong
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Qiming Sun
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Hong Wan
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Lianshan Zhang
- c National Engineering and Research Center for Targeted Drugs, Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., LTD , 7 Kunlun Shan Road, Lianyungang Economic and Technology Development Zone, Jiangsu , China
| | - Weikang Tao
- b Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. LTD , 279 Wenjing Rd, Minhang Hi-Tech Zone, Shanghai , China
| | - Jingsong Cao
- a Eternity Bioscience Inc , 2005 EastPark Blvd, Cranbury , USA
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308
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Roller DG, Capaldo B, Bekiranov S, Mackey AJ, Conaway MR, Petricoin EF, Gioeli D, Weber MJ. Combinatorial drug screening and molecular profiling reveal diverse mechanisms of intrinsic and adaptive resistance to BRAF inhibition in V600E BRAF mutant melanomas. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2734-53. [PMID: 26673621 PMCID: PMC4823068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of BRAFV600E melanomas display intrinsic resistance to BRAF inhibitors, in part due to adaptive signaling responses. In this communication we ask whether BRAFV600E melanomas share common adaptive responses to BRAF inhibition that can provide clinically relevant targets for drug combinations. We screened a panel of 12 treatment-naïve BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines with MAP Kinase pathway inhibitors in pairwise combination with 58 signaling inhibitors, assaying for synergistic cytotoxicity. We found enormous diversity in the drug combinations that showed synergy, with no two cell lines having an identical profile. Although the 6 lines most resistant to BRAF inhibition showed synergistic benefit from combination with lapatinib, the signaling mechanisms by which this combination generated synergistic cytotoxicity differed between the cell lines. We conclude that adaptive responses to inhibition of the primary oncogenic driver (BRAFV600E) are determined not only by the primary oncogenic driver but also by diverse secondary genetic and epigenetic changes ("back-seat drivers") and hence optimal drug combinations will be variable. Because upregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases is a major source of drug resistance arising from diverse adaptive responses, we propose that inhibitors of these receptors may have substantial clinical utility in combination with inhibitors of the MAP Kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin G. Roller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Brian Capaldo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Aaron J. Mackey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Mark R. Conaway
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Michael J. Weber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
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309
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Meador CB, Pao W. Old Habits Die Hard: Addiction of BRAF-Mutant Cancer Cells to MAP Kinase Signaling. Cancer Discov 2016; 5:348-50. [PMID: 25847954 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dual and triple combination therapies with RAF inhibitors plus other targeted agents have demonstrated promising clinical utility in BRAFV600-mutant solid tumors. However, despite vertical inhibition at multiple nodes on the MAPK signaling pathway, resistant tumors emerge. Ahronian and colleagues show that in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer, resistance involves reactivation of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling and may be overcome by newly emerging ERK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Meador
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - William Pao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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310
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BRAF V600E inhibition stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18949. [PMID: 26750638 PMCID: PMC4707439 DOI: 10.1038/srep18949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although BRAFV600E mutation is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), response and resistance mechanisms for therapeutic BRAFV600E inhibitors remains poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that selective BRAFV600E inhibition activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which induces autophagy as a mechanism of therapeutic resistance in human cancers. The present data show AMPK-dependent cytoprotective roles of autophagy under conditions of therapeutic BRAFV600E inhibition, and AMPK was negatively correlated with BRAFV600E-dependent activation of MEK-ERK-RSK signaling and positively correlated with unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), a key initiator of autophagy. Furthermore, selective BRAFV600E inhibition and concomitant suppression of autophagy led to the induction of apoptosis. Taken together, present experiments indicate that AMPK plays a role in the survival of BRAFV600E CRC cells by selective inhibition and suggest that the control of autophagy contributes to overcome the chemoresistance of BRAFV600E CRC cells.
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311
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Hayes TK, Neel NF, Hu C, Gautam P, Chenard M, Long B, Aziz M, Kassner M, Bryant KL, Pierobon M, Marayati R, Kher S, George SD, Xu M, Wang-Gillam A, Samatar AA, Maitra A, Wennerberg K, Petricoin EF, Yin HH, Nelkin B, Cox AD, Yeh JJ, Der CJ. Long-Term ERK Inhibition in KRAS-Mutant Pancreatic Cancer Is Associated with MYC Degradation and Senescence-like Growth Suppression. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:75-89. [PMID: 26725216 PMCID: PMC4816652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of compensatory mechanisms and ERK reactivation has limited the effectiveness of Raf and MEK inhibitors in RAS-mutant cancers. We determined that direct pharmacologic inhibition of ERK suppressed the growth of a subset of KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer cell lines and that concurrent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition caused synergistic cell death. Additional combinations that enhanced ERK inhibitor action were also identified. Unexpectedly, long-term treatment of sensitive cell lines caused senescence, mediated in part by MYC degradation and p16 reactivation. Enhanced basal PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling was associated with de novo resistance to ERK inhibitor, as were other protein kinases identified by kinome-wide siRNA screening and a genetic gain-of-function screen. Our findings reveal distinct consequences of inhibiting this kinase cascade at the level of ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikvah K Hayes
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole F Neel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chaoxin Hu
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prson Gautam
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Brian Long
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meraj Aziz
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Michelle Kassner
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Raoud Marayati
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Swapnil Kher
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel D George
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mai Xu
- Divisions of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Divisions of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Anirban Maitra
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Hongwei H Yin
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Barry Nelkin
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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312
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Chen SH, Zhang Y, Van Horn RD, Yin T, Buchanan S, Yadav V, Mochalkin I, Wong SS, Yue YG, Huber L, Conti I, Henry JR, Starling JJ, Plowman GD, Peng SB. Oncogenic BRAF Deletions That Function as Homodimers and Are Sensitive to Inhibition by RAF Dimer Inhibitor LY3009120. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:300-15. [PMID: 26732095 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have identified previously undiscovered BRAF in-frame deletions near the αC-helix region of the kinase domain in pancreatic, lung, ovarian, and thyroid cancers. These deletions are mutually exclusive with KRAS mutations and occur in 4.21% of KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer. siRNA knockdown in cells harboring BRAF deletions showed that the MAPK activity and cell growth are BRAF dependent. Structurally, the BRAF deletions are predicted to shorten the β3/αC-helix loop and hinder its flexibility by locking the helix in the active αC-helix-in conformation that favors dimer formation. Expression of L485-P490-deleted BRAF is able to transform NIH/3T3 cells in a BRAF dimer-dependent manner. BRAF homodimer is confirmed to be the dominant RAF dimer by proximity ligation assays in BRAF deletion cells, which are resistant to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and sensitive to LY3009120, a RAF dimer inhibitor. In tumor models with BRAF deletions, LY3009120 has shown tumor growth regression, whereas vemurafenib is inactive. SIGNIFICANCE This study discovered oncogenic BRAF deletions with a distinct activation mechanism dependent on the BRAF dimer formation in tumor cells. LY3009120 is active against these cells and represents a potential treatment option for patients with cancer with these BRAF deletions, or other atypical BRAF mutations where BRAF functions as a dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsun Chen
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Youyan Zhang
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Tinggui Yin
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean Buchanan
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Vipin Yadav
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Igor Mochalkin
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Swee Seong Wong
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yong Gang Yue
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lysiane Huber
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Oncology Business Unit, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James R Henry
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | - Sheng-Bin Peng
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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313
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Maik-Rachline G, Seger R. The ERK cascade inhibitors: Towards overcoming resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 25:1-12. [PMID: 27155372 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-ERK pathway plays a major regulatory role in various cellular processes. This pathway is hyperactivated and takes an active part in the malignant transformation of more than 85% of cancers. The hyperactivation is mainly due to oncogenic activating mutations in the pathway's components RAS, RAF and MEK, but also due to indirect mechanisms in cells transformed by other oncogenes. Various inhibitors targeting the different tiers of the cascade have been successfully developed and clinically approved, while some are still undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation. Treatments with the clinically approved RAF and MEK inhibitors have substantially improved the clinical outcome of metastatic mutated-BRAF melanoma. However, the rapid emergence of drug resistance of initially responsive cancers and limited efficacy towards other cancers has led to only marginal patient benefit. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying intrinsic or acquired resistance is a necessity in order to enhance the treatment efficacy of ERK-addicted cancers. Therefore, many studies in the past 5 years embarked on this campaign, revealing several resistance mechanisms. These include, expression of drug-resistant RAF isoforms, molecular or genetic alterations of active downstream components, overexpression of upstream components of the cascade that can reactivate ERK and other survival-related pathways. The understanding of these molecular resistance mechanisms led to further development of drugs that can overcome drug resistance, including our own effort aiming to prevent the nuclear translocation of ERK without affecting its activation. In this review we will focus on the mechanisms underlying drug resistance and efforts to develop activity-independent, more efficacious, antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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314
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Baenke F, Chaneton B, Smith M, Van Den Broek N, Hogan K, Tang H, Viros A, Martin M, Galbraith L, Girotti MR, Dhomen N, Gottlieb E, Marais R. Resistance to BRAF inhibitors induces glutamine dependency in melanoma cells. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:73-84. [PMID: 26365896 PMCID: PMC4717845 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF inhibitors can extend progression-free and overall survival in melanoma patients whose tumors harbor mutations in BRAF. However, the majority of patients eventually develop resistance to these drugs. Here we show that BRAF mutant melanoma cells that have developed acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors display increased oxidative metabolism and increased dependency on mitochondria for survival. Intriguingly, the increased oxidative metabolism is associated with a switch from glucose to glutamine metabolism and an increased dependence on glutamine over glucose for proliferation. We show that the resistant cells are more sensitive to mitochondrial poisons and to inhibitors of glutaminolysis, suggesting that targeting specific metabolic pathways may offer exciting therapeutic opportunities to treat resistant tumors, or to delay emergence of resistance in the first-line setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Baenke
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Barbara Chaneton
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Matthew Smith
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Niels Van Den Broek
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kate Hogan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Haoran Tang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Amaya Viros
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Matthew Martin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Laura Galbraith
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Maria R Girotti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Nathalie Dhomen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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315
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Abstract
Understanding the molecular landscape of cancer has facilitated the development of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for clinical oncology. Developments in next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have increased the speed and reduced the cost of sequencing the nucleic acids of cancer cells. This has unlocked opportunities to characterize the genomic and transcriptomic landscapes of cancer for basic science research through projects like The Cancer Genome Atlas. The cancer genome includes DNA-based alterations, such as point mutations or gene duplications. The cancer transcriptome involves RNA-based alterations, including changes in messenger RNAs. Together, the genome and transcriptome can provide a comprehensive view of an individual patient's cancer that is beginning to impact real-time clinical decision-making. The authors discuss several opportunities for translating this basic science knowledge into clinical practice, including a molecular classification of cancer, heritable risk of cancer, eligibility for targeted therapies, and the development of innovative, genomic-based clinical trials. In this review, key applications and new directions are outlined for translating the cancer genome and transcriptome into patient care in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameek Roychowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Computational Medicine and Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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316
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Vennepureddy A, Thumallapally N, Motilal Nehru V, Atallah JP, Terjanian T. Novel Drugs and Combination Therapies for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma. J Clin Med Res 2015; 8:63-75. [PMID: 26767073 PMCID: PMC4701060 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2424w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma (MM) still remains as one of the most worrisome cancer known to mankind. In last two decades, treatment of melanoma took a dramatic turn with the discovery of targeted therapy which targets the mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and immune checkpoint inhibitors. These new findings have led to emergence of many novel drugs that have been approved by FDA. Targeted therapy drugs such as vemurafenib, trametinib and dabrafenib target the MAPK pathway whereas immunotherapies such as ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab block immune checkpoint receptors on T lymphocytes. All these drugs have shown to improve the overall survival in MM. Despite these recent discoveries, treatment of MM remains challenging because of rapid development of resistance to targeted therapy. This review will discuss recently approved drugs and their adverse effects and also shed light on combination therapy in treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Vennepureddy
- Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA
| | | | | | - Jean-Paul Atallah
- Division of Hematolgy and Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA
| | - Terenig Terjanian
- Division of Hematolgy and Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA
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317
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Ngiow SF, Meeth KM, Stannard K, Barkauskas DS, Bollag G, Bosenberg M, Smyth MJ. Co-inhibition of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor and BRAF oncogene in mouse models of BRAF V600E melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1089381. [PMID: 27141346 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1089381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1)/CSF1 receptor (CSF1R)-driven tumor-infiltrating macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is shown to promote targeted therapy resistance. In this study, we demonstrate the superior effect of a combination of CSF1R inhibitor, PLX3397 and BRAF inhibitor, PLX4720, in suppressing primary and metastatic mouse BRAFV600E melanoma. Using flow cytometry to assess SM1WT1 melanoma-infiltrating leukocytes immediately post therapy, we found that PLX3397 reduced the recruitment of CD11b+ Gr1lo and CD11b+ Gr1int M2-like macrophages, but this was accompanied by an accumulation of CD11b+ Gr1hi cells. PDL1 expression on remaining myeloid cells potentially dampened the antitumor efficacy of PLX3397 and PLX4720 in combination, since PD1/PDL1 axis blockade improved outcome. We also reveal a role for PLX3397 in reducing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and interestingly, this feature was rescued by the co-administration of PLX4720. Our findings, from three different mouse models of BRAF-mutated melanoma, support clinical approaches that co-target BRAF oncogene and CSF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Foong Ngiow
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katrina M Meeth
- Department of Pathology, Yale University , New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kimberley Stannard
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, Queensland Australia
| | - Deborah S Barkauskas
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, Queensland Australia
| | | | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale University; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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318
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Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonally derived neoplasm with a highly variable clinical course. Although LCH was once considered a disorder of immune regulation, the identification of activating mutations in the proto-oncogene BRAF-V600E in ∼50%-60% of cases and MEK and ERK phosphorylation in 100% of examined cases, has changed the definition of LCH to a dendritic cell neoplasm with a strong inflammatory component. Current international LCH trials are focused on further improving the outcome of high-risk multisystem LCH patients, by decreasing the reactivation rate, optimizing early salvage regimens, and preventing late sequelae. Anecdotal responses to vemurafenib, a BRAF-V600E inhibitor, have been reported in a few cases of LCH and Erdheim–Chester disease. However, the development of resistance, as well as the potential risks of cutaneous and pancreatic cancers in patients with BRAF-V600E-mutated melanoma treated with single inhibitors, suggest the need for prospective trials with BRAF inhibitors, alone or in combination with other inhibitors of this pathway, for patients with refractory or multiply-relapsed LCH. The recent discovery of somatic mutations in ARAF and in MAP2K1, which lead to activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK –ERK pathway in the setting of wild-type BRAF, as well as the finding that activating mutation in MAP2K1 are relatively insensitive to MEK inhibitors, suggest that a more detailed understanding of this pathway in LCH may be necessary for the development of more effective targeted therapies.
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319
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Abstract
AbstractLangerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonally derived neoplasm with a highly variable clinical course. Although LCH was once considered a disorder of immune regulation, the identification of activating mutations in the proto-oncogene BRAF-V600E in ∼50%-60% of cases and MEK and ERK phosphorylation in 100% of examined cases, has changed the definition of LCH to a dendritic cell neoplasm with a strong inflammatory component. Current international LCH trials are focused on further improving the outcome of high-risk multisystem LCH patients, by decreasing the reactivation rate, optimizing early salvage regimens, and preventing late sequelae. Anecdotal responses to vemurafenib, a BRAF-V600E inhibitor, have been reported in a few cases of LCH and Erdheim–Chester disease. However, the development of resistance, as well as the potential risks of cutaneous and pancreatic cancers in patients with BRAF-V600E-mutated melanoma treated with single inhibitors, suggest the need for prospective trials with BRAF inhibitors, alone or in combination with other inhibitors of this pathway, for patients with refractory or multiply-relapsed LCH. The recent discovery of somatic mutations in ARAF and in MAP2K1, which lead to activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK –ERK pathway in the setting of wild-type BRAF, as well as the finding that activating mutation in MAP2K1 are relatively insensitive to MEK inhibitors, suggest that a more detailed understanding of this pathway in LCH may be necessary for the development of more effective targeted therapies.
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320
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Abstract
The role of BRAF in adult malignancy has been well documented over the last decade and recent data have extended these findings to a number of pediatric cancers. In this and the accompanying articles, we will review the importance of the BRAF pathway in signal transduction resulting in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis with a focus on three major pediatric diseases: brain tumors, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), and melanoma. Mutated BRAF proteins are being identified in an increasing number of pediatric cancers and the development of drugs that can target these mutant proteins offers enormous therapeutic opportunity for these diseases. Because of variations in the types of mutations of BRAF observed in different tumors, particularly those of the central nervous system, an understanding of the feedback loops that regulate monomeric and dimeric BRAF signaling will be critical in selecting the optimal targeted inhibitors. The two most commonly observed alterations in BRAF in patients with brain tumor are the BRAF V600E point mutation and the KIAA1549 truncated fusion and targeting of these will need to differ to account for these feedback loops. Many other factors will influence the activity of novel agents in BRAF activated tumors, including their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (for brain tumors and some patients with LCH) as well as the development of drug resistance and toxicity profiles. Well-controlled trials that take these variables into consideration are already underway and highlight the need for molecular classification of pediatric central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Kieran
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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321
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Suzuki R, Kikuchi S, Harada T, Mimura N, Minami J, Ohguchi H, Yoshida Y, Sagawa M, Gorgun G, Cirstea D, Cottini F, Jakubikova J, Tai YT, Chauhan D, Richardson PG, Munshi N, Ando K, Utsugi T, Hideshima T, Anderson KC. Combination of a Selective HSP90α/β Inhibitor and a RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK Signaling Pathway Inhibitor Triggers Synergistic Cytotoxicity in Multiple Myeloma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143847. [PMID: 26630652 PMCID: PMC4667922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP)90 inhibitors have shown significant anti-tumor activities in preclinical settings in both solid and hematological tumors. We previously reported that the novel, orally available HSP90α/β inhibitor TAS-116 shows significant anti-MM activities. In this study, we further examined the combination effect of TAS-116 with a RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway inhibitor in RAS- or BRAF-mutated MM cell lines. TAS-116 monotherapy significantly inhibited growth of RAS-mutated MM cell lines and was associated with decreased expression of downstream target proteins of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Moreover, TAS-116 showed synergistic growth inhibitory effects with the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib, the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib, and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib. Importantly, treatment with these inhibitors paradoxically enhanced p-C-Raf, p-MEK, and p-ERK activity, which was abrogated by TAS-116. TAS-116 also enhanced dabrafenib-induced MM cytotoxicity associated with mitochondrial damage-induced apoptosis, even in the BRAF-mutated U266 MM cell line. This enhanced apoptosis in RAS-mutated MM triggered by combination treatment was observed even in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells. Taken together, our results provide the rationale for novel combination treatment with HSP90α/β inhibitor and RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway inhibitors to improve outcomes in patients with in RAS- or BRAF-mutated MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikio Suzuki
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Kikuchi
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Harada
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Naoya Mimura
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jiro Minami
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hiroto Ohguchi
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Morihiko Sagawa
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gullu Gorgun
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Diana Cirstea
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Francesca Cottini
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jana Jakubikova
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Dharminder Chauhan
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Richardson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Munshi
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Teruhiro Utsugi
- Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Teru Hideshima
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bible KC, Cote GJ, Demeure MJ, Elisei R, Jhiang S, Ringel MD. Correlative Studies in Clinical Trials: A Position Statement From the International Thyroid Oncology Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:4387-95. [PMID: 26418285 PMCID: PMC5399506 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with progressive thyroid cancer in distant metastatic sites represent a population with a need for new therapeutic options. Aspiring to improve the treatment of such patients, the objective of this position statement from the International Thyroid Oncology Group (ITOG) is to clarify the importance of incorporating high-quality correlative studies into clinical trials. PARTICIPANTS ITOG was formed to develop and support high-quality multicenter and multidisciplinary clinical trials for patients with aggressive forms of thyroid cancer. The Correlative Sciences Committee of the ITOG focuses on the quality and types of correlative studies included in ITOG-associated clinical trials. EVIDENCE This document represents expert consensus from ITOG regarding this issue based on extensive collective experience in clinical and translational trials informed by basic science. CONSENSUS PROCESS The Correlative Studies Committee identified an international writing group representative of diverse specialties, including basic sciences. Drafts were reviewed by all members of the writing group, the larger committee, and the ITOG board. After consideration of all comments by the writing group and modification of the document, the final document was then approved by the authors and the ITOG board. CONCLUSIONS High-quality correlative studies, which include variety in the types of correlates, should be intrinsic to the design of thyroid cancer clinical trials to offer the best opportunity for each study to advance treatment for patients with advanced and progressive thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Bible
- Mayo Clinic (K.C.B.), Rochester, Minnesota, Minnesota 55905; MD Anderson Cancer Center (G.J.C.), Houston, Texas 77030; Translational Genomics Research Institute (M.J.D.), Phoenix, Arizona 85004; University of Pisa (R.E.), 56126 Pisa, Italy; and The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center (S.J., M.D.R.), Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Gilbert J Cote
- Mayo Clinic (K.C.B.), Rochester, Minnesota, Minnesota 55905; MD Anderson Cancer Center (G.J.C.), Houston, Texas 77030; Translational Genomics Research Institute (M.J.D.), Phoenix, Arizona 85004; University of Pisa (R.E.), 56126 Pisa, Italy; and The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center (S.J., M.D.R.), Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Michael J Demeure
- Mayo Clinic (K.C.B.), Rochester, Minnesota, Minnesota 55905; MD Anderson Cancer Center (G.J.C.), Houston, Texas 77030; Translational Genomics Research Institute (M.J.D.), Phoenix, Arizona 85004; University of Pisa (R.E.), 56126 Pisa, Italy; and The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center (S.J., M.D.R.), Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Mayo Clinic (K.C.B.), Rochester, Minnesota, Minnesota 55905; MD Anderson Cancer Center (G.J.C.), Houston, Texas 77030; Translational Genomics Research Institute (M.J.D.), Phoenix, Arizona 85004; University of Pisa (R.E.), 56126 Pisa, Italy; and The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center (S.J., M.D.R.), Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Sissy Jhiang
- Mayo Clinic (K.C.B.), Rochester, Minnesota, Minnesota 55905; MD Anderson Cancer Center (G.J.C.), Houston, Texas 77030; Translational Genomics Research Institute (M.J.D.), Phoenix, Arizona 85004; University of Pisa (R.E.), 56126 Pisa, Italy; and The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center (S.J., M.D.R.), Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Mayo Clinic (K.C.B.), Rochester, Minnesota, Minnesota 55905; MD Anderson Cancer Center (G.J.C.), Houston, Texas 77030; Translational Genomics Research Institute (M.J.D.), Phoenix, Arizona 85004; University of Pisa (R.E.), 56126 Pisa, Italy; and The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center (S.J., M.D.R.), Columbus Ohio 43210
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323
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Bhattacharya A, Schmitz U, Raatz Y, Schönherr M, Kottek T, Schauer M, Franz S, Saalbach A, Anderegg U, Wolkenhauer O, Schadendorf D, Simon JC, Magin T, Vera J, Kunz M. miR-638 promotes melanoma metastasis and protects melanoma cells from apoptosis and autophagy. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2966-80. [PMID: 25650662 PMCID: PMC4413631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study identified miR-638 as one of the most significantly overexpressed miRNAs in metastatic lesions of melanomas compared with primary melanomas. miR-638 enhanced the tumorigenic properties of melanoma cells in vitro and lung colonization in vivo. mRNA expression profiling identified new candidate genes including TP53INP2 as miR-638 targets, the majority of which are involved in p53 signalling. Overexpression of TP53INP2 severely attenuated proliferative and invasive capacity of melanoma cells which was reversed by miR-638. Depletion of miR-638 stimulated expression of p53 and p53 downstream target genes and induced apoptosis and autophagy. miR-638 promoter analysis identified the miR-638 target transcription factor associated protein 2α (TFAP2A/AP-2α) as a direct negative regulator of miR-638, suggestive for a double-negative regulatory feedback loop. Taken together, miR-638 supports melanoma progression and suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis pathways, autophagy and expression of the transcriptional repressor TFAP2A/AP-2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Bhattacharya
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Yvonne Raatz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madeleine Schönherr
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Kottek
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Schauer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Franz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Saalbach
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan C Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Magin
- Institute of Biology and Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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324
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Feng Y, Pinkerton AB, Hulea L, Zhang T, Davies MA, Grotegut S, Cheli Y, Yin H, Lau E, Kim H, De SK, Barile E, Pellecchia M, Bosenberg M, Li JL, James B, Hassig CA, Brown KM, Topisirovic I, Ronai ZA. SBI-0640756 Attenuates the Growth of Clinically Unresponsive Melanomas by Disrupting the eIF4F Translation Initiation Complex. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5211-8. [PMID: 26603897 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Disrupting the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex offers an appealing strategy to potentiate the effectiveness of existing cancer therapies and to overcome resistance to drugs such as BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi). Here, we identified and characterized the small molecule SBI-0640756 (SBI-756), a first-in-class inhibitor that targets eIF4G1 and disrupts the eIF4F complex. SBI-756 impaired the eIF4F complex assembly independently of mTOR and attenuated growth of BRAF-resistant and BRAF-independent melanomas. SBI-756 also suppressed AKT and NF-κB signaling, but small-molecule derivatives were identified that only marginally affected these pathways while still inhibiting eIF4F complex formation and melanoma growth, illustrating the potential for further structural and functional manipulation of SBI-756 as a drug lead. In the gene expression signature patterns elicited by SBI-756, DNA damage, and cell-cycle regulatory factors were prominent, with mutations in melanoma cells affecting these pathways conferring drug resistance. SBI-756 inhibited the growth of NRAS, BRAF, and NF1-mutant melanomas in vitro and delayed the onset and reduced the incidence of Nras/Ink4a melanomas in vivo. Furthermore, combining SBI-756 and a BRAFi attenuated the formation of BRAFi-resistant human tumors. Taken together, our findings show how SBI-756 abrogates the growth of BRAF-independent and BRAFi-resistant melanomas, offering a preclinical rationale to evaluate its antitumor effects in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Feng
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Anthony B Pinkerton
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Laura Hulea
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Canada. Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Translational Genomics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael A Davies
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stefan Grotegut
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yann Cheli
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Hongwei Yin
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Eric Lau
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Hyungsoo Kim
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Surya K De
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Elisa Barile
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Brian James
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Christian A Hassig
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Translational Genomics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Canada. Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California.
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325
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Yi T, Kabha E, Papadopoulos E, Wagner G. 4EGI-1 targets breast cancer stem cells by selective inhibition of translation that persists in CSC maintenance, proliferation and metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6028-37. [PMID: 25115391 PMCID: PMC4171610 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer death is a leading cause of global mortality. An estimated 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths occurred worldwide in 2012 alone. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) within tumors are essential for tumor metastasis and reoccurrence, the key factors of cancer lethality. Here we report that 4EGI-1, an inhibitor of the interaction between translation initiation factors eIF4E1 and eIF4G1 effectively inhibits breast CSCs through selectively reducing translation persistent in breast CSCs. Translation initiation factor eIF4E1 is significantly enhanced in breast CSCs in comparison to non-CSC breast cancer cells. 4EGI-1 presents increased cytotoxicity to breast CSCs compared to non-CSC breast cancer cells. 4EGI-1 promotes breast CSC differentiation and represses breast CSC induced tube-like structure formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). 4EGI-1 isomers suppress breast CSC tumorangiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. In addition, 4EGI-1 decreases proliferation in and induces apoptosis into breast CSC tumor cells. Furthermore, 4EGI-1 selectively inhibits translation of mRNAs encoding NANOG, OCT4, CXCR4, c-MYC and VEGF in breast CSC tumors. Our study demonstrated that 4EGI-1 targets breast CSCs through selective inhibition of translation critical for breast CSCs, suggesting that selective translation initiation interference might be an avenue targeting CSCs within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Yi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eihab Kabha
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Evangelos Papadopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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326
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Kordes M, Röring M, Heining C, Braun S, Hutter B, Richter D, Geörg C, Scholl C, Gröschel S, Roth W, Rosenwald A, Geissinger E, von Kalle C, Jäger D, Brors B, Weichert W, Grüllich C, Glimm H, Brummer T, Fröhling S. Cooperation of BRAF(F595L) and mutant HRAS in histiocytic sarcoma provides new insights into oncogenic BRAF signaling. Leukemia 2015; 30:937-46. [PMID: 26582644 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activating BRAF mutations, in particular V600E/K, drive many cancers and are considered mutually exclusive with mutant RAS, whereas inactivating BRAF mutations in the D(594)F(595)G(596) motif cooperate with RAS via paradoxical MEK/ERK activation. Due to the increasing use of comprehensive tumor genomic profiling, many non-V600 BRAF mutations are being detected whose functional consequences and therapeutic actionability are often unknown. We investigated an atypical BRAF mutation, F595L, which was identified along with mutant HRAS in histiocytic sarcoma and also occurs in epithelial cancers, melanoma and neuroblastoma, and determined its interaction with mutant RAS. Unlike other DFG motif mutants, BRAF(F595L) is a gain-of-function variant with intermediate activity that does not act paradoxically, but nevertheless cooperates with mutant RAS to promote oncogenic signaling, which is efficiently blocked by pan-RAF and MEK inhibitors. Mutation data from patients and cell lines show that BRAF(F595L), as well as other intermediate-activity BRAF mutations, frequently coincide with mutant RAS in various cancers. These data define a distinct class of activating BRAF mutations, extend the spectrum of patients with systemic histiocytoses and other malignancies who are candidates for therapeutic blockade of the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway and underscore the value of comprehensive genomic testing for uncovering the vulnerabilities of individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kordes
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Röring
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Heining
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Hutter
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Richter
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Geörg
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (HIPO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Scholl
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Gröschel
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Roth
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg and Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - E Geissinger
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg and Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (HIPO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Brors
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Weichert
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Grüllich
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Glimm
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Fröhling
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
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327
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Abstract
The B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) gene is the most frequently mutated gene in malignant melanoma (MM) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and is causally involved in malignant cell transformation. Mutated BRAF is associated with an aggressive disease phenotype, thus making it a top candidate for targeted treatment strategies in MM and PTC. We show that BRAF mutations in both MM and PTC drive increased expression of oncomiR-3151, which is coactivated by the SP1/NF-κB complex. Knockdown of microRNA-3151 (miR-3151) with short hairpin RNAs reduces cell proliferation and increases apoptosis of MM and PTC cells. Using a targeted RNA sequencing approach, we mechanistically determined that miR-3151 directly targets TP53 and other members of the TP53 pathway. Reducing miR-3151's abundance increases TP53's mRNA and protein expression and favors its nuclear localization. Consequently, knockdown of miR-3151 also leads to caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Simultaneous inhibition of aberrantly activated BRAF and knockdown of miR-3151 potentiates the effects of sole BRAF inhibition with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and may provide a novel targeted therapeutic approach in BRAF-mutated MM and PTC patients. In conclusion, we identify miR-3151 as a previously unidentified player in MM and PTC pathogenesis, which is driven by BRAF-dependent and BRAF-independent mechanisms. Characterization of TP53 as a downstream effector of miR-3151 provides evidence for a causal link between BRAF mutations and TP53 inactivation.
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328
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Metastatic melanoma treatment: Combining old and new therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:242-53. [PMID: 26616525 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer characterised by poor prognosis and a complex etiology. Until 2010, the treatment options for metastatic melanoma were very limited. Largely ineffective dacarbazine, temozolamide or fotemustine were the only agents in use for 35 years. In recent years, the development of molecularly targeted inhibitors in parallel with the development of checkpoint inhibition immunotherapies has rapidly improved the outcomes for metastatic melanoma patients. Despite these new therapies showing initial promise; resistance and poor duration of response have limited their effectiveness as monotherapies. Here we provide an overview of the history of melanoma treatment, as well as the current treatments in development. We also discuss the future of melanoma treatment as we go beyond monotherapies to a combinatorial approach. Combining older therapies with the new molecular and immunotherapies will be the most promising way forward for treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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329
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An S, Yang Y, Ward R, Liu Y, Guo XX, Xu TR. A-Raf: A new star of the family of raf kinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:520-31. [PMID: 26508523 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)-signaling pathway plays a key role in the regulation of many cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and transformation, by transmitting signals from membrane receptors to various cytoplasmic and nuclear targets. One of the key components of this pathway is the serine/threonine protein kinase, Raf. The Raf family kinases (A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf) have been intensively studied since being identified in the early 1980s as retroviral oncogenes, especially with respect to the discovery of activating mutations of B-Raf in a large number of tumors which led to intensified efforts to develop drugs targeting Raf kinases. This also resulted in a rapid increase in our knowledge of the biological functions of the B-Raf and C-Raf isoforms, which may in turn be contrasted with the little that is known about A-Raf. The biological functions of A-Raf remain mysterious, although it appears to share some of the basic properties of the other two isoforms. Recently, emerging evidence has begun to reveal the functions of A-Raf, of which some are kinase-independent. These include the inhibition of apoptosis by binding to MST2, acting as safeguard against oncogenic transformation by suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) activation and playing a role in resistance to Raf inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the regulation of A-Raf protein expression, and the roles of A-Raf in apoptosis and cancer, with a special focus on its role in resistance to Raf inhibitors. We also describe the scaffold functions of A-Raf and summarize the unexpected complexity of Raf signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su An
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan , China and
| | - Yang Yang
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan , China and
| | - Richard Ward
- b Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Scotland , UK
| | - Ying Liu
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan , China and
| | - Xiao-Xi Guo
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan , China and
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan , China and
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330
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Markers in Colorectal Cancer and Clinical Trials Based Upon Them. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-015-0298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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331
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Shen A, Wang L, Huang M, Sun J, Chen Y, Shen YY, Yang X, Wang X, Ding J, Geng M. c-Myc alterations confer therapeutic response and acquired resistance to c-Met inhibitors in MET-addicted cancers. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4548-59. [PMID: 26483207 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Use of kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy leads invariably to acquired resistance stemming from kinase reprogramming. To overcome the dynamic nature of kinase adaptation, we asked whether a signal-integrating downstream effector might exist that provides a more applicable therapeutic target. In this study, we reported that the transcriptional factor c-Myc functions as a downstream effector to dictate the therapeutic response to c-Met inhibitors in c-Met-addicted cancer and derived resistance. Dissociation of c-Myc from c-Met control, likely overtaken by a variety of reprogrammed kinases, led to acquisition of drug resistance. Notably, c-Myc blockade by RNA interference or pharmacologic inhibition circumvented the acquired resistance to c-Met inhibition. Combining c-Myc blockade and c-Met inhibition in MET-amplified patient-derived xenograft mouse models heightened therapeutic activity. Our findings offer a preclinical proof of concept for the application of c-Myc-blocking agents as a tactic to thwart resistance to kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Shen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Min Huang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Jingya Sun
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Yan-Yan Shen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China.
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China.
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332
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Cromm PM, Spiegel J, Grossmann TN, Waldmann H. Direkte Modulation von Aktivität und Funktion kleiner GTPasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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333
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Cromm PM, Spiegel J, Grossmann TN, Waldmann H. Direct Modulation of Small GTPase Activity and Function. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13516-37. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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334
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Richman J, Martin-Liberal J, Diem S, Larkin J. BRAF and MEK inhibition for the treatment of advanced BRAF mutant melanoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:1285-97. [PMID: 26001180 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1044971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION BRAF inhibition alone has achieved unprecedented efficacy results in patients affected by BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. Since these findings, it was postulated that dual inhibition of BRAF and other components of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK MAPK pathway (such as MEK) would be superior to BRAF inhibition as monotherapy. A series of recent clinical trials have confirmed this hypothesis. AREAS COVERED In this article, the biological rationale for both single and concomitant inhibitions of the MAPK pathway in BRAF mutant melanoma is provided. Moreover, available clinical data on the efficacy and toxicity of BRAF and MEK inhibition as single agents and in combination are extensively reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Dual BRAF and MEK inhibition in advanced BRAF-mutated melanoma is superior to single inhibition in terms of efficacy without significant increase in toxicity. Therefore, BRAF plus MEK inhibition is expected to supersede single-agent BRAF inhibition in these patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Richman
- The Royal Marsden Hospital , Fulham Road SW3 6JJ, London , UK +44 20 7811 8576 ; +44 20 7811 8103 ;
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335
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Vergoulidou M. More than a Decade of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Solid Tumors: What We Have Learned and What the Future Holds. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:33-40. [PMID: 26483606 PMCID: PMC4599592 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of solid tumors is the expected standard of care for many types of tumors. Since the description of signal transduction pathways, followed by the development of small molecules designed to inhibit those pathways, there has been significant improvement not only in progression-free survival and overall survival but also in aiming toward chemotherapy-free treatment of solid tumors to maximize quality of life. This article reviews available TKIs and discusses toxicity, dosing, and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vergoulidou
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charitè Medical University, Berlin, Germany
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336
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Ekebergh A, Lingblom C, Sandin P, Wennerås C, Mårtensson J. Exploring a cascade Heck-Suzuki reaction based route to kinase inhibitors using design of experiments. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3382-92. [PMID: 25658776 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02694b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design of Experiments (DoE) has been used to optimize a diversity oriented palladium catalyzed cascade Heck-Suzuki reaction for the construction of 3-alkenyl substituted cyclopenta[b]indole compounds. The obtained DoE model revealed a reaction highly dependent on the ligand. Guided by the model, an optimal ligand was chosen that selectively delivered the desired products in high yields. The conditions were applicable with a variety of boronic acids and were used to synthesize a library of 3-alkenyl derivatized compounds. Focusing on inhibition of kinases relevant for combating melanoma, the library was used in an initial structure-activity survey. In line with the observed kinase inhibition, cellular studies revealed one of the more promising derivatives to inhibit cell proliferation via an apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ekebergh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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337
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Vardabasso C, Hake SB, Bernstein E. Histone variant H2A.Z.2: A novel driver of melanoma progression. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1073417. [PMID: 27308593 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1073417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Histone variants are attracting attention in the field of cancer epigenetics. Our study has established a novel role for the uncharacterized histone variant H2A.Z.2 as a driver of malignant melanoma. H2A.Z.2 promotes cellular proliferation by recruiting BRD2 and E2F1 to E2F target genes and facilitating their transcription. High H2A.Z.2 expression correlates with poor survival in patients, and its depletion sensitizes cells to chemotherapy and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vardabasso
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY, USA
| | - Sandra B Hake
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Molecular Biology, Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich, Germany
| | - Emily Bernstein
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY, USA
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338
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Nichol D, Jeavons P, Fletcher AG, Bonomo RA, Maini PK, Paul JL, Gatenby RA, Anderson AR, Scott JG. Steering Evolution with Sequential Therapy to Prevent the Emergence of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004493. [PMID: 26360300 PMCID: PMC4567305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing rate of antibiotic resistance and slowing discovery of novel antibiotic treatments presents a growing threat to public health. Here, we consider a simple model of evolution in asexually reproducing populations which considers adaptation as a biased random walk on a fitness landscape. This model associates the global properties of the fitness landscape with the algebraic properties of a Markov chain transition matrix and allows us to derive general results on the non-commutativity and irreversibility of natural selection as well as antibiotic cycling strategies. Using this formalism, we analyze 15 empirical fitness landscapes of E. coli under selection by different β-lactam antibiotics and demonstrate that the emergence of resistance to a given antibiotic can be either hindered or promoted by different sequences of drug application. Specifically, we demonstrate that the majority, approximately 70%, of sequential drug treatments with 2-4 drugs promote resistance to the final antibiotic. Further, we derive optimal drug application sequences with which we can probabilistically 'steer' the population through genotype space to avoid the emergence of resistance. This suggests a new strategy in the war against antibiotic-resistant organisms: drug sequencing to shepherd evolution through genotype space to states from which resistance cannot emerge and by which to maximize the chance of successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nichol
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DN); (JGS)
| | - Peter Jeavons
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cleveland Ohio, United States of America,
| | - Philip K. Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome L. Paul
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Gatenby
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander R.A. Anderson
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jacob G. Scott
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DN); (JGS)
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339
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Whittaker SR, Cowley GS, Wagner S, Luo F, Root DE, Garraway LA. Combined Pan-RAF and MEK Inhibition Overcomes Multiple Resistance Mechanisms to Selective RAF Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2700-11. [PMID: 26351322 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0136-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RAF and MEK inhibitors are effective in BRAF-mutant melanoma but not in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. To gain additional insights into this difference, we performed a genome-scale pooled shRNA enhancer screen in a BRAF-mutant, RAF inhibitor-resistant colorectal cancer cell line exposed to the selective RAF inhibitor PLX4720. We identified multiple genes along the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling axis that, when suppressed, either genetically or pharmacologically, sensitized cells to the selective RAF inhibitor through sustained inhibition of MAPK signaling. Strikingly, CRAF was a key mediator of resistance that could be overcome by the use of pan-RAF inhibitors in combination with a MEK inhibitor. Furthermore, the combination of pan-RAF and MEK inhibitors displayed strong synergy in melanoma and colorectal cancer cell lines with RAS-activating events such as RTK activation, KRAS mutation, or NF1 loss-of-function mutations. Combinations of selective RAF inhibitors, such as PLX4720 or dabrafenib, with MEK inhibitors did not incur such profound synergy, suggesting that inhibition of CRAF by pan-RAF inhibitors plays a key role in determining cellular response. Importantly, in contrast to the modest activity seen with single-agent treatment, dual pan-RAF and MEK inhibition results in the induction of apoptosis, greatly enhancing efficacy. Notably, combined pan-RAF and MEK inhibition can overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to single-agent RAF/MEK inhibition, supporting dual pan-RAF and MEK inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for BRAF- and KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Whittaker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steve Wagner
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Flora Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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340
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Kholodenko BN. Drug Resistance Resulting from Kinase Dimerization Is Rationalized by Thermodynamic Factors Describing Allosteric Inhibitor Effects. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1939-49. [PMID: 26344764 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cancer patients with ATP-competitive inhibitors of BRAF/CRAF kinases surprisingly increases total kinase activity, especially in wild-type BRAF cells, subverting the desired clinical outcome. Similar inhibition resistance is observed for numerous kinases involving homo/heterodimerization in their activation cycles. Here, I demonstrate that drug resistance resulting from kinase dimerization can be explained using thermodynamic principles. I show that allosteric regulation by inhibitors is described by thermodynamic factors that quantify inhibitor-induced changes in kinase dimerization and the difference in the drug affinity for a free monomer versus a dimer harboring one drug molecule. The analysis extends to kinase homo- and heterodimers, allows for their symmetric and asymmetric conformations, and predicts how thermodynamic factors influence dose-response dependencies. I show how two inhibitors, ineffective on their own, when combined can abolish drug resistance at lower doses than either inhibitor applied alone. Thus, the mechanistic models suggest ways to overcome resistance to kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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341
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López-Rubio M, Garcia-Marco JA. Current and emerging treatment options for hairy cell leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2147-56. [PMID: 26316784 PMCID: PMC4548752 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s70316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a lymphoproliferative B-cell disorder characterized by pancytopenia, splenomegaly, and characteristic cytoplasmic hairy projections. Precise diagnosis is essential in order to differentiate classic forms from HCL variants, such as the HCL-variant and VH4-34 molecular variant, which are more resistant to available treatments. The current standard of care is treatment with purine analogs (PAs), such as cladribine or pentostatin, which provide a high rate of long-lasting clinical remissions. Nevertheless, ~30%–40% of the patients relapse, and moreover, some of these are difficult-to-treat refractory cases. The use of the monoclonal antibody rituximab in combination with PA appears to produce even higher responses, and it is often employed to minimize or eliminate residual disease. Currently, research in the field of HCL is focused on identifying novel therapeutic targets and potential agents that are safe and can universally cure the disease. The discovery of the BRAF mutation and progress in understanding the biology of the disease has enabled the scientific community to explore new therapeutic targets. Ongoing clinical trials are assessing various treatment strategies such as the combination of PA and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, recombinant immunotoxins targeting CD22, BRAF inhibitors, and B-cell receptor signal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat López-Rubio
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Garcia-Marco
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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342
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Current position of TNF-α in melanomagenesis. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6589-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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343
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Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Herrero and colleagues identify an anti-tumorigenic small molecule that blocks ERK dimerization, but neither its catalytic activity nor its phosphorylation by MEK. These findings demonstrate that targeting protein dimerization could be a therapeutic avenue for inhibiting kinase signaling pathways associated with lower drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroon S Karra
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Clinton A Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Curtis A Thorne
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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344
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Overcoming resistance to BRAF inhibition in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10206-21. [PMID: 25344914 PMCID: PMC4279367 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 50% of metastatic melanoma patients harbor a BRAF(V600) mutation and the introduction of BRAF inhibitors has improved their treatment options. BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib achieved improved overall survival over chemotherapy and have been approved for the treatment of BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma. However, most patients develop mechanisms of acquired resistance and about 15% of them do not achieve tumor regression at all, due to intrinsic resistance to therapy. Moreover, early adaptive responses limit the initial efficacy of BRAF inhibition, leading mostly to incomplete responses that may favor the selection of a sub-population of resistant clones and the acquisition of alterations that cause tumor regrowth and progressive disease. The purpose of this paper is to review the mechanisms of resistance to therapy with BRAF inhibitors and to discuss the strategies to overcome them based on pre-clinical and clinical evidences.
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345
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Abstract
RAF links RAS, one of the most potent human oncogenes, to its effector ERK and to proliferation. This role is evolutionarily conserved, but while simpler multicellular organisms express one RAF, mammals have three. This Minireview highlights common and divergent features of RAF paralogs, their signaling outputs, and roles in tumorigenesis.
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346
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Abstract
RAS genes encode a family of 21 kDa proteins that are an essential hub for a number of survival, proliferation, differentiation and senescence pathways. Signaling of the RAS-GTPases through the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, the first identified mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is essential in development. A group of genetic syndromes, named "RASopathies", had been identified which are caused by heterozygosity for germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Several of these clinically overlapping disorders, including Noonan syndrome, Noonan-like CBL syndrome, Costello syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, and Legius syndrome, predispose to cancer and abnormal myelopoiesis in infancy. This review focuses on juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), a malignancy of early childhood characterized by initiating germline and/or somatic mutations in five genes of the RAS/MAPK pathway: PTPN11, CBL, NF-1, KRAS and NRAS. Natural courses of these five subtypes differ, although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative therapy option for most children with JMML. With whole-exome sequencing studies revealing few secondary lesions it will be crucial to better understand the RAS/MAPK signaling network with its crosstalks and feed-back loops to carefully design early clinical trials with novel pharmacological agents in this still puzzling leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Niemeyer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany
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347
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Arnedos M, Vicier C, Loi S, Lefebvre C, Michiels S, Bonnefoi H, Andre F. Precision medicine for metastatic breast cancer—limitations and solutions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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348
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Frett B, Carlomagno F, Moccia ML, Brescia A, Federico G, De Falco V, Admire B, Chen Z, Qi W, Santoro M, Li HY. Fragment-Based Discovery of a Dual pan-RET/VEGFR2 Kinase Inhibitor Optimized for Single-Agent Polypharmacology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8717-21. [PMID: 26126987 PMCID: PMC4535927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic conversion of the RET (rearranged during transfection) tyrosine kinase is associated with several cancers. A fragment-based chemical screen led to the identification of a novel RET inhibitor, Pz-1. Modeling and kinetic analysis identified Pz-1 as a type II tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is able to bind the "DFG-out" conformation of the kinase. Importantly, from a single-agent polypharmacology standpoint, Pz-1 was shown to be active on VEGFR2, which can block the blood supply required for RET-stimulated growth. In cell-based assays, 1.0 nM of Pz-1 strongly inhibited phosphorylation of all tested RET oncoproteins. At 1.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) per os, Pz-1 abrogated the formation of tumors induced by RET-mutant fibroblasts and blocked the phosphorylation of both RET and VEGFR2 in tumor tissue. Pz-1 featured no detectable toxicity at concentrations of up to 100.0 mg kg(-1), which indicates a large therapeutic window. This study validates the effectiveness and usefulness of a medicinal chemistry/polypharmacology approach to obtain an inhibitor capable of targeting multiple oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Frett
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Synactix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6510 N. Camino Arturo Tucson, AZ 85718,
| | - Francesca Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR/80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Moccia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR/80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Brescia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR/80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Federico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR/80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR/80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Brittany Admire
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Zhongzhu Chen
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China 402160
| | - Wenqing Qi
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR/80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Hong-yu Li
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Synactix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6510 N. Camino Arturo Tucson, AZ 85718,
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349
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McArthur GA. Combination Therapies to Inhibit the RAF/MEK/ERK Pathway in Melanoma: We are not Done Yet. Front Oncol 2015; 5:161. [PMID: 26236691 PMCID: PMC4505146 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grant A McArthur
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne , Fitzroy, VIC , Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Oncogenic Signaling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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350
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Hélias-Rodzewicz Z, Funck-Brentano E, Baudoux L, Jung CK, Zimmermann U, Marin C, Clerici T, Le Gall C, Peschaud F, Taly V, Saiag P, Emile JF. Variations of BRAF mutant allele percentage in melanomas. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:497. [PMID: 26141748 PMCID: PMC4491198 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BRAF mutations are present in 40 % of human skin melanomas. Mutated tumors with an increased percentage of BRAF mutant alleles (BRAF-M%) may have a better response to RAF/MEK inhibitors. We evaluated the BRAF-M% in melanomas, and the genetic causes of its variation. Methods BRAF-M% was quantified by pyrosequencing, real-time PCR (rtPCR) and/or picoliter-droplet PCR (dPCR). BRAF mutant expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Chromosomal alterations were analyzed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Results BRAF-M% quantification obtained with pyrosequencing was highly correlated (R = 0.94) with rtPCR, and with dPCR. BRAF-M% quantified from DNA and RNA were also highly correlated (R = 0.98). Among 368 samples with >80 % tumor cells, 38.6 % had a BRAFV600E mutation. Only 66.2 % cases were heterozygous (BRAF-M% 30 to 60 %). Increased BRAF-M% (>60 %) was observed in 19 % of cases. FISH showed a polysomy of chromosome 7 in 13.6 %, 35.3 % and 54.5 % of BRAF wild-type, heterozygous and non-heterozygous BRAF-mutated samples, respectively (P < 0.005). Amplification (5.6 %) and loss (3.2 %) of BRAF locus were rare. By contrast, chromosome 7 was disomic in 27/27 BRAF-mutated nevi. Conclusions BRAF-M% is heterogeneous and frequently increased in BRAF-mutant melanomas. Aneuploidy of chromosome 7 is more frequent in BRAF mutant melanomas, specifically in those with high BRAF-M%. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1515-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Hélias-Rodzewicz
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Elisa Funck-Brentano
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Dermatology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Laure Baudoux
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Chan Kwon Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ute Zimmermann
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Cristi Marin
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Thierry Clerici
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Catherine Le Gall
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Frédérique Peschaud
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Surgery, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Valérie Taly
- INSERM UMR-S1147, University Paris Sorbonne Cite, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Saiag
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Dermatology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Jean-François Emile
- EA4340, Versailles University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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