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Abstract
The extracellular space, or cell microenvironment, choreographs cell behavior through myriad controlled signals, and aberrant cues can result in dysfunction and disease. For functional studies of human cell biology or expansion and delivery of cells for therapeutic purposes, scientists must decipher this intricate map of microenvironment biology and develop ways to mimic these functions in vitro. In this Perspective, we describe technologies for four-dimensional (4D) biology: cell-laden matrices engineered to recapitulate tissue and organ function in 3D space and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Tibbitt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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302
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Lau TT, Wang DA. Bioresponsive hydrogel scaffolding systems for 3D constructions in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:655-68. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the diversity of scaffolding systems available, hydrogel remains a popular choice for tissue engineering applications. The current state-of-the-art bioresponsive hydrogels demand intricate designs in pursuit of acquiring desired timely responses, such as controlled release of biological factors, changes in mechanical properties and scaffold degradation, at the same rate as the natural extracellular matrix. In this review, a variety of bioresponsive hydrogels are discussed; in particular, bioactive and biodegradable hydrogels that facilitate cellular development and tissue morphogenesis are highlighted. Bioactive hydrogels are designed to deliver biomolecules such as cell-adhesive moieties and instructive ligands at close proximity to the cell for better uptake or exposure. Biodegradable hydrogels provide transient scaffolding support for therapeutic cell settlement while gradually degrading in response to physical or enzymatic stimuli. In addition, biomechanical stimuli from hydrogels can induce mutual constructive responses on cells and, hence, will also be covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ting Lau
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, N1.3-B2-13, 637457, Singapore
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, N1.3-B2-13, 637457, Singapore
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303
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Burnett LR, Rahmany MB, Richter JR, Aboushwareb TA, Eberli D, Ward CL, Orlando G, Hantgan RR, Van Dyke ME. Hemostatic properties and the role of cell receptor recognition in human hair keratin protein hydrogels. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2632-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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304
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Guvendiren M, Burdick JA. Engineering synthetic hydrogel microenvironments to instruct stem cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:841-6. [PMID: 23545441 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding and ability to manipulate stem cell behavior are helping to move stem cell-based therapies toward the clinic. However, much of our knowledge has been gained from standard 2-dimensional culture systems, which often misrepresent many of the signals that stem cells receive in their native 3-dimensional environments. Fortunately, the field of synthetic hydrogels is developing to better recapitulate many of these signals to guide stem cell behavior, both as in vitro models and as delivery vehicles for in vivo implantation. These include a multitude of structural and biochemical cues that can be presented on the cellular scale, such as degradation, adhesion, mechanical signals, topography, and the presentation of growth factors, often with precise spatiotemporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Guvendiren
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
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305
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Assembly of complex cell microenvironments using geometrically docked hydrogel shapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4551-6. [PMID: 23487790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300569110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular communities in living tissues act in concert to establish intricate microenvironments, with complexity difficult to recapitulate in vitro. We report a method for docking numerous cellularized hydrogel shapes (100-1,000 µm in size) into hydrogel templates to construct 3D cellular microenvironments. Each shape can be uniquely designed to contain customizable concentrations of cells and molecular species, and can be placed into any spatial configuration, providing extensive compositional and geometric tunability of shape-coded patterns using a highly biocompatible hydrogel material. Using precisely arranged hydrogel shapes, we investigated migratory patterns of human mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells. We then developed a finite element gradient model predicting chemotactic directions of cell migration in micropatterned cocultures that were validated by tracking ∼2,500 individual cell trajectories. This simple yet robust hydrogel platform provides a comprehensive approach to the assembly of 3D cell environments.
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306
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Gao X, He C, Xiao C, Zhuang X, Chen X. Biodegradable pH-responsive polyacrylic acid derivative hydrogels with tunable swelling behavior for oral delivery of insulin. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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307
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Kirschner CM, Anseth KS. In situ control of cell substrate microtopographies using photolabile hydrogels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:578-84. [PMID: 23074095 PMCID: PMC3574214 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Substratum topography can play a significant role in regulating cellular function and fate. To study cellular responses to biophysical cues, researchers have developed dynamic methods for controlling cell morphology; however, many of these platforms are limited to one transition between two predefined substratum topographies. To afford the user additional control over the presentation of microtopographic cues to cell populations, a photolabile, PEG-based hydrogel system is presented in which precisely engineered topographic cues can be formed in situ by controlled erosion. Here, the ability to produce precisely engineered static microtopographies in the hydrogel surface is first established. Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) response to topographies with features of subcellular dimensions (~5 to 40 μm) and with various aspect ratios increasing from 1:1 to infinity (e.g., channels) are quantified, and the dynamic nature of the culture system is demonstrated by sequentially presenting a series of topographies through in situ modifications and quantifying reversible changes in cell morphology in response to substratum topographies altered in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Kirschner
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80303-1904, USA
- The Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80303-1904, USA
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- The Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80303-1904, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80303-1904, USA
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308
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Gurkan UA, Fan Y, Xu F, Erkmen B, Urkac ES, Parlakgul G, Bernstein J, Xing W, Boyden ES, Demirci U. Simple precision creation of digitally specified, spatially heterogeneous, engineered tissue architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1192-8. [PMID: 23192949 PMCID: PMC3842103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yantao Fan
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Burcu Erkmen
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emel Sokullu Urkac
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gunes Parlakgul
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacob Bernstein
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wangli Xing
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Edward S. Boyden
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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309
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Lienemann PS, Karlsson M, Sala A, Wischhusen HM, Weber FE, Zimmermann R, Weber W, Lutolf MP, Ehrbar M. A versatile approach to engineering biomolecule-presenting cellular microenvironments. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23184806 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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310
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Kirschner CM, Anseth KS. Hydrogels in Healthcare: From Static to Dynamic Material Microenvironments. ACTA MATERIALIA 2013; 61:931-944. [PMID: 23929381 PMCID: PMC3735227 DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in hydrogel design have revolutionized the way biomaterials are applied to address biomedical needs. Hydrogels were introduced in medicine over 50 years ago and have evolved from static, bioinert materials to dynamic, bioactive microenvironments, which can be used to direct specific biological responses such as cellular ingrowth in wound healing or on-demand delivery of therapeutics. Two general classes of mechanisms, those defined by the user and those dictated by the endogenous cells and tissues, can control dynamic hydrogel microenvironments. These highly tunable materials have provided bioengineers and biological scientists with new ways to not only treat patients in the clinic but to study the fundamental cellular responses to engineered microenvironments as well. Here, we provide a brief history of hydrogels in medicine and follow with a discussion of the synthesis and implementation of dynamic hydrogel microenvironments for healthcare-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M. Kirschner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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311
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Azagarsamy M, Anseth KS. Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry: An Indispensable Tool to Create Multifaceted Cell Culture Scaffolds. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:5-9. [PMID: 23336091 PMCID: PMC3547663 DOI: 10.1021/mz300585q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, bioorthogonal click chemistry has led the field of biomaterial science into a new era of diversity and complexity by its extremely selective, versatile, and biocompatible nature. In this viewpoint, we seek to emphasize recent endeavors of exploiting this versatile chemistry toward the development of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels as cell culture scaffolds. In these cell-laden materials, the orthogonality of these reactions has played an effective role in allowing the creation of diverse biochemical patterns in complex biological environments that provide new found opportunities for researchers to delineate and control cellular phenotypes more precisely than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malar
A. Azagarsamy
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, the BioFrontiers
Institute, and the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, University
of Colorado at Boulder, 596 UCB Boulder, Colorado 80303,
United States
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, the BioFrontiers
Institute, and the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, University
of Colorado at Boulder, 596 UCB Boulder, Colorado 80303,
United States
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312
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Labòria N, Wieneke R, Tampé R. Control of Nanomolar Interaction and In Situ Assembly of Proteins in Four Dimensions by Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:848-53. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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313
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Labòria N, Wieneke R, Tampé R. Steuerung von nanomolaren Wechselwirkungen und In-situ-Immobilisierung von Proteinen in vier Dimensionen durch Licht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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314
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315
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Li Z, Stankevičius E, Ajami A, Račiukaitis G, Husinsky W, Ovsianikov A, Stampfl J, Liska R. 3D alkyne–azide cycloaddition: spatiotemporally controlled by combination of aryl azide photochemistry and two-photon grafting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7635-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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316
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Tompa P. Hydrogel formation by multivalent IDPs: A reincarnation of the microtrabecular lattice? INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2013; 1:e24068. [PMID: 28516006 PMCID: PMC5424804 DOI: 10.4161/idp.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on high-voltage electron microscopic (HVEM) data of fixed cultured cells, an elaborate three-dimensional network of filaments, including and interconnecting other elements of the cytoskeleton, was observed in cells some half a century ago. Despite many attempts and comparative studies, this “microtrabecular lattice” (MTL) of the cytoplasmic ground substance could not be established as a genuine component of the eukaryotic cell, and is mostly considered today as a sample-preparation artifact of protein adherence and cross-linking to the cytoskeleton. Here we elaborate on the provocative idea that recent observations of hydrogel-forming phase transitions of repetitive regions of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) bear resemblance in creation, organization and physical appearance to the MTL. We review this phenomenon in detail, and suggest that phase transitions of actin regulatory proteins, neurofilament side-arms and other proteins could generate non-uniform spatial distribution of cytoplasmic material in the vicinity of the cytoskeleton that might even give rise to fixation phenomena resembling the MTL. Whether such hydrogel formation by IDPs is a general physical phenomenon, will remain to be seen, nevertheless, the underlying organizational principle provokes novel experimental studies to uncover the ensuing higher-level regulation of cell physiology, in which the despised and long-forgotten concept of MTL might give some interesting leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tompa
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Enzymology; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
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317
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Tian B, Lieber CM. Synthetic nanoelectronic probes for biological cells and tissues. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:31-51. [PMID: 23451719 PMCID: PMC3771379 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Research at the interface between nanoscience and biology could yield breakthroughs in fundamental science and lead to revolutionary technologies. In this review, we focus on the interfaces between nanoelectronics and biology. First, we discuss nanoscale field effect transistors (nanoFETs) as probes to study cellular systems; specifically, we describe the development of nanoFETs that are comparable in size to biological nanostructures involved in communication through synthesized nanowires. Second, we review current progress in multiplexed extracellular sensing using planar nanoFET arrays. Third, we describe the designs and implementation of three distinct nanoFETs used to perform the first intracellular electrical recording from single cells. Fourth, we present recent progress in merging electronic and biological systems at the three-dimensional tissue level by use of macro-porous nanoelectronic scaffolds. Finally, we discuss future developments in this research area, unique challenges and opportunities, and the tremendous impact these nanoFET-based technologies might have on biological and medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, the James Franck Institute and the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637;
| | - Charles M. Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
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318
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Stevens KR, Ungrin MD, Schwartz RE, Ng S, Carvalho B, Christine KS, Chaturvedi RR, Li CY, Zandstra PW, Chen CS, Bhatia SN. InVERT molding for scalable control of tissue microarchitecture. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1847. [PMID: 23673632 PMCID: PMC3660041 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex tissues contain multiple cell types that are hierarchically organized within morphologically and functionally distinct compartments. Construction of engineered tissues with optimized tissue architecture has been limited by tissue fabrication techniques, which do not enable versatile microscale organization of multiple cell types in tissues of size adequate for physiological studies and tissue therapies. Here we present an 'Intaglio-Void/Embed-Relief Topographic molding' method for microscale organization of many cell types, including induced pluripotent stem cell-derived progeny, within a variety of synthetic and natural extracellular matrices and across tissues of sizes appropriate for in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical studies. We demonstrate that compartmental placement of non-parenchymal cells relative to primary or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes, compartment microstructure, and cellular composition modulate hepatic functions. Configurations found to sustain physiological function in vitro also result in survival and function in mice for at least 4 weeks, demonstrating the importance of architectural optimization before implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- KR Stevens
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - MD Ungrin
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - RE Schwartz
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Division of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - S Ng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - B Carvalho
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - KS Christine
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - RR Chaturvedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - CY Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - PW Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - CS Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - SN Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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319
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Zorlutuna P, Vrana NE, Khademhosseini A. The expanding world of tissue engineering: the building blocks and new applications of tissue engineered constructs. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 6:47-62. [PMID: 23268388 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2012.2233468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering has been growing in the recent years as more products have made it to the market and as new uses for the engineered tissues have emerged, motivating many researchers to engage in this multidisciplinary field of research. Engineered tissues are now not only considered as end products for regenerative medicine, but also have emerged as enabling technologies for other fields of research ranging from drug discovery to biorobotics. This widespread use necessitates a variety of methodologies for production of tissue engineered constructs. In this review, these methods together with their non-clinical applications will be described. First, we will focus on novel materials used in tissue engineering scaffolds; such as recombinant proteins and synthetic, self assembling polypeptides. The recent advances in the modular tissue engineering area will be discussed. Then scaffold-free production methods, based on either cell sheets or cell aggregates will be described. Cell sources used in tissue engineering and new methods that provide improved control over cell behavior such as pathway engineering and biomimetic microenvironments for directing cell differentiation will be discussed. Finally, we will summarize the emerging uses of engineered constructs such as model tissues for drug discovery, cancer research and biorobotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Zorlutuna
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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320
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321
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Gao M, Lu P, Bednark B, Lynam D, Conner JM, Sakamoto J, Tuszynski MH. Templated agarose scaffolds for the support of motor axon regeneration into sites of complete spinal cord transection. Biomaterials 2012. [PMID: 23182350 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineered scaffolds have the potential to support and guide injured axons after spinal cord injury, contributing to neural repair. In previous studies we have reported that templated agarose scaffolds can be fabricated into precise linear arrays and implanted into the partially injured spinal cord, organizing growth and enhancing the distance over which local spinal cord axons and ascending sensory axons extend into a lesion site. However, most human injuries are severe, sparing only thin rims of spinal cord tissue in the margins of a lesion site. Accordingly, in the present study we examined whether template agarose scaffolds seeded with bone marrow stromal cells secreting Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) would support regeneration into severe, complete spinal cord transection sites. Moreover, we tested responses of motor axon populations originating from the brainstem. We find that templated agarose scaffolds support motor axon regeneration into a severe spinal cord injury model and organize axons into fascicles of highly linear configuration. BDNF significantly enhances axonal growth. Collectively, these findings support the feasibility of scaffold implantation for enhancing central regeneration after even severe central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Gao
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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322
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Fan Y, Xu F, Huang G, Lu TJ, Xing W. Single neuron capture and axonal development in three-dimensional microscale hydrogels. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4724-4731. [PMID: 22858829 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Autapse is an unusual type of synapse generated by a neuron on itself. The ability to monitor axonal growth of single neurons and autapse formation in three-dimensions (3D) may provide fundamental information relating to many cellular processes, such as axonal development, synaptic plasticity and neural signal transmission. However, monitoring such growth is technically challenging due to the requirement for precise capture and long-term analysis of single neurons in 3D. Herein, we present a simple two-step photolithography method to efficiently capture single cells in microscale gelatin methacrylate hydrogel rings. We applied this method to capture and culture single neurons. The results demonstrated that neural axons grew and consequently formed axonal circles, indicating that our method could be an enabling tool to analyze axonal development and autapse formation. This method holds great potential for impact in multiple areas, such as neuroscience, cancer biology, and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Fan
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100086
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323
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Xu F, Helfen L, Suhonen H, Elgrabli D, Bayat S, Reischig P, Baumbach T, Cloetens P. Correlative nanoscale 3D imaging of structure and composition in extended objects. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185554 PMCID: PMC3501479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure and composition at the nanoscale determine the behavior of biological systems and engineered materials. The drive to understand and control this behavior has placed strong demands on developing methods for high resolution imaging. In general, the improvement of three-dimensional (3D) resolution is accomplished by tightening constraints: reduced manageable specimen sizes, decreasing analyzable volumes, degrading contrasts, and increasing sample preparation efforts. Aiming to overcome these limitations, we present a non-destructive and multiple-contrast imaging technique, using principles of X-ray laminography, thus generalizing tomography towards laterally extended objects. We retain advantages that are usually restricted to 2D microscopic imaging, such as scanning of large areas and subsequent zooming-in towards a region of interest at the highest possible resolution. Our technique permits correlating the 3D structure and the elemental distribution yielding a high sensitivity to variations of the electron density via coherent imaging and to local trace element quantification through X-ray fluorescence. We demonstrate the method by imaging a lithographic nanostructure and an aluminum alloy. Analyzing a biological system, we visualize in lung tissue the subcellular response to toxic stress after exposure to nanotubes. We show that most of the nanotubes are trapped inside alveolar macrophages, while a small portion of the nanotubes has crossed the barrier to the cellular space of the alveolar wall. In general, our method is non-destructive and can be combined with different sample environmental or loading conditions. We therefore anticipate that correlative X-ray nano-laminography will enable a variety of in situ and in operando 3D studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Institute for Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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325
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Abstract
Much of our fundamental knowledge related to polymer networks is built on an assumption of ideal end-linked network structure. Real networks invariably possess topological imperfections that negatively affect mechanical properties; modifications of classical network theories have been developed to account for these defects. Despite decades of effort, there are no known experimental protocols for precise quantification of even the simplest topological network imperfections: primary loops. Here we present a simple conceptual framework that enables primary loop quantification in polymeric materials. We apply this framework to measure the fraction of primary loop junctions in trifunctional PEG-based hydrogels. We anticipate that the concepts described here will open new avenues of theoretical and experimental research related to polymer network structure.
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326
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Tian B, Liu J, Dvir T, Jin L, Tsui JH, Qing Q, Suo Z, Langer R, Kohane DS, Lieber CM. Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds for synthetic tissues. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:986-94. [PMID: 22922448 PMCID: PMC3623694 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional (3D) synthetic biomaterials as structural and bioactive scaffolds is central to fields ranging from cellular biophysics to regenerative medicine. As of yet, these scaffolds cannot electrically probe the physicochemical and biological microenvironments throughout their 3D and macroporous interior, although this capability could have a marked impact in both electronics and biomaterials. Here, we address this challenge using macroporous, flexible and free-standing nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds (nanoES), and their hybrids with synthetic or natural biomaterials. 3D macroporous nanoES mimic the structure of natural tissue scaffolds, and they were formed by self-organization of coplanar reticular networks with built-in strain and by manipulation of 2D mesh matrices. NanoES exhibited robust electronic properties and have been used alone or combined with other biomaterials as biocompatible extracellular scaffolds for 3D culture of neurons, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we show the integrated sensory capability of the nanoES by real-time monitoring of the local electrical activity within 3D nanoES/cardiomyocyte constructs, the response of 3D-nanoES-based neural and cardiac tissue models to drugs, and distinct pH changes inside and outside tubular vascular smooth muscle constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Tal Dvir
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lihua Jin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Tsui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Quan Qing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Zhigang Suo
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daniel S. Kohane
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.M.L. () or D.S.K. ()
| | - Charles M. Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.M.L. () or D.S.K. ()
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327
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New perspectives in cell delivery systems for tissue regeneration: natural-derived injectable hydrogels. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2012; 10:67-81. [PMID: 22865572 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.2012.9418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polymers, because of their biocompatibility, availability, and physico-chemical properties have been the materials of choice for the fabrication of injectable hydrogels for regenerative medicine. In particular, they are appealing materials for delivery systems and provide sustained and controlled release of drugs, proteins, gene, cells, and other active biomolecules immobilized.In this work, the use of hydrogels obtained from natural source polymers as cell delivery systems is discussed. These materials were investigated for the repair of cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, intervertebral disc, neural, and cardiac tissue. Papers from the last ten years were considered, with a particular focus on the advances of the last five years. A critical discussion is centered on new perspectives and challenges in the regeneration of specific tissues, with the aim of highlighting the limits of current systems and possible future advancements.
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328
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Greiner AM, Richter B, Bastmeyer M. Micro-Engineered 3D Scaffolds for Cell Culture Studies. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1301-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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329
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330
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Su PJ, Tran QA, Fong JJ, Eliceiri KW, Ogle BM, Campagnola PJ. Mesenchymal stem cell interactions with 3D ECM modules fabricated via multiphoton excited photochemistry. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2917-25. [PMID: 22876971 DOI: 10.1021/bm300949k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To understand complex micro/nanoscale ECM stem cell interactions, reproducible in vitro models are needed that can strictly recapitulate the relative content and spatial arrangement of native tissue. Additionally, whole ECM proteins are required to most accurately reflect native binding dynamics. To address this need, we use multiphoton excited photochemistry to create 3D whole protein constructs or "modules" to study how the ECM governs stem cell migration. The constructs were created from mixtures of BSA/laminin (LN) and BSA alone, whose comparison afforded studying how the migration dynamics are governed from the combination of morphological and ECM cues. We found that mesenchymal stem cells interacted for significantly longer durations with the BSA/LN constructs than pure BSA, pointing to the importance of binding cues of the LN. Critical to this work was the development of an automated system with feedback based on fluorescence imaging to provide quality control when synthesizing multiple identical constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Jung Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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331
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Mimicking dynamic in vivo environments with stimuli-responsive materials for cell culture. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:426-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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332
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BIODEGRADABLE THERMO-SENSITIVE HYDROGELS FOR CONTROLLED DELIVERY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PEPTIDE. ACTA POLYM SIN 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2012.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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333
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424; ,
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334
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Aizawa Y, Shoichet MS. The role of endothelial cells in the retinal stem and progenitor cell niche within a 3D engineered hydrogel matrix. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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335
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Advances in natural biomaterials for nerve tissue repair. Neurosci Lett 2012; 519:103-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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336
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Santos E, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL, Orive G. Novel advances in the design of three-dimensional bio-scaffolds to control cell fate: translation from 2D to 3D. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:331-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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337
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The fundamental role of subcellular topography in peripheral nerve repair therapies. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4264-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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338
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339
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Dankers PYW, Hermans TM, Baughman TW, Kamikawa Y, Kieltyka RE, Bastings MMC, Janssen HM, Sommerdijk NAJM, Larsen A, van Luyn MJA, Bosman AW, Popa ER, Fytas G, Meijer EW. Hierarchical formation of supramolecular transient networks in water: a modular injectable delivery system. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:2703-9. [PMID: 22528786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A modular one-component supramolecular transient network in water, based on poly(ethylene glycol) and end-capped with four-fold hydrogen bonding units, is reported. Due to its nonlinear structural formation, this system allows active proteins to be added to the hydrogel during formation. Once implanted in vivo it releases the protein by erosion of both the protein and polymer via dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Y W Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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340
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341
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Ranga A, Lutolf MP. High-throughput approaches for the analysis of extrinsic regulators of stem cell fate. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:236-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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342
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Woodford C, Zandstra PW. Tissue engineering 2.0: guiding self-organization during pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:810-9. [PMID: 22444525 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation aims to mimic development using growth factors or small molecules in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. However, the cell types produced using this approach are predominantly fetal-like in phenotype and function, limiting their use in regenerative medicine. This is particularly true in current efforts to produce pancreatic beta cells, wherein robust pancreatic progenitor maturation can only be accomplished upon transplantation into mice. Recent studies have suggested that hPSC-derived cells are capable of self-organizing in vitro, revealing a new paradigm for creating mature cells and tissues. Tissue engineering strategies that provide subtle and dynamic signals to developmentally naïve cells may be applied to mimic in vitro the self-organization aspects of pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Woodford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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343
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Zhang Z, Gao X, Zhang A, Wu X, Chen L, He C, Zhuang X, Chen X. Biodegradable pH-Dependent Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogels for Oral Insulin Delivery. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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344
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Biggs BW, Hunt HK, Armani AM. Selective patterning of Si-based biosensor surfaces using isotropic silicon etchants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 369:477-81. [PMID: 22196345 PMCID: PMC3265681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-sensitive, label-free biosensors have the potential to have a tremendous impact on fields like medical diagnostics. For the majority of these Si-based integrated devices, it is necessary to functionalize the surface with a targeting ligand in order to perform specific biodetection. To do this, silane coupling agents are commonly used to immobilize the targeting ligand. However, this method typically results in the bioconjugation of the entire device surface, which is undesirable. To compensate for this effect, researchers have developed complex blocking strategies that result in selective patterning of the sensor surface. Recently, silane coupling agents were used to attach biomolecules to the surface of silica toroidal biosensors integrated on a silicon wafer. Interestingly, only the silica biosensor surface was conjugated. Here, we hypothesize why this selective patterning occurred. Specifically, the silicon etchant (xenon difluoride), which is used in the fabrication of the biosensor, appears to reduce the efficiency of the silane coupling attachment to the underlying silicon wafer. These results will enable future researchers to more easily control the bioconjugation of their sensor surfaces, thus improving biosensor device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W. Biggs
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Heather K. Hunt
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Andrea M. Armani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering-Electrophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
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345
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Lee LA, Wang Q. Dynamic 3D Patterning of Biochemical Cues by using Photoinduced Bioorthogonal Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4004-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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346
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Lee LA, Wang Q. Dynamische 3D-Musterung biochemischer Auslösereize durch photoinduzierte bioorthogonale Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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347
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348
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Tam RY, Cooke MJ, Shoichet MS. A covalently modified hydrogel blend of hyaluronan–methyl cellulose with peptides and growth factors influences neural stem/progenitor cell fate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33680d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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349
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O'Donovan L, De Bank PA. A photocleavable linker for the chemoselective functionalization of biomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35173k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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350
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Wilkinson AE, McCormick AM, Leipzig ND. Central Nervous System Tissue Engineering: Current Considerations and Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2200/s00390ed1v01y201111tis008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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