301
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Omokoko T, Simon P, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. Retrieval of functional TCRs from single antigen-specific T cells: Toward individualized TCR-engineered therapies. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1005523. [PMID: 26140230 PMCID: PMC4485745 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1005523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a highly versatile platform for the systematic retrieval of T-cell receptors (TCRs) from single-antigen-reactive T cells and for characterization of their function and specificity. This approach enables rapid extraction of multiple TCRs from repertoires in individuals and not only broadens the diversity of TCRs suitable for clinical use, but also sets the stage for actively personalized immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana Omokoko
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University ; Mainz, Germany ; BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH ; Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Simon
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University ; Mainz, Germany ; BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH ; Mainz, Germany
| | - Özlem Türeci
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University ; Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University ; Mainz, Germany ; BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH ; Mainz, Germany ; Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Hospital; Johannes Gutenberg-University ; Mainz, Germany
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302
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Nayar S, Dasgupta P, Galustian C. Extending the lifespan and efficacies of immune cells used in adoptive transfer for cancer immunotherapies-A review. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1002720. [PMID: 26155387 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells used in adoptive cell-transfer immunotherapies against cancer include dendritic cells (DCs), natural-killer cells, and CD8+ T-cells. These cells may have limited efficacy due to their lifespan, activity, and immunosuppressive effects of tumor cells. Therefore, increasing longevity and activity of these cells may boost their efficacy. Four cytokines that can extend immune effector-cell longevity are IL-2, IL-7, IL-21, and IL-15. This review will discuss current knowledge on effector-cell lifespans and the mechanisms by which IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 can extend effector-cell longevity. We will also discuss how lifespan and efficacy of these cells can be regulated to allow optimal clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Nayar
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
| | - Christine Galustian
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
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303
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Abu N, Mohamed NE, Yeap SK, Lim KL, Akhtar MN, Zulfadli AJ, Kee BB, Abdullah MP, Omar AR, Alitheen NB. In vivo antitumor and antimetastatic effects of flavokawain B in 4T1 breast cancer cell-challenged mice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:1401-17. [PMID: 25834398 PMCID: PMC4358690 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s67976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavokawain B (FKB) is a naturally occurring chalcone that can be isolated through the root extracts of the kava-kava plant (Piper methysticum). It can also be synthesized chemically to increase the yield. This compound is a promising candidate as a biological agent, as it is reported to be involved in a wide range of biological activities. Furthermore, FKB was reported to have antitumorigenic effects in several cancer cell lines in vitro. However, the in vivo antitumor effects of FKB have not been reported on yet. Breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the world today. Any potential treatment should not only impede the growth of the tumor, but also modulate the immune system efficiently and inhibit the formation of secondary tumors. As presented in our study, FKB induced apoptosis in 4T1 tumors in vivo, as evidenced by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and hematoxylin and eosin staining of the tumor. FKB also regulated the immune system by increasing both helper and cytolytic T-cell and natural killer cell populations. In addition, FKB also enhanced the levels of interleukin 2 and interferon gamma but suppressed interleukin 1B. Apart from that, FKB was also found to inhibit metastasis, as evaluated by clonogenic assay, bone marrow smearing assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and proteome profiler analysis. All in all, FKB may serve as a promising anticancer agent, especially in treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Abu
- Bright Sparks Unit, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Elyani Mohamed
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kian Lam Lim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Lot PT, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Nadeem Akhtar
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Jamil Zulfadli
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Beh Boon Kee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Puad Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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304
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Ghorashian S, Pule M, Amrolia P. CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 2015; 169:463-78. [PMID: 25753571 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T cells can be redirected to recognize tumour antigens by genetic modification to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). These consist of antibody-derived antigen-binding regions linked to T cell signalling elements. CD19 is an ideal target because it is expressed on most B cell malignancies as well as normal B cells but not on other cell types, restricting any 'on target, off tumour' toxicity to B cell depletion. Recent clinical studies involving CD19 CAR-directed T cells have shown unprecedented responses in a range of B cell malignancies, even in patients with chemorefractory relapse. Durable responses have been achieved, although the persistence of modified T cells may be limited. This therapy is not without toxicity, however. Cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity appear to be frequent but are treatable and reversible. CAR T cell therapy holds the promise of a tailored cellular therapy, which can form memory and be adapted to the tumour microenvironment. This review will provide a perspective on the currently available data, as well as on future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ghorashian
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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305
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Davenport AJ, Jenkins MR, Cross RS, Yong CS, Prince HM, Ritchie DS, Trapani JA, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK, Neeson PJ. CAR-T Cells Inflict Sequential Killing of Multiple Tumor Target Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:483-94. [PMID: 25711536 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells shows great promise clinically. However, there are important aspects of CAR-T-cell biology that have not been explored, particularly with respect to the kinetics of activation, immune synapse formation, and tumor cell killing. Moreover, the effects of signaling via the endogenous T-cell receptor (TCR) or CAR on killing kinetics are unclear. To address these issues, we developed a novel transgenic mouse (designated CAR.OT-I), in which CD8(+) T cells coexpressed the clonogenic OT-I TCR, recognizing the H-2K(b)-presented ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL, and an scFv specific for human HER2. Primed CAR.OT-I T cells were mixed with SIINFEKL-pulsed or HER2-expressing tumor cells and visualized in real-time using time-lapse microscopy. We found that engagement via CAR or TCR did not affect cell death kinetics, except that the time from degranulation to CAR-T-cell detachment was faster when CAR was engaged. We showed, for the first time, that individual CAR.OT-I cells can kill multiple tumor cells ("serial killing"), irrespective of the mode of recognition. At low effector:target ratios, the tumor cell killing rate was similar via TCR or CAR ligation over the first 20 hours of coincubation. However, from 20 to 50 hours, tumor cell death mediated through CAR became attenuated due to CAR downregulation throughout the time course. Our study provides important insights into CAR-T-tumor cell interactions, with implications for single- or dual receptor-focused T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. The ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Cross
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmen S Yong
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Miles Prince
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. The ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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306
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Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Kassim SH, Somerville RPT, Carpenter RO, Stetler-Stevenson M, Yang JC, Phan GQ, Hughes MS, Sherry RM, Raffeld M, Feldman S, Lu L, Li YF, Ngo LT, Goy A, Feldman T, Spaner DE, Wang ML, Chen CC, Kranick SM, Nath A, Nathan DAN, Morton KE, Toomey MA, Rosenberg SA. Chemotherapy-refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and indolent B-cell malignancies can be effectively treated with autologous T cells expressing an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:540-9. [PMID: 25154820 PMCID: PMC4322257 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.56.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1216] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE T cells can be genetically modified to express an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). We assessed the safety and efficacy of administering autologous anti-CD19 CAR T cells to patients with advanced CD19(+) B-cell malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS We treated 15 patients with advanced B-cell malignancies. Nine patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), two had indolent lymphomas, and four had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Patients received a conditioning chemotherapy regimen of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by a single infusion of anti-CD19 CAR T cells. RESULTS Of 15 patients, eight achieved complete remissions (CRs), four achieved partial remissions, one had stable lymphoma, and two were not evaluable for response. CRs were obtained by four of seven evaluable patients with chemotherapy-refractory DLBCL; three of these four CRs are ongoing, with durations ranging from 9 to 22 months. Acute toxicities including fever, hypotension, delirium, and other neurologic toxicities occurred in some patients after infusion of anti-CD19 CAR T cells; these toxicities resolved within 3 weeks after cell infusion. One patient died suddenly as a result of an unknown cause 16 days after cell infusion. CAR T cells were detected in the blood of patients at peak levels, ranging from nine to 777 CAR-positive T cells/μL. CONCLUSION This is the first report to our knowledge of successful treatment of DLBCL with anti-CD19 CAR T cells. These results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of treating chemotherapy-refractory B-cell malignancies with anti-CD19 CAR T cells. The numerous remissions obtained provide strong support for further development of this approach.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Transplantation Conditioning/methods
- Vidarabine/administration & dosage
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Kochenderfer
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Mark E Dudley
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sadik H Kassim
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert P T Somerville
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert O Carpenter
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - James C Yang
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Giao Q Phan
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marybeth S Hughes
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Richard M Sherry
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mark Raffeld
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Steven Feldman
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lily Lu
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yong F Li
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lien T Ngo
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Andre Goy
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tatyana Feldman
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - David E Spaner
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Michael L Wang
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Clara C Chen
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sarah M Kranick
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Avindra Nath
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Debbie-Ann N Nathan
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kathleen E Morton
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mary Ann Toomey
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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307
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Affiliation(s)
- Persis J Amrolia
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Martin Pule
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
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308
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Prentice KM, Wallace A, Eakin CM. Inline Protein A Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2023-8. [PMID: 25647041 DOI: 10.1021/ac504502e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Prentice
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Alison Wallace
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Catherine M. Eakin
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
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309
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310
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Yost EA, Hynes TR, Hartle CM, Ott BJ, Berlot CH. Inhibition of G-protein βγ signaling enhances T cell receptor-stimulated interleukin 2 transcription in CD4+ T helper cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116575. [PMID: 25629163 PMCID: PMC4309538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling modulates the expression of cytokines that are drug targets for immune disorders. However, although GPCRs are common targets for other diseases, there are few GPCR-based pharmaceuticals for inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeting G-protein βγ (Gβγ) complexes could provide a useful new approach for modulating interleukin 2 (IL-2) levels in CD4+ T helper cells. Gallein, a small molecule inhibitor of Gβγ, increased levels of T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated IL-2 mRNA in primary human naïve and memory CD4+ T helper cells and in Jurkat human CD4+ leukemia T cells. Gβ1 and Gβ2 mRNA accounted for >99% of Gβ mRNA, and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Gβ1 but not Gβ2 enhanced TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA increases. Blocking Gβγ enhanced TCR-stimulated increases in IL-2 transcription without affecting IL-2 mRNA stability. Blocking Gβγ also enhanced TCR-stimulated increases in nuclear localization of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), NFAT transcriptional activity, and levels of intracellular Ca2+. Potentiation of IL-2 transcription required continuous Gβγ inhibition during at least two days of TCR stimulation, suggesting that induction or repression of additional signaling proteins during T cell activation and differentiation might be involved. The potentiation of TCR-stimulated IL-2 transcription that results from blocking Gβγ in CD4+ T helper cells could have applications for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Yost
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Hynes
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Cassandra M. Hartle
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Braden J. Ott
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Catherine H. Berlot
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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311
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Abstract
Current mainstays in cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal manipulation, and even targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab (herceptin) for breast cancer or Iressa (gefitinib) for non-small cell lung cancer among others are limited by lack of efficacy, cellular resistance, and toxicity. Dose escalation and combination therapies designed to overcome resistance and increase efficacy are limited by a narrow therapeutic index. Oncolytic viruses are one such group of new biological therapeutics that appears to have a wide spectrum of anticancer activity with minimal human toxicity. Since the malignant phenotype of tumors is the culmination of multiple mutations that occur in genes eventually leading to aberrant signaling pathways, oncolytic viruses either natural or engineered specifically target tumor cells taking advantage of this abnormal cellular signaling for their replication. Reovirus is one such naturally occurring double-stranded RNA virus that exploits altered signaling pathways (including Ras) in a myriad of cancers. The ability of reovirus to infect and lyse tumors under in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo conditions has been well documented previously by us and others. The major mechanism of reovirus oncolysis of cancer cells has been shown to occur through apoptosis with autophagy taking place during this process in certain cancers. In addition, the synergistic antitumor effects of reovirus in combination with radiation or chemotherapy have also been demonstrated for reovirus resistant and moderately sensitive tumors. Recent progress in our understanding of viral immunology in the tumor microenvironment has diverted interest in exploring immunologic mechanisms to overcome resistance exhibited by chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer. Thus, currently several investigations are focusing on immune potentiating of reovirus for maximal tumor targeting. This chapter therefore has concentrated on immunologic cell death induction with reovirus as a novel approach to cancer therapy used under in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as in a clinical setting. Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present. Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic for ongoing clinical testing that are highlighted in this chapter.
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312
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Abstract
Using the immune system to control cancer has been investigated for over a century. Yet it is only over the last several years that therapeutic agents acting directly on the immune system have demonstrated improved overall survival for cancer patients in phase III clinical trials. Furthermore, it appears that some patients treated with such agents have been cured of metastatic cancer. This has led to increased interest and acceleration in the rate of progress in cancer immunotherapy. Most of the current immunotherapeutic success in cancer treatment is based on the use of immune-modulating antibodies targeting critical checkpoints (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1). Several other immune-modulating molecules targeting inhibitory or stimulatory pathways are being developed. The combined use of these medicines is the subject of intense investigation and holds important promise. Combination regimens include those that incorporate targeted therapies that act on growth signaling pathways, as well as standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In fact, these standard therapies have intrinsic immune-modulating properties that can support antitumor immunity. In the years ahead, adoptive T-cell therapy will also be an important part of treatment for some cancer patients. Other areas which are regaining interest are the use of oncolytic viruses that immunize patients against their own tumors and the use of vaccines against tumor antigens. Immunotherapy has demonstrated unprecedented durability in controlling multiple types of cancer and we expect its use to continue expanding rapidly.
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313
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Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells has been the central goal of anti-cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in optimizing this technology in order to make it a clinically feasible treatment. One of the main treatment modalities within cancer immunotherapy has been adoptive T cell therapy (ACT). Using this approach, tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells are infused into cancer patients with the goal of recognizing, targeting, and destroying tumor cells. In the current review, we revisit some of the major successes of ACT, the major hurdles that have been overcome to optimize ACT, the remaining challenges, and future approaches to make ACT widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Perica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Varela
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mathias Oelke
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Schneck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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314
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Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Posvyatenko AV, Ananikov VP. An unexpected increase of toxicity of amino acid-containing ionic liquids. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00079j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the structure of cations and anions on the biological activity of ionic liquids is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S. Egorova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- 119991 Russia
| | - Marina M. Seitkalieva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- 119991 Russia
| | - Alexandra V. Posvyatenko
- Institute of Gene Biology
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- 119334 Russia
- D. Rogachev Federal Scientific Clinical Centre of Pediatric Hematology
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- 119991 Russia
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315
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Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk EP, Gąbka-Buszek A, Jankowski J, Mackiewicz A. Immunotargeting of cancer stem cells. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:A52-9. [PMID: 25691822 PMCID: PMC4322523 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.47129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a distinctive population of tumour cells that control tumour initiation, progression, and maintenance. Their influence is great enough to risk the statement that successful therapeutic strategy must target CSCs in order to eradicate the disease. Because cancer stem cells are highly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy, new tools to fight against cancer have to be developed. Expression of antigens such as ALDH, CD44, EpCAM, or CD133, which distinguish CSCs from normal cells, together with CSC immunogenicity and relatively low toxicity of immunotherapies, makes immune targeting of CSCs a promising approach for cancer treatment. This review will present immunotherapeutic approaches using dendritic cells, T cells, pluripotent stem cells, and monoclonal antibodies to target and eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza P. Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Diagnostic and Immunology Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Jankowski
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Diagnostic and Immunology Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
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316
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Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Pedro JMBS, Buqué A, Senovilla L, Baracco EE, Bloy N, Castoldi F, Abastado JP, Agostinis P, Apte RN, Aranda F, Ayyoub M, Beckhove P, Blay JY, Bracci L, Caignard A, Castelli C, Cavallo F, Celis E, Cerundolo V, Clayton A, Colombo MP, Coussens L, Dhodapkar MV, Eggermont AM, Fearon DT, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Gabrilovich DI, Galon J, Garg A, Ghiringhelli F, Giaccone G, Gilboa E, Gnjatic S, Hoos A, Hosmalin A, Jäger D, Kalinski P, Kärre K, Kepp O, Kiessling R, Kirkwood JM, Klein E, Knuth A, Lewis CE, Liblau R, Lotze MT, Lugli E, Mach JP, Mattei F, Mavilio D, Melero I, Melief CJ, Mittendorf EA, Moretta L, Odunsi A, Okada H, Palucka AK, Peter ME, Pienta KJ, Porgador A, Prendergast GC, Rabinovich GA, Restifo NP, Rizvi N, Sautès-Fridman C, Schreiber H, Seliger B, Shiku H, Silva-Santos B, Smyth MJ, Speiser DE, Spisek R, Srivastava PK, Talmadge JE, Tartour E, Van Der Burg SH, Van Den Eynde BJ, Vile R, Wagner H, Weber JS, Whiteside TL, Wolchok JD, Zitvogel L, Zou W, Kroemer G. Classification of current anticancer immunotherapies. Oncotarget 2014; 5:12472-508. [PMID: 25537519 PMCID: PMC4350348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, anticancer immunotherapy has evolved from a promising therapeutic option to a robust clinical reality. Many immunotherapeutic regimens are now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for use in cancer patients, and many others are being investigated as standalone therapeutic interventions or combined with conventional treatments in clinical studies. Immunotherapies may be subdivided into "passive" and "active" based on their ability to engage the host immune system against cancer. Since the anticancer activity of most passive immunotherapeutics (including tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies) also relies on the host immune system, this classification does not properly reflect the complexity of the drug-host-tumor interaction. Alternatively, anticancer immunotherapeutics can be classified according to their antigen specificity. While some immunotherapies specifically target one (or a few) defined tumor-associated antigen(s), others operate in a relatively non-specific manner and boost natural or therapy-elicited anticancer immune responses of unknown and often broad specificity. Here, we propose a critical, integrated classification of anticancer immunotherapies and discuss the clinical relevance of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - José-Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Senovilla
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Elisa Elena Baracco
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Pierre Abastado
- Pole d'innovation thérapeutique en oncologie, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ron N. Apte
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- INSERM, U1102, Saint Herblain, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Translational Immunology Division, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Equipe 11, Centre Léon Bérard (CLR), Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Laura Bracci
- Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Caignard
- INSERM, U1160, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis-Lariboisière - F. Vidal, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Dept. of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Estaban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Dept. of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Lisa Coussens
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Sect. of Hematology and Immunobiology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Wolf H. Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry I. Gabrilovich
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Abhishek Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Sect. of Hematology/Oncology, Immunology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Axel Hoos
- Glaxo Smith Kline, Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Jäger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Medical Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Dept. of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Klas Kärre
- Dept. of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Dept. of Oncology, Karolinska Institute Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eva Klein
- Dept. of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Knuth
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Claire E. Lewis
- Academic Unit of Inflammation and Tumour Targeting, Dept. of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Roland Liblau
- INSERM, UMR1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse II, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Mach
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Dept. of Immunology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Dept. of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cornelis J. Melief
- ISA Therapeutics, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Research Dept. of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Adekunke Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Marcus E. Peter
- Div. of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Dept. of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naiyer Rizvi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Dept. of Pathology, The Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Dept. of Immuno-GeneTherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mark J. Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Dept. of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pramod K. Srivastava
- Dept. of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - James E. Talmadge
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U970, Paris, France
- Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Benoît J. Van Den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Vile
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S. Weber
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Dept. of Medicine and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 507 (CICBT507), Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Weiping Zou
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
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317
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Bloy N, Pol J, Aranda F, Eggermont A, Cremer I, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Galon J, Tartour E, Spisek R, Dhodapkar MV, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based anticancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e963424. [PMID: 25941593 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.963424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of patient-derived dendritic cells (DCs) as a means to elicit therapeutically relevant immune responses in cancer patients has been extensively investigated throughout the past decade. In this context, DCs are generally expanded, exposed to autologous tumor cell lysates or loaded with specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and then reintroduced into patients, often in combination with one or more immunostimulatory agents. As an alternative, TAAs are targeted to DCs in vivo by means of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate moieties or viral vectors specific for DC receptors. All these approaches have been shown to (re)activate tumor-specific immune responses in mice, often mediating robust therapeutic effects. In 2010, the first DC-based preparation (sipuleucel-T, also known as Provenge®) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans. Reflecting the central position occupied by DCs in the regulation of immunological tolerance and adaptive immunity, the interest in harnessing them for the development of novel immunotherapeutic anticancer regimens remains high. Here, we summarize recent advances in the preclinical and clinical development of DC-based anticancer therapeutics.
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Key Words
- DC, dendritic cell
- DC-based vaccination
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- IFN, interferon
- MRC1, mannose receptor, C type 1
- MUC1, mucin 1
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- Toll-like receptor agonists
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- WT1, Wilms tumor 1
- antigen cross-presentation
- autophagy
- iDC, immature DC
- immunogenic cell death
- mDC, mature DC
- pDC, plasmacytoid DC
- regulatory T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Bloy
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI ; Orsay, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France
| | | | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Department of Immunology; 2nd Medical School Charles University and University Hospital Motol ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Sotio a.s. ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France ; INSERM , U970; Paris France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP ; Paris France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology; 2nd Medical School Charles University and University Hospital Motol ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Sotio a.s. ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Medicine; Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center; Yale University ; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507 ; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP ; Paris France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France
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318
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Choi SYC, Lin D, Gout PW, Collins CC, Xu Y, Wang Y. Lessons from patient-derived xenografts for better in vitro modeling of human cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:222-37. [PMID: 25305336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel cancer therapeutics is often plagued by discrepancies between drug efficacies obtained in preclinical studies and outcomes of clinical trials. The inconsistencies can be attributed to a lack of clinical relevance of the cancer models used for drug testing. While commonly used in vitro culture systems are advantageous for addressing specific experimental questions, they are often gross, fidelity-lacking simplifications that largely ignore the heterogeneity of cancers as well as the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Factors such as tumor architecture, interactions among cancer cells and between cancer and stromal cells, and an acidic tumor microenvironment are critical characteristics observed in patient-derived cancer xenograft models and in the clinic. By mimicking these crucial in vivo characteristics through use of 3D cultures, co-culture systems and acidic culture conditions, an in vitro cancer model/microenvironment that is more physiologically relevant may be engineered to produce results more readily applicable to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Yiu Chuen Choi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Colin C Collins
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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319
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Abstract
T cells are a crucial component of the immune response to infection and cancer. In addition to coordinating immunity in lymphoid tissue, T cells play a vital role at the disease site, which relies on their efficient and specific trafficking capabilities. The process of T-cell trafficking is highly dynamic, involving a series of distinct processes, which include rolling, adhesion, extravasation, and chemotaxis. Trafficking of T cells to the tumor microenvironment is critical for the success of cancer immunotherapies such as adoptive cellular transfer. Although this approach has achieved some remarkable responses in patients with advanced melanoma and hematologic malignancy, the success against solid cancers has been more moderate. One of the major challenges for adoptive immunotherapy is to be able to effectively target a higher frequency of T cells to the tumor microenvironment, overcoming hurdles associated with immunosuppression and aberrant vasculature. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of T-cell migration in solid cancer and immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of natural or genetically engineered tumor-specific T cells and discusses new strategies that may enhance the trafficking of these cells, leading to effective eradication of solid cancer and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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320
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Drakes ML, Stiff PJ. Harnessing immunosurveillance: current developments and future directions in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotargets Ther 2014; 3:151-65. [PMID: 27471706 PMCID: PMC4918242 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s37790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improved methods of cancer detection and disease management over the last few decades, cancer remains a major public health problem in many societies. Conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, are not usually sufficient to prevent disease recurrence. Therefore, efforts have been focused on developing novel therapies to manage metastatic disease and to prolong disease-free and overall survival, by modulating the immune system to alleviate immunosuppression, and to enhance antitumor immunity. This review discusses protumor mechanisms in patients that circumvent host immunosurveillance, and addresses current immunotherapy modalities designed to target these mechanisms. Given the complexity of cancer immunosuppressive mechanisms, we propose that identification of novel disease biomarkers will drive the development of more targeted immunotherapy. Finally, administration of different classes of immunotherapy in combination regimens, will be the ultimate route to impact low survival rates in advanced cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Drakes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Patrick J Stiff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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321
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Abstract
The ability to engineer T cells to recognize tumor cells through genetic modification with a synthetic chimeric antigen receptor has ushered in a new era in cancer immunotherapy. The most advanced clinical applications are in targeting CD19 on B-cell malignancies. The clinical trials of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor therapy have thus far not attempted to select defined subsets before transduction or imposed uniformity of the CD4 and CD8 cell composition of the cell products. This review will discuss the rationale for and challenges to using adoptive therapy with genetically modified T cells of defined subset and phenotypic composition.
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322
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells face a unique set of challenges in the context of solid tumors. To induce a favorable clinical outcome, CAR T cells have to surmount a series of increasingly arduous tasks. First, they have to be made specific for an antigen whose expression clearly demarcates tumor from normal tissue. Then, they must be able to home and penetrate the desmoplastic stroma that surrounds the tumor. Once within the tumor, they must expand, persist, and mediate cytotoxicity in a hostile milieu largely composed of immunosuppressive modulators. Whereas a seemingly herculean task, all of the aforementioned requirements can potentially be met effectively through both intrinsic and/or extrinsic modifications of CAR T cells. In this review, we delineate the barriers imposed by solid tumors on CARs and strategies that have and should be undertaken to improve therapeutic response.
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323
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Blaudszun AR, Moldenhauer G, Schneider M, Philippi A. A photosensitizer delivered by bispecific antibody redirected T lymphocytes enhances cytotoxicity against EpCAM-expressing carcinoma cells upon light irradiation. J Control Release 2014; 197:58-68. [PMID: 25449805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently conducted clinical trials have provided impressive evidence that chemotherapy resistant metastatic melanoma and several hematological malignancies can be cured using adoptive T cell therapy or T cell-recruiting bispecific antibodies. However, a significant fraction of patients did not benefit from these treatments. Here we have evaluated the feasibility of a novel combination therapy which aims to further enhance the killing potential of bispecific antibody-redirected T lymphocytes by using these cells as targeted delivery system for photosensitizing agents. For a first in vitro proof-of-concept study, ex vivo activated human donor T cells were loaded with a poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)-complex of the model photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (mTHPP). In the absence of light and when loading with the water-soluble PSS/mTHPP-complex occurred at a tolerable concentration, viability and cytotoxic function of loaded T lymphocytes were not impaired. When "drug-enhanced" T cells were co-cultivated with EpCAM-expressing human carcinoma cells, mTHPP was transferred to target cells. Notably, in the presence of a bispecific antibody, which cross-links effector and target cells thereby inducing the cytolytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, significantly more photosensitizer was transferred. Consequently, upon irradiation of co-cultures, redirected drug-loaded T cells were more effective in killing A549 lung and SKOV-3 ovarian carcinoma cells than retargeted unloaded T lymphocytes. Particularly, the additive approach using redirected unloaded T cells in combination with appropriate amounts of separately applied PSS/mTHPP was less efficient as well. Thus, by loading T lymphocytes with a stimulus-sensitive anti-cancer drug, we were able to enhance the cytotoxic capacity of carrier cells. Photosensitizer boosted T cells could open new perspectives for adoptive T cell therapy as well as targeted photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André-René Blaudszun
- Environment and Bio Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarland University, Campus E7 1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Moldenhauer
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-University, Ketzerbach 63, Marburg D-35037, Germany
| | - Anja Philippi
- Environment and Bio Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarland University, Campus E7 1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
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324
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Gao H, Li K, Tu H, Pan X, Jiang H, Shi B, Kong J, Wang H, Yang S, Gu J, Li Z. Development of T cells redirected to glypican-3 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6418-28. [PMID: 25320357 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study is to elucidate whether T cells expressing GPC3-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can efficiently eliminate GPC3-positive HCC cells and their potential in the treatment of HCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN T cells expressing a first-generation and third-generation GPC3-targeted CAR were prepared using lentiviral vector transduction. The in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activities of the genetically engineered CAR T cells were evaluated against various HCC cell lines. RESULTS GPC3-targeted CAR T cells could efficiently kill GPC3-positive HCC cells but not GPC3-negative cells in vitro. These cytotoxic activities seemed to be positively correlated with GPC3 expression levels in the target cells. In addition, T cells expressing the third-generation GPC3-targeted CAR could eradicate HCC xenografts with high level of GPC3 expression and efficiently suppress the growth of HCC xenografts with low GPC3 expression level in vivo. The survival of the mice bearing established orthotopic Huh-7 xenografts was significantly prolonged by the treatment with the third-generation GPC3-targeted CAR T cells. CONCLUSIONS GPC3-targeted CAR T cells could potently eliminate GPC3-positive HCC cells, thereby providing a promising therapeutic intervention for GPC3-positive HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Gao
- Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kesang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianren Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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325
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Wang L, Jin N, Schmitt A, Greiner J, Malcherek G, Hundemer M, Mani J, Hose D, Raab MS, Ho AD, Chen BA, Goldschmidt H, Schmitt M. T cell-based targeted immunotherapies for patients with multiple myeloma. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1751-68. [PMID: 25195787 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologs stem-cell transplantation as well as novel therapeutic agents, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable. Following the general trend towards personalized therapy, targeted immunotherapy as a new approach in the therapy of MM has emerged. Better progression-free survival and overall survival after tandem autologs/allogeneic stem cell transplantation suggest a graft versus myeloma effect strongly supporting the usefulness of immunological therapies for MM patients. How to induce a powerful antimyeloma effect is the key issue in this field. Pivotal is the definition of appropriate tumor antigen targets and effective methods for expansion of T cells with clinical activity. Besides a comprehensive list of tumor antigens for T cell-based approaches, eight promising antigens, CS1, Dickkopf-1, HM1.24, Human telomerase reverse transcriptase, MAGE-A3, New York Esophageal-1, Receptor of hyaluronic acid mediated motility and Wilms' tumor gene 1, are described in detail to provide a background for potential clinical use. Results from both closed and on-going clinical trials are summarized in this review. On the basis of the preclinical and clinical data, we elaborate on three encouraging therapeutic options, vaccine-enhanced donor lymphocyte infusion, chimeric antigen receptors-transfected T cells as well as vaccines with multiple antigen peptides, to pave the way towards clinically significant immune responses against MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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326
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Garber HR, Mirza A, Mittendorf EA, Alatrash G. Adoptive T-cell therapy for Leukemia. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 26056592 PMCID: PMC4452065 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the most robust form of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) and has been tremendously effective in the treatment of leukemia. It is one of the original forms of cancer immunotherapy and illustrates that lymphocytes can specifically recognize and eliminate aberrant, malignant cells. However, because of the high morbidity and mortality that is associated with alloSCT including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), refining the anti-leukemia immunity of alloSCT to target distinct antigens that mediate the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect could transform our approach to treating leukemia, and possibly other hematologic malignancies. Over the past few decades, many leukemia antigens have been discovered that can separate malignant cells from normal host cells and render them vulnerable targets. In concert, the field of T-cell engineering has matured to enable transfer of ectopic high-affinity antigen receptors into host or donor cells with greater efficiency and potency. Many preclinical studies have demonstrated that engineered and conventional T-cells can mediate lysis and eradication of leukemia via one or more leukemia antigen targets. This evidence now serves as a foundation for clinical trials that aim to cure leukemia using T-cells. The recent clinical success of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells for treating patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia displays the potential of this new therapeutic modality. In this review, we discuss some of the most promising leukemia antigens and the novel strategies that have been implemented for adoptive cellular immunotherapy of lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. It is important to summarize the data for ACT of leukemia for physicians in-training and in practice and for investigators who work in this and related fields as there are recent discoveries already being translated to the patient setting and numerous accruing clinical trials. We primarily focus on ACT that has been used in the clinical setting or that is currently undergoing preclinical testing with a foreseeable clinical endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haven R Garber
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
| | - Asma Mirza
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
| | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Department Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gheath Alatrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
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327
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Abstract
Recent clinical data have emphatically shown the capacity of our immune systems to eradicate even advanced cancers. Although oncolytic viruses (OVs) were originally designed to function as tumour-lysing therapeutics, they have now been clinically shown to initiate systemic antitumour immune responses. Cell signalling pathways that are activated and promote the growth of tumour cells also favour the growth and replication of viruses within the cancer. The ability to engineer OVs that express immune-stimulating 'cargo', the induction of immunogenic tumour cell death by OVs and the selective targeting of OVs to tumour beds suggests that they are the ideal reagents to enhance antitumour immune responses. Coupling of OV therapy with tumour antigen vaccination, immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy seems to be ready to converge towards a new generation of multimodal therapeutics to improve outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada
| | | | - David F Stojdl
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; and the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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328
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Steinbacher J, Baltz-Ghahremanpour K, Schmiedel BJ, Steinle A, Jung G, Kübler A, André MC, Grosse-Hovest L, Salih HR. An Fc-optimized NKG2D-immunoglobulin G fusion protein for induction of natural killer cell reactivity against leukemia. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1073-84. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Steinbacher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Eberhard Karls University; Tuebingen Germany
| | | | | | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Gundram Jung
- Department of Immunology; Eberhard Karls University; Tuebingen Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ayline Kübler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Maya Caroline André
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University; Tuebingen Germany
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care; University Children's Hospital; Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut Rainer Salih
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Eberhard Karls University; Tuebingen Germany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Heidelberg Germany
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329
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Wang T, Liu G, Wang R. The Intercellular Metabolic Interplay between Tumor and Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:358. [PMID: 25120544 PMCID: PMC4112791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional and effective immune response requires a metabolic rewiring of immune cells to meet their energetic and anabolic demands. Beyond this, the availability of extracellular and intracellular metabolites may serve as metabolic signals interconnecting with cellular signaling events to influence cellular fate and immunological function. As such, tumor microenvironment represents a dramatic example of metabolic derangement, where the highly metabolic demanding tumor cells may compromise the function of some immune cells by competing nutrients (a form of intercellular competition), meanwhile may support the function of other immune cells by forming a metabolic symbiosis (a form of intercellular collaboration). It has been well known that tumor cells harness immune system through information exchanges that are largely attributed to soluble protein factors and intercellular junctions. In this review, we will discuss recent advance on tumor metabolism and immune metabolism, as well as provide examples of metabolic communications between tumor cells and immune system, which may represent a novel mechanism of conveying tumor-immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China ; Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, OH , USA ; Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University School of Medicine , Columbus, OH , USA
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330
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Invariant NKT cells with chimeric antigen receptor provide a novel platform for safe and effective cancer immunotherapy. Blood 2014; 124:2824-33. [PMID: 25049283 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-541235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the design of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have improved the antitumor efficacy of redirected T cells. However, functional heterogeneity of CAR T cells limits their therapeutic potential and is associated with toxicity. We proposed that CAR expression in Vα24-invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells can build on the natural antitumor properties of these cells while their restriction by monomorphic CD1d limits toxicity. Primary human NKT cells were engineered to express a CAR against the GD2 ganglioside (CAR.GD2), which is highly expressed by neuroblastoma (NB). We compared CAR.GD2 constructs that encoded the CD3ζ chain alone, with CD28, 4-1BB, or CD28 and 4-1BB costimulatory endodomains. CAR.GD2 expression rendered NKT cells highly cytotoxic against NB cells without affecting their CD1d-dependent reactivity. We observed a striking T helper 1-like polarization of NKT cells by 4-1BB-containing CARs. Importantly, expression of both CD28 and 4-1BB endodomains in the CAR.GD2 enhanced in vivo persistence of NKT cells. These CAR.GD2 NKT cells effectively localized to the tumor site had potent antitumor activity, and repeat injections significantly improved the long-term survival of mice with metastatic NB. Unlike T cells, CAR.GD2 NKT cells did not induce graft-versus-host disease. These results establish the potential of NKT cells to serve as a safe and effective platform for CAR-directed cancer immunotherapy.
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331
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Rambaldi A, Biagi E, Bonini C, Biondi A, Introna M. Cell-based strategies to manage leukemia relapse: efficacy and feasibility of immunotherapy approaches. Leukemia 2014; 29:1-10. [PMID: 24919807 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
When treatment fails, the clinical outcome of acute leukemia patients is usually very poor, particularly when failure occurs after transplantation. A second allogeneic stem cell transplant could be envisaged as an effective and feasible salvage option in younger patients having a late relapse and an available donor. Unmanipulated or minimally manipulated donor T cells may also be effective in a minority of patients but the main limit remains the induction of severe graft-versus-host disease. This clinical complication has brought about a huge research effort that led to the development of leukemia-specific T-cell therapy aiming at the direct recognition of leukemia-specific rather than minor histocompatibility antigens. Despite a great scientific interest, the clinical feasibility of such an approach has proven to be quite problematic. To overcome this limitation, more research has moved toward the choice of targeting commonly expressed hematopoietic specific antigens by the genetic modification of unselected T cells. The best example of this is represented by the anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CD19.CAR) T cells. As a possible alternative to the genetic manipulation of unselected T cells, specific T-cell subpopulations with in vivo favorable homing and long-term survival properties have been genetically modified by CAR molecules. Finally, the use of naturally cytotoxic effector cells such as natural killer and cytokine-induced killer cells has been proposed in several clinical trials. The clinical development of these latter cells could also be further expanded by additional genetic modifications using the CAR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit and Center of Cell Therapy 'G. Lanzani', Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - E Biagi
- Department of Pediatrics, M Tettamanti Research Center, Laboratory of Cell therapy 'S. Verri' University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - C Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - A Biondi
- Department of Pediatrics, M Tettamanti Research Center, Laboratory of Cell therapy 'S. Verri' University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - M Introna
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit and Center of Cell Therapy 'G. Lanzani', Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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332
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Galetto R, Lebuhotel C, Poirot L, Gouble A, Toribio ML, Smith J, Scharenberg A. Pre-TCRα supports CD3-dependent reactivation and expansion of TCRα-deficient primary human T-cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14021. [PMID: 26015965 PMCID: PMC4362381 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor technology offers a highly effective means for increasing the anti-tumor effects of autologous adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, and could be made widely available if adapted to the use of allogeneic T-cells. Although gene-editing technology can be used to remove the alloreactive potential of third party T-cells through destruction of either the α or β T-cell receptor (TCR) subunit genes, this approach results in the associated loss of surface expression of the CD3 complex. This is nonetheless problematic as it results in the lack of an important trophic signal normally mediated by the CD3 complex at the cell surface, potentially compromising T-cell survival in vivo, and eliminating the potential to expand TCR-knockout cells using stimulatory anti-CD3 antibodies. Here, we show that pre-TCRα, a TCRα surrogate that pairs with TCRβ chains to signal proper TCRβ folding during T-cell development, can be expressed in TCRα knockout mature T-cells to support CD3 expression at the cell surface. Cells expressing pre-TCR/CD3 complexes can be activated and expanded using standard CD3/CD28 T-cell activation protocols. Thus, heterologous expression of pre-TCRα represents a promising technology for use in the manufacturing of TCR-deficient T-cells for adoptive immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria L Toribio
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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333
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Kershaw MH, Westwood JA, Slaney CY, Darcy PK. Clinical application of genetically modified T cells in cancer therapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e16. [PMID: 25505964 PMCID: PMC4232070 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are emerging as highly promising approaches for the treatment of cancer. In these approaches, a variety of materials are used to boost immunity against malignant cells. A key component of many of these approaches is functional tumor-specific T cells, but the existence and activity of sufficient T cells in the immune repertoire is not always the case. Recent methods of generating tumor-specific T cells include the genetic modification of patient lymphocytes with receptors to endow them with tumor specificity. These T cells are then expanded in vitro followed by infusion of the patient in adoptive cell transfer protocols. Genes used to modify T cells include those encoding T-cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors. In this review, we provide an introduction to the field of genetic engineering of T cells followed by details of their use against cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kershaw
- Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University , Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Westwood
- Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University , Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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334
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Aranda F, Vacchelli E, Obrist F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Hervé Fridman W, Cremer I, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Adoptive cell transfer for anticancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e28344. [PMID: 25050207 PMCID: PMC4063152 DOI: 10.4161/onci.28344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression "adoptive cell transfer" (ACT) is commonly employed to indicate an immunotherapeutic regimen involving the isolation of autologous blood-borne or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, their selection/expansion/activation ex vivo, and their reinfusion into the patient, most often in the context of lymphodepleting pre-conditioning and in combination with immunostimulatory treatments. Optionally, the cellular material for ACT is genetically manipulated before expansion to (1) target specific tumor-associated antigens; (2) endogenously express immunostimulatory molecules; and/or (3) persist for long periods upon reinfusion. Consistent efforts have been dedicated at the amelioration of this immunotherapeutic regimen throughout the past decade, resulting in the establishment of ever more efficient and safer ACT protocols. Accordingly, the number of clinical trials testing ACT in oncological indications does not cease to increase. In this Trial Watch, we summarize recent developments in this exciting area of research, covering both high-impact studies that have been published during the last 12 months and clinical trials that have been launched in the same period to evaluate the safety and therapeutic potential of ACT in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | - Florine Obrist
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; Equipe 15, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France ; INSERM, U970; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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335
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Shtivelman E, Davies MA, Hwu P, Yang J, Lotem M, Oren M, Flaherty KT, Fisher DE. Pathways and therapeutic targets in melanoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:1701-52. [PMID: 24743024 PMCID: PMC4039128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular pathways and their clinical relevance in melanoma. Metastatic melanoma was a grim diagnosis, but in recent years tremendous advances have been made in treatments. Chemotherapy provided little benefit in these patients, but development of targeted and new immune approaches made radical changes in prognosis. This would not have happened without remarkable advances in understanding the biology of disease and tremendous progress in the genomic (and other "omics") scale analyses of tumors. The big problems facing the field are no longer focused exclusively on the development of new treatment modalities, though this is a very busy area of clinical research. The focus shifted now to understanding and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies, and understanding the underlying causes of the heterogeneous responses to immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Yang
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michal Lotem
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David E. Fisher
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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336
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Gujar SA, Lee PWK. Oncolytic virus-mediated reversal of impaired tumor antigen presentation. Front Oncol 2014; 4:77. [PMID: 24782988 PMCID: PMC3989761 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumor immunity can eliminate existing cancer cells and also maintain a constant surveillance against possible relapse. Such an antigen-specific adaptive response begins when tumor-specific T cells become activated. T-cell activation requires two signals on antigen presenting cells (APCs): antigen presentation through major histocombatibility complex (MHC) molecules and co-stimulation. In the absence of one or both these signals, T cells remain inactivated or can even become tolerized. Cancer cells and their associated microenvironment strategically hinder the processing and presentation of tumor antigens and consequently prevent the development of anti-tumor immunity. Many studies, however, demonstrate that interventions that over-turn tumor-associated immune evasion mechanisms can establish anti-tumor immune responses of therapeutic potential. One such intervention is oncolytic virus (OV)-based anti-cancer therapy. Here, we discuss how OV-induced immunological events override tumor-associated antigen presentation impairment and promote appropriate T cell–APC interaction. Detailed understanding of this phenomenon is pivotal for devising the strategies that will enhance the efficacy of OV-based anti-cancer therapy by complementing its inherent oncolytic activities with desired anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Strategy and Organizational Performance, IWK Health Centre , Halifax, NS , Canada
| | - Patrick W K Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
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337
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Gene Therapy Used in Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines 2014; 2:149-162. [PMID: 28548065 PMCID: PMC5423469 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been, from the beginning, a target of intense research for gene therapy approaches. Currently, more than 60% of all on-going clinical gene therapy trials worldwide are targeting cancer. Indeed, there is a clear unmet medical need for novel therapies. This is further urged by the fact that current conventional cancer therapies are frequently troubled by their toxicities. Different gene therapy strategies have been employed for cancer, such as pro-drug activating suicide gene therapy, anti-angiogenic gene therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, gene therapy-based immune modulation, correction/compensation of gene defects, genetic manipulation of apoptotic and tumor invasion pathways, antisense, and RNAi strategies. Cancer types, which have been targeted with gene therapy, include brain, lung, breast, pancreatic, liver, colorectal, prostate, bladder, head and neck, skin, ovarian, and renal cancer. Currently, two cancer gene therapy products have received market approval, both of which are in China. In addition, the stimulation of the host’s immune system, using gene therapeutic approaches, has gained vast interest. The intention of this review is to point out the most commonly viral and non-viral vectors and methods used in cancer gene therapy, as well as highlight some key results achieved in clinical trials.
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338
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Macpherson JL, Rasko JEJ. Clinical potential of gene therapy: towards meeting the demand. Intern Med J 2014; 44:224-33. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Macpherson
- Cell and Molecular Therapies; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - J. E. J. Rasko
- Cell and Molecular Therapies; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program; Centenary Institute; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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339
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Darcy PK, Neeson P, Yong CSM, Kershaw MH. Manipulating immune cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 27:46-52. [PMID: 24534448 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The immune system can be induced to respond against cancer with some success reported in clinical trials using a range of approaches including vaccines and antibodies. In addition to these approaches, cell based therapies are demonstrating much promise as potential therapies for cancer. In cell therapies autologous patient leukocytes are isolated and manipulated in vitro before transfer back to the patient in adoptive transfer regimens. The majority of approaches utilize conventional T cells or dendritic cells, but a wide variety of other types of leukocytes exist which can possess anti-cancer activity. In this review, we present a brief overview of T cell adoptive cell transfer followed by a review of approaches using alternate lymphocyte subsets and other leukocytes including neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Paul Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Carmen S M Yong
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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340
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341
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Yang YY, Wang X, Hu Y, Hu H, Wu DC, Xu FJ. Bioreducible POSS-cored star-shaped polycation for efficient gene delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:1044-1052. [PMID: 24299237 DOI: 10.1021/am404585d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The bioreducible star-shaped gene vector (POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8) with well-defined structure and relatively narrow molecular weight distribution was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of (2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) from a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) macroinitiator. POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8 was composed of a biocompatible POSS core and eight disulfide-linked PDMAEMA arms, wherein the PDMAEMA chain length could be adjusted by controlling polymerization time. POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8 can effectively bind pDNA into uniform nanocomplexes with appropriate particle size and zeta potential. The incorporation of disulfide bridges gave the POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8 material facile bioreducibility. In comparison with POSS-(PDMAEMA)8 without disulfide linkage, POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8 exhibited much lower cytotoxicity and substantially higher transfection efficiency. The present work would provide useful information for the design of new POSS-based drug/gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
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342
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Cell transfer therapy for cancer: past, present, and future. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:525913. [PMID: 24741604 PMCID: PMC3987872 DOI: 10.1155/2014/525913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transfer therapy for cancer has made a rapid progress recently and the immunotherapy has been recognized as the fourth anticancer modality after operation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Lymphocytes used for cell transfer therapy include dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T lymphocytes such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In vitro activated or engineered immune cells can traffic to cancer tissues to elicit persistent antitumor immune response which is very important especially after immunosuppressive treatments such as chemotherapy. In this review, we overviewed recent advances in the exploration of dendritic cells, NK cells, and T cells for the treatment of human cancer cells.
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343
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The inflammatory chemokine CCL5 and cancer progression. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:292376. [PMID: 24523569 PMCID: PMC3910068 DOI: 10.1155/2014/292376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, inflammatory chemokines were viewed mainly as indispensable “gate keepers” of immunity and inflammation. However, updated research indicates that cancer cells subvert the normal chemokine system and these molecules and their receptors become important constituents of the tumor microenvironment with very different ways to exert tumor-promoting roles. The CCR5 and the CCL5 ligand have been detected in some hematological malignancies, lymphomas, and a great number of solid tumors, but extensive studies on the role of the CCL5/CCR axis were performed only in a limited number of cancers. This review summarizes updated information on the role of CCL5 and its receptor CCR5 in cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and highlights the development of newer therapeutic strategies aimed to inhibit the binding of CCL5 to CCR5, to inhibit CCL5 secretion, or to inhibit the interactions among tumor cells and the microenvironment leading to CCL5 secretion.
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344
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Yu J, Zhou J, Sutherland A, Wei W, Shin YS, Xue M, Heath JR. Microfluidics-based single-cell functional proteomics for fundamental and applied biomedical applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:275-95. [PMID: 24896308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We review an emerging microfluidics-based toolkit for single-cell functional proteomics. Functional proteins include, but are not limited to, the secreted signaling proteins that can reflect the biological behaviors of immune cells or the intracellular phosphoproteins associated with growth factor-stimulated signaling networks. Advantages of the microfluidics platforms are multiple. First, 20 or more functional proteins may be assayed simultaneously from statistical numbers of single cells. Second, cell behaviors (e.g., motility) may be correlated with protein assays. Third, extensions to quantized cell populations can permit measurements of cell-cell interactions. Fourth, rare cells can be functionally identified and then separated for further analysis or culturing. Finally, certain assay types can provide a conduit between biology and the physicochemical laws. We discuss the history and challenges of the field then review design concepts and uses of the microchip platforms that have been reported, with an eye toward biomedical applications. We then look to the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125;
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Li Z, Chen L, Rubinstein MP. Cancer immunotherapy: are we there yet? Exp Hematol Oncol 2013; 2:33. [PMID: 24326015 PMCID: PMC4176488 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-2-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is the built-in host defense mechanism against infectious agents as well as cancer. Protective immunity against cancer was convincingly demonstrated in the 1940s with syngeneic animal models (JNCI 18:769-778, 1976; Cancer Immun 1:6, 2001). Since then, the last century’s dream has been to effectively prevent and cure cancers by immunological means. This dream has slowly but surely become a reality (Nature 480:480-489, 2011). The successful examples of immunoprophylaxis and therapy against cancers include: (i) targeted therapy using monoclonal antibodies (Nat Rev Cancer 12:278-287, 2012); (ii) allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantion to elicit graft-versus-cancer effect against a variety of hematopoietic malignancies (Blood 112:4371-4383, 2008); (iii) vaccination for preventing cancers with clear viral etiology such as hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical cancer (Cancer J Clin 57:7-28, 2007; NEJM 336:1855-1859, 1997); (iv) T cell checkpoint blockade against inhibitory pathways including targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitory molecules for the treatment of melanoma and other solid tumors (NEJM 363:711-723, 2010; NEJM 366:2443-2454, 2012; NEJM 369:122-133, 2013; NEJM 366:2455-2465, 2012); (v) antigen-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccination against prostate cancer (NEJM 363:411-422, 2010); and (vi) the transfer of T cells including those genetically engineered with chimeric antigen receptors allowing targeting of B cell neoplasms (NEJM 365:725-733, 2011; NEJM 368:1509-1518, 2013; Blood 118:4817-4828, 2013; Sci Transl Med 5:177ra138, 2013). This article provides an overview on the exciting and expanding immunological arsenals against cancer, and discusses critical remaining unanswered questions of cancer immunology. The inherent specificity and memory of the adaptive immune response towards cancer will undoubtedly propel cancer immunotherapy to the forefront of cancer treatment in the immediate near future. Study of the fundamental mechanisms of the immune evasion of cancer shall also advance the field of immunology towards the development of effective immunotherapeutics against a wide spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihai Li
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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346
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Virosome presents multimodel cancer therapy without viral replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:764706. [PMID: 24369016 PMCID: PMC3866828 DOI: 10.1155/2013/764706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A virosome is an artificial envelope that includes viral surface proteins and lacks the ability to produce progeny virus. Virosomes are able to introduce an encapsulated macromolecule into the cytoplasm of cells using their viral envelope fusion ability. Moreover, virus-derived factors have an adjuvant effect for immune stimulation. Therefore, many virosomes have been utilized as drug delivery vectors and adjuvants for cancer therapy. This paper introduces the application of virosomes for cancer treatment. In Particular, we focus on virosomes derived from the influenza and Sendai viruses which have been widely used for cancer therapy. Influenza virosomes have been mainly applied as drug delivery vectors and adjuvants. By contrast, the Sendai virosomes have been mainly applied as anticancer immune activators and apoptosis inducers.
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347
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Kaufmann KB, Büning H, Galy A, Schambach A, Grez M. Gene therapy on the move. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1642-61. [PMID: 24106209 PMCID: PMC3840483 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The first gene therapy clinical trials were initiated more than two decades ago. In the early days, gene therapy shared the fate of many experimental medicine approaches and was impeded by the occurrence of severe side effects in a few treated patients. The understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to treatment- and/or vector-associated setbacks has resulted in the development of highly sophisticated gene transfer tools with improved safety and therapeutic efficacy. Employing these advanced tools, a series of Phase I/II trials were started in the past few years with excellent clinical results and no side effects reported so far. Moreover, highly efficient gene targeting strategies and site-directed gene editing technologies have been developed and applied clinically. With more than 1900 clinical trials to date, gene therapy has moved from a vision to clinical reality. This review focuses on the application of gene therapy for the correction of inherited diseases, the limitations and drawbacks encountered in some of the early clinical trials and the revival of gene therapy as a powerful treatment option for the correction of monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | | | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Biomedical ResearchGeorg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
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348
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Kerkar SP. "Model t" cells: a time-tested vehicle for gene therapy. Front Immunol 2013; 4:304. [PMID: 24098300 PMCID: PMC3784795 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes first carried foreign genes safely into humans over two decades ago. Since these pioneering studies, scientific techniques to better understand the genomic landscape of cells has directly led to a more sophisticated appreciation of the diversity, functional complexity, and therapeutic potential of T cells. Through the use of mouse models, we now know the function of the many genes that are critical for T cells to recognize foreign, mutated, or self-antigens and the factors responsible for the lineage diversification of T cells that lead to inhibitory or stimulatory immune responses. This knowledge combined with well-established modalities to introduce genes into T cells allows for the design of effector and memory CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes specific for viral, fungal, bacterial, parasitic, and tumor-antigens and to design regulatory lymphocytes specific for the self-antigens responsible for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here, I review strategies for designing the ideal T cell by introducing genes controlling (1) the secretion of cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, (2) T-cell receptor specificity, (3) chimeric-antigen receptors that enable for the recognition of surface antigens in an MHC-independent fashion, (4) co-stimulatory/inhibitory surface molecules, and (5) disease defining single-gene factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sid P Kerkar
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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