301
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Arbab AS, Janic B, Haller J, Pawelczyk E, Liu W, Frank JA. In Vivo Cellular Imaging for Translational Medical Research. Curr Med Imaging 2009; 5:19-38. [PMID: 19768136 DOI: 10.2174/157340509787354697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Personalized treatment using stem, modified or genetically engineered, cells is becoming a reality in the field of medicine, in which allogenic or autologous cells can be used for treatment and possibly for early diagnosis of diseases. Hematopoietic, stromal and organ specific stem cells are under evaluation for cell-based therapies for cardiac, neurological, autoimmune and other disorders. Cytotoxic or genetically altered T-cells are under clinical trial for the treatment of hematopoietic or other malignant diseases. Before using stem cells in clinical trials, translational research in experimental animal models are essential, with a critical emphasis on developing noninvasive methods for tracking the temporal and spatial homing of these cells to target tissues. Moreover, it is necessary to determine the transplanted cell's engraftment efficiency and functional capability. Various in vivo imaging modalities are in use to track the movement and incorporation of administered cells. Tagging cells with reporter genes, fluorescent dyes or different contrast agents transforms them into cellular probes or imaging agents. Recent reports have shown that magnetically labeled cells can be used as cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes, demonstrating the cell trafficking to target tissues. In this review, we will discuss the methods to transform cells into probes for in vivo imaging, along with their advantages and disadvantages as well as the future clinical applicability of cellular imaging method and corresponding imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Arbab
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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302
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Molldrem J, Riddell S. Understanding and enhancing the graft-versus-leukemia effect after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 144:187-208. [PMID: 19779869 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78580-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Molldrem
- Transplant Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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303
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Abstract
Secreted and intracellular proteins including antibodies, cytokines, major histocompatibility complex molecules, antigens, and enzymes can be redirected to and anchored on the surface of mammalian cells to reveal novel functions and properties such as reducing systemic toxicity, altering the in vivo distribution of drugs and extending the range of useful drugs, creating novel, specific signaling receptors and reshaping protein immunogenicity. The present review highlights progress in designing vectors to target and retain chimeric proteins on the surface of mammalian cells. Comparison of chimeric proteins indicates that selection of the proper cytoplasmic domain and introduction of oligiosaccharides near the cell surface can dramatically enhance surface expression, especially for single-chain antibodies. We also describe progress and limitations of employing surface-tethered proteins for preferential activation of prodrugs at cancer cells, imaging gene expression in living animals, performing high-throughput screening, selectively activating immune cells in tumors, producing new adhesion molecules, creating local immune privileged sites, limiting the distribution of soluble factors such as cytokines, and enhancing polypeptide immunogenicity. Surface-anchored chimeric proteins represent a rich source for developing new techniques and creating novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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304
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305
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Bollard CM, Cooper LJ, Heslop HE. Immunotherapy targeting EBV-expressing lymphoproliferative diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2008; 21:405-20. [PMID: 18790446 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), occurring in immunocompetent individuals as well as those with immunodeficiency. In patients with immunodeficiency, the nature of EBV infection in the malignant cell determines the pattern of antigen expression and the associated presence of targets for cellular immunotherapy. EBV-expressing lymphoma cells in the setting of immunodeficiency express type III latency, characterized by expression of all nine latent-cycle EBV antigens, and strategies to restore EBV-specific immune responses have resulted in effective anti-tumour activity. In contrast, EBV-associated NHL in immunocompetent individuals is characterized by type II latency, where a more restricted array of EBV-associated antigens is expressed. In this setting, T-cell therapies are limited by inadequate persistence of transferred T cells and by tumour-evasion strategies. A number of strategies to genetically modify the infused T cells and modulate the host environment are under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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306
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Pule MA, Savoldo B, Myers GD, Rossig C, Russell HV, Dotti G, Huls MH, Liu E, Gee AP, Mei Z, Yvon E, Weiss HL, Liu H, Rooney CM, Heslop HE, Brenner MK. Virus-specific T cells engineered to coexpress tumor-specific receptors: persistence and antitumor activity in individuals with neuroblastoma. Nat Med 2008; 14:1264-70. [PMID: 18978797 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 909] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directed to nonviral tumor-associated antigens do not survive long term and have limited antitumor activity in vivo, in part because such tumor cells typically lack the appropriate costimulatory molecules. We therefore engineered Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CTLs to express a chimeric antigen receptor directed to the diasialoganglioside GD2, a nonviral tumor-associated antigen expressed by human neuroblastoma cells. We reasoned that these genetically engineered lymphocytes would receive optimal costimulation after engagement of their native receptors, enhancing survival and antitumor activity mediated through their chimeric receptors. Here we show in individuals with neuroblastoma that EBV-specific CTLs expressing a chimeric GD2-specific receptor indeed survive longer than T cells activated by the CD3-specific antibody OKT3 and expressing the same chimeric receptor but lacking virus specificity. Infusion of these genetically modified cells seemed safe and was associated with tumor regression or necrosis in half of the subjects tested. Hence, virus-specific CTLs can be modified to function as tumor-directed effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Pule
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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307
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Inoue H, Iga M, Nabeta H, Yokoo T, Suehiro Y, Okano S, Inoue M, Kinoh H, Katagiri T, Takayama K, Yonemitsu Y, Hasegawa M, Nakamura Y, Nakanishi Y, Tani K. Non-transmissible Sendai virus encoding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a novel and potent vector system for producing autologous tumor vaccines. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2315-26. [PMID: 18957055 PMCID: PMC11159209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent clinical application of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-transduced autologous tumor vaccines revealed substantial antitumor activity and valuable clinical results. However, for these vaccines to be optimally effective, the antitumor efficacies must be improved. Recently, Sendai virus (SeV) vectors, which are cytoplasmic RNA vectors, have emerged as safe vectors with high gene transduction. In the current study, the in vivo therapeutic antitumor efficacies of irradiated GM-CSF-transduced mouse renal cell carcinoma (RENCA) vaccine cells mediated by either fusion gene-deleted non-transmissible SeV encoding mouse GM-CSF (SeV/dF/G) or adenovirus (E1, E3 deleted serotype 5 adenovirus) encoding mouse GM-CSF (AdV/G) (respectively described as irRC/SeV/GM or irRC/AdV/GM) were compared in RENCA-bearing mice. The results showed that the antitumor effect was equivalent between irRC/SeV/GM and irRC/AdV/GM cells, even though the former produced less GM-CSF in vitro. The cell numbers of activated (CD80(+), CD86(+), CD80( (+) )CD86(+)) dendritic cells in lymph nodes from mice treated with irRC/AdV/GM or irRC/SeV/GM cells were increased significantly compared with those of mice treated with the respective controls, at both the earlier and later phases. In an in vitro cytotoxicity assay, splenocytes harvested from mice treated with both irRC/SeV/GM and irRC/AdV/GM cells showed tumor-specific responses against RENCA cells. The restimulated splenocytes harvested from mice treated with irRC/SeV/GM or irRC/AdV/GM cells produced significantly higher levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and interferon-gamma compared with their respective controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, vaccination with irRC/AdV/GM or irRC/SeV/GM cells induced significantly enhanced recruitment of the cytolytic effectors of CD107a(+)CD8(+) T cells and CD107a(+) natural killer cells into tumors compared with those induced by their respective controls (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that the SeV/dF/G vector is a potential candidate for the production of effective autologous GM-CSF-transduced tumor vaccines in clinical cancer immune gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inoue
- Department of Advanced Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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308
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Moisini I, Nguyen P, Fugger L, Geiger TL. Redirecting therapeutic T cells against myelin-specific T lymphocytes using a humanized myelin basic protein-HLA-DR2-zeta chimeric receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3601-11. [PMID: 18292588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that Ag-specifically target pathologic T lymphocytes responsible for multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune diseases would be expected to have improved therapeutic indices compared with Ag-nonspecific therapies. We have developed a cellular immunotherapy that uses chimeric receptors to selectively redirect therapeutic T cells against myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T lymphocytes implicated in MS. We generated two heterodimeric receptors that genetically link the human MBP84-102 epitope to HLA-DR2 and either incorporate or lack a TCRzeta signaling domain. The Ag-MHC domain serves as a bait, binding the TCR of MBP-specific target cells. The zeta signaling region stimulates the therapeutic cell after cognate T cell engagement. Both receptors were well expressed on primary T cells or T hybridomas using a tricistronic (alpha, beta, green fluorescent protein) retroviral expression system. MBP-DR2-zeta-, but not MBP-DR2, modified CTL were specifically stimulated by cognate MBP-specific T cells, proliferating, producing cytokine, and killing the MBP-specific target cells. The receptor-modified therapeutic cells were active in vivo as well, eliminating Ag-specific T cells in a humanized mouse model system. Finally, the chimeric receptor-modified CTL ameliorated or blocked experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease mediated by MBP84-102/DR2-specific T lymphocytes. These results provide support for the further development of redirected therapeutic T cells able to counteract pathologic, self-specific T lymphocytes, and specifically validate humanized MBP-DR2-zeta chimeric receptors as a potential therapeutic in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Moisini
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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309
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Dobrenkov K, Olszewska M, Likar Y, Shenker L, Gunset G, Cai S, Pillarsetty N, Hricak H, Sadelain M, Ponomarev V. Monitoring the efficacy of adoptively transferred prostate cancer-targeted human T lymphocytes with PET and bioluminescence imaging. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1162-70. [PMID: 18552144 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.047324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Noninvasive imaging technologies have the potential to enhance the monitoring and improvement of adoptive therapy with tumor-targeted T lymphocytes. We established an imaging methodology for the assessment of spatial and temporal distributions of adoptively transferred genetically modified human T cells in vivo for treatment monitoring and prediction of tumor response in a systemic prostate cancer model. METHODS RM1 murine prostate carcinoma tumors transduced with human prostate-specific membrane antigen (hPSMA) and a Renilla luciferase reporter gene were established in SCID/beige mice. Human T lymphocytes were transduced with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) specific for either hPSMA or human carcinoembryonic antigen (hCEA) and with a fusion reporter gene for herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1tk) and green fluorescent protein, with or without click beetle red luciferase. The localization of adoptively transferred T cells in tumor-bearing mice was monitored with 2'-(18)F-fluoro-2'-deoxy-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethyluracil ((18)F-FEAU) small-animal PET and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). RESULTS Cotransduction of CAR-expressing T cells with the reporter gene did not affect CAR-mediated cytotoxicity. BLI of Renilla and click beetle red luciferase expression enabled concurrent imaging of adoptively transferred T cells and systemic tumors in the same animal. hPSMA-specific T lymphocytes persisted longer than control hCEA-targeted T cells in lung hPSMA-positive tumors, as indicated by both PET and BLI. Precise quantification of T-cell distributions at tumor sites by PET revealed that delayed tumor progression was positively correlated with the levels of (18)F-FEAU accumulation in tumor foci in treated animals. CONCLUSION Quantitative noninvasive monitoring of genetically engineered human T lymphocytes by PET provides spatial and temporal information on T-cell trafficking and persistence. PET may be useful for predicting tumor response and for guiding adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Dobrenkov
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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310
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Rolle CE, Carrio R, Malek TR. Modeling the CD8+ T effector to memory transition in adoptive T-cell antitumor immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2984-92. [PMID: 18413768 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy with CD8(+) CTLs is often characterized by poor persistence of the transferred T cells and limited effector responses. Improved persistence and therapeutic efficacy have been noted when antigen-activated CD8(+) T cells express properties of memory cells. The current study was undertaken to more precisely characterize the development of memory-like CD8(+) T cells from short-term CTLs in vitro and upon transfer in vivo, including their antitumor activity. Ovalbumin (OVA)-specific OT-I CTLs acquired phenotypic and functional properties of memory cells 2 to 3 days later either by lowering the concentration of antigen to a level that does not support primary responses and providing a survival signal through transgenic Bcl-2 in vitro or simply by transferring early day 3 CTLs to antigen-free lymphoid-replete mice. In lymphoid-replete mice, established OVA-expressing E.G7 tumor was rejected by short-term CTLs that simultaneously acquired memory-like properties in secondary lymphoid tissues, where tumor antigen level remained low. Collectively, these data indicate that CTLs readily converted to memory-like cells upon lowering antigen to a concentration that selectively supports memory responses and suggest that such conversion predicts successful adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo E Rolle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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311
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Wilkie S, Picco G, Foster J, Davies DM, Julien S, Cooper L, Arif S, Mather SJ, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Burchell JM, Maher J. Retargeting of human T cells to tumor-associated MUC1: the evolution of a chimeric antigen receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4901-9. [PMID: 18354214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MUC1 is a highly attractive immunotherapeutic target owing to increased expression, altered glycosylation, and loss of polarity in >80% of human cancers. To exploit this, we have constructed a panel of chimeric Ag receptors (CAR) that bind selectively to tumor-associated MUC1. Two parameters proved crucial in optimizing the CAR ectodomain. First, we observed that the binding of CAR-grafted T cells to anchored MUC1 is subject to steric hindrance, independent of glycosylation status. This was overcome by insertion of the flexible and elongated hinge found in immunoglobulins of the IgD isotype. Second, CAR function was highly dependent upon strong binding capacity across a broad range of tumor-associated MUC1 glycoforms. This was realized by using an Ab-derived single-chain variable fragment (scFv) cloned from the HMFG2 hybridoma. To optimize CAR signaling, tripartite endodomains were constructed. Ultimately, this iterative design process yielded a potent receptor termed HOX that contains a fused CD28/OX40/CD3zeta endodomain. HOX-expressing T cells proliferate vigorously upon repeated encounter with soluble or membrane-associated MUC1, mediate production of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-17), and elicit brisk killing of MUC1(+) tumor cells. To test function in vivo, a tumor xenograft model was derived using MDA-MB-435 cells engineered to coexpress MUC1 and luciferase. Mice bearing an established tumor were treated i.p. with a single dose of engineered T cells. Compared with control mice, this treatment resulted in a significant delay in tumor growth as measured by serial bioluminescence imaging. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time that the near-ubiquitous MUC1 tumor Ag can be targeted using CAR-grafted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Wilkie
- The Breast Cancer Biology Group, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
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312
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Development of optimal bicistronic lentiviral vectors facilitates high-level TCR gene expression and robust tumor cell recognition. Gene Ther 2008; 15:1411-23. [PMID: 18496571 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In human gene therapy applications, lentiviral vectors may have advantages over gamma-retroviral vectors in several areas, including the ability to transduce nondividing cells, resistance to gene silencing and a potentially safer integration site profile. However, unlike gamma-retroviral vectors it has been problematic to drive the expression of multiple genes efficiently and coordinately with approaches such as internal ribosome entry sites or dual promoters. Using different 2A peptides, lentiviral vectors expressing two-gene T-cell receptors directed against the melanoma differentiation antigens gp100 and MART-1 were constructed. We demonstrated that addition of amino-acid spacer sequences (GSG or SGSG) before the 2A sequence is a prerequisite for efficient synthesis of biologically active T-cell receptors and that addition of a furin cleavage site followed by a V5 peptide tag yielded optimal T-cell receptor gene expression. Furthermore, we determined that the furin cleavage site was recognized in lymphocytes and accounted for removal of residual 2A peptides at the post-translational level with an efficiency of 20-30%, which could not be increased by addition of multiple furin cleavage sites. The novel bicistronic lentiviral vector developed herein afforded robust anti-melanoma activities to engineered peripheral blood lymphocytes, including cytokine secretion, cell proliferation and lytic activity. Such optimal vectors may have immediate applications in cancer gene therapy.
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313
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Basic research contributions towards the molecular and cellular understanding of immune mediated control of cancer and infectious diseases have created opportunities to develop new forms of T-cell-based vaccination for cancer and chronic infections like HIV. In the past two decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of cell therapy clinical trials around the world aimed at enhancing antitumor immunity, restoring immune function to infectious diseases and augmenting vaccine efficacy. OBJECTIVE To provide a review of new and emerging methods of T lymphocyte engineering, gene transfer to T cells and clinical trials. METHODS A review of recent clinical trials, along with a brief historical perspective, with a focus on challenges and recent advances in the field and requirements for successful T-cell therapies. CONCLUSION Advances in the technological approaches and methods for ex vivo manipulation have led to T lymphocytes endowed with enhanced potency and unique functions, with promise as the new generation of infused therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Levine
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, M6.40 Maloney, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
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314
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Berger C, Jensen MC, Lansdorp PM, Gough M, Elliott C, Riddell SR. Adoptive transfer of effector CD8+ T cells derived from central memory cells establishes persistent T cell memory in primates. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:294-305. [PMID: 18060041 DOI: 10.1172/jci32103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells that have been expanded ex vivo is being actively pursued to treat infections and malignancy in humans. The T cell populations that are available for adoptive immunotherapy include both effector memory and central memory cells, and these differ in phenotype, function, and homing. The efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy requires that transferred T cells persist in vivo, but identifying T cells that can reproducibly survive in vivo after they have been numerically expanded by in vitro culture has proven difficult. Here we show that in macaques, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell clones derived from central memory T cells, but not effector memory T cells, persisted long-term in vivo, reacquired phenotypic and functional properties of memory T cells, and occupied memory T cell niches. These results demonstrate that clonally derived CD8+ T cells isolated from central memory T cells are distinct from those derived from effector memory T cells and retain an intrinsic capacity that enables them to survive after adoptive transfer and revert to the memory cell pool. These results could have significant implications for the selection of T cells to expand or to engineer for adoptive immunotherapy of human infections or malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Berger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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315
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Zakrzewski JL, Suh D, Markley JC, Smith OM, King C, Goldberg GL, Jenq R, Holland AM, Grubin J, Cabrera-Perez J, Brentjens RJ, Lu SX, Rizzuto G, Sant'Angelo DB, Riviere I, Sadelain M, Heller G, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Lu C, van den Brink MRM. Tumor immunotherapy across MHC barriers using allogeneic T-cell precursors. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:453-61. [PMID: 18376399 PMCID: PMC2731996 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a strategy for adoptive immunotherapy using T-lineage committed lymphoid precursor cells generated by Notch1-based culture. We found that allogeneic T-cell precursors can be transferred to irradiated individuals irrespective of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparities and give rise to host-MHC restricted and host-tolerant functional allogeneic T cells, improving survival in irradiated recipients as well as enhancing anti-tumor responses. T-cell precursors transduced to express a chimeric receptor targeting hCD19 resulted in significant additional anti-tumor activity, demonstrating the feasibility of genetic engineering of these cells. We conclude that ex vivo generated MHC-disparate T-cell precursors from any donor can be used universally for 'off-the-shelf' immunotherapy, and can be further enhanced by genetic engineering for targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Zakrzewski
- Department Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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316
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Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP, Yang JC, Morgan RA, Dudley ME. Adoptive cell transfer: a clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:299-308. [PMID: 18354418 PMCID: PMC2553205 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using autologous tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes has emerged as the most effective treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma and can mediate objective cancer regression in approximately 50% of patients. The use of donor lymphocytes for ACT is an effective treatment for immunosuppressed patients who develop post-transplant lymphomas. The ability to genetically engineer human lymphocytes and use them to mediate cancer regression in patients, which has recently been demonstrated, has opened possibilities for the extension of ACT immunotherapy to patients with a wide variety of cancer types and is a promising new approach to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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317
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Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer therapy using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for patients with metastatic melanoma has demonstrated significant objective response rates. One major limitation of these current therapies is the frequent inability to isolate tumor-reactive lymphocytes for treatment. Genetic engineering of peripheral blood lymphocytes with retroviral vectors encoding tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) bypasses this restriction. To evaluate the efficacy of TCR gene therapy, a murine treatment model was developed. A retroviral vector was constructed encoding the pmel-1 TCR genes targeting the B16 melanoma antigen, gp100. Transduction of C57BL/6 lymphocytes resulted in efficient pmel-1 TCR expression. Lymphocytes transduced with this retrovirus specifically recognized gp100-pulsed target cells as measured by interferon-gamma secretion assays. Upon transfer into B16 tumor-bearing mice, the genetically engineered lymphocytes significantly slowed tumor development. The effectiveness of tumor treatment was directly correlated with the number of TCR-engineered T cells administered. These results demonstrated that TCR gene therapy targeting a native tumor antigen significantly delayed the growth of established tumors. When C57BL/6 lymphocytes were added to antigen-reactive pmel-1 T cells, a reduction in the ability of pmel-1 T cell to treat B16 melanomas was seen, suggesting that untransduced cells may be deleterious to TCR gene therapy. This model may be a powerful tool for evaluating future TCR gene transfer-based strategies.
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318
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Lüking C, Kronenberger K, Frankenberger B, Nößner E, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Antitumor effector functions of T cells are dependent on in vivo priming and restricted T-cell receptor expression. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2280-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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319
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Tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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320
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Ferrara JLM, Anasetti C, Stadtmauer E, Antin J, Wingard J, Lee S, Levine J, Schultz K, Appelbaum F, Negrin R, Giralt S, Bredeson C, Heslop H, Horowitz M. Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network State of the Science Symposium 2007. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13:1268-85. [PMID: 17950914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes of hematopoietic cell transplantation are steadily improving. New techniques have reduced transplant toxicities, and there are new sources of hematopoietic stem cells from unrelated donors. In June 2007 the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network convened a State of the Science Symposium of more than 200 participants in Ann Arbor to identify the most compelling clinical research opportunities in the field. This report summarizes the symposium's discussions and identifies eleven high priority clinical trials that the network plans to pursue over the course of the next several years.
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321
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Zhang T, Barber A, Sentman CL. Chimeric NKG2D modified T cells inhibit systemic T-cell lymphoma growth in a manner involving multiple cytokines and cytotoxic pathways. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11029-36. [PMID: 18006849 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy and mechanisms of chimeric NKG2D receptor (chNKG2D)-modified T cells in eliminating NKG2D ligand-positive RMA/Rae1 lymphoma cells were evaluated. Intravenous injection of RMA/Rae1 cells led to significant tumor formation in spleens and lymph nodes within 2 weeks. Adoptive transfer of chNKG2D-modified T cells after tumor injection significantly reduced tumor burdens in both spleens and lymph nodes, and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Multiple treatments with chNKG2D T cells resulted in long-term tumor-free survival. Moreover, these long-term survivors were resistant to rechallenge with RMA tumor cells (NKG2D ligand-negative), and their spleen and lymph node cells produced IFN-gamma in response to RMA but not to other tumors in vitro, indicating immunity against RMA tumor antigens. ChNKG2D T cell-derived IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not perforin (Pfp), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, or Fas ligand (FasL) alone were critical for in vivo efficacy. T cells deficient in both Pfp and FasL did not kill NKG2D ligand-positive RMA cells in vitro. Adoptive transfer of Pfp(-/-)FasL(-/-) chNKG2D T cells had reduced in vivo efficacy, indicating that chNKG2D T cells used both mechanisms to attack RMA/Rae1 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that chNKG2D T-cell-mediated therapeutic effects are mediated by both cytokine-dependent and cytotoxic mechanisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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322
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Stephan MT, Ponomarev V, Brentjens RJ, Chang AH, Dobrenkov KV, Heller G, Sadelain M. T cell-encoded CD80 and 4-1BBL induce auto- and transcostimulation, resulting in potent tumor rejection. Nat Med 2007; 13:1440-9. [PMID: 18026115 DOI: 10.1038/nm1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To reject tumors, T cells must overcome poor tumor immunogenicity and an adverse tumor microenvironment. Providing agonistic costimulatory signals to tumor-infiltrating T cells to augment T cell function remains a challenge for the implementation of safe and effective immunotherapy. We hypothesized that T cells overexpressing selected costimulatory ligands could serve as cellular vehicles mediating powerful, yet constrained, anatomically targeted costimulation. Here, we show that primary human T cells expressing CD80 and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) vigorously respond to tumor cells lacking costimulatory ligands and provoke potent rejection of large, systemic tumors in immunodeficient mice. In addition to showing costimulation of bystander T cells (transcostimulation), we show the effect of CD80 and 4-1BBL binding to their respective receptors in the immunological synapse of isolated single cells (autocostimulation). This new strategy of endowing T cells with constitutively expressed costimulatory ligands could be extended to other ligand-receptor pairs and used to enhance any targeted adoptive transfer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Stephan
- Center for Cell Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York 10021, USA
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323
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Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer refers to a wide array of novel therapeutic interventions that harness the immune system to target and eradicate malignant cells in the host. Advances in the understanding of how tumor cells evade host immune detection, coupled with improved gene transduction technologies, have enabled investigators to propose and test novel immune-based therapies for B-cell malignancies. As a result, more immunogenic vaccination strategies, able to elicit immune responses to otherwise poorly immunogenic tumor antigens, are being tested in early clinical trials. Furthermore, with the development of efficient T-cell transduction methodologies, investigators are able to generate autologous antitumor T-cell responses through the introduction of chimeric antigen receptors able to target tumor antigens. However, whether the promising preclinical and phase I clinical data presented here will ultimately translate into improved survival of patients with B-cell malignancies remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renier J Brentjens
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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324
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Lo ASY, Taylor JR, Farzaneh F, Kemeny DM, Dibb NJ, Maher J. Harnessing the tumour-derived cytokine, CSF-1, to co-stimulate T-cell growth and activation. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1276-87. [PMID: 17950877 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant growth factor production is a prevalent mechanism in tumourigenesis. If T-cells responded positively to a cancer-derived cytokine, this might result in selective enhancement of function within the tumour microenvironment. Here, we have chosen colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) as a candidate to test this concept. CSF-1 is greatly overproduced in many cancers but has no direct effects upon T-lymphocytes, which do not express the c-fms-encoded CSF-1 receptor. To confer CSF-1-responsiveness, we have expressed the human c-fms gene in immortalized and primary T-cells. Addition of soluble CSF-1 resulted in synergistic enhancement of IL-2-driven T-cell proliferation. CSF-1 also co-stimulated the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma by activated T-cells. These effects required Y809 of the CSF-1R and activation of the Ras-MEK-MAP kinase cascade, but were independent of PI3K signalling. T-cells that express c-fms are also responsive to membrane-anchored CSF-1 (mCSF-1) which, unlike its soluble counterpart, could co-stimulate IL-2 production. CSF-1 promoted chemotaxis of c-fms-expressing primary human T-cells and greatly augmented proliferation mediated by a tumour-targeted chimeric antigen receptor, with preservation of tumour cytolytic activity. Taken together, these data establish that T-cells may be genetically modified to acquire responsiveness to CSF-1 and provide proof-of-principle for a novel strategy to enhance the effectiveness of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Shuk Yee Lo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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325
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Wang J, Jensen M, Lin Y, Sui X, Chen E, Lindgren CG, Till B, Raubitschek A, Forman SJ, Qian X, James S, Greenberg P, Riddell S, Press OW. Optimizing adoptive polyclonal T cell immunotherapy of lymphomas, using a chimeric T cell receptor possessing CD28 and CD137 costimulatory domains. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:712-25. [PMID: 17685852 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the feasibility of generating therapeutic numbers of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones expressing a CD20-specific scFvFc:CD3zeta chimeric T cell receptor (cTCR), making them specifically cytotoxic for CD20+ B lymphoma cells. However, the process of generating and expanding he CTL clones was laborious, the CTL clones expressed the cTCR at low surface density, and they exhibited suboptimal proliferation and cytotoxicity. To improve the performance of the CTLs in vitro and in vivo, we engineered "second-generation'' plasmid constructs containing a translational enhancer (SP163) and CD28 and CD137 costimulatory domains in cis with the CD3zeta intracellular signaling domain of the cTCR gene. Furthermore, we verified the superiority of generating genetically modified polyclonal T cells expressing the second-generation cTCR rather than T cell clones. Our results demonstrate that SP163 enhances the surface expression of the cTCR; that the second-generation cTCR improves CTL activation, proliferation, and cytotoxicity; and that polyclonal T cells proliferate rapidly in vitro and mediate potent CD20-specific cytotoxicity. This study provides the preclinical basis for a clinical trial of adoptive T cell immunotherapy for patients with relapsed CD20+ mantle cell lymphoma and indolent lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Wang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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326
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Ghani K, Cottin S, Kamen A, Caruso M. Generation of a high-titer packaging cell line for the production of retroviral vectors in suspension and serum-free media. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1705-11. [PMID: 17928873 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several patients with severe combined immunodeficiency-X1 disease and adenosine deaminase deficiency have been cured by retroviral-mediated gene therapy. Despite the earlier success, the production of retroviral vectors for clinical gene therapy is cumbersome, costly and lacks safety features because of the adherent nature of packaging cells and the necessity to supplement the culture media with bovine serum. The aim of this study was to generate a retrovirus packaging cell line that could be used for the production of large clinical batch vectors. Bicistronic vectors containing an internal ribosomal entry site followed by a selection gene were used to express Moloney murine leukemia gag-pol and amphotropic envelope viral proteins in HEK293 cells. The candidate clone (293GP-A2) that was selected as the packaging cell line could release recombinant green fluorescent protein retroviruses at 4x10(7) infectious viral particles per ml. Similar titers were achieved after these cells were adapted to grow in suspension and serum-free media. Furthermore, using the same culture conditions viral titers proved to be stable for a 3-month culture period. The 293GP-A2 packaging cell line has the potential to be cultured in bioreactors, opening the possibility for large-scale use of retroviral vectors in late stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ghani
- Le Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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327
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Nguyen P, Duthoit CT, Geiger TL. Induction of tolerance and immunity by redirected B cell-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1739-49. [PMID: 17928872 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric receptors bearing ligand recognition domains linked to signaling regions from the T-cell receptor can redirect T lymphocytes against non-MHC-restricted targets. Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) expressing these chimeric receptors are being tested in preclinical and clinical trials for activity in cancer, infectious diseases and autoimmunity. The chimeric receptors may incorporate antigenic epitopes previously unrecognized by the immune system. Whether a receptor-specific antibody response develops to these neoantigens and whether such a response inhibits therapeutic cell activity is unknown. We hypothesized that upon engagement of a chimeric receptor-specific B cell, receptor-modified CTL will be activated, lysing the B cell and inducing tolerance to the chimeric receptor rather than immunity. We demonstrate that receptor-modified CTL are indeed stimulated by cognate receptor-specific B cells, proliferate and produce cytokines in response and kill the B cells in vitro and in vivo. However, this is insufficient to induce full B-cell tolerance. Modified CTL induce a chimeric receptor-specific antibody response independent of any other source of antigen. Nevertheless, the CTL retain substantial activity even in the presence of saturating doses of receptor-specific antibody. Thus antichimeric receptor antibody responses need to be considered in the clinical use of chimeric receptor-modified T cells. However, the inhibitory activity of these antibodies may in cases be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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328
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Zakrzewski JL, Goldberg GL, Smith OM, van den Brink MRM. Enhancing T cell reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a brief update of the latest trends. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 40:44-7. [PMID: 17905611 PMCID: PMC2684110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is associated with a period of immune incompetence that particularly affects the T cell lineage. Strategies to enhance T cell reconstitution could significantly improve the survival of HSCT recipients by decreasing the incidence of fatal infectious complications and by enhancing graft-versus-tumor activity. In recent years, a variety of promising strategies have been established in preclinical models to improve T cell recovery in particular after allogeneic T cell-depleted HSCT, without aggravating graft-versus-host disease while preserving or even improving graft-versus-tumor activity. These therapies include treatment with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), growth hormone (GH), LHRH agonists, interleukin 7 (IL-7) and interleukin 15 (IL-15). Thanks to the establishment of Notch-based culture systems, adoptive cellular therapies with T lineage-committed precursor cells have become feasible, since early T cell progenitors can now easily be generated in vitro in large quantities and have been proven to be very effective in enhancing T cell reconstitution and anti-tumor activity after allogeneic T cell-depleted HSCT. The translation of most of these strategies into clinical trials is likely and in some cases Phase I/II studies are already underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Zakrzewski
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Zuckerman Research Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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329
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Brentjens RJ, Santos E, Nikhamin Y, Yeh R, Matsushita M, La Perle K, Quintás-Cardama A, Larson SM, Sadelain M. Genetically targeted T cells eradicate systemic acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5426-35. [PMID: 17855649 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human T cells targeted to the B cell-specific CD19 antigen through retroviral-mediated transfer of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), termed 19z1, have shown significant but partial in vivo antitumor efficacy in a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-Beige systemic human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (NALM-6) tumor model. Here, we investigate the etiologies of treatment failure in this model and design approaches to enhance the efficacy of this adoptive strategy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A panel of modified CD19-targeted CARs designed to deliver combined activating and costimulatory signals to the T cell was generated and tested in vitro to identify an optimal second-generation CAR. Antitumor efficacy of T cells expressing this optimal costimulatory CAR, 19-28z, was analyzed in mice bearing systemic costimulatory ligand-deficient NALM-6 tumors. RESULTS Expression of the 19-28z CAR, containing the signaling domain of the CD28 receptor, enhanced systemic T-cell antitumor activity when compared with 19z1 in treated mice. A treatment schedule of 4 weekly T-cell injections, designed to prolong in vivo T-cell function, further improved long-term survival. Bioluminescent imaging of tumor in treated mice failed to identify a conserved site of tumor relapse, consistent with successful homing by tumor-specific T cells to systemic sites of tumor involvement. CONCLUSIONS Both in vivo costimulation and repeated administration enhance eradication of systemic tumor by genetically targeted T cells. The finding that modifications in CAR design as well as T-cell dosing allowed for the complete eradication of systemic disease affects the design of clinical trials using this treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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330
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Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells is a promising approach for preventing progressive viral infections in immunosuppressed hosts. By contrast, effective T-cell therapy of malignant disease has proven to be much more difficult to achieve. This, in part, reflects the difficulty of isolating high avidity T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens, many of which are self-antigens that have induced some level of tolerance in the host. Even when tumor-reactive T cells can be isolated, the ability of these cells to survive in vivo and traffic to tumor sites is often impaired. Additionally, most tumors employ multiple mechanisms to escape T-cell recognition, including interference in antigen presentation, secretion of inhibitory factors and recruitment of regulatory or immunosuppressive cells. The genetic modification of T cells prior to transfer provides a potential means to overcome many of these obstacles and enhance the efficacy of T-cell therapy. This review article discusses the rationale for genetic modification of T cells, the critical steps involved in gene transfer, and potential advantages and disadvantages of strategies that are now being examined to engineer improved effector T cells for the treatment of human infectious and malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Berger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Program in Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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331
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Abstract
The transfusion of lymphocytes, referred to as adoptive T cell therapy, is being tested for the treatment of cancer and chronic infections. Adoptive T cell therapy has the potential to enhance antitumor immunity, augment vaccine efficacy, and limit graft-versus-host disease. This form of personalized medicine is now in various early- and late-stage clinical trials. These trials are currently testing strategies to infuse tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CTLs, Th cells, and Tregs. Improved molecular biology techniques have also increased enthusiasm and feasibility for testing genetically engineered T cells. The current status of the field and prospects for clinical translation are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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332
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Bobisse S, Zanovello P, Rosato A. T-cell receptor gene transfer by lentiviral vectors in adoptive cell therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:893-906. [PMID: 17555374 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.6.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy can be envisioned as a promising strategy for tumour immunotherapy. However, existing protocols of adoptive cell therapy still require optimisation as many factors, such as specificity, avidity, level of differentiation and amount of transferred T lymphocytes, can influence their immunocompetence and in vivo functionality. In particular, the need to reduce the in vitro expansion phase and to obtain large numbers of tumour-reactive T cells, as a favourable condition for cancer regression, make TCR gene transfer a potentially ideal tool to overcome the limits of adoptive cell therapy strategies. Here, the authors review the state-of-the-art and recent advances in TCR transfer with particular emphasis on lentiviral vector systems. Initial data from preclinical models and recent clinical trials encourage optimisation of a safe, simplified and stable transfer system. In this regard, HIV-based vectors are emerging as good alternative candidates over the most widely used oncoretroviral vectors due to their peculiar molecular features that fit the ideal conditions for donor T cell in vitro manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bobisse
- University of Padova, Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Padova, Italy
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333
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Savoldo B, Rooney CM, Di Stasi A, Abken H, Hombach A, Foster AE, Zhang L, Heslop HE, Brenner MK, Dotti G. Epstein Barr virus specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes expressing the anti-CD30zeta artificial chimeric T-cell receptor for immunotherapy of Hodgkin disease. Blood 2007; 110:2620-30. [PMID: 17507664 PMCID: PMC1988944 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-059139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (EBV-CTLs) has shown that these cells persist in patients with EBV(+) Hodgkin lymphoma (HD) to produce complete tumor responses. Treatment failure, however, occurs if a subpopulation of malignant cells in the tumor lacks or loses expression of EBV antigens. We have therefore determined whether we could prepare EBV-CTLs that retained the antitumor activity conferred by their native receptor while expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for CD30, a molecule highly and consistently expressed on malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells. We made a CD30CAR and were able to express it on 26% (+/- 11%) and 22% (+/- 5%) of EBV-CTLs generated from healthy donors and HD patients, respectively. These CD30CAR(+) CTLs killed both autologous EBV(+) cells through their native receptor and EBV(-)/CD30(+) targets through their major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted CAR. A subpopulation of activated T cells also express CD30, but the CD30CAR(+) CTLs did not impair cellular immune responses, probably because normal T cells express lower levels of the target antigen. In a xenograft model, CD30CAR(+) EBV-CTLs could be costimulated by EBV-infected cells and produce antitumor effects even against EBV(-)/CD30(+) tumors. EBV-CTLs expressing both a native and a chimeric antigen receptor may therefore have added value for treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Savoldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, the Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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334
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Iiizumi M, Mohinta S, Bandyopadhyay S, Watabe K. Tumor-endothelial cell interactions: therapeutic potential. Microvasc Res 2007; 74:114-20. [PMID: 17498748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of death in cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanism of the metastatic process is poorly understood because it involves multiple steps with a high degree of complexity. A critical step for successful establishment of secondary colonization is the hematogenous dissemination of malignant cells. During this process, the attachment of cancer cells to the endothelial cells on microvasculature is considered to be an essential step and many adhesion molecules as well as chemokines have been found to be involved in this process. This interaction of cancer-endothelial cell is considered not only to determine the physical site of metastasis, but also to provide the necessary anchorage to facilitate tumor cell extravasation. However, recent evidence indicates that this interaction also serves as a host defense mechanism and hinders the process of metastasis. The tumor metastases suppressor gene, KAI1, has been known to block metastatic process without affecting the primary tumor growth, and this protein has been found to be able to bind to the chemokine receptor, Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), which is expressed on endothelial cells. Importantly, this interaction markedly induces senescence of tumor cells. This novel finding is not only significant in the context of molecular dissection of metastatic process but also in the therapeutic implication to develop drugs inhibiting metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Iiizumi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge St., P.O. Box 19626, Springfield, IL 62794-9626, USA
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335
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Engels B, Uckert W. Redirecting T lymphocyte specificity by T cell receptor gene transfer – A new era for immunotherapy. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:115-42. [PMID: 17307249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been demonstrated in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, cytomegalovirus-mediated disease, and Epstein-Barr virus-positive B cell lymphomas. It is however limited by the difficulty of generating sufficient amounts of CTLs in vitro, especially for the treatment of solid tumors. Recent gene therapy approaches, including two clinical trials, successfully apply genetic engineering of T cell specificity by T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer. In this review we want to elucidate several principles of the redirection of T cell specificity. We cover basic aspects of retroviral gene transfer, regarding transduction efficacy and transgene expression levels. It was demonstrated that the number of TCR molecules on a T cell is important for its function. Therefore, an efficient transfer system that yields high transduction efficiency and strong and stable transgene expression is a prerequisite to achieve effector function by redirected T cells. Furthermore, we consider more recent aspects of T cell specificity engineering. These include the possibility of co-transferring coreceptors to create for example functional T helper cells by engrafting CD4(+) T cells with a MHC class I restricted TCR and the CD8 coreceptor and vice versa. Also, risks related to the adoptive transfer of TCR gene-modified T cells and possible safety mechanisms are discussed. Finally, we summarize recent findings describing transferred TCRs capable of displacing endogenous TCRs from the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Engels
- Humboldt-University Berlin, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
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336
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Riddell SR. Engineering antitumor immunity by T-cell adoptive immunotherapy. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2007; 2007:250-256. [PMID: 18024637 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells has been used successfully to treat experimental tumors in animal models and viral infections in humans, but harnessing the exquisite specificity and potency of T cells to treat human malignancy has proven challenging. The efforts to use T cells to treat patients with cancer have often been informative in identifying limitations that must be overcome to improve therapeutic efficacy, and a clearer picture of the requirements for successful adoptive T-cell transfer is gradually emerging. Indolent and a subset of aggressive B-cell lymphomas in humans have been shown to be susceptible to eradication by T cells in clinical settings where highly immunogenic minor histocompatibility or viral antigens are presented by tumor cells. In this article, we will review how recent advances in our understanding of the properties of antigen-specific T cells that facilitate their long-term persistence in vivo and reversion to the memory pool after in vitro culture, combined with approaches to molecularly engineer T cells with receptors that target molecules expressed by B-cell lymphoma, are providing opportunities to broaden the application of T-cell therapy and improve its efficacy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley R Riddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res. Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, MS D3100, Seattle, WA 98109-4417, USA.
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337
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Mrass P, Takano H, Ng LG, Daxini S, Lasaro MO, Iparraguirre A, Cavanagh LL, von Andrian UH, Ertl HCJ, Haydon PG, Weninger W. Random migration precedes stable target cell interactions of tumor-infiltrating T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2749-61. [PMID: 17116735 PMCID: PMC2118164 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of an intricate mixture of tumor and host-derived cells that engage in a continuous interplay. T cells are particularly important in this context as they may recognize tumor-associated antigens and induce tumor regression. However, the precise identity of cells targeted by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) as well as the kinetics and anatomy of TIL-target cell interactions within tumors are incompletely understood. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal conditions of TIL locomotion through the tumor stroma, as a prerequisite for establishing contact with target cells, have not been analyzed. These shortcomings limit the rational design of immunotherapeutic strategies that aim to overcome tumor-immune evasion. We have used two-photon microscopy to determine, in a dynamic manner, the requirements leading to tumor regression by TILs. Key observations were that TILs migrated randomly throughout the tumor microenvironment and that, in the absence of cognate antigen, they were incapable of sustaining active migration. Furthermore, TILs in regressing tumors formed long-lasting (≥30 min), cognate antigen–dependent contacts with tumor cells. Finally, TILs physically interacted with macrophages, suggesting tumor antigen cross-presentation by these cells. Our results demonstrate that recognition of cognate antigen within tumors is a critical determinant of optimal TIL migration and target cell interactions, and argue against TIL guidance by long-range chemokine gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus Mrass
- Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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338
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Milone MC, June CH. Adoptive immunotherapy: new ways to skin the cat? Clin Immunol 2006; 117:101-3. [PMID: 16214079 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Milone
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
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339
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Pieper M, Scheffold C, Duwe S, Rossig C, Bisping G, Stelljes M, Tedder TF, Jurgens H, Berdel WE, Kienast J. Immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies with genetically engineered human CD8+ natural killer T cells. Leukemia 2006; 20:729-32. [PMID: 16437143 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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340
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Lyons GE, Roszkowski JJ, Man S, Yee C, Kast WM, Nishimura MI. T-cell receptor tetramer binding or the lack there of does not necessitate antigen reactivity in T-cell receptor transduced T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1142-50. [PMID: 16374636 PMCID: PMC11030807 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR) chains provides a means of transferring tumor antigen specificity onto an alternate T-cell population. To determine which tumor reactive TCRs are best suitable for such adoptive transfer, careful evaluation of the resulting TCR modified populations need to be performed. We have previously cloned, and expressed TCRs from melanoma, EBV, HCV, and HPV reactive T-cell clones and found that several routine indicators of T-cell function do not always predict the relative strength of a TCR. Using a combination of tetramer binding assays and antigen recognition assays, we identified TCRs that fall into three classes. One class of TCR did not bind tetramers yet resulted in cells with high avidity for antigen. A second TCR class bound tetramer but did not secrete cytokines in response to antigen. Finally, the third class of TCRs bound tetramer and reacted to antigen as would be expected. We conclude that tetramer binding is not always a good indicator of the function of a cloned TCR or the avidity of a TCR gene modified T cell. Furthermore, our data indicate that the use of tetramer binding alone to identify antigen reactive TCRs may result in the exclusion of TCRs that may be highly reactive or cross reactive to the relevant tumor antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E. Lyons
- Department of Surgery and Committee of Immunology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC7116, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Roszkowski
- Department of Surgery and Committee of Immunology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC7116, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Stephen Man
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XX Cardiff, Wales UK
| | - Cassian Yee
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - W. Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Michael I. Nishimura
- Department of Surgery and Committee of Immunology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC7116, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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341
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Marin V, Dander E, Biagi E, Introna M, Fazio G, Biondi A, D'Amico G. Characterization of in vitro migratory properties of anti-CD19 chimeric receptor-redirected CIK cells for their potential use in B-ALL immunotherapy. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:1219-29. [PMID: 16939815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo expanded cells enriched in CD3(+)CD56(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells with major histocompatibility-unrestricted cytotoxicity against several tumoral targets, except B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We redirected CIK cells cytotoxicity toward B-ALL with a chimeric receptor specific for the CD19 antigen and then explored if modified-CIK cells maintain the same chemotactic properties of freshly isolated NKT cells, whose trafficking machinery reflects their preferential localization into the sites of B-ALL infiltration. MATERIAL AND METHODS CIK cells were expanded ex vivo for 21 days and analyzed for expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors regulating adhesion and homing toward leukemia-infiltrated tissues. CIK cells were then transduced with the anti-CD19-zeta-internal ribosomal entry site-green fluorescent protein retroviral vector and characterized for their cytotoxicity against B-ALL cells in a (51)Cr-release assay and for their trafficking properties, including chemotactic activity, adhesion and transendothelial migration, and metalloproteases-dependent invasion of Matrigel. RESULTS Similarly to freshly isolated NKT cells, CD49d and CD11a were highly expressed on CIK cells. Moreover, CIK cells expressed CXCR4, CCR6, and CCR7 (mean expression 72%, 60%, and 32%, respectively), presenting chemotactic activity toward their respective ligands. Anti-CD19 chimeric receptor-modified CIK cells became cytotoxic against B-ALL cells (mean lysis, 60%) and showed, after exposure to a CXCL12 gradient, high capacity to adhere and transmigrate through endothelial cells and to invade Matrigel. CONCLUSION The potential capacity to localize into leukemia-infiltrated tissues of anti-CD19 chimeric receptor-redirected CIK cells, together with their ability to efficiently kill B-ALL cells, suggests that modified-CIK cells represent a valuable tool for leukemia immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virna Marin
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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342
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Morgan RA, Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Hughes MS, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Royal RE, Topalian SL, Kammula US, Restifo NP, Zheng Z, Nahvi A, de Vries CR, Rogers-Freezer LJ, Mavroukakis SA, Rosenberg SA. Cancer regression in patients after transfer of genetically engineered lymphocytes. Science 2006; 314:126-9. [PMID: 16946036 PMCID: PMC2267026 DOI: 10.1126/science.1129003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1939] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Through the adoptive transfer of lymphocytes after host immunodepletion, it is possible to mediate objective cancer regression in human patients with metastatic melanoma. However, the generation of tumor-specific T cells in this mode of immunotherapy is often limiting. Here we report the ability to specifically confer tumor recognition by autologous lymphocytes from peripheral blood by using a retrovirus that encodes a T cell receptor. Adoptive transfer of these transduced cells in 15 patients resulted in durable engraftment at levels exceeding 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes for at least 2 months after the infusion. We observed high sustained levels of circulating, engineered cells at 1 year after infusion in two patients who both demonstrated objective regression of metastatic melanoma lesions. This study suggests the therapeutic potential of genetically engineered cells for the biologic therapy of cancer.
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343
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Liu S, Riley J, Rosenberg S, Parkhurst M. Comparison of common gamma-chain cytokines, interleukin-2, interleukin-7, and interleukin-15 for the in vitro generation of human tumor-reactive T lymphocytes for adoptive cell transfer therapy. J Immunother 2006; 29:284-93. [PMID: 16699371 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000190168.53793.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of human tumor-reactive T lymphocytes into autologous patients can mediate the regression of metastatic melanoma. Here, the in vitro generation of melanoma-reactive T lymphocytes was compared using 3 common gamma-chain cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15, alone or in combination. The proliferation, function, and phenotype were evaluated for tumor-reactive T cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients previously immunized with the melanoma-associated peptide gp100:209-217(210M) and PBMCs transduced with a retrovirus encoding the alpha and beta chains of a gp100-reactive T-cell receptor (TCR). IL-7 alone did not induce significant proliferation of any tumor-reactive T-cell population, whereas IL-2 and IL-15 induced significant proliferation of tumor-reactive T lymphocytes from both sources. Cells cultured in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 secreted comparable amounts of interferon-gamma and IL-2 in response to melanoma cells in vitro and were phenotypically similar in terms of costimulatory molecules (CD27 and CD28), cytokine receptors (CD25, CD122, and CD127), and a lymphoid homing molecule (CD62L). In addition, the proliferation, function, and phenotype of T cells cultured with combinations of IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 were similar to those grown with IL-2 alone. The effects of these cytokines on TCR stimulation of CD45RA+ naive cells derived from adult patients and from human umbilical cord blood were also compared. Similar to the data with activated tumor-reactive T lymphocytes, IL-7 alone did not support significant proliferation of naive T cells after TCR stimulation with anti-CD3, although IL-2 and IL-15 induced comparable proliferation of T lymphocytes with similar phenotypic attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Liu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1502, USA
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344
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Nishimura F, Dusak JE, Eguchi J, Zhu X, Gambotto A, Storkus WJ, Okada H. Adoptive transfer of type 1 CTL mediates effective anti-central nervous system tumor response: critical roles of IFN-inducible protein-10. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4478-87. [PMID: 16618775 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies for central nervous system (CNS) tumors requires a firm understanding of factors regulating the trafficking of tumor antigen-specific CTLs into CNS tumor lesions. Using C57BL/6 mice bearing intracranial (i.c.) ovalbumin-transfected melanoma (M05), we evaluated the efficacy and tumor homing of i.v. transferred type 1 or 2 CTLs (Tc1 or Tc2, respectively) prepared from ovalbumin-specific T-cell receptor-transgenic OT-1 mice. We also tested our hypothesis that intratumoral (i.t.) delivery of dendritic cells that had been transduced with IFN-alpha cDNA (DC-IFN-alpha) would enhance the tumor-homing and antitumor effectiveness of adoptively transferred Tc1 via induction of an IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10). In vitro, DC-IFN-alpha induced IP-10 production by M05 and enhanced the cytolytic activity of Tc1. In vivo, i.v. transferred Tc1 trafficked efficiently into i.c. M05 and mediated antitumor responses more effectively than Tc2, and their effect was IP-10 dependent. I.t. injections of DC-IFN-alpha remarkably enhanced the tumor homing, therapeutic efficacy, and in situ IFN-gamma production of i.v. delivered Tc1, resulting in the long-term survival and persistence of systemic ovalbumin-specific immunity. These data suggest that Tc1-based adoptive transfer therapy may represent an effective modality for CNS tumors, particularly when combined with strategies that promote a type 1 polarized tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Nishimura
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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345
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Zhang T, Barber A, Sentman CL. Generation of antitumor responses by genetic modification of primary human T cells with a chimeric NKG2D receptor. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5927-33. [PMID: 16740733 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To create more effective T cells against human tumors, we have designed a strategy to allow T cells to recognize tumor cells using natural killer (NK) cell receptors but retain the effector responses of T lymphocytes. NKG2D is an activating cell surface receptor expressed on NK cells and on some T-cell subsets. Its ligands are primarily expressed on tumor cells. We have shown that by linking mouse NKG2D to the CD3zeta chain, it was possible to generate a chimeric NKG2D (chNKG2D) receptor that allowed activation of murine T cells on engagement with NKG2D ligand-positive tumor cells leading to antitumor responses in mice. In this study, a human version of the chNKG2D receptor was expressed on primary human T cells, and antitumor responses were determined. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived T cells were retrovirally transduced with a human chNKG2D receptor gene. These chNKG2D-bearing human T cells responded to NKG2D ligand-positive tumor cells by producing T-helper 1 cytokines, proinflammatory chemokines, and significant cellular cytotoxicity. This response could be blocked by anti-NKG2D antibodies, and it was dependent on NKG2D ligand expression on the target cells but not on expression of MHC molecules. In addition, the activity of chNKG2D-bearing T cells remained unimpaired after exposure to a soluble NKG2D ligand, soluble MICA, at concentrations as high as 1.5 mug/mL. These data indicate the feasibility of using chNKG2D receptors in primary human T cells and suggest that this approach may be a promising means for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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346
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Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy has definite clinical benefit in relapsed leukaemia after allogeneic transplant and in Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. However, the majority of tumour targets are weakly immunogenic self-antigens and success has been limited in part by inadequate persistence and expansion of transferred T cells and by tumour-evasion strategies. Adoptive immunotherapy presents the opportunity to activate, expand and genetically modify T cells outside the tolerising environment of the host and a number of strategies to optimize the cellular product, including gene modification and modulation of the host environment, in particular by lymphodepletion, have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok-Keen Tey
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, USA
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347
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Abstract
A central goal immunologists has been to develop targeted therapies that will induce or maintain immunologic tolerance in the absence of potentially harmful immunosuppression. The ability to isolate and expand regulatory T-cell populations with immune suppressive activity will enable new forms of adoptive immunotherapy that may achieve this long held dream. Assuming that certain technical challenges regarding the manufacturing of regulatory T cells can be overcome, a wide variety of clinical applications can be envisioned using adoptively transferred CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. It is likely that suppressor T cells will first be tested for their ability to prevent or treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. A related approach will be clinical studies to induce allogeneic or xenogeneic tolerance using regulatory T cells in solid organ transplantation. A more technically challenging approach will be the use of regulatory T-cell therapy for autoimmune disorders. Finally on the horizon are approaches that will use genetically engineered lymphocytes to replace regulatory T cells in the immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, and potentially to create more potent regulatory T (Treg) cells with enhanced suppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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348
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Hanaoka N, Kawaguchi T, Horikawa K, Nagakura S, Mitsuya H, Nakakuma H. Immunoselection by natural killer cells of PIGA mutant cells missing stress-inducible ULBP. Blood 2006; 107:1184-91. [PMID: 16195329 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe mechanism by which paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones expand is unknown. PNH clones harbor PIGA mutations and do not synthesize glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), resulting in deficiency of GPI-linked membrane proteins. GPI-deficient blood cells often expand in patients with aplastic anemia who sustain immune-mediated marrow injury putatively induced by cytotoxic cells, hence suggesting that the injury allows PNH clones to expand selectively. We previously reported that leukemic K562 cells preferentially survived natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro when they acquired PIGA mutations. We herein show that the survival is ascribable to the deficiency of stress-inducible GPI-linked membrane proteins ULBP1 and ULBP2, which activate NK and T cells. The ULBPs were detected on GPI-expressing but not on GPI-deficient K562 cells. In the presence of antibodies to either the ULBPs or their receptor NKG2D on NK cells, GPI-expressing cells were as less NK sensitive as GPI-deficient cells. NK cells therefore spared ULBP-deficient cells in vitro. The ULBPs were identified only on GPI-expressing blood cells of a proportion of patients with PNH but none of healthy individuals. Granulocytes of the patients partly underwent killing by autologous cytotoxic cells, implying ULBP-associated blood cell injury. In this setting, the lack of ULBPs may allow immunoselection of PNH clones.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Anemia, Aplastic/complications
- Anemia, Aplastic/genetics
- Anemia, Aplastic/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/biosynthesis
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/deficiency
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/immunology
- Granulocytes/immunology
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/complications
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/genetics
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Hanaoka
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
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349
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Gade TPF, Hassen W, Santos E, Gunset G, Saudemont A, Gong MC, Brentjens R, Zhong XS, Stephan M, Stefanski J, Lyddane C, Osborne JR, Buchanan IM, Hall SJ, Heston WD, Rivière I, Larson SM, Koutcher JA, Sadelain M. Targeted elimination of prostate cancer by genetically directed human T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9080-8. [PMID: 16204083 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genetic transfer of antigen receptors is a powerful approach to rapidly generate tumor-specific T lymphocytes. Unlike the physiologic T-cell receptor, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) encompass immunoglobulin variable regions or receptor ligands as their antigen recognition moiety, thus permitting T cells to recognize tumor antigens in the absence of human leukocyte antigen expression. CARs encompassing the CD3zeta chain as their activating domain induce T-cell proliferation in vitro, but limited survival. The requirements for genetically targeted T cells to function in vivo are less well understood. We have, therefore, established animal models to assess the therapeutic efficacy of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes targeted to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), an antigen expressed in prostate cancer cells and the neovasculature of various solid tumors. In vivo specificity and antitumor activity were assessed in mice bearing established prostate adenocarcinomas, using serum prostate-secreted antigen, magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and bioluminescence imaging to investigate the response to therapy. In three tumor models, orthotopic, s.c., and pulmonary, we show that PSMA-targeted T cells effectively eliminate prostate cancer. Tumor eradication was directly proportional to the in vivo effector-to-tumor cell ratio. Serial imaging further reveals that the T cells must survive for at least 1 week to induce durable remissions. The eradication of xenogeneic tumors in a murine environment shows that the adoptively transferred T cells do not absolutely require in vivo costimulation to function. These results thus provide a strong rationale for undertaking phase I clinical studies to assess PSMA-targeted T cells in patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/genetics
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence P F Gade
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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350
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Huang X, Wilber AC, Bao L, Tuong D, Tolar J, Orchard PJ, Levine BL, June CH, McIvor RS, Blazar BR, Zhou X. Stable gene transfer and expression in human primary T cells by the Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Blood 2005; 107:483-91. [PMID: 16189271 PMCID: PMC1895607 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is a nonviral DNA delivery system in which a transposase directs integration of an SB transposon into TA-dinucleotide sites in the genome. To determine whether the SB transposon system can mediate stable gene expression in human T cells, primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were nucleofected with SB vectors carrying a DsRed reporter gene. Plasmids containing the SB transposase on the same molecule as (cis) or on a molecule separate from (trans) the SB transposon mediated long-term and stable reporter gene expression in human primary T cells. Sequencing of transposon:chromosome junctions confirmed that stable gene expression was due to SB-mediated transposition. In other studies, PBLs were successfully transfected using the SB transposon system and shown to stably express a fusion protein consisting of (1) a surface receptor useful for positive T-cell selection and (2) a "suicide" gene useful for elimination of transfected T cells after chemotherapy. This study is the first report demonstrating that the SB transposon system can mediate stable gene transfer in human primary PBLs, which may be advantageous for T-cell-based gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455,USA
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