301
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Naeger DM, Martin JN, Sinclair E, Hunt PW, Bangsberg DR, Hecht F, Hsue P, McCune JM, Deeks SG. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8886. [PMID: 20126452 PMCID: PMC2813282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In healthy, HIV seronegative, CMV seropositive adults, a large proportion of T cells are CMV-specific. High-level CMV-specific T cell responses are associated with accelerated immunologic aging (“immunosenesence”) in the elderly population. The impact of untreated and treated HIV infection on the frequency of these cells remains undefined. Methodology/Principal Findings We measured the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responding to CMV pp65 and IE proteins was measured using flow cytometry in 685 unique HIV seronegative and seropositive individuals. The proportion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells was consistently higher in the HIV-seropositive subjects compared to the HIV-seronegative subjects. This HIV effect was observed even in patients who lacked measurable immunodeficiency. Among the HIV-seropositive subjects, CMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses were proportionately lower during recent infection, higher during chronic untreated infection and higher still during long-term antiretroviral treated infection. The CD8+ T cell response to just two CMV proteins (pp65 and IE) was approximately 6% during long-term therapy, which was over twice that seen in HIV-seronegative persons. CMV-specific CD4+ T cell responses followed the same trends, but the magnitude of the effect was smaller. Conclusions/Significance Long-term successfully treated HIV infected patients have remarkably high levels of CMV-specific effector cells. These levels are similar to that observed in the elderly, but occur at much younger ages. Future studies should focus on defining the potential role of the CMV-specific inflammatory response in non-AIDS morbidity and mortality, including immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Naeger
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David R. Bangsberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Initiative for Global Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Priscilla Hsue
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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302
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Lang A, Brien JD, Nikolich-Zugich J. Inflation and long-term maintenance of CD8 T cells responding to a latent herpesvirus depend upon establishment of latency and presence of viral antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:8077-87. [PMID: 20007576 PMCID: PMC4161222 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Following the priming and contraction phases of the T cell response, latent persistent herpesviruses lead to an accumulation of large pools of virus-specific CD8 T cells, also known as memory inflation (MI). The mechanism of this inflation is incompletely understood, largely because the molecular reactivation of these viruses in vivo and its impact upon T cell biology have not been resolved in mice, and because the relevant observations in humans remain, by necessity, correlative. Understanding these processes is essential from the standpoint of the proposed critical role for latent herpesviruses in aging of the immune system. We studied the causes of memory CD8 T cell accumulation following systemic HSV-1 administration as a model of widespread latent viral infection in humans. A direct role of viral latency and Ag-specific restimulation in driving the accumulation and maintenance of inflated CD8 T cells and a strongly suggested role of viral reactivation in that process were shown by the following: 1) lack of MI in the absence of established latency; 2) prevention or delay of MI with drugs that curtail viral replication; and 3) abrogation of MI by the transfer of inflated T cells into a virus-free environment. These results strongly suggest that periodic, subclinical reactivations of a latent persistent virus cause dysregulation of memory CD8 T cell homeostasis, similar to the one in humans. Moreover, results with antiviral drugs suggest that this approach could be considered as a treatment modality for maintaining T cell diversity and/or function in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lang
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006
| | - James D. Brien
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006
- Department of Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006
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303
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Boding L, Bonefeld CM, Nielsen BL, Lauritsen JPH, von Essen MR, Hansen AK, Larsen JM, Nielsen MM, Odum N, Geisler C. TCR down-regulation controls T cell homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4994-5005. [PMID: 19801521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR and cytokine receptor signaling play key roles in the complex homeostatic mechanisms that maintain a relative stable number of T cells throughout life. Despite the homeostatic mechanisms, a slow decline in naive T cells is typically observed with age. The CD3gamma di-leucine-based motif controls TCR down-regulation and plays a central role in fine-tuning TCR expression and signaling in T cells. In this study, we show that the age-associated decline of naive T cells is strongly accelerated in CD3gammaLLAA knock-in mice homozygous for a double leucine to alanine mutation in the CD3gamma di-leucine-based motif, whereas the number of memory T cells is unaffected by the mutation. This results in premature T cell population senescence with a severe dominance of memory T cells and very few naive T cells in middle-aged to old CD3gamma mutant mice. The reduced number of naive T cells in CD3gamma mutant mice was caused by the combination of reduced thymic output, decreased T cell apoptosis, and increased transition of naive T cells to memory T cells. Experiments with bone marrow chimeric mice confirmed that the CD3gammaLLAA mutation exerted a T cell intrinsic effect on T cell homeostasis that resulted in an increased transition of CD3gammaLLAA naive T cells to memory T cells and a survival advantage of CD3gammaLLAA T cells compared with wild-type T cells. The experimental observations were further supported by mathematical modeling of T cell homeostasis. Our study thus identifies an important role of CD3gamma-mediated TCR down-regulation in T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Boding
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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304
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Dudakov JA, Goldberg GL, Reiseger JJ, Vlahos K, Chidgey AP, Boyd RL. Sex steroid ablation enhances hematopoietic recovery following cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy in aged mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7084-94. [PMID: 19890044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy is widely used in the clinic as a treatment for malignant diseases. The treatment itself, however, leads to long-term depletion of the adaptive immune system, which is more pronounced in older patients, predominantly due to thymic atrophy. We and others have previously shown that withdrawal of sex steroids is able to regenerate the aged thymus and enhance recovery from autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. In this study we have examined the effects of sex steroid ablation (SSA) on the recovery of lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) and thymus following treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide (Cy) in middle-aged and old mice. Furthermore, we have also examined the impact of this regeneration on peripheral immunity. SSA enhanced the recovery of BM resident hematopoietic stem cells and lymphoid progenitors and promoted lymphopoiesis. Interestingly, Cy alone caused a profound increase in the recently described common lymphoid progenitor 2 (CLP-2) population in the BM. In the thymus, SSA caused a profound increase in cellularity as well as all intrathymic T-lineage progenitors including early T-lineage progenitors (ETPs) and non-canonical T cell progenitors such as the CLP-2. We also found that these transferred into numerical increases in the periphery with enhanced B and T cell numbers. Furthermore, these lymphocytes were found to have an enhanced functional capacity with no perturbation of the TCR repertoire. Taken together, these results provide the basis for the use of SSA in the clinic to enhance treatment outcomes from cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod A Dudakov
- Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
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305
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Gress RE, Deeks SG. Reduced thymus activity and infection prematurely age the immune system. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2884-7. [PMID: 19770512 DOI: 10.1172/jci40855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process affects all aspects of the immune system, particularly the T cells. The immune system in older individuals is often characterized by lower T cell numbers, lower naive/memory T cell ratios, and lower T cell diversity. Most measures of inflammation increase with age. Why this happens, and why there is so much person-to-person variability in these changes, is not known. In this issue of the JCI, Sauce and colleagues show that removal of the thymus during infancy results in premature onset of many of these age-associated changes to the immune system (see the related article beginning on page 3070). The effect of thymectomy was particularly notable in those individuals who acquired CMV infection. Data from this study, as well as data from other observational settings, suggest that reduced thymic function and persistent viral infections combine to accelerate a decline in immunologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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306
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Karrer U, Mekker A, Wanke K, Tchang V, Haeberli L. Cytomegalovirus and immune senescence: culprit or innocent bystander? Exp Gerontol 2009; 44:689-94. [PMID: 19766181 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune senescence may be defined as the age-related reduction and dysregulation of immune function, and has been associated with increased incidence and severity of infectious diseases and with poor efficacy of prophylactic vaccines in the elderly. Several studies have demonstrated that persistent infections with Herpes viruses in general and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in particular have a profound influence on subset distribution, phenotype and potentially also on the function of T cells in ageing individuals. The association of CMV-seropositivity and accumulation of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells with decreased survival in longitudinal studies of very elderly has fostered the hypothesis that CMV-infection may be an important causative factor for the development of immune senescence. Here, we have critically summarized the current body of evidence supporting this hypothesis, highlight some controversial issues about its relevance and mechanisms and propose areas of future research to demonstrate unequivocally whether and how persistent infections might compromise the ageing immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Karrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Ramistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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307
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Consumption of a fermented dairy product containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 reduces the duration of respiratory infections in the elderly in a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:58-68. [PMID: 19747410 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509991395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Common infectious diseases (CID) of the airways and the gastrointestinal tract are still a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly. The present study examined the beneficial effect of a dairy product containing the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 (fermented product) on the resistance of free-living elderly to CID. The study was multicentric, double blind and controlled, involving 1072 volunteers (median age = 76.0 years) randomised for consumption of either 200 g/d of fermented (n 537) or control (non-fermented) dairy product (n 535) for 3 months, followed by an additional 1 month's follow-up. The results showed that, when considering all CID, the fermented product significantly reduced the average duration per episode of CID (6.5 v. 8 d in control group; P = 0.008) and the cumulative duration of CID (7 v. 8 d in control group; P = 0.009). Reduction in both episode and cumulative durations was also significant for all upper respiratory tract infections (URTI; P < 0.001) and for rhinopharyngitis (P < 0.001). This was accompanied with an increase of L. casei species in stools throughout the fermented product consumption (2-3.8 x 107 equivalents of colony-forming unit/g of stools, P < 0.001). The cumulative number of CID (primary outcome) was not different between groups nor was the CID severity, fever, pathogens' occurrence, medication, immune blood parameters and quality of life. The fermented product was safe and well tolerated. In conclusion, consumption of a fermented dairy product containing the probiotic strain L. casei DN-114 001 in elderly was associated with a decreased duration of CID in comparison with the control group, especially for URTI such as rhinopharyngitis.
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308
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Abstract
As the expanding obese population grows older, their successful immunologic aging will be critical to enhancing the health span. Obesity increases risk of infections and cancer, suggesting adverse effects on immune surveillance. Here, we report that obesity compromises the mechanisms regulating T-cell generation by inducing premature thymic involution. Diet-induced obesity reduced thymocyte counts and significantly increased apoptosis of developing T-cell populations. Obesity accelerated the age-related reduction of T-cell receptor (TCR) excision circle bearing peripheral lymphocytes, an index of recently generated T cells from thymus. Consistent with reduced thymopoiesis, dietary obesity led to reduction in peripheral naive T cells with increased frequency of effector-memory cells. Defects in thymopoiesis in obese mice were related with decrease in the lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor (Lin-Sca1+Kit+ Flt3+) as well as common lymphoid progenitor (Lin-Sca1+CD117(lo)CD127+) pools. The TCR spectratyping analysis showed that obesity compromised V-beta TCR repertoire diversity. Furthermore, the obesity induced by melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency also constricted the T-cell repertoire diversity, recapitulating the thymic defects observed with diet-induced obesity. In middle-aged humans, progressive adiposity with or without type 2 diabetes also compromised thymic output. Collectively, these findings establish that obesity constricts T-cell diversity by accelerating age-related thymic involution.
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309
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Abstract
Recent developments in basic and translational immunology open new exciting perspectives for inducing transplantation tolerance in the clinic. Induction of tolerance, defined as permanent acceptance of the transplant in the absence of continuous immunosuppression, is an achievable goal. However, a number of hurdles still need to be overcome before immunosuppressive drugs can be safely withdrawn in solid organ transplant recipients. Additional strategies for improving long-term outcomes were examined, including best methods for apply using various biomarkers in the clinical setting to improve the diagnosis and management of ongoing renal damage. Detection of a potential or existing immune response to tissue grafts is an important first step in improving the survival of heart, liver, and kidney transplant patients.
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310
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Khatami M. Inflammation, aging, and cancer: tumoricidal versus tumorigenesis of immunity: a common denominator mapping chronic diseases. Cell Biochem Biophys 2009; 55:55-79. [PMID: 19672563 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-009-9059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a highly regulated defense mechanism of immune system possessing two well-balanced and biologically opposing arms termed apoptosis ('Yin') and wound healing ('Yang') processes. Unresolved or chronic inflammation (oxidative stress) is perhaps the loss of balance between 'Yin' and 'Yang' that would induce co-expression of exaggerated or 'mismatched' apoptotic and wound healing factors in the microenvironment of tissues ('immune meltdown'). Unresolved inflammation could initiate the genesis of many age-associated chronic illnesses such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases or tumors/cancers. In this perspective 'birds' eye' view of major interrelated co-morbidity risk factors that participate in biological shifts of growth-arresting ('tumoricidal') or growth-promoting ('tumorigenic') properties of immune cells and the genesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer will be discussed. Persistent inflammation is perhaps a common denominator in the genesis of nearly all age-associated health problems or cancer. Future challenging opportunities for diagnosis, prevention, and/or therapy of chronic illnesses will require an integrated understanding and identification of developmental phases of inflammation-induced immune dysfunction and age-associated hormonal and physiological readjustments of organ systems. Designing suitable cohort studies to establish the oxido-redox status of adults may prove to be an effective strategy in assessing individual's health toward developing personal medicine for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- The National Cancer Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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311
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Yang H, Youm YH, Dixit VD. Inhibition of thymic adipogenesis by caloric restriction is coupled with reduction in age-related thymic involution. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3040-52. [PMID: 19648267 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging of thymus is characterized by reduction in naive T cell output together with progressive replacement of lymphostromal thymic zones with adipocytes. Determining how calorie restriction (CR), a prolongevity metabolic intervention, regulates thymic aging may allow identification of relevant mechanisms to prevent immunosenescence. Using a mouse model of chronic CR, we found that a reduction in age-related thymic adipogenic mechanism is coupled with maintenance of thymic function. The CR increased cellular density in the thymic cortex and medulla and preserved the epithelial signatures. Interestingly, CR prevented the age-related increase in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators, FoxC2, and fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), together with reduction in lipid-laden thymic fibroblasts. Additionally, CR specifically blocked the age-related elevation of thymic proadipogenic master regulator, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and its upstream activator xanthine-oxidoreductase (XOR). Furthermore, we found that specific inhibition of PPARgamma in thymic stromal cells prevented their adipogenic transformation in an XOR-dependent mechanism. Activation of PPARgamma-driven adipogenesis in OP9-DL1 stromal cells compromised their ability to support T cell development. Conversely, CR-induced reduction in EMT and thymic adipogenesis were coupled with elevated thymic output. Compared with 26-mo-old ad libitum fed mice, the T cells derived from age-matched CR animals displayed greater proliferation and higher IL-2 expression. Furthermore, CR prevented the deterioration of the peripheral TCR repertoire diversity in older animals. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that reducing proadipogenic signaling in thymus via CR may promote thymopoiesis during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwon Yang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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312
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Abstract
Viruses that cause chronic infection constitute a stable but little-recognized part of our metagenome: our virome. Ongoing immune responses hold these chronic viruses at bay while avoiding immunopathologic damage to persistently infected tissues. The immunologic imprint generated by these responses to our virome defines the normal immune system. The resulting dynamic but metastable equilibrium between the virome and the host can be dangerous, benign, or even symbiotic. These concepts require that we reformulate how we assign etiologies for diseases, especially those with a chronic inflammatory component, as well as how we design and interpret genome-wide association studies, and how we vaccinate to limit or control our virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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313
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Abstract
An age-related decline in immune functions, referred to as immunosenescence, is partially responsible for the increased prevalence and severity of infectious diseases, and the low efficacy of vaccination in elderly persons. Immunosenescence is characterized by a decrease in cell-mediated immune function as well as by reduced humoral immune responses. Age-dependent defects in T- and B-cell function coexist with age-related changes within the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and consequences of age-associated immune alterations as well as their implications for health in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Weiskopf
- Immunology Division, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Innsbruck, Austria
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314
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Derhovanessian E, Larbi A, Pawelec G. Biomarkers of human immunosenescence: impact of Cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:440-5. [PMID: 19535233 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated failing systemic immunity, loosely termed 'immunosenescence', is thought to contribute to the increased incidence and severity of infectious disease in old people. It would therefore be of great practical as well as academic interest to accurately identify which of the multitude of alterations to immune parameters thus far reported are causally related to a person's clinically unfavourable health status, in order to identify the mechanisms of immune ageing and intervene to restore appropriate immunity. This is an enormous current challenge, as it requires longitudinal studies in a very long-lived species. Circumstantial evidence and longitudinal studies limited to the very elderly have begun to reveal 'immune signatures' or biomarkers of immune ageing consisting not of a single parameter, but clusters of parameters increasingly recognized as an 'immune risk profile', or IRP. Although hinted at many years ago, a marked impact of usually asymptomatic infection with the persistent beta-herpesvirus Cytomegalovirus (CMV) on markers of immunosenescence is now becoming incontrovertible. The fascinating cohabitation of CMV with the human immune system, which commits a very significant fraction of its entire resources to CMV-immunosurveillance, may suggest an early-life benefit from infection, which becomes deleterious for the majority of the population only in later life or under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyna Derhovanessian
- Center for Medical Research, ZMF, University of Tübingen Medical School, Tübingen, Germany
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315
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316
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Psychologically adverse work conditions are associated with CD8+ T cell differentiation indicative of immunesenescence. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:527-34. [PMID: 19217939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated associations between psychosocial stress and indices of poor health, and much research is now dedicated to identifying the responsible biological mechanisms. The current study examined the hypothesis that stress may impact health by promoting immunesenescence. Participants were 537 factory workers (89% male; mean age 44; range 18-65years). Blood was analyzed for two components of the aging 'immune risk phenotype': the number and proportion of late-differentiated (CD27-CD28-) CD8 T cells (CTLs) and CD4:CD8 ratio. Psychological assessment focussed on work-related stressors which have previously been found to predict morbidity and mortality. This assessment included measures of work load, effort-reward imbalance, and social support at work. High levels of job stress (low reward, high effort-reward imbalance) and low social support at work were associated with a significantly lower CD4:CD8 ratio. Also, the number of CD27-CD28- CTLs was 30% to 50% higher in employees classified in the highest tertile of each stress parameter as compared to employees in the corresponding lowest tertile (p<.01). These associations withstood adjustment for a wide range of demographic, life style, medical, and socio-economic indicators. The associations between CTL phenotype and low social support became stronger with increasing age. These results suggest that psychosocial stress may contribute to immunological aging. Prospective studies should address the long-term consequences of these associations for healthy aging.
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317
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Swain SL, Nikolich-Zugich J. Key research opportunities in immune system aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:183-6. [PMID: 19251915 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gln068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of key advantages make the immune system uniquely suited for studies of aging. The understanding of loss of immune function with aging has advanced to allow incisive evaluations of general theories of aging. Specifically, the time is ripe for examination of mechanisms leading to age-associated molecular and cellular defects in the immune system and testing of strategies to reverse identified defects. These and other opportunities are discussed in the following, with special focus upon aging of the innate immune system, the role of commensal bacteria and inflammation in immune aging, and the need for better and more precise models in mice and primates to facilitate these studies and provide translation toward clinical application of immune rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Swain
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA.
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318
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Yager EJ, Smiley ST, Blackman MA. Response to Letter. Viral Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Yager
- Respectfully submitted, Eric J. Yager, Stephen T. Smiley, and Marcia A. Blackman Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York
| | - Stephen T. Smiley
- Respectfully submitted, Eric J. Yager, Stephen T. Smiley, and Marcia A. Blackman Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York
| | - Marcia A. Blackman
- Respectfully submitted, Eric J. Yager, Stephen T. Smiley, and Marcia A. Blackman Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York
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319
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Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-cell lymphoma of the elderly at a United States tertiary medical center: an uncommon aggressive lymphoma with a nongerminal center B-cell phenotype. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:653-61. [PMID: 19144386 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders similar to those seen in posttransplantation patients have recently been described in immunocompetent, elderly Asian individuals. To our knowledge, this entity has not been described in the United States. The clinicopathologic features of 6 Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-cell lymphomas of the elderly from 5 patients 60 years and older were reviewed. Three specimens exhibited a polymorphous infiltrate with Reed-Sternberg-like cells. The remaining specimens resembled conventional diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Most tumor cells were Epstein-Barr virus-positive by in situ hybridization and had a nongerminal center B-cell immunophenotype. In addition, 90 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in patients 60 years and older were screened for Epstein-Barr virus and were negative. All 5 patients were treated with combination chemotherapy; however, they had a poor outcome. Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-cell lymphomas of the elderly occur uncommonly at a United States tertiary medical center. Pathologic features that may aid in identification and trigger Epstein-Barr virus testing include a polymorphic infiltrate, plasmacytic morphology, Reed-Sternberg-like cells, angioinvasion, necrosis, and a nongerminal center B-cell immunophenotype. Further investigation is needed to determine if Epstein-Barr virus status plays an independent role in the prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in non-Asian countries, which would also impact the need to screen all diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in older patients for Epstein-Barr virus.
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320
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Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by a decline in the function of the immune system, which increases susceptibility to infections and can decrease the quality of life. The ability to rejuvenate the ageing immune system would therefore be beneficial for elderly individuals and would decrease health-care costs for society. But is the immune system ever too old to become young again? We review here the promise of various approaches to rejuvenate the function of the immune system in the rapidly growing ageing population.
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Dao MC, Meydani SN. Micronutrient status, immune response and infectious disease in elderly of less developed countries. SIGHT AND LIFE MAGAZINE 2009; 3:6-15. [PMID: 22540112 PMCID: PMC3335289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Dao
- Nutrition Immunology Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simin Nikbin Meydani
- Nutrition Immunology Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E, Larbi A, Strindhall J, Wikby A. Cytomegalovirus and human immunosenescence. Rev Med Virol 2008; 19:47-56. [PMID: 19035529 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen Medical School, Tübingen, Germany.
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Schwanninger A, Weinberger B, Weiskopf D, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Reitinger S, Gassner C, Schennach H, Parson W, Würzner R, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Age-related appearance of a CMV-specific high-avidity CD8+ T cell clonotype which does not occur in young adults. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2008; 5:14. [PMID: 19014475 PMCID: PMC2596076 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Old age is associated with characteristic changes of the immune system contributing to higher incidence and severity of many infectious diseases. Particularly within the T cell compartment latent infection with human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is contributing to and accelerating immunosenescence. However, latent CMV infection and reactivation usually does not cause overt symptoms in immunocompetent elderly persons indicating immunological control of disease. Little is still known about the clonal composition of CMV-specific T cell responses in donors of different age. We therefore analyzed CD8+ T cells specific for an immunodominant pp65-derived nonamer-peptide (NLVPMVATV; CMVNLV) in different age-groups. Independent of donor age CMVNLV-specific CD8+ T cells preferentially use the V beta family 8. This family has monoclonal expansions in the majority of donors after stimulation of CD8+ T cells with the peptide. By sequencing the CDR3 region of the T cell receptor we demonstrated that CMVNLV-specific, BV8+ CD8+ T cells share the conserved CDR3-sequence motif SANYGYT in donors of all age groups. Interestingly, a second conserved clonotype with the CDR3-sequence motif SVNEAF appears in middle-aged and elderly donors. This clonotype is absent in young individuals. The age-related clonotype SVNEAF binds to the pMHC-complex with higher avidity than the clonotype SANYGYT, which is predominant in young adults. The dominance of this high avidity clonotype may explain the lack of overt CMV-disease in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schwanninger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Stephan Reitinger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Gassner
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Division for Immunology, University Hospital, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Division for Immunology, University Hospital, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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