301
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Reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A (RIMAs): robust, reversible inhibition of human brain MAO-A by CX157. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:623-31. [PMID: 19890267 PMCID: PMC2833271 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A (RIMA) inhibit the breakdown of three major neurotransmitters, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, offering a multi-neurotransmitter strategy for the treatment of depression. CX157 (3-fluoro-7-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenoxathiin-10,10-dioxide) is a RIMA, which is currently in development for the treatment of major depressive disorder. We examined the degree and reversibility of the inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and plasma CX157 levels at different times after oral dosing to establish a dosing paradigm for future clinical efficacy studies, and to determine whether plasma CX157 levels reflect the degree of brain MAO-A inhibition. Brain MAO-A levels were measured with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and [(11)C]clorgyline in 15 normal men after oral dosing of CX157 (20-80 mg). PET imaging was conducted after single and repeated doses of CX157 over a 24-h time course. We found that 60 and 80 mg doses of CX157 produced a robust dose-related inhibition (47-72%) of [(11)C]clorgyline binding to brain MAO-A at 2 h after administration and that brain MAO-A recovered completely by 24 h post drug. Plasma CX157 concentration was highly correlated with the inhibition of brain MAO-A (EC(50): 19.3 ng/ml). Thus, CX157 is the first agent in the RIMA class with documented reversible inhibition of human brain MAO-A, supporting its classification as a RIMA, and the first RIMA with observed plasma levels that can serve as a biomarker for the degree of brain MAO-A inhibition. These data were used to establish the dosing regimen for a current clinical efficacy trial with CX157.
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302
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Shi L, Yang Y, Li ZL, Zhu ZW, Liu CH, Zhu HL. Design of novel nicotinamides as potent and selective monoamine oxidase a inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1659-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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303
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Chimenti F, Carradori S, Secci D, Bolasco A, Bizzarri B, Chimenti P, Granese A, Yáñez M, Orallo F. Synthesis and inhibitory activity against human monoamine oxidase of N1-thiocarbamoyl-3,5-di(hetero)aryl-4,5-dihydro-(1 H )-pyrazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:800-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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304
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Kachalova GS, Bourenkov GP, Mengesdorf T, Schenk S, Maun HR, Burghammer M, Riekel C, Decker K, Bartunik HD. Crystal Structure Analysis of Free and Substrate-Bound 6-Hydroxy-l-Nicotine Oxidase from Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. J Mol Biol 2010; 396:785-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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305
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Karuppasamy M, Mahapatra M, Yabanoglu S, Ucar G, Sinha BN, Basu A, Mishra N, Sharon A, Kulandaivelu U, Jayaprakash V. Development of selective and reversible pyrazoline based MAO-A inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1875-81. [PMID: 20149663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
3,5-Diaryl pyrazolines analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity. The compounds were found reversible and selective towards MAO-A with selectivity index in the magnitude of 10(3)-10(5). The docking studies were carried out to gain further structural insights of the binding mode and possible interactions with the active site of MAO-A. Interestingly, the theoretical (K(i)) values obtained by molecular docking studies were in congruence with their experimental (K(i)) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Karuppasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
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306
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Lühr S, Vilches-Herrera M, Fierro A, Ramsay RR, Edmondson DE, Reyes-Parada M, Cassels BK, Iturriaga-Vásquez P. 2-Arylthiomorpholine derivatives as potent and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1388-95. [PMID: 20123154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2-Arylthiomorpholine and 2-arylthiomorpholin-5-one derivatives, designed as rigid and/or non-basic phenylethylamine analogues, were evaluated as rat and human monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Molecular docking provided insight into the binding mode of these inhibitors and rationalized their different potencies. Making the phenylethylamine scaffold rigid by fixing the amine chain in an extended six-membered ring conformation increased MAO-B (but not MAO-A) inhibitory activity relative to the more flexible alpha-methylated derivative. The presence of a basic nitrogen atom is not a prerequisite in either MAO-A or MAO-B. The best K(i) values were in the 10(-8)M range, with selectivities towards human MAO-B exceeding 2000-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lühr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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307
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Sahoo A, Yabanoglu S, Sinha BN, Ucar G, Basu A, Jayaprakash V. Towards development of selective and reversible pyrazoline based MAO-inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:132-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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308
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Proposed structural basis of interaction of piperine and related compounds with monoamine oxidases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:537-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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309
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Jia Z, Wei S, Zhu Q. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Benzylidene-prop-2-ynyl-amines Analogues. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:725-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jia
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology (Chaohui Campus)
| | - Shen Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhua Central Hospital
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology (Chaohui Campus)
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310
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Wouters MA, Fan SW, Haworth NL. Disulfides as redox switches: from molecular mechanisms to functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:53-91. [PMID: 19634988 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying thiol-based redox control are poorly defined. Disulfide bonds between Cys residues are commonly thought to confer extra rigidity and stability to their resident protein, forming a type of proteinaceous spot weld. Redox biologists have been redefining the role of disulfides over the last 30-40 years. Disulfides are now known to form in the cytosol under conditions of oxidative stress. Isomerization of extracellular disulfides is also emerging as an important regulator of protein function. The current paradigm is that the disulfide proteome consists of two subproteomes: a structural group and a redox-sensitive group. The redox-sensitive group is less stable and often associated with regions of stress in protein structures. Some characterized redox-active disulfides are the helical CXXC motif, often associated with thioredoxin-fold proteins; and forbidden disulfides, a group of metastable disulfides that disobey elucidated rules of protein stereochemistry. Here we discuss the role of redox-active disulfides as switches in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merridee A Wouters
- Structural & Computational Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
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311
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Bortolato M, Chen K, Shih JC. The Degradation of Serotonin: Role of MAO. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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312
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Lee Y, Lim Y. 3D-QSAR method on indole and pyrrole inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020902974055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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313
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High-level expression and purification of rat monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) in Pichia pastoris: comparison with human MAO A. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 70:211-7. [PMID: 19883764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The high-level heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris, purification and characterization of recombinant membrane-bound rat liver monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) are described. A 1-L culture of cells produces approximately 700 U of rat MAO A activity. The rat MAO A activity is found in outer mitochondrial membrane of the cell. Using a modification of the human MAO A purification procedure, approximately 200mg of recombinant rat MAO A is purified in a 43% yield and exhibits a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The purified enzyme contains a covalently bound FAD and forms a N(5) flavocyanine adduct on inhibition by clorgyline. Edman sequencing shows that the amino terminus of rat MAO A is blocked at an N-terminal threonyl residue. The purified rat enzyme exhibits a higher thermal stability than does purified human MAO A. Compared with human MAO A, rat MAO A oxidizes serotonin or kynuramine with twofold higher k(cat)/K(m) values, oxidizes phenethylamine with a 6.7-fold higher catalytic efficiency and benzylamine with a approximately 40-fold higher catalytic efficiency. Although approximately 90% identical in sequence to human MAO A, rat MAO A is a more efficient catalyst for amine neurotransmitter oxidation.
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314
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Pisani L, Muncipinto G, Miscioscia TF, Nicolotti O, Leonetti F, Catto M, Caccia C, Salvati P, Soto-Otero R, Mendez-Alvarez E, Passeleu C, Carotti A. Discovery of a Novel Class of Potent Coumarin Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors: Development and Biopharmacological Profiling of 7-[(3-Chlorobenzyl)oxy]-4-[(methylamino)methyl]-2H-chromen-2-one Methanesulfonate (NW-1772) as a Highly Potent, Selective, Reversible, and Orally Active Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6685-706. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pisani
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Muncipinto
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | | | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Catto
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Ramon Soto-Otero
- Grupo de Neuroquımica, Departamento de Bioquımica y Biologıa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Estefania Mendez-Alvarez
- Grupo de Neuroquımica, Departamento de Bioquımica y Biologıa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Celine Passeleu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
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315
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Van Arnum SD, Niemczyk HJ. The Boulton-Katritzky rearrangement of isocarboxazid. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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316
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Matos MJ, Viña D, Picciau C, Orallo F, Santana L, Uriarte E. Synthesis and evaluation of 6-methyl-3-phenylcoumarins as potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5053-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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317
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Synthesis and molecular modeling of some novel hexahydroindazole derivatives as potent monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6761-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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318
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Oxidation of amines by flavoproteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 493:13-25. [PMID: 19651103 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many flavoproteins catalyze the oxidation of primary and secondary amines, with the transfer of a hydride equivalent from a carbon-nitrogen bond to the flavin cofactor. Most of these amine oxidases can be classified into two structural families, the D-amino acid oxidase/sarcosine oxidase family and the monoamine oxidase family. This review discusses the present understanding of the mechanisms of amine and amino acid oxidation by flavoproteins, focusing on these two structural families.
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319
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Wang J, Harris J, Mousseau DD, Edmondson DE. Mutagenic probes of the role of Ser209 on the cavity shaping loop of human monoamine oxidase A. FEBS J 2009; 276:4569-81. [PMID: 19645722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The available literature implicating human monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) in apoptotic processes reports levels of MAO A protein that do not correlate with activity, suggesting that unknown mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of catalytic function. Bioinformatic analysis suggests Ser209 as a possible phosphorylation site that may be relevant to catalytic function because it is adjacent to a six-residue loop termed the 'cavity shaping loop' from structural data. To probe the functional role of this site, MAO A Ser209Ala and Ser209Glu mutants were created and investigated. In its membrane-bound form, the MAO A Ser209Glu phosphorylation mimic exhibits catalytic and inhibitor binding properties similar to those of wild-type MAO A. Solubilization in detergent solution and purification of the Ser209Glu mutant results in considerable decreases in these functional parameters. By contrast, the MAO A Ser209Ala mutant exhibits similar catalytic properties to those of wild-type enzyme when purified. Compared to purified wild-type and Ser209Ala MAO A proteins, the Ser209Glu MAO A mutant shows significant differences in covalent flavin fluorescence yield, CD spectra and thermal stability. These structural differences in the purified MAO A Ser209Glu mutant are not exhibited in quantitative structure-activity relationship patterns using a series of para-substituted benzylamine analogs similar to the wild-type enzyme. These data suggest that Ser209 in MAO A does not appear to be the putative phosphorylation site for regulation of MAO A activity and demonstrate that the membrane environment plays a significant role in stabilizing the structure of MAO A and its mutant forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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320
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Forneris F, Battaglioli E, Mattevi A, Binda C. New roles of flavoproteins in molecular cell biology: histone demethylase LSD1 and chromatin. FEBS J 2009; 276:4304-12. [PMID: 19624733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is an enzyme that removes methyl groups from mono- and dimethylated Lys4 of histone H3, a post-translational modification associated with gene activation. Human LSD1 was the first histone demethylase to be discovered and this enzymatic activity is conserved among eukaryotes. LSD1 has been identified in a number of chromatin-remodeling complexes that control gene transcription and its demethylase activity has also been linked to pathological processes including tumorigenesis. The 852-residue sequence of LSD1 comprises an amine oxidase domain which identifies a family of enzymes that catalyze the FAD-dependent oxidation of amine substrates ranging from amino acids to aromatic neurotransmitters. Among these proteins, LSD1 is peculiar in that it acts on a protein substrate in the nuclear environment of chromatin-remodeling complexes. This functional divergence occurred during evolution from the eubacteria to eukaryotes by acquisition of additional domains such as the SWIRM domain. The N-terminal part of LSD1, predicted to be disordered, contains linear motifs that might represent functional sites responsible for the association of this enzyme with a variety of transcriptional protein complexes. LSD1 shares structural features with other flavin amine oxidases, including the overall fold of the amine oxidase domain region and details in the active site that are relevant for amine substrate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Forneris
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Italy
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321
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Di Lisa F, Kaludercic N, Carpi A, Menabò R, Giorgio M. Mitochondria and vascular pathology. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:123-30. [PMID: 19307700 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional and structural changes in mitochondria are caused by the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) and by the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These two processes are linked in a vicious cycle that has been extensively documented in ischemia/reperfusion injuries of the heart, and the same processes likely contribute to vascular pathology. For instance, the opening of the PTP causes cell death in isolated endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Indeed, atherosclerosis is exacerbated when mitochondrial antioxidant defenses are hampered, but a decrease in mitochondrial ROS formation reduces atherogenesis. Determining the exact location of ROS generation in mitochondria is a relevant and still unanswered question. The respiratory chain is generally believed to be a main site of ROS formation. However, several other mitochondrial components likely contribute to ROS generation. Recent reports highlight the relevance of monoamine oxidases (MAO) and p66(Shc). For example, the absence of p66(Shc) in hypercholesterolemic mice has been reported to reduce the occurrence of foam cells and early atherogenic lesions. On the other hand, MAO inhibition has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in many cell types eliciting significant protection from myocardial ischemia. In conclusion, evidence will be presented to demonstrate that (i) mitochondria are major sites of ROS formation; (ii) an increase in mitochondrial ROS formation and/or a decrease in mitochondrial antioxidant defenses exacerbate atherosclerosis; and (iii) mitochondrial dysfunction is likely a relevant mechanism underlying several risk factors (i.e., diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension) associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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322
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Yraola F, Zorzano A, Albericio F, Royo M. Structure-activity relationships of SSAO/VAP-1 arylalkylamine-based substrates. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:495-503. [PMID: 19266512 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1) substrates show insulin-mimetic effects and are therefore potentially valuable molecules for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Herein we review several structural and electronic aspects of SSAO arylalkylamine-based substrates. Two main modifications directly affect amine oxidase (AO) activity: 1) variation in ring substitution modulates the biological activity of the arylalkylamine ligand by converting a substrate into a substrate-like inhibitor, and 2) variation in the number of methylene units between the aromatic ring and the ammonium groups of the arylalkylamine substrates dramatically alters the oxidation rate between species. Furthermore, we review relevant information about mammalian SSAO/VAP-1 substrate selectivity and specificity over monoamine oxidases (MAOs).
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323
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Edmondson DE, Binda C, Wang J, Upadhyay AK, Mattevi A. Molecular and mechanistic properties of the membrane-bound mitochondrial monoamine oxidases. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4220-30. [PMID: 19371079 DOI: 10.1021/bi900413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has brought major advances in our knowledge of the structures and mechanisms of MAO A and MAO B, which are pharmacological targets for specific inhibitors. In both enzymes, crystallographic and biochemical data show their respective C-terminal transmembrane helices anchor the enzymes to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Pulsed EPR data show both enzymes are dimeric in their membrane-bound forms with agreement between distances measured in their crystalline forms. Distances measured between active site-directed spin-labels in membrane preparations show excellent agreement with those estimated from crystallographic data. Our knowledge of requirements for development of specific reversible MAO B inhibitors is in a fairly mature status. Less is known regarding the structural requirements for highly specific reversible MAO A inhibitors. In spite of their 70% level of sequence identity and similarities of C(alpha) folds, the two enzymes exhibit significant functional and structural differences that can be exploited in the ultimate goal of the development of highly specific inhibitors. This review summarizes the current structural and mechanistic information available that can be utilized in the development of future highly specific neuroprotectants and cardioprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Edmondson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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324
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Upadhyay AK, Edmondson DE. Development of spin-labeled pargyline analogues as specific inhibitors of human monoamine oxidases A and B. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3928-35. [PMID: 19296688 DOI: 10.1021/bi9002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three TEMPO-conjugated pargyline analogues (ParSL-1, ParSL-2, and ParSL-3) have been synthesized and their inhibitory properties tested for the two human monoamine oxidase isoforms (hMAOA and hMAOB). The three analogues differ in flexibility and substituent positions (para or meta) of the linkers connecting the TEMPO group to the pargyline phenyl ring. ParSL-1 contains a flexible acetamido (-CH(2)-CO-NH-) linker connecting the two moieties at the para position. In contrast, the TEMPO moieties in ParSL-2 and ParSL-3 are attached with rigid amido (-CO-NH-) linkers to the para or meta positions of the pargyline phenyl ring, respectively. These variations in conformational flexibility and substituent position are shown to have profound effects in tuning the specificities of these analogues toward the two MAO isoforms. ParSL-1 irreversibly inhibits either MAOA and MAOB, ParSL-2 inhibits only MAOB (K(i) = 15 +/- 5 microM), and ParSL-3 is found to be specific for MAOA (K(i) = 268 +/- 72 microM). These results thus provide additional insights into the role of conformational flexibility and structural properties of MAO inhibitors in tuning their isoform specificities. These active site probes have been used to determine the topological orientation of these enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane. Studies with intact mitochondria show MAOA is topologically on the cytosolic face of the outer membrane in human placenta but recombinant MAOA is situated on the opposite inner face in Pichia mitochondria. Recombinant MAOB is found to be situated on the cytosolic face of the outer membrane in Pichia mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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325
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Apostolov R, Yonezawa Y, Standley DM, Kikugawa G, Takano Y, Nakamura H. Membrane Attachment Facilitates Ligand Access to the Active Site in Monoamine Oxidase A. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5864-73. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900493n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossen Apostolov
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushige Yonezawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daron M. Standley
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gota Kikugawa
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira-Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yu Takano
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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326
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Matos MJ, Viña D, Quezada E, Picciau C, Delogu G, Orallo F, Santana L, Uriarte E. A new series of 3-phenylcoumarins as potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3268-70. [PMID: 19423346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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327
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Chimenti F, Secci D, Bolasco A, Chimenti P, Bizzarri B, Granese A, Carradori S, Yáñez M, Orallo F, Ortuso F, Alcaro S. Synthesis, molecular modeling, and selective inhibitory activity against human monoamine oxidases of 3-carboxamido-7-substituted coumarins. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1935-42. [PMID: 19267475 DOI: 10.1021/jm801496u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A large series of 3-carboxamido-7-substituted coumarins have been synthesized and tested in vitro for their human monoamine oxidase A and B (hMAO-A and hMAO-B) inhibitory activity. Taking into account all the relevant structural information on MAOs reported in the literature, we made some changes in the coumarin nucleus and examined with particular attention the effect on activity and selectivity of substituting at position 3 with N-aryl or N-alkyl carboxamide and at position 7 with a benzyloxy or a 4'-F-benzyloxy group. Some of the assayed compounds proved to be potent, selective inhibitors of hMAO-B with IC(50) values in the micromolar range. To better understand the enzyme-inhibitor interaction and to explain the selectivity of the most active compounds toward hMAOs, molecular modeling studies were carried out on new, high resolution, hMAO-A and hMAO-B crystallographic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Chimenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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328
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Chimenti F, Fioravanti R, Bolasco A, Chimenti P, Secci D, Rossi F, Yáñez M, Orallo F, Ortuso F, Alcaro S. Chalcones: A Valid Scaffold for Monoamine Oxidases Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2818-24. [PMID: 19378991 DOI: 10.1021/jm801590u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Chimenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Adriana Bolasco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Paola Chimenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Matilde Yáñez
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Francisco Orallo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
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329
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Why should we use multifunctional neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs for Parkinson's disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 13 Suppl 3:S281-91. [PMID: 18267251 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder, with no available drugs able to prevent the neuronal cell loss characteristic in brains of patients suffering from PD. Due to the complex cascade of molecular events involved in the etiology of PD, an innovative approach towards neuroprotection or neurorescue may entail the use of multifunctional pharmaceuticals that target an array of pathological pathways, each of which is believed to contribute to events that ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. Here we discuss examples of novel multifunctional ligands that may have potential as neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapeutics in PD. The compounds discussed originate from synthetic chemistry as well as from natural sources where various moieties, identified in research to possess neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties, have been introduced into the structures of several monomodal drugs, some of which are used in the clinic.
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330
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Vilches-Herrera M, Miranda-Sepúlveda J, Rebolledo-Fuentes M, Fierro A, Lühr S, Iturriaga-Vasquez P, Cassels BK, Reyes-Parada M. Naphthylisopropylamine and N-benzylamphetamine derivatives as monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2452-60. [PMID: 19243954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of naphthylisopropylamine and N-benzyl-4-methylthioamphetamine derivatives were evaluated as monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Their potencies were compared with those of a series of amphetamine derivatives, to test if the increase of electron richness of the aromatic ring and overall size of the molecule might improve their potency as enzyme inhibitors. Molecular dockings were performed to gain insight regarding the binding mode of these inhibitors and rationalize their different potencies. In the case of naphthylisopropylamine derivatives, the increased electron-donating capacity and size of the aromatic moiety resulting from replacement of the phenyl ring of amphetamine derivatives by a naphthalene system resulted in more potent compounds. In the other case, extension of the arylisopropylamine molecule by N-benzylation of the amino group led to a decrease in potency as monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vilches-Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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331
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Gökhan-Kelekçi N, Koyunoğlu S, Yabanoğlu S, Yelekçi K, Ozgen O, Uçar G, Erol K, Kendi E, Yeşilada A. New pyrazoline bearing 4(3H)-quinazolinone inhibitors of monoamine oxidase: synthesis, biological evaluation, and structural determinants of MAO-A and MAO-B selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:675-89. [PMID: 19091581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new series of pyrazoline derivatives were prepared starting from a quinazolinone ring and evaluated for antidepressant, anxiogenic and MAO-A and -B inhibitory activities by in vivo and in vitro tests, respectively. Most of the synthesized compounds showed high activity against both the MAO-A (compounds 4a-4h, 4j-4n, and 5g-5l) and the MAO-B (compounds 4i and 5a-5f) isoforms. However, none of the novel compounds showed antidepressant activity except for 4b. The reason for such biological properties was investigated by computational methods using recently published crystallographic models of MAO-A and MAO-B. The differences in the intermolecular hydrophobic and H-bonding of ligands to the active site of each MAO isoform were correlated to their biological data. Compounds 4i, 4k, 5e, 5i, and 5l were chosen for their ability to reversibly inhibit MAO-B and MAO-A and the availability of experimental inhibition data. Observation of the docked positions of these ligands revealed interactions with many residues previously reported to have an effect on the inhibition of the enzyme. Among the pyrazoline derivatives, it appears that the binding interactions for this class of compounds are mostly hydrophobic. All have potential edge-to-face hydrophobic interactions with F343, as well as pi-pi stacking with Y398 and other hydrophobic interactions with L171. Strong hydrophobic and H-bonding interactions in the MAO recognition of 4i could be the reason why this compound shows selectivity toward the MAO-B isoform. The very high MAO-B selectivity for 4i can be also explained in terms of the distance between the FAD and the compound, which was greater in the complex of MAO-A-4i as compared to the corresponding MAO-B complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Gökhan-Kelekçi
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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332
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Jayaprakash V, Sinha BN, Ucar G, Ercan A. Pyrazoline-based mycobactin analogues as MAO-inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6362-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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333
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Atkin KE, Reiss R, Koehler V, Bailey KR, Hart S, Turkenburg JP, Turner NJ, Brzozowski AM, Grogan G. The structure of monoamine oxidase from Aspergillus niger provides a molecular context for improvements in activity obtained by directed evolution. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:1218-31. [PMID: 18951902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase from Aspergillus niger (MAO-N) is a flavoenzyme that catalyses the oxidative deamination of primary amines. MAO-N has been used as the starting model for a series of directed evolution experiments, resulting in mutants of improved activity and broader substrate specificity, suitable for application in the preparative deracemisation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines when used as part of a chemoenzymatic oxidation-reduction cycle. The structures of a three-point mutant (Asn336Ser/Met348Lys/Ile246Met or MAO-N-D3) and a five-point mutant (Asn336Ser/Met348Lys/Ile246Met/Thr384Asn/Asp385Ser or MAO-N-D5) have been obtained using a multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction experiment on a selenomethionine derivative of the truncated MAO-N-D5 enzyme. MAO-N exists as a homotetramer with a large channel at its centre and shares some structural features with human MAO B (MAO-B). A hydrophobic cavity extends from the protein surface to the active site, where a non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) sits at the base of an 'aromatic cage,' the sides of which are formed by Trp430 and Phe466. A molecule of l-proline was observed near the FAD, and this ligand superimposed well with isatin, a reversible inhibitor of MAO-B, when the structures of MAO-N proline and MAO-B-isatin were overlaid. Of the mutations that confer the ability to catalyse the oxidation of secondary amines in MAO-N-D3, Asn336Ser reduces steric bulk behind Trp430 of the aromatic cage and Ile246Met confers greater flexibility within the substrate binding site. The two additional mutations, Thr384Asn and Asp385Ser, that occur in the MAO-N-D5 variant, which is able to oxidise tertiary amines, appear to influence the active-site environment remotely through changes in tertiary structure that perturb the side chain of Phe382, again altering the steric and electronic character of the active site near FAD. The possible implications of the change in steric and electronic environment caused by relevant mutations are discussed with respect to the improved catalytic efficiency of the MAO-N variants described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Atkin
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
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334
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Santana L, González-Díaz H, Quezada E, Uriarte E, Yáñez M, Viña D, Orallo F. Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6740-51. [PMID: 18834112 DOI: 10.1021/jm800656v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The work provides a new model for the prediction of the MAO-A and -B inhibitor activity by the use of combined complex networks and QSAR methodologies. On the basis of the obtained model, we prepared and assayed 33 coumarin derivatives, and the theoretical prediction was compared with the experimental activity data. The model correctly predicted 27 compounds, and most of the active derivatives showed IC 50 values in the muM-nM range against both the MAO-A and MAO-B isoforms. Compound 14 shows the same MAO-A inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 7.2 nM), as clorgyline used as a reference inhibitor and has the highest MAO-A specificity (1000-fold higher compared to MAO-B). On the other hand, compounds 24 (IC 50 = 1.2 nM) and 28 (IC 50 = 1.5 nM) show higher activity than selegiline (IC 50 = 19.6 nM) and high MAO-B selectivity with 100-fold and 1600-fold inhibition levels, with respect to the MAO-A isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Santana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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335
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Synthesis, molecular modeling studies and selective inhibitory activity against MAO of N1-propanoyl-3,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-(1H)-pyrazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2262-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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336
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Built-in loops allow versatility in domain-domain interactions: lessons from self-interacting domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13292-7. [PMID: 18757736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801207105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Compilations of domain-domain interactions based on solved structures suggest there are distinct domain pairs that are used repeatedly in different protein contexts to mediate protein-protein interactions. However, not all protein pairs with the corresponding domains that can potentially mediate interaction do interact, even when they are colocalized and coexpressed. It is conceivable that there are structural and sequence features, below the domain level, that play a role in determining the potential of domains to mediate protein-protein interactions. Here, we discover such features by comparing domains that, on the one hand, mediate homodimerization of proteins and, on the other, occur in different proteins that are documented as monomers. Intriguingly, this comparison uncovered surface loops that can be considered as determinants of the interactions. There are enabling loops, which mediate the domain interactions, and disabling loops that prevent the interactions. The presence of the enabling/disabling loops is consistent with the fulfillment/prevention of the interaction and is highly preserved in evolution. This suggests that, along with the preservation of structural elements that enable interaction, evolution maintains elements intended to prevent unwanted interactions. The enabling and disabling loops discovered in this study have implications in prediction of protein-protein interactions, by pointing to the protein regions that determine the interaction. Our results extend the hierarchy of attributes that collectively establish the modularity of domain-mediated protein-protein interactions.
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337
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Carpenter EP, Beis K, Cameron AD, Iwata S. Overcoming the challenges of membrane protein crystallography. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2008; 18:581-6. [PMID: 18674618 PMCID: PMC2580798 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protein structural biology is still a largely unconquered area, given that approximately 25% of all proteins are membrane proteins and yet less than 150 unique structures are available. Membrane proteins have proven to be difficult to study owing to their partially hydrophobic surfaces, flexibility and lack of stability. The field is now taking advantage of the high-throughput revolution in structural biology and methods are emerging for effective expression, solubilisation, purification and crystallisation of membrane proteins. These technical advances will lead to a rapid increase in the rate at which membrane protein structures are solved in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth P Carpenter
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College London, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 ODE, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group and Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Beis
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College London, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 ODE, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group and Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander D Cameron
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College London, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 ODE, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group and Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - So Iwata
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College London, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 ODE, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group and Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- ERATO Human Receptor Crystallography Project, 3rd Floor, Building A, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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338
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Hruschka S, Rosen TC, Yoshida S, Kirk KL, Fröhlich R, Wibbeling B, Haufe G. Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines. Part 5: Effects of electron-withdrawing or -donating aryl substituents on the inhibition of monoamine oxidases A and B by 2-aryl-2-fluoro-cyclopropylamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7148-66. [PMID: 18640844 PMCID: PMC2613070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of racemic, diastereoisomeric aryl cyclopropylamines substituted with fluorine in the 2-position and electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring have been prepared. These represent analogues of the classic MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine (trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, 1). Their activities as inhibitors of recombinant human liver monoamine oxidases A (MAO A) and B (MAO B) were determined. The trans-compounds were low micromolar inhibitors of both MAO A and MAO B with moderate MAO A selectivity while the less active cis-analogues were MAO B selective. In the trans-series, electron-withdrawing para-substituents increased the potency of MAO A inhibition while electron-donating groups such as methyl or methoxy had no influence on this activity. In contrast, aromatic ring substitution in the trans-series had essentially no effect on the inhibition of MAO B. The corresponding cis-compounds were shown to be 10-100 times less active against MAO A, while trans- and cis-compounds were quite similar in terms of inhibition of MAO B. The best MAO A/MAO B selectivity (7:1) in the trans-series was found for trans-2-fluoro-2-(para-trifluoromethylphenyl)cyclopropylamine (7d), while a 1:27 selectivity was found for cis-2-fluoro-2-(para-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamine (10c). These results are discussed in connection with the pK(a) and logD values, the mechanism of action of tranylcypromines, and the geometry of the active site of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hruschka
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Rosen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Shinichi Yoshida
- Tottori Institute of Industrial Technology, Tottori 689-1112, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Wibbeling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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339
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Chimenti F, Maccioni E, Secci D, Bolasco A, Chimenti P, Granese A, Carradori S, Alcaro S, Ortuso F, Yáñez M, Orallo F, Cirilli R, Ferretti R, La Torre F. Synthesis, stereochemical identification, and selective inhibitory activity against human monoamine oxidase-B of 2-methylcyclohexylidene-(4-arylthiazol-2-yl)hydrazones. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4874-80. [PMID: 18666768 DOI: 10.1021/jm800132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-methylcyclohexylidene-(4-arylthiazol-2-yl)hydrazones have been investigated for their ability to inhibit selectively the activity of the human A and B isoforms of monoamine oxidase (MAO). The target compounds, which present a stereogenic center on the cyclohexane ring, were obtained as pure (R) and (S) enantiomers by enantioselective HPLC. The absolute configuration of homochiral forms isolated on a semipreparative scale was obtained by a combined strategy based on chemical correlation and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All compounds showed higher activity against the human MAO-B isoform with IC50 values ranging between 26.81 +/- 2.74 microM and 14.20 +/- 0.26 nM, and the assays carried out on the pure enantiomers showed higher activity for the (R) form. A computational study was performed by molecular mechanics, DFT-based quantomechanics, and docking techniques on the most active and human MAO-B selective inhibitor 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Chimenti
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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340
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Abstract
A novel line of mutant mice [monoamine oxidase A knockout (MAOA KO)] harboring a spontaneous point nonsense mutation in exon 8 of the MAO A gene was serendipitously identified in a 129/SvEvTac colony. This mutation is analogous to the cause of a rare human disorder, Brunner syndrome, characterized by complete MAO A deficiency and impulsive aggressiveness. Concurrent with previous studies of MAO A KO mice generated by insertional mutagenesis ('Tg8'), MAOA(A863T) KO lack MAO A enzyme activity and display enhanced aggression toward intruder mice. MAOA(A863T) KO, however, exhibited lower locomotor activity in a novel, inescapable open field and similar immobility during tail suspension compared with wild type, observations which differ from reports of Tg8. These findings consolidate evidence linking MAO A to aggression and highlight subtle yet distinctive phenotypical characteristics.
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341
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Binda C, Wang J, Li M, Hubalek F, Mattevi A, Edmondson DE. Structural and Mechanistic Studies of Arylalkylhydrazine Inhibition of Human Monoamine Oxidases A and B. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5616-25. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8002814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binda
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Min Li
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Frantisek Hubalek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dale E. Edmondson
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy, and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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342
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Structure of human monoamine oxidase A at 2.2-A resolution: the control of opening the entry for substrates/inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5739-44. [PMID: 18391214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710626105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial outer membrane-anchored monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a biochemically important flavoenzyme that catalyzes the deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines. Its two subtypes, MAOA and MAOB, are linked to several psychiatric disorders and therefore are interesting targets for drug design. To understand the relationship between structure and function of this enzyme, we extended our previous low-resolution rat MAOA structure to the high-resolution wild-type and G110A mutant human MAOA structures at 2.2 and 2.17 A, respectively. The high-resolution MAOA structures are similar to those of rat MAOA and human MAOB, but different from the known structure of human MAOA [De Colibus L, et al. (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12684-12689], specifically regarding residues 108-118 and 210-216, which surround the substrate/inhibitor cavity. The results confirm that the inhibitor selectivity of MAOA and MAOB is caused by the structural differences arising from Ile-335 in MAOA vs. Tyr-326 in MAOB. The structures exhibit a C-terminal transmembrane helix with clear electron density, as is also seen in rat MAOA. Mutations on one residue of loop 108-118, G110, which is far from the active center but close to the membrane surface, cause the solubilized enzyme to undergo a dramatic drop in activity, but have less effect when the enzyme is anchored in the membrane. These results suggest that the flexibility of loop 108-118, facilitated by anchoring the enzyme into the membrane, is essential for controlling substrate access to the active site. We report on the observation of the structure-function relationship between a transmembrane helical anchor and an extra-membrane domain.
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343
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Upadhyay AK, Edmondson DE. Characterization of detergent purified recombinant rat liver monoamine oxidase B expressed in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 59:349-56. [PMID: 18424170 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high level expression and purification of rat monoamine oxidase B (rMAOB) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is reported. Nearly 100 mg of purified rMAOB is obtained from 130 g (wet weight) of cells (0.5 L of culture). The MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the purified protein shows a single species with a molecular mass of 59.228 +/- 0.064 kDa, which agrees with the calculated molecular weight of 59.172 kDa for the rMAOB protein sequence assuming one mole of covalent FAD per mole of the enzyme. Consistent with the MALDI-MS data, purified rMAOB shows a single band near 60 kDa in Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE gel as well as on Western blot analyses performed using antisera raised against human MAOA and BSA-conjugated FAD. A partial amino acid sequence of the purified protein is confirmed to be that of the wild type rMAOB by in-gel trypsin digestion and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses of the liberated peptide fragments. Steady state kinetic data show that purified rMAOB exhibits a K(m)(amine) of 176 +/- 15 microM and a k(cat) of 497 +/- 83 min(-1) for benzylamine oxidation, and a K(m)(O2) of 170 +/- 10 microM. Kinetic parameters obtained for purified rMAOB are compared with those reported earlier for recombinant human liver MAOB expressed in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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344
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Atkin KE, Reiss R, Turner NJ, Brzozowski AM, Grogan G. Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of variants of monoamine oxidase from Aspergillus niger. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:182-5. [PMID: 18323603 PMCID: PMC2374162 DOI: 10.1107/s174430910800345x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase from Aspergillus niger (MAO-N) is an FAD-dependent enzyme that catalyses the conversion of terminal amines to their corresponding aldehydes. Variants of MAO-N produced by directed evolution have been shown to possess altered substrate specificity. Crystals of two of these variants (MAO-N-3 and MAO-N-5) have been obtained; the former displays P2(1) symmetry with eight molecules per asymmetric unit and the latter has P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2 symmetry and two molecules per asymmetric unit. Solution of these structures will help shed light on the molecular determinants of improved activity and high enantioselectivity towards a broad range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Atkin
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5YW, England
| | - Renate Reiss
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, England
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, England
| | - Andrzej M. Brzozowski
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5YW, England
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5YW, England
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345
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Discovery and characterization of a putrescine oxidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis NCIMB 11540. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:455-63. [PMID: 18183391 PMCID: PMC2243256 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a putrescine oxidase (PuORh, EC 1.4.3.10) was identified from the genome of Rhodococcus erythropolis NCIMB 11540. The gene was cloned in the pBAD vector and overexpressed at high levels in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme was shown to be a soluble dimeric flavoprotein consisting of subunits of 50 kDa and contains non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. From all substrates, the highest catalytic efficiency was found with putrescine (KM=8.2 microM, kcat=26 s(-1)). PuORh accepts longer polyamines, while short diamines and monoamines strongly inhibit activity. PuORh is a reasonably thermostable enzyme with t1/2 at 50 degrees C of 2 h. Based on the crystal structure of human monoamine oxidase B, we constructed a model structure of PuORh, which hinted to a crucial role of Glu324 for substrate binding. Mutation of this residue resulted in a drastic drop (five orders of magnitude) in catalytic efficiency. Interestingly, the mutant enzyme showed activity with monoamines, which are not accepted by wt-PuORh.
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346
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Kay CWM, El Mkami H, Molla G, Pollegioni L, Ramsay RR. Characterization of the Covalently Bound Anionic Flavin Radical in Monoamine Oxidase A by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:16091-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja076090q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. M. Kay
- Contribution from the Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Saint Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K., and Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Hassane El Mkami
- Contribution from the Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Saint Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K., and Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Molla
- Contribution from the Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Saint Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K., and Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Contribution from the Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Saint Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K., and Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Rona R. Ramsay
- Contribution from the Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Saint Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K., and Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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347
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Binda C, Wang J, Pisani L, Caccia C, Carotti A, Salvati P, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A. Structures of human monoamine oxidase B complexes with selective noncovalent inhibitors: safinamide and coumarin analogs. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5848-52. [PMID: 17915852 DOI: 10.1021/jm070677y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structures of human monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) in complex with safinamide and two coumarin derivatives, all sharing a common benzyloxy substituent, were determined by X-ray crystallography. These compounds competitively inhibit MAO B with Ki values in the 0.1-0.5 microM range that are 30-700-fold lower than those observed with MAO A. The inhibitors bind noncovalently to MAO B, occupying both the entrance and the substrate cavities and showing a similarly oriented benzyloxy substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binda
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, 27100 Italy
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348
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Carotti A, Catto M, Leonetti F, Campagna F, Soto-Otero R, Méndez-Alvarez E, Thull U, Testa B, Altomare C. Synthesis and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of New Pyridazine-, Pyrimidine- and 1,2,4-Triazine-Containing Tricyclic Derivatives. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5364-71. [PMID: 17910428 DOI: 10.1021/jm070728r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of condensed azines, mostly belonging to the families of indeno-fused pyridazines (1), pyrimidines (2, 3), and 1,2,4-triazines (4, 5), were synthesized and evaluated in vitro as monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B inhibitors. Most of them showed higher inhibition potency toward MAO-B, the most effective one being 3-(3-nitrophenyl)-9H-indeno[1,2-e] [1,2,4]triazin-9-one (4c), which displayed an IC50 value of 80 nM and proved to be 10-fold more potent than its [2,1-e] fusion isomer 5. Replacing the 3-phenyl group of the known indeno[1,2-c]pyridazin-5-one MAO-B inhibitors with a flexible phenoxymethyl group enhanced the inhibitory potency. The inhibition data highlighted the importance of the aza-heterocyclic scaffold in affecting the MAO isoform selectivity. The 3-phenyl derivatives with type 1, 4, and 5 scaffolds were inhibitors of MAO-B with little or no MAO-A effect, whereas 2- or 3-phenyl derivatives of type 2 and 3 pyrimidine-containing fusion isomers inhibited both isoenzymes with a structure-dependent preference toward MAO-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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349
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Ramsay RR, Dunford C, Gillman PK. Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:946-51. [PMID: 17721552 PMCID: PMC2078225 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) are known to cause serotonin toxicity (ST) when administered with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Methylene blue (methylthionium chloride, MB), a redox dye in clinical use, has been reported to precipitate ST in patients using SSRI. MB was assessed for MAO inhibition and so for its potential to precipitate ST. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Inhibition of purified human MAO was quantified using kinetic assays and visible spectral changes to study the interactions of MB with MAO A. KEY RESULTS MB was a potent (tight binding) inhibitor for MAO A. It also inhibited MAO B but at much higher concentration. Interactions of MB with the active site of MAO A were confirmed by its action both as an oxidising substrate and as a one-electron reductant. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MB is a potent reversible inhibitor of MAO A with implications for gut uptake of amines when administered orally. At concentrations reported in the literature after intravenous administration, MAO B would be partially inhibited but MAO A would be completely inhibited. This inhibition of MAO A would be expected to lead to perturbations of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism and hence account for ST occurring when administered to patients on SSRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Ramsay
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK.
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350
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Edmondson DE, Binda C, Mattevi A. Structural insights into the mechanism of amine oxidation by monoamine oxidases A and B. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 464:269-76. [PMID: 17573034 PMCID: PMC1993809 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to their pharmacological importance in the oxidation of amine neurotransmitters, the membrane-bound flavoenzymes monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B have attracted numerous investigations and, as a result, two different mechanisms; the single electron transfer and the polar nucleophilic mechanisms, have been proposed to describe their catalytic mechanisms. This review compiles the recently available structural data on both enzymes with available mechanistic data as well as current NMR data on flavin systems to provide an integration of the approaches. These conclusions support the proposal that a polar nucleophilic mechanism for amine oxidation is the most consistent mechanistic scheme as compared with the single electron transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Edmondson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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