301
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Naik SH, Proietto AI, Wilson NS, Dakic A, Schnorrer P, Fuchsberger M, Lahoud MH, O'Keeffe M, Shao QX, Chen WF, Villadangos JA, Shortman K, Wu L. Cutting edge: generation of splenic CD8+ and CD8- dendritic cell equivalents in Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand bone marrow cultures. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6592-7. [PMID: 15905497 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that functional and phenotypic equivalents of mouse splenic CD8(+) and CD8(-) conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets can be generated in vitro when bone marrow is cultured with fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (flt3) ligand. In addition to CD45RA(high) plasmacytoid DC, two distinct CD24(high) and CD11b(high) cDC subsets were present, and these subsets showed equivalent properties to splenic CD8(+) and CD8(-) cDC, respectively, in the following: 1) surface expression of CD11b, CD24, and signal regulatory protein-alpha; 2) developmental dependence on, and mRNA expression of, IFN regulatory factor-8; 3) mRNA expression of TLRs and chemokine receptors; 4) production of IL-12 p40/70, IFN-alpha, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES in response to TLR ligands; 5) expression of cystatin C; and 6) cross-presentation of exogenous Ag to CD8 T cells. Furthermore, despite lacking surface CD8 expression, the CD24(high) subset contained CD8 mRNA and up-regulated surface expression when transferred into mice. This culture system allows access to bona fide counterparts of the splenic DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalin H Naik
- Immunology Division and the Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
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302
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Rathinam C, Geffers R, Yücel R, Buer J, Welte K, Möröy T, Klein C. The transcriptional repressor Gfi1 controls STAT3-dependent dendritic cell development and function. Immunity 2005; 22:717-28. [PMID: 15963786 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling the differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) remain largely unknown. Using a transcriptional profiling approach, we identified Gfi1 as a novel critical transcription factor in DC differentiation. Gfi1-/- mice showed a global reduction of myeloid and lymphoid DCs in all lymphoid organs whereas epidermal Langerhans cells were enhanced in number. In vivo, Gfi1-/- DCs showed striking phenotypic and functional alterations such as defective maturation and increased cytokine production. In vitro, Gfi1-/- hematopoietic progenitor cells were unable to develop into DCs. Instead, they differentiated into macrophages, suggesting that Gfi1 is a critical modulator of DC versus macrophage development. Analysis of hematopoietic chimeras and retrovirus-reconstituted hematopoietic progenitor cells established a cell autonomous and nonredundant role for Gfi1 in DC development. The developmental defect of Gfi1-/- progenitor cells was associated with decreased STAT3 activation. In conclusion, we have identified Gfi1 as a critical transcription factor that controls DC versus macrophage development and dissociates DC maturation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chozhavendan Rathinam
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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303
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Galibert L, Diemer GS, Liu Z, Johnson RS, Smith JL, Walzer T, Comeau MR, Rauch CT, Wolfson MF, Sorensen RA, Van der Vuurst de Vries AR, Branstetter DG, Koelling RM, Scholler J, Fanslow WC, Baum PR, Derry JM, Yan W. Nectin-like protein 2 defines a subset of T-cell zone dendritic cells and is a ligand for class-I-restricted T-cell-associated molecule. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21955-64. [PMID: 15781451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a phenotypically and functionally heterogenous population of leukocytes with distinct subsets serving a different set of specialized immune functions. Here we applied an in vitro whole cell panning approach using antibody phage display technology to identify cell-surface epitopes specifically expressed on human blood BDCA3(+) DCs. A single-chain antibody fragment (anti-1F12 scFv) was isolated that recognizes a conserved surface antigen expressed on both human BDCA3(+) DCs and mouse CD8alpha(+) DCs. We demonstrate that anti-1F12 scFv binds Nectin-like protein 2 (Necl2, Tslc1, SynCaM, SgIGSF, or Igsf4), an adhesion molecule involved in tumor suppression, synapse formation, and spermatogenesis. Thus, Necl2 defines a specialized subset of DCs in both mouse and human. We further show that Necl2 binds Class-I-restricted T-cell-associated molecule (CRTAM), a receptor primarily expressed on activated cytotoxic lymphocytes. When present on antigen presenting cells, Necl2 regulates IL-22 expression by activated CD8(+) T-cells. We propose that Necl2/CRTAM molecular pair could regulate a large panel of cell/cell interactions both within and outside of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Galibert
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court, Seattle, WA 98119-3105, USA
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304
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Tamura T, Thotakura P, Tanaka TS, Ko MSH, Ozato K. Identification of target genes and a unique cis element regulated by IRF-8 in developing macrophages. Blood 2005; 106:1938-47. [PMID: 15947094 PMCID: PMC1895144 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8)/interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP) is a transcription factor that controls myeloid-cell development. Microarray gene expression analysis of Irf-8-/- myeloid progenitor cells expressing an IRF-8/estrogen receptor chimera (which differentiate into macrophages after addition of estradiol) was used to identify 69 genes altered by IRF-8 during early differentiation (62 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated). Among them, 4 lysosomal/endosomal enzyme-related genes (cystatin C, cathepsin C, lysozyme, and prosaposin) did not require de novo protein synthesis for induction, suggesting that they were direct targets of IRF-8. We developed a reporter assay system employing a self-inactivating retrovirus and analyzed the cystatin C and cathepsin C promoters. We found that a unique cis element mediates IRF-8-induced activation of both promoters. Similar elements were also found in other IRF-8 target genes with a consensus sequence (GAAANN[N]GGAA) comprising a core IRF-binding motif and an Ets-binding motif; this sequence is similar but distinct from the previously reported Ets/IRF composite element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that IRF-8 and the PU.1 Ets transcription factor bind to this element in vivo. Collectively, these data indicate that IRF-8 stimulates transcription of target genes through a novel cis element to specify macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Tamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr, MSC 2753, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA.
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305
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Lefebvre JM, Haks MC, Carleton MO, Rhodes M, Sinnathamby G, Simon MC, Eisenlohr LC, Garrett-Sinha LA, Wiest DL. Enforced Expression of Spi-B Reverses T Lineage Commitment and Blocks β-Selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6184-94. [PMID: 15879115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular changes that restrict multipotent murine thymocytes to the T cell lineage and render them responsive to Ag receptor signals remain poorly understood. In this study, we report our analysis of the role of the Ets transcription factor, Spi-B, in this process. Spi-B expression is acutely induced coincident with T cell lineage commitment at the CD4(-)CD8(-)CD44(-)CD25(+) (DN3) stage of thymocyte development and is then down-regulated as thymocytes respond to pre-TCR signals and develop beyond the beta-selection checkpoint to the CD4(-)CD8(-)CD44(-)CD25(-) (DN4) stage. We found that dysregulation of Spi-B expression in DN3 thymocytes resulted in a dose-dependent perturbation of thymocyte development. Indeed, DN3 thymocytes expressing approximately five times the endogenous level of Spi-B were arrested at the beta-selection checkpoint, due to impaired induction of Egr proteins, which are important molecular effectors of the beta-selection checkpoint. T lineage-committed DN3 thymocytes expressing even higher levels of Spi-B were diverted to the dendritic cell lineage. Thus, we demonstrate that the prescribed modulation of Spi-B expression is important for T lineage commitment and differentiation beyond the beta-selection checkpoint; and we provide insight into the mechanism underlying perturbation of development when that expression pattern is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette M Lefebvre
- Immunobiology Working Group, Division of Basic Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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306
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Tamura T, Tailor P, Yamaoka K, Kong HJ, Tsujimura H, O'Shea JJ, Singh H, Ozato K. IFN regulatory factor-4 and -8 govern dendritic cell subset development and their functional diversity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2573-81. [PMID: 15728463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow (BM)-derived APCs central to both innate and adaptive immunity. DCs are a heterogeneous cell population composed of multiple subsets with diverse functions. The mechanism governing the generation of multiple DC subsets is, however, poorly understood. In this study we investigated the roles of closely related transcription factors, IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-4 and IRF-8, in DC development by analyzing IRF-4(-/-), IRF-8(-/-), and IRF-4(-/-)IRF-8(-/-) (double-knockout) mice. We found that IRF-4 is required for the generation of CD4(+) DCs, whereas IRF-8 is, as reported previously, essential for CD8alpha(+) DCs. Both IRFs support the development of CD4(-)CD8alpha(-) DCs. IRF-8 and, to a lesser degree, IRF-4 contribute to plasmacytoid DC (PDC) development. Thus, the two IRFs together regulate the development of all conventional DCs as well as PDCs. Consistent with these findings, IRF-4, but not IRF-8, was expressed in CD4(+) DCs, whereas only IRF-8 was expressed in CD8alpha(+) DCs. CD4(-)CD8alpha(-) DCs and PDCs expressed both IRFs. We also demonstrate in vitro that GM-CSF-mediated DC differentiation depends on IRF-4, whereas Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-mediated differentiation depends mainly on IRF-8. Gene transfer experiments with double-knockout BM cells showed that both IRFs have an overlapping activity and stimulate a common process of DC development. Nonetheless, each IRF also possesses a distinct activity to stimulate subset-specific gene expression, leading to the generation of functionally divergent DCs. Together, IRF-4 and IRF-8 serve as a backbone of the molecular program regulating DC subset development and their functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Tamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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307
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Gauzzi MC, Purificato C, Conti L, Adorini L, Belardelli F, Gessani S. IRF-4 expression in the human myeloid lineage: up-regulation during dendritic cell differentiation and inhibition by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:944-7. [PMID: 15829558 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0205090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF)-4 is a lymphoid- and myeloid-restricted transcription factor of the IRF family. We analyzed its expression during differentiation of human monocytes along the macrophage or the dendritic cell (DC) pathway and in blood myeloid and plasmacytoid DC (M-DC and P-DC, respectively) subsets. Monocyte differentiation into DC, driven by granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)/interleukin-4 or GM-CSF/IFN-beta, resulted in a strong up-regulation of IRF-4 mRNA and protein, which was further increased by lipopolysaccharide. It is interesting that 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], a potent inhibitor of DC differentiation, completely abolished IRF-4 up-regulation. IRF-4 was also detected in blood P-DC and M-DC. However, up-regulation upon in vitro culture and down-regulation by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was observed in M-DC but not in P-DC. These results point to IRF-4 as a potential player in human myeloid DC differentiation and as a novel target for the immunomodulatory activity of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Gauzzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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308
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) type-1 (IFN alpha/beta) and type-II (IFN-gamma) are the most pleiotropic molecules in the intricate cytokine network. This dominance arises from three crucial factors: (i) initiation of IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma production at the inception of most innate immune responses, which primes for the ensuing adaptive immune responses, primarily through the sine qua non upregulation of major histocompatibility complex and costimulatory molecules; (ii) magnification of their production and signaling by cross-talk between themselves, and synergistic or antagonistic effects on other cytokines; and (iii) direct or indirect initiation of transcription of hundreds of immunologically relevant genes. Considering that aberrant immune responses against self-molecules seem to depend on the same constituents and pathways as those against exogenous antigens, it follows that IFNs are also major effectors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Here, we review the diverse biological effects of IFNs on the immune system, discuss findings pertaining to the nature of exogenous and endogenous stimuli that might induce IFN production through the engagement of Toll-like receptors, and summarize the detrimental and, in some instances, beneficial effects of IFNs in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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309
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Hanada T, Tanaka K, Matsumura Y, Yamauchi M, Nishinakamura H, Aburatani H, Mashima R, Kubo M, Kobayashi T, Yoshimura A. Induction of Hyper Th1 Cell-Type Immune Responses by Dendritic Cells Lacking the Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 Gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4325-32. [PMID: 15778397 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS1/JAB) has been shown to play an important role in regulating dendritic cell (DC) function and suppressing inflammatory diseases and systemic autoimmunity. However, role of SOCS1 in DCs for the initiation of Th cell response has not been clarified. Here we demonstrate that SOCS1-deficient DCs induce stronger Th1-type responses both in vitro and in vivo. SOCS1-deficient DCs induced higher IFN-gamma production from naive T cells than wild-type (WT) DCs in vitro. Lymph node T cells also produced a higher amount of IFN-gamma when SOCS1-deficient bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were transferred in vivo. Moreover, SOCS1(-/-) BMDCs raised more effective anti-tumor immunity than WT BMDCs. Microarray analysis revealed that IFN-inducible genes were highly expressed in SOCS1-deficient DCs without IFN stimulation, suggesting hyper STAT1 activation in SOCS1(-/-) DCs. These phenotypes of SOCS1-deficient DCs were similar to those of CD8alpha(+) DCs, and in the WT spleen, SOCS1 is expressed at higher levels in the Th2-inducing CD4(+) DC subset, relative to the Th1-inducing CD8alpha(+) DC subset. We propose that reduction of the SOCS1 gene expression in DCs leads to CD8alpha(+) DC-like phenotype which promotes Th1-type hyperresponses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikatsu Hanada
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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310
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Abstract
The significance of type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) in biology and medicine renders research on their activities continuously relevant to our understanding of normal and abnormal (auto) immune responses. This relevance is bolstered by discoveries that unambiguously establish IFN-alpha/beta, among the multitude of cytokines, as dominant in defining qualitative and quantitative characteristics of innate and adaptive immune processes. Recent advances elucidating the biology of these key cytokines include better definition of their complex signaling pathways, determination of their importance in modifying the effects of other cytokines, the role of Toll-like receptors in their induction, their major cellular producers, and their broad and diverse impact on both cellular and humoral immune responses. Consequently, the role of IFN-alpha/beta in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity remains at the forefront of scientific inquiry and has begun to illuminate the mechanisms by which these molecules promote or inhibit systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
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311
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Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B. Toll-like receptors: emerging targets of immunomodulation. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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312
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Hieronymus T, Gust TC, Kirsch RD, Jorgas T, Blendinger G, Goncharenko M, Supplitt K, Rose-John S, Müller AM, Zenke M. Progressive and Controlled Development of Mouse Dendritic Cells from Flt3+CD11b+Progenitors In Vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2552-62. [PMID: 15728461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) represent key regulators of the immune system, yet their development from hemopoietic precursors is poorly defined. In this study, we describe an in vitro system for amplification of a Flt3(+)CD11b(+) progenitor from mouse bone marrow with specific cytokines. Such progenitor cells develop into both CD11b(+) and CD11b(-) DC, and CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DC in vivo. Furthermore, with GM-CSF, these progenitors synchronously differentiated into fully functional DC in vitro. This two-step culture system yields homogeneous populations of Flt3(+)CD11b(+) progenitor cells in high numbers and allows monitoring the consecutive steps of DC development in vitro under well-defined conditions. We used phenotypic and functional markers and transcriptional profiling by DNA microarrays to study the Flt3(+)CD11b(+) progenitor and differentiated DC. We report here on an extensive analysis of the surface Ag expression of Flt3(+)CD11b(+) progenitor cells and relate that to surface Ag expression of hemopoietic stem cells. Flt3(+)CD11b(+) progenitors studied exhibit a broad overlap of surface Ags with stem cells and express several stem cell Ags such as Flt3, IL-6R, c-kit/SCF receptor, and CD93/AA4.1, CD133/AC133, and CD49f/integrin alpha(6). Thus, Flt3(+)CD11b(+) progenitors express several stem cell surface Ags and develop into both CD11b(+) and CD11b(-) DC, and CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DC in vivo, and thus into both of the main conventional DC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hieronymus
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering-Cell Biology, University Medical School Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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313
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Kerksiek KM, Niedergang F, Chavrier P, Busch DH, Brocker T. Selective Rac1 inhibition in dendritic cells diminishes apoptotic cell uptake and cross-presentation in vivo. Blood 2005; 105:742-9. [PMID: 15383465 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-05-1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTo better understand the influence of cytoskeletal regulation on dendritic cell (DC) function in vivo, the Rho guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rac1 was selectively inhibited in DCs in transgenic (Tg) mice. Although transgene expression did not interfere with the migratory capacities of DC in vivo, a decreased uptake of fluorescent probes was observed. Interestingly, the absence of full Rac1 function most strongly affected the development and function of CD8+ DCs. Apoptotic cell uptake was severely reduced in Tg mice, impairing subsequent DC-mediated cross-presentation and priming of bacteria-specific T-cell responses. These findings highlight a special role for Rac1 in the capacity of CD8+ DCs to endocytose apoptotic cells and prime T cells via cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Kerksiek
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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314
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315
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Salio M, Palmowski MJ, Atzberger A, Hermans IF, Cerundolo V. CpG-matured murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells are capable of in vivo priming of functional CD8 T cell responses to endogenous but not exogenous antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:567-79. [PMID: 14970182 PMCID: PMC2211835 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are a unique leukocyte population capable of secreting high levels of type I interferon (IFN) in response to viruses and bacterial stimuli. In vitro experiments have shown that upon maturation, human and murine PDCs develop into potent immunostimulatory cells; however, their ability to prime an immune response in vivo remains to be addressed. We report that CpG-matured murine PDCs are capable of eliciting in naive mice antigen-specific CTLs against endogenous antigens as well as exogenous peptides, but not against an exogenous antigen. Type I IFN is not required for priming, as injection of CpG-matured PDCs into type I IFN receptor-deficient mice elicits functional CTL responses. Mature PDCs prime CTLs that secrete IFN-gamma and protect mice from a tumor challenge. In contrast, immature PDCs are unable to prime antigen-specific CTLs. However, mice injected with immature PDCs are fully responsive to secondary antigenic challenges, suggesting that PDCs have not induced long-lasting tolerance via anergic or regulatory T cells. Our results underline the heterogeneity and plasticity of different antigen-presenting cells, and reveal an important role of mature PDCs in priming CD8 responses to endogenous antigens, in addition to their previously reported ability to modulate antiviral responses via type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- Cancer Research Tumor Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK.
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316
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Tsujimura H, Tamura T, Kong HJ, Nishiyama A, Ishii KJ, Klinman DM, Ozato K. Toll-like receptor 9 signaling activates NF-kappaB through IFN regulatory factor-8/IFN consensus sequence binding protein in dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6820-7. [PMID: 15153500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG DNA binds to the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and activates NF-kappaB to induce cytokine genes in dendritic cells (DCs). IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-8/IFN consensus sequence binding protein is a transcription factor important for development and activation of DCs. We found that DCs from IRF-8(-/-) mice were unresponsive to CpG and failed to induce TNF-alpha and IL-6, targets of NF-kappaB. Revealing a signaling defect selective for CpG, these cytokines were robustly induced in IRF-8(-/-) DCs in response to LPS that signals through TLR4. IRF-8(-/-) DCs expressed TLR9, adaptor myeloid differentiation factor 88, and other signaling molecules, but CpG failed to activate NF-kappaB in -/- cells. This was due to the selective inability of -/- DCs to activate I-kappaB kinase alphabeta, the kinases required for NF-kappaB in response to CpG. IRF-8 reintroduction fully restored CpG activation of NF-kappaB and cytokine induction in -/- DCs. Together, TLR signals that activate NF-kappaB are diverse among different TLRs, and TLR9 signaling uniquely depends on IRF-8 in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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317
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Diao J, Winter E, Chen W, Cantin C, Cattral MS. Characterization of Distinct Conventional and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Committed Precursors in Murine Bone Marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1826-33. [PMID: 15265914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The developmental pathways and differentiation relationship of dendritic cell (DC) subsets remain unclear. We report that murine CD11c(+)MHC II(-) bone marrow cells, which are immediate DC precursors of CD8 alpha(+), CD8 alpha(-), and B220(+) DC in vivo, can be separated into B220(+) and B220(-) DC precursor subpopulations. Purified B220(-) DC precursors expand, and generate exclusively mature CD11c(+)CD11b(+)B220(-) DC in vitro and after adoptive transfer. B220(+) DC precursors, which resemble plasmacytoid pre-DC, have a lower proliferative potential than B220(-) DC precursors and generate both CD11b(-) B220(+) and CD11b(+)B220(-) DC populations. Both DC precursor populations can give rise to CD8 alpha(+) and CD8 alpha(-) DC subtypes. Our findings indicate that CD11c(+)MHC II(-)B220(+) and CD11c(+)MHC II(-)B220(-) bone marrow cells are distinct DC lineage-restricted precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Diao
- Multiorgan Transplantation Program, Toronto General Hospital and Department of Surgey, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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318
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Shigematsu H, Reizis B, Iwasaki H, Mizuno SI, Hu D, Traver D, Leder P, Sakaguchi N, Akashi K. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Activate Lymphoid-Specific Genetic Programs Irrespective of Their Cellular Origin. Immunity 2004; 21:43-53. [PMID: 15345219 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2004] [Revised: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origin of type I interferon (IFN)-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) is controversial. In particular, the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) genes in murine PDCs and the expression of pre-T cell receptor alpha (pTalpha) gene by human PDCs were proposed as evidence for their "lymphoid" origin. Here we demonstrate that PDCs capable of IFN production develop efficiently from both myeloid- and lymphoid-committed progenitors. Rearranged IgH genes as well as RAG transcripts were found in both myeloid- and lymphoid-derived PDCs. The human pTalpha transgenic reporter was activated in both myeloid- and lymphoid-derived PDCs at a level comparable to pre-T cells. PDCs were the only cell population that activated murine RAG1 knockin and human pTalpha transgenic reporters outside the lymphoid lineage. These results highlight a unique developmental program of PDCs that distinguishes them from other cell types including conventional dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Shigematsu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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319
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Abstract
The origin of plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors (pDC) has been controversial. This manuscript shows that CLP and CMP both can give rise to pDCs. pDCs derived from CMP express RAG gene products and show IgHD-J rearrangement, suggesting that pDC represent a unique lineage whose gene expression program shows substantial plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui-Hsi Wang
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston 77030, USA
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320
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Suzuki S, Honma K, Matsuyama T, Suzuki K, Toriyama K, Akitoyo I, Yamamoto K, Suematsu T, Nakamura M, Yui K, Kumatori A. Critical roles of interferon regulatory factor 4 in CD11bhighCD8alpha- dendritic cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:8981-6. [PMID: 15184678 PMCID: PMC428458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402139101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play an essential role in the homeostasis and function of immune systems. Recent studies indicated that IRF-8 is critical for the development of CD11b(low)CD8alpha(+) conventional dendritic cells (DCs) and plasmacytoid DCs. Here we show that IRF-4 is important for CD11b(high)CD8alpha(-) conventional DCs. The development of CD11b(high) DCs from bone marrow of IRF-4(-/-) mice was severely impaired in two culture systems supplemented with either GM-CSF or Flt3-ligand. In the IRF-4(-/-) spleen, the number of CD4(+)CD8alpha(-) DCs, a major subset of CD11b(high) DCs, was severely reduced. IRF-4 and IRF-8 were expressed in the majority of CD11b(high)CD4(+)CD8alpha(-) DCs and CD11b(low)CD8alpha(+) DCs, respectively, in a mutually exclusive manner. These results imply that IRF-4 and IRF-8 selectively play critical roles in the development of the DC subsets that express them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Suzuki
- Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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321
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Lund RJ, Chen Z, Scheinin J, Lahesmaa R. Early Target Genes of IL-12 and STAT4 Signaling in Th Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6775-82. [PMID: 15153495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 signaling through STAT4 is essential for induction of optimal levels of IFN-gamma production and commitment of Th1 cells. The molecular mechanism that controls how IL-12 and STAT4 signaling induces Th1 differentiation is poorly described. To identify the early target genes of IL-12 and STAT4 signaling, oligonucleotide arrays were used to compare the gene expression profiles of wild-type and STAT4-knockout murine Th cells during the early Th1 differentiation. According to the results, 20 genes were regulated in an IL-12- and STAT4-dependent manner. Importantly, Ifngamma was clearly the first gene induced by IL-12 in a STAT4-dependent manner. Most of the other defects in gene expression in STAT4-knockout cells were seen after 48 h of Th1 polarization. In addition to IL-12 signaling mediated by STAT4, STAT4-independent induction of a number of genes was observed immediately in response to Th1 induction. This induction was at least in part driven by IFN-gamma independently of STAT4. Importantly, addition of exogenous IFN-gamma into Th1 cell cultures of STAT4-knockout cells restored the defect in IFN-gamma production further demonstrating the critical role of IFN-gamma in early Th1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka J Lund
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Abo Akademi, Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku University, Turku, Finland.
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322
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Morrison AC, Wilson CB, Ray M, Correll PH. Macrophage-stimulating protein, the ligand for the stem cell-derived tyrosine kinase/RON receptor tyrosine kinase, inhibits IL-12 production by primary peritoneal macrophages stimulated with IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1825-32. [PMID: 14734766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IL-12, produced by APCs during the initial stages of an immune response, plays a pivotal role in the induction of IFN-gamma by NK and gammadeltaT cells and in driving the differentiation of Th1 cells, thus providing a critical link between innate and acquired immunity. Due to the unique position occupied by IL-12 in the regulation of immunity, many mechanisms have evolved to modulate IL-12 production. We have shown previously that macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), the ligand for the stem cell-derived tyrosine kinase/recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) receptor, inhibits NO production by macrophages in response to IFN-gamma and enhances the expression of arginase. Mice lacking RON exhibit increased inflammation in a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and increased susceptibility to endotoxic shock. In this study we demonstrate that pretreatment of macrophages with MSP before IFN-gamma and LPS results in the complete inhibition of IL-12 production due to suppression of p40 expression. This response is mediated by the RON receptor, and splenocytes from RON(-/-) animals produce increased levels of IFN-gamma. MSP pretreatment of macrophages resulted in decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat-1 and decreased expression of IFN consensus sequence binding protein in response to inflammatory cytokines. In addition to IL-12, the expression of IL-15 and IL-18, cytokines that are also dependent on IFN consensus sequence binding protein activation, is inhibited by pretreatment with MSP before IFN-gamma and LPS. We also show that the ability of MSP to inhibit IL-12 production is independent of IL-10. Taken together, these results suggest that MSP may actively suppress cell-mediated immune responses through its ability to down-regulate IL-12 production and thus inhibit classical activation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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323
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Honda K, Mizutani T, Taniguchi T. Negative regulation of IFN-alpha/beta signaling by IFN regulatory factor 2 for homeostatic development of dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2416-21. [PMID: 14983024 PMCID: PMC356965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307336101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and cooperation of distinct subsets of antigen-presenting cells, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), may be critical for maintaining homeostatic immune responses. Recently, much attention has been focused on IFN-alpha/beta, the cytokines induced en masse by virus infection or the activation of Toll-like receptors, in the context of DC activation. Here, we show that mice deficient in IFN regulatory factor 2 exhibit selective loss of CD8alpha- DCs, the so-called myeloid DCs, which is accompanied by a notable increase in CD11c-CD11bhigh other myeloid lineage cells. Such deficiency is intrinsic to the bone marrow precursors, in which the abnormal induction of IFN-alpha/beta genes causes excessive IFN signaling. The critical function of IFN regulatory factor 2 in the negative regulation of IFN-alpha/beta signaling is underscored by the observation that the deficiency is rescued by introducing an additional null mutation for the IFN receptor complex. In view of accumulating evidence of the critical role of IFN-alpha/beta signaling in DC activation, our present study offers a unique example in that the magnitude of a cytokine signal should be properly balanced in a stage-specific manner during the differentiation and activation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Honda
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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324
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Ichikawa E, Hida S, Omatsu Y, Shimoyama S, Takahara K, Miyagawa S, Inaba K, Taki S. Defective development of splenic and epidermal CD4+ dendritic cells in mice deficient for IFN regulatory factor-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3909-14. [PMID: 15004277 PMCID: PMC374343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400610101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Although several subsets of DCs were identified according to their expression of surface molecules such as CD4, CD8, and CD11b, the regulatory mechanism for the development and homeostasis of these DC subsets remains unclear. Here we show that mice lacking IFN regulatory factor-2 (IRF-2(-/-) mice) exhibited a marked and selective defect in splenic CD4(+)CD11b(+)DCs, instead of CD8 alpha(+)CD11b(-)DCs that were reported to be missing in mice lacking the related transcription factor IRF-8. Furthermore, the numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells in IRF-2(-/-) mice were reduced at least in part because of the lack of the CD4(+)CD11b(+) subset. Studies with radiation bone marrow chimeras as well as in vitro retrovirus-mediated gene transduction showed that IRF-2 was required cell-autonomously for the development of myeloid-related DCs. Notably, these abnormalities in DCs diminished in mice lacking both IRF-2 and the IFN-alpha/beta receptor, indicating that IRF-2 acted through negatively regulating IFN-alpha/beta signals. In contrast, natural killer cells still showed developmental arrest in these double mutant mice, indicating that the mode of action of IRF-2 for CD4(+)DC development is distinct from that for natural killer cell development. Our current findings thus pointed to a previously unknown unique cell-type-selective multimode function of IRF-2 in the regulation of lymphohematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ichikawa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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325
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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326
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Tamura T, Kong HJ, Tunyaplin C, Tsujimura H, Calame K, Ozato K. ICSBP/IRF-8 inhibits mitogenic activity of p210 Bcr/Abl in differentiating myeloid progenitor cells. Blood 2003; 102:4547-54. [PMID: 12933588 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon consensus sequence binding protein/interferon regulatory factor 8 (ICSBP/IRF-8) is a transcription factor that controls myeloid cell development. ICSBP-/- mice develop a chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)-like syndrome. Several observations on patients and mouse models have implicated ICSBP in the pathogenesis of CML. In this paper, we investigated whether ICSBP modulates the growth-promoting activity of Bcr/Abl, the causal oncoprotein for CML. When transformed with p210 Bcr/Abl, ICSBP-/- myeloid progenitor cells lost growth factor dependence and grew in the absence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. When ICSBP was ectopically expressed, Bcr/Abl-transformed cells underwent complete growth arrest and differentiated into mature, functional macrophages without inhibiting the kinase activity of Bcr/Abl. Providing a mechanistic basis for the growth arrest, ICSBP markedly repressed c-Myc messenger RNA (mRNA)-expression, a downstream target of Bcr/Abl. A further analysis with the ICSBP/estrogen receptor chimera showed that ICSBP repression of c-Myc is indirect and is mediated by another gene(s). We identified Blimp-1 and METS/PE1, potent c-Myc repressors, as direct targets of ICSBP activated in these cells. Consistent with this, ectopic Blimp-1 repressed c-Myc expression and inhibited cell growth. These results indicate that ICSBP inhibits growth of Bcr/Abl-transformed myeloid progenitor cells by activating several genes that interfere with the c-Myc pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Division
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, myc
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Interferon Regulatory Factors
- Macrophages/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/cytology
- Myeloid Cells/drug effects
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Tamura
- Bldg 6, Rm 2A01, Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr MSC 2753, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA
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327
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Gurtner GJ, Newberry RD, Schloemann SR, McDonald KG, Stenson WF. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase augments trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:1762-73. [PMID: 14724829 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an interferon gamma-induced intracellular enzyme, inhibits lymphocyte proliferation through tryptophan degradation. IDO is highly expressed in the mammalian intestine. We sought to determine whether IDO played a regulatory role in the T-cell helper 1 (Th1)-mediated trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) model of colitis. METHODS Intrarectal TNBS was given to SJL/J mice along with either placebo or a specific IDO inhibitor. IDO protein and mRNA expression were assessed by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNCs) were isolated, fractionated, and cultured, in the presence and absence of IFN-gamma, to determine the cell type(s) expressing IDO. RESULTS IDO is expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells in the lamina propria. Induction of TNBS colitis resulted in a significant increase in IDO mRNA (P = 0.005) and protein expression. IDO inhibition during TNBS colitis resulted in an 80% mortality compared with 10% for placebo-treated animals (P = 0.0089). IDO inhibition resulted in a more severe colitis both histologically and morphologically (P < 0.05) and significantly increased colonic proinflammatory cytokine expression compared with placebo-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS IDO is expressed in the normal colon and is up-regulated in the setting of TNBS colitis. Inhibition of IDO during TNBS colitis resulted in increased mortality and an augmentation of the normal inflammatory response. These findings suggest that IDO plays an important role in the down-regulation of Th1 responses within the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Gurtner
- Division of Gastroenteroloyg, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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328
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Schiavoni G, Mattei F, Borghi P, Sestili P, Venditti M, Morse HC, Belardelli F, Gabriele L. ICSBP is critically involved in the normal development and trafficking of Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells. Blood 2003; 103:2221-8. [PMID: 14615368 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP) is a transcription factor belonging to the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, recently shown to play a critical role in dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. Here, we analyzed the role of ICSBP in the development and trafficking of epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs and the implications for initiation of a competent immune response. ICSBP-/- mice exhibited a reduced frequency of LCs and a delayed mobility of DCs from skin that reflected a slower turnover rate in lymph nodes during steady-state conditions. Even under inflammatory changes, ICSBP-/- DCs displayed reduced mobility from skin to lymph nodes and, as a consequence, failed to induce a contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response, suggesting that these DCs were unable to initiate a competent antigen (Ag)-specific T-cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs from ICSBP-/- mice exhibited an immature phenotype and a severe reduction of interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. These BM DCs also showed a marked defect in their migratory response to macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha (MIP-3 alpha), MIP-3 beta, and the CC chemokine CCL21/6Ckine, which was paralleled by an impaired expression of the CC chemokine receptors, CCR6 and CCR7. Together, these results indicate that ICSBP is critically required for the development and trafficking of skin DCs, thus playing a critical role in the DC-mediated initiation of T-cell immunity.
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329
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Facchetti F, Vermi W, Mason D, Colonna M. The plasmacytoid monocyte/interferon producing cells. Virchows Arch 2003; 443:703-17. [PMID: 14586652 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-003-0918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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330
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Jego G, Palucka AK, Blanck JP, Chalouni C, Pascual V, Banchereau J. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce plasma cell differentiation through type I interferon and interleukin 6. Immunity 2003; 19:225-34. [PMID: 12932356 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and control immune responses. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) represent a unique DC subset able to promptly release large amounts of type I interferon (IFN-alphabeta) upon viral encounter. Here we report that depletion of pDCs from human blood mononuclear cells abrogates the secretion of specific and polyclonal IgGs in response to influenza virus. Furthermore, purified pDCs triggered with virus induce CD40-activated B cells to differentiate into plasma cells. Two pDC cytokines act sequentially, with IFN-alphabeta generating non-Ig-secreting plasma blasts and IL-6 inducing their differentiation into Ig-secreting plasma cells. These plasma cells display the high levels of CD38 found on tissue plasma cells. Thus, pDCs are critical for the generation of plasma cells and antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Jego
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, Texas 75204, USA
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331
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Edwards AD, Chaussabel D, Tomlinson S, Schulz O, Sher A, Reis e Sousa C. Relationships among murine CD11c(high) dendritic cell subsets as revealed by baseline gene expression patterns. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:47-60. [PMID: 12816982 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The functional relationships and properties of different subtypes of dendritic cells (DC) remain largely undefined. To better characterize these cells, we used global gene analysis to determine gene expression patterns among murine CD11c(high) DC subsets. CD4(+), CD8alpha(+), and CD8alpha(-) CD4(-) (double negative (DN)) DC were purified from spleens of normal C57/BL6 mice and analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays. The CD4(+) and CD8alpha(+) DC subsets showed distinct basal expression profiles differing by >200 individual genes. These included known DC subset markers as well as previously unrecognized, differentially expressed CD Ags such as CD1d, CD5, CD22, and CD72. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed differential expression in nine of nine cases, thereby validating the microarray analysis. Interestingly, the microarray expression profiles for DN cells strongly resembled those of CD4(+) DC, differing from them by <25 genes. This suggests that CD4(+) and DN DC are closely related phylogenetically, whereas CD8alpha(+) DC represent a more distant lineage, supporting the historical distinction between CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DC. However, staining patterns revealed that in contrast to CD4(+) DC, the DN subset is heterogeneous and comprises at least two subpopulations. Gene Ontology and literature mining analyses of genes expressed differentially among DC subsets indicated strong associations with immune response parameters as well as cell differentiation and signaling. Such associations offer clues to possible unique functions of the CD11c(high) DC subsets that to date have been difficult to define as rigid distinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Edwards
- Immunobiology Laboratory and Computational Genome Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK
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332
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Abstract
Functional specialization allows defined dendritic-cell (DC) subsets to induce efficient defence mechanisms against pathogens and tumour cells, and maintain T-cell tolerance by inducing the inactivation of autoreactive T cells. A crucial question, which has important implications for both our understanding of the induction and control of immunity by DCs, as well as the use of DCs for immunotherapy, is whether the functional diversity of DCs results from the existence of developmentally independent DC subpopulations, or whether DC subsets that share a common differentiation origin acquire specific functions in response to environmental signals. This review discusses recent findings on mouse DC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ardavín
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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333
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Ji MJ, Su C, Wu HW, Zhu X, Cai XP, Li CL, Li GF, Wang Y, Zhang ZS, Wu GL. Gene expression profile of CD4+ T cells reveals an interferon signaling suppression associated with progression of experimental Schistosoma japonicum infection. Cell Immunol 2003; 224:55-62. [PMID: 14572801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To understand the natural history of immune responses centering CD4+ T cells at genetic level during experimental infection with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum), the mRNA profiles of CD4+ T cells from spleens of mice at 0, 3, 6, and 13 weeks after the onset of the infection, were compared using mouse oliogonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix GeneChip U74A). Of about 12,000 mouse probe sets in a microarray, nearly 10% encoded a variety of immune regulators, including many cytokine and chemokine genes, immunoglobulin-related genes, and genes related to apoptosis and the stress response. These changed in transcript representation as the schistosome infection progressed, and a key finding, which was validated by semi-quantitative PCR, was that a significant portion of the genes which were down-regulated as infection progressed coded for interferon (IFN)-inducible molecules, including GTPases, transcription factors and chemokines. The results thus showed that there is a characteristic change in IFN-inducible gene expression over the course of the schistosome infection, and it is suggested that the IFN-gamma-regulated GTPase family may be involved in IFN-mediated resistance against S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jun Ji
- Molecular- and Immuno-parasitology, Research Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
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334
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Strobl H. Molecular mechanisms of dendritic cell sublineage development from human hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003; 131:73-9. [PMID: 12811014 DOI: 10.1159/000070921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation models of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells have contributed significantly to our current understanding of dendritic cell (DC) development. DC sublineages seem to arise from common progenitors with monocytic cells. These progenitors seem to respond to instructive signals from cytokine receptors and steroids to follow defined sublineage differentiation pathways. Transcriptional processes involved in the regulation of lineage fate decisions of putative common DC progenitors remain poorly defined, as is our knowledge of the identities of DC precursors in vivo. Most likely, tissue-specific microenvironmental signals, including tumor-derived signals, critically modulate DC phenotype and function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Strobl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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335
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Hacker C, Kirsch RD, Ju XS, Hieronymus T, Gust TC, Kuhl C, Jorgas T, Kurz SM, Rose-John S, Yokota Y, Zenke M. Transcriptional profiling identifies Id2 function in dendritic cell development. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:380-6. [PMID: 12598895 DOI: 10.1038/ni903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2002] [Accepted: 02/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells with a pivotal role in antigen-specific immune responses. Here, we found that the helix-loop-helix transcription factor Id2 is up-regulated during DC development in vitro and crucial for the development of distinct DC subsets in vivo. Id2-/- mice lack Langerhans cells (LCs), the cutaneous contingent of DCs, and the splenic CD8alpha+ DC subset is markedly reduced. Mice deficient for transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta also lack LCs, and we demonstrate here that, in DCs, TGF-beta induces Id2 expression. We also show that Id2 represses B cell genes in DCs. These findings reveal a TGF-beta-Id2 signaling pathway in DCs and suggest a mechanism by which Id2 affects the lineage choice of B cell and DC progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hacker
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
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336
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Tsujimura H, Tamura T, Ozato K. Cutting edge: IFN consensus sequence binding protein/IFN regulatory factor 8 drives the development of type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1131-5. [PMID: 12538667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP/IFN regulatory factor 8) is a hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor essential for the generation of CD8 alpha(+) dendritic cells (DCs). We found that ICSBP(-/-) mice lack B220(+)CD11b(-) plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in addition to CD8 alpha(+) DCs. Although ICSBP(-/-) mice have B220(-)CD11b(+) myeloid DCs (mDCs), they fail to mature upon Toll-like receptor signaling. Accordingly, ICSBP(-/-) bone marrow progenitor cells were defective in generating pDCs in the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-based culture system and mDCs generated in this system were defective in maturation. We demonstrate that introduction of ICSBP rescues the development of pDCs from -/- bone marrow progenitors. ICSBP also restored the ability of both pDCs and mDCs to mature after Toll-like receptor signals. ICSBP-restored DCs produced IFN-alpha and IL-12p40 in a DC subset-selective manner with the amounts comparable to those by +/+ DCs. Together, ICSBP is essential for early pDC development and final maturation of both pDCs and mDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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