301
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding small RNAs that regulate the expression of nearly 30% of all the human genes and participate in all fundamental cell processes. Genome-wide analysis has revealed that human placenta expresses more than 600 miRNA species, including placenta-specific ones with high levels of expression. Comparative analysis also has revealed many differentially expressed miRNAs with either high or low levels of expression in human placentas from normal versus preeclamptic pregnancies, indicating an important role of miRNAs in normal and pathological placental physiology. Although limited information is currently available as to how miRNA regulates human placental development and function, there are studies suggesting that preeclampsia-associated differentially expressed miRNAs possess critical roles in regulating placental development and function via targeting specific genes with diverse known functions. Herein we summarize the current findings regarding the expression of placental miRNAs and their function, especially in the trophoblast cells. We have recently found that the angiogenesis-associated miR-17-family miRNAs are upregulated in preeclamptic compared with normotensive placentas and they target the ephrin-B2/Eph receptor B4 (EPHB4) system. Because ephrin-B2 and EPHB4 has been previously shown to play a crucial role in trophoblast invasion into maternal spiral artery and vascular patterning during early human placental development, the miR-17-ephrin-B2/EPHB4 pathway seems to be a novel miRNA pathway for regulating normal and aberrant placental development during preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
302
|
Simpson JL. Cell-free fetal DNA and maternal serum analytes for monitoring embryonic and fetal status. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:1124-34. [PMID: 23499003 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers can be employed for screening for fetal genetic disorders, identifying individuals at sufficiently high risk for a confirmatory invasive procedure. In this article we discuss prenatal genetic aneuploidy screening. Maternal serum analytes and ultrasound have long been routinely offered, providing detection rates of 80% to 93% for trisomy 21; however, an invasive procedure (false-positive) must be performed in 5% of pregnancies screened. Recovering fetal cells from maternal blood initially proved inconsistent, but new methods recovering trophoblasts offer promise for detecting disorders using a single fetal cell, analogous to preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Current emphasis is focused predominantly on cell-free fetal DNA, which accounts for 5% to 10% of total cell-free DNA in maternal blood. Analysis of maternal blood results in detection rates of over 99% for fetal trisomy 21, and also very high rates for trisomy 18 and sex chromosomal abnormalities. Such detection rates are substantively higher than with maternal serum analytes, and are accompanied by a much lower (<1%) false-positive rate.
Collapse
|
303
|
Gu Y, Sun J, Groome LJ, Wang Y. Differential miRNA expression profiles between the first and third trimester human placentas. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E836-43. [PMID: 23443922 PMCID: PMC3625781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00660.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine placental microRNA (miRNA) expression at different gestational age, total RNA from six first and six third trimester placentas was isolated. miRNA expression was analyzed by Affymetrix miRNA microarray, and miRNA clusters were identified by web-based programs MirClust and miRGen Cluster. qRT-PCR was carried out to validate miRNA expression, and in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed to determine compartmental localization of miRNAs within villous tissue. A total of 208 miRNA transcripts, which represent 191 mature miRNAs, were found differently expressed between first and third trimester placentas. miRNAs within the miR-17-92 cluster, C14MC, miR-371 cluster, and C19MC were significantly upregulated in the first trimester placentas. In contrast, miRNAs of the let-7 family, miR-34 family, miR-29a cluster, miR-195 cluster, and miR-181c cluster were significantly upregulated in the third trimester placentas. Increased miR-371-5p, miR-17-3p, and miR-708-5p expression and decreased miR-125b-5p and miR-139-5p expression in the first trimester placentas were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Different expression pattern for miR-371-5p and miR-125b-5p within villous tissue was demonstrated by ISH. Distinct miRNA cluster expression profiles between the first and third trimester placentas were identified. miRNAs that regulate innate/adaptive immune responses are strongly expressed in both first and third trimester placentas. miRNAs that exert oncogenic, angiogenic, and antiapoptotic properties are dominantly expressed in the first trimester placentas, whereas miRNAs that promote cell differentiation and function as tumor suppressors are strongly expressed in the third trimester placentas. These results indicate that miRNAs play critical roles in placental development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
304
|
Abstract
Extracellular microRNAs (miRNA) are present in most biological fluids, relatively stable, and hold great potential for disease biomarkers and novel therapeutics. Circulating miRNAs are transported by membrane-derived vesicles (exosomes and microparticles), lipoproteins, and other ribonucleoprotein complexes. Evidence suggests that miRNAs are selectively exported from cells with distinct signatures that have been found to be altered in many pathophysiologies, including cardiovascular disease. Protected from plasma ribonucleases by their carriers, functional miRNAs are delivered to recipient cells by various routes. Transferred miRNAs use cellular machinery to reduce target gene expression and alter cellular phenotype. Similar to soluble factors, miRNAs mediate cell-to-cell communication linking disparate cell types, diverse biological mechanisms, and homeostatic pathways. Although significant advances have been made, miRNA intercellular communication is full of complexities and many questions remain. This review brings into focus what is currently known and outstanding in a novel field of study with applicability to cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinier A Boon
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
305
|
Abstract
Extracellular microRNAs (miRNA) are present in most biological fluids, relatively stable, and hold great potential for disease biomarkers and novel therapeutics. Circulating miRNAs are transported by membrane-derived vesicles (exosomes and microparticles), lipoproteins, and other ribonucleoprotein complexes. Evidence suggests that miRNAs are selectively exported from cells with distinct signatures that have been found to be altered in many pathophysiologies, including cardiovascular disease. Protected from plasma ribonucleases by their carriers, functional miRNAs are delivered to recipient cells by various routes. Transferred miRNAs use cellular machinery to reduce target gene expression and alter cellular phenotype. Similar to soluble factors, miRNAs mediate cell-to-cell communication linking disparate cell types, diverse biological mechanisms, and homeostatic pathways. Although significant advances have been made, miRNA intercellular communication is full of complexities and many questions remain. This review brings into focus what is currently known and outstanding in a novel field of study with applicability to cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinier A Boon
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
306
|
Ng YH, Rome S, Jalabert A, Forterre A, Singh H, Hincks CL, Salamonsen LA. Endometrial exosomes/microvesicles in the uterine microenvironment: a new paradigm for embryo-endometrial cross talk at implantation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58502. [PMID: 23516492 PMCID: PMC3596344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoparticles (∼100 nm diameter) released from cells, which can transfer small RNAs and mRNA via the extracellular environment to cells at distant sites. We hypothesised that exosomes or the slightly larger microvesicles (100-300 nm) are released from the endometrial epithelium into the uterine cavity, and that these contain specific micro (mi)RNA that could be transferred to either the trophectodermal cells of the blastocyst or to endometrial epithelial cells, to promote implantation. The aim of this study was to specifically identify and characterise exosomes/microvesicles (mv) released from endometrial epithelial cells and to determine whether exosomes/mv are present in uterine fluid. Immunostaining demonstrated that the tetraspanins, CD9 and CD63 used as cell surface markers of exosomes are present on the apical surfaces of endometrial epithelial cells in tissue sections taken across the menstrual cycle: CD63 showed cyclical regulation. Exosome/mv pellets were prepared from culture medium of endometrial epithelial cell (ECC1 cells) and from uterine fluid and its associated mucus by sequential ultracentifugation. Exosomes/mv were positively identified in all preparations by FACS and immunofluorescence staining following exosome binding to beads. Size particle analysis confirmed the predominance of particles of 50-150 nm in each of these fluids. MiRNA analysis of the ECC1 cells and their exosomes/mv demonstrated sorting of miRNA into exosomes/mv: 13 of the 227 miRNA were specific to exosomes/mv, while a further 5 were not present in these. The most abundant miRNA in exosomes/mv were hsa-miR-200c, hsa-miR-17 and hsa-miR-106a. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the exosome/mv-specific miRNAs have potential targets in biological pathways highly relevant for embryo implantation. Thus exosomes/mv containing specific miRNA are present in the microenvironment in which embryo implantation occurs and may contribute to the endometrial-embryo cross talk essential for this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- York Hunt Ng
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie Rome
- Laboratory CarMeN (Inserm 1060, INRA 1235, INSA), University of Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
| | - Audrey Jalabert
- Laboratory CarMeN (Inserm 1060, INRA 1235, INSA), University of Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
| | - Alexis Forterre
- Laboratory CarMeN (Inserm 1060, INRA 1235, INSA), University of Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
| | - Harmeet Singh
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra L. Hincks
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lois A. Salamonsen
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
307
|
Differentiated miRNA expression and validation of signaling pathways in apoE gene knockout mice by cross-verification microarray platform. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e13. [PMID: 23470715 PMCID: PMC3641397 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA (miRNA) regulation mechanisms associated with atherosclerosis are largely undocumented. Specific selection and efficient validation of miRNA regulation pathways involved in atherosclerosis development may be better assessed by contemporary microarray platforms applying cross-verification methodology. A screening platform was established using both miRNA and genomic microarrays. Microarray analysis was then simultaneously performed on pooled atherosclerotic aortic tissues from 10 Apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout mice (apoE−/−) and 10 healthy C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Differentiated miRNAs were screened and cross-verified against an mRNA screen database to explore integrative mRNA–miRNA regulation. Gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to describe the potential pathways regulated by these mRNA–miRNA interactions. High-throughput data analysis of miRNA and genomic microarrays of knockout and healthy control mice revealed 75 differentially expressed miRNAs in apoE−/− mice at a threshold value of 2. The six miRNAs with the greatest differentiation expression were confirmed by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT–PCR) in atherosclerotic tissues. Significantly enriched pathways, such as the type 2 diabetes mellitus pathway, were observed by a gene-set enrichment analysis. The enriched molecular pathways were confirmed through qRT–PCR evaluation by observing the presence of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and SOCS3-related miRNAs, miR-30a, miR-30e and miR-19b. Cross-verified high-throughput microarrays are optimally accurate and effective screening methods for miRNA regulation profiles associated with atherosclerosis. The identified SOCS3 pathway is a potentially valuable target for future development of targeted miRNA therapies to control atherosclerosis development and progression.
Collapse
|
308
|
Fu G, Brkić J, Hayder H, Peng C. MicroRNAs in Human Placental Development and Pregnancy Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5519-44. [PMID: 23528856 PMCID: PMC3634453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which function as critical posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression by promoting mRNA degradation and translational inhibition. Placenta expresses many ubiquitous as well as specific miRNAs. These miRNAs regulate trophoblast cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion/migration, and angiogenesis, suggesting that miRNAs play important roles during placental development. Aberrant miRNAs expression has been linked to pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia. Recent research of placental miRNAs focuses on identifying placental miRNA species, examining differential expression of miRNAs between placentas from normal and compromised pregnancies, and uncovering the function of miRNAs in the placenta. More studies are required to further understand the functional significance of miRNAs in placental development and to explore the possibility of using miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for pregnancy-related disorders. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the expression and function of miRNAs in placental development, and propose future directions for miRNA studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Fu
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
309
|
Tan A, Rajadas J, Seifalian AM. Exosomes as nano-theranostic delivery platforms for gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:357-67. [PMID: 22820532 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are biological membrane vesicles measuring 30 to 100 nm. They contain an abundance of small molecules like tetraspanins, receptors for targeting and adhesion, lipids, and RNA. They are secreted by most biological cells, and are involved in a plethora of physiological functions including, but not limited to, transport of genetic material, modulation of the immune system, and cell-to-cell communication. It has been further reported that exosomes utilize a mechanism similar to that of viruses for gaining entry into cells. Due to their viral-like transfection efficiency and inherent biological function, compelling evidence indicates that exosomes can be used as novel delivery platforms for gene therapy. Furthermore, RNA-containing exosomes derived from cells can serve as functional genetic biomarkers for diseases. This twin modality of therapeutic and diagnostic is termed theranostics in the emerging field of nanomedicine. Hence in this review, we seek to expound on the various facets of exosomes, highlighting their significance in and relevance to nano-theranostic platforms for gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Tan
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
310
|
Olarerin-George AO, Anton L, Hwang YC, Elovitz MA, Hogenesch JB. A functional genomics screen for microRNA regulators of NF-kappaB signaling. BMC Biol 2013; 11:19. [PMID: 23448136 PMCID: PMC3621838 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor-KappaB (NF-κB) pathway is conserved from fruit flies to humans and is a key mediator of inflammatory signaling. Aberrant regulation of NF-κB is associated with several disorders including autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, and cancer, making the NF-κB pathway an attractive therapeutic target. Many regulatory components of the NF-κB pathway have been identified, including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs and are common components of signal transduction pathways. Here we present a cell-based functional genomics screen to systematically identify miRNAs that regulate NF-κB signaling. RESULTS We screened a library of miRNA mimics using a NF-κB reporter cell line in the presence and absence of tumor necrosis factor (+/- TNF). There were 9 and 15 hits in the -TNF and +TNF screens, respectively. We identified putative functional targets of these hits by integrating computational predictions with NF-κB modulators identified in a previous genome-wide cDNA screen. miR-517a and miR-517c were the top hits, activating the reporter 86- and 126-fold, respectively. Consistent with these results, miR-517a/c induced the expression of endogenous NF-κB targets and promoted the nuclear localization of p65 and the degradation of IκB. We identified TNFAIP3 interacting protein1 (TNIP1) as a target and characterized a functional SNP in the miR-517a/c binding site. Lastly, miR-517a/c induced apoptosis in vitro, which was phenocopied by knockdown of TNIP1. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that miRNAs are common components of NF-κB signaling and miR-517a/c may play an important role in linking NF-κB signaling with cell survival through TNIP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Olarerin-George
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, 1420 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Smilow Translational Research Center 10-124, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Bldg. 421, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren Anton
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1354 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yih-Chii Hwang
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, 1420 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1354 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, 1420 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Smilow Translational Research Center 10-124, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Bldg. 421, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
311
|
Higashijima A, Miura K, Mishima H, Kinoshita A, Jo O, Abe S, Hasegawa Y, Miura S, Yamasaki K, Yoshida A, Yoshiura KI, Masuzaki H. Characterization of placenta-specific microRNAs in fetal growth restriction pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:214-22. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Higashijima
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Human Genetics; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Human Genetics; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Ozora Jo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Shuhei Abe
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yuri Hasegawa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Shoko Miura
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamasaki
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Koh-ichiro Yoshiura
- Human Genetics; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Hideaki Masuzaki
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
312
|
Weil D, Hollien J. Cytoplasmic organelles on the road to mRNA decay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:725-31. [PMID: 23337852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Localization of both mRNAs and mRNA decay factors to internal membranes of eukaryotic cells provides a means of coordinately regulating mRNAs with common functions as well as coupling organelle function to mRNA turnover. The classic mechanism of mRNA localization to membranes is the signal sequence-dependent targeting of mRNAs encoding membrane and secreted proteins to the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. More recently, however, mRNAs encoding proteins with cytosolic or nuclear functions have been found associated with various organelles, in many cases through unknown mechanisms. Furthermore, there are several types of RNA granules, many of which are sites of mRNA degradation; these are frequently found associated with membrane-bound organelles such as endosomes and mitochondria. In this review we summarize recent findings that link organelle function and mRNA localization to mRNA decay. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA Decay mechanisms.
Collapse
|
313
|
Oliveira LJ, Barreto RSN, Perecin F, Mansouri-Attia N, Pereira FTV, Meirelles FV. Modulation of maternal immune system during pregnancy in the cow. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 4:384-93. [PMID: 22827396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a molecular crosstalk between the trophoblast and maternal immune cells of bovine endometrium. The uterine cells are able to secrete cytokine/chemokines to either induce a suppressive environment for establishment of the pregnancy or to recruit immune cells to the endometrium to fight infections. Despite morphological differences between women and cows, mechanisms for immune tolerance during pregnancy seem to be conserved. Mechanisms for uterine immunesuppression in the cow include: reduced expression of major histocompatability proteins by the trophoblast; recruitment of macrophages to the pregnant endometrium; and modulation of immune-related genes in response to the presence of the conceptus. Recently, an eGFP transgenic cloned embryo model developed by our group showed that there is modulation of foetal proteins expressed at the site of syncytium formation, suggesting that foetal cell can regulate not only by the secretion of specific factors such as interferon-tau, but also by regulating their own protein expression to avoid excessive maternal recognition by the local immune system. Furthermore, foetal DNA can be detected in the maternal circulation; this may reflect the occurrence of an invasion of trophoblast cells and/or their fragment beyond the uterine basement membrane in the cow. In fact, the newly description of exosome release by the trophoblast cell suggests that could be a new fashion of maternal-foetal communication at the placental barrier. Additionally, recent global transcriptome studies on bovine endometrium suggested that the immune system is aware, from an immunological point of view, of the presence of the foetus in the cow during early pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
314
|
1 0 8. Cancer Biomark 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
315
|
Underexpression of 4 placenta-associated microRNAs in complete hydatidiform moles. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22:1075-80. [PMID: 22672989 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e3182574439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several placental microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as placenta-associated miRNAs with the potential of estimating the condition of the placenta. However, our understanding of these miRNAs is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of 8 placenta-associated miRNAs (miR-512-3p, miR-517a, miR-517b, miR-518b, miR-519a, miR-1185, miR-1283, and miR-1323) in complete hydatidiform mole (CHM). METHODS Samples were obtained from patients with CHM (CHM group, n = 12) and elective terminations of normal pregnancy (control group, n = 20). We detected differentially expressed placenta-associated miRNAs in placenta by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Subsequently, we assessed the expression location of differentially expressed miRNAs by in situ hybridization analysis. RESULTS Four placenta-associated miRNAs (miR-517a, miR-517b, miR-518b, and miR-519a) were underexpressed in the CHM group, compared with the control group (P < 0.01). When further investigating these 4 miRNAs with regard to in vivo localization by in situ hybridization, we found that 2 miRNAs (miR-517b and miR-518b) were detected exclusively in the trophoblast layer, with little signal (if any) observed in villous stroma cells. CONCLUSIONS The results show that 4 miRNAs (miR-517a, miR-517b, miR-518b, and miR-519a) are deregulated in CHM, which suggests the involvement of these miRNAs in the functions of CHM placenta.
Collapse
|
316
|
Shah KM, Webber J, Carzaniga R, Taylor DM, Fusi L, Clayton A, Brosens JJ, Hartshorne G, Christian M. Induction of microRNA resistance and secretion in differentiating human endometrial stromal cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2012; 5:67-70. [PMID: 23103598 PMCID: PMC3755475 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjs058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal M. Shah
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jason Webber
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Raffaella Carzaniga
- Electron Microscopy Centre, Biochemistry Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Deborah M. Taylor
- Division of Reproductive Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Luca Fusi
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Jan J. Brosens
- Division of Reproductive Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Geraldine Hartshorne
- Division of Reproductive Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mark Christian
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
- Correspondence to: Mark Christian, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
317
|
Abstract
The recent discovery of functional cell-free circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in human body fluids has opened new avenues for the application of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as noninvasive, specific and sensitive biomarkers for cancers and other human diseases. In this review, we explore the concept of circulating miRNAs as hormones, and discuss their potential functions in cellular communication and transferring of signals. We also provide a brief overview of their identification, processing, and potential functions and applications in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maitri Y Shah
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
318
|
Wang D, Song W, Na Q. The emerging roles of placenta-specific microRNAs in regulating trophoblast proliferation during the first trimester. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 52:565-70. [PMID: 23046105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2012.01481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the human placenta, eight 'placenta-specific' microRNAs (miRNAs) are exclusively expressed and are associated with high cloning frequencies. The expression of placenta-specific miRNAs is known to be involved in preeclampsia, but the understanding of these miRNAs is still limited. The goal of this study was to investigate the levels and localisations of eight placenta-specific miRNAs in placental villi with different proliferative abilities during the first trimester. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that placental trophoblast proliferation ability was associated with the weight of villi in the same gestational week during the first trimester. Of the eight placenta-specific miRNAs, quantitative real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of miR-517b and miR-1283 was increased in the lightest villi and decreased in the heaviest one, the expression of miR-519a was increased in the heaviest villi and decreased in the lightest one. In situ hybridisation analysis showed that miR-517b and miR-519a were located primarily in the trophoblast layer, while miR-1283 were expressed not only in the villous trophoblasts but also in some villous stroma cells. These findings suggest that miR-517b and miR-519a may play an important role in trophoblast proliferation during the first trimester.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
319
|
Allegra A, Alonci A, Campo S, Penna G, Petrungaro A, Gerace D, Musolino C. Circulating microRNAs: new biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer (review). Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1897-912. [PMID: 23026890 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding, endogenous, single-stranded RNAs. MiRNAs have been implicated in different areas such as the immune response, neural development, DNA repair, apoptosis, oxidative stress response and cancer. However, while the majority of miRNAs are found intracellularly, a significant number of miRNAs have been observed outside of cells, including various body fluids. Circulating miRNAs function as 'extracellular communication RNAs' that play an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation. MiRNA regulation is essential to many cellular processes, and escape from this regulatory network seems to be a common characteristic of several disease processes and malignant transformation. The interest in circulating miRNAs reflects in fact their central role in regulation of gene expression and the implication of miRNA-specific aberrant expression in the pathogenesis of cancer, cardiac, metabolic, neurologic, immune-related diseases as well as others. In our review we aimed to summarize the data related to the action of cellular miRNAs on the onset of various diseases, thus bringing together some of the latest information available on the role of circulating miRNAs. Additionally, the role of circulating miRNAs could be particularly relevant in the context of neoplastic diseases. At least 79 miRNAs have been reported as plasma or serum miRNA biomarkers of solid and hematologic tumors. Circulating miRNA profiling could improve the diagnosis of cancer, and could predict outcome for cancer patients, while the profiling of alterations in circulating miRNA that may signal a predisposition to cancer, could also be a therapeutic target in these patients.
Collapse
|
320
|
Morales-Prieto D, Chaiwangyen W, Ospina-Prieto S, Schneider U, Herrmann J, Gruhn B, Markert U. MicroRNA expression profiles of trophoblastic cells. Placenta 2012; 33:725-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
321
|
Koga Y, Yasunaga M, Moriya Y, Akasu T, Fujita S, Yamamoto S, Matsumura Y. Exosome can prevent RNase from degrading microRNA in feces. J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 2:215-22. [PMID: 22811855 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2011.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because the stability of miRNA in feces has not been clarified, we examined the stability of miRNA in feces. METHODS RNase was added into culture media of HT-29 cells and fecal homogenates. The relative quantifications of miRNA were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Cellular miRNA or exosomal miRNA were protected from RNase by the cellular membrane or the exosome; meanwhile, free miRNA was degraded immediately and completely by RNase. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that exosome or cellular membrane could prevent RNase from degrading miRNA inside the exosome or cells even in a dreadful condition, as in feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Koga
- Investigative Treatment Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
322
|
Wang Z, Lu Y, Han J. Peripheral blood microRNAs: A novel tool for diagnosing disease? Intractable Rare Dis Res 2012; 1:98-102. [PMID: 25343080 PMCID: PMC4204598 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2012.v1.3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, noncoding small RNAs present in blood. Because of their size, abundance, tissue specificity, and relative stability in peripheral circulation, they offer great promise of becoming a novel noninvasive biomarker. However, the mechanism by which they are secreted, their biological function, and the reason for the existence of extracellular miRNAs are largely unclear. This article describes advances in the study of the mechanism of origin and biological function of extracellular miRNAs along with approaches adopted by research and questions that remain. This work also discusses the potential for peripheral blood miRNAs to serve as a diagnostic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Wang
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqin Lu
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Jinxiang Han, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877 Jing-shi Road, Ji'nan, 250062, Shandong, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
323
|
Thomas RA, Scicchitano MS, Mirabile RC, Chau NT, Frazier KS, Thomas HC. MicroRNA changes in rat mesentery and serum associated with drug-induced vascular injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:310-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
324
|
Bianchi DW. From prenatal genomic diagnosis to fetal personalized medicine: progress and challenges. Nat Med 2012; 18:1041-51. [PMID: 22772565 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thus far, the focus of personalized medicine has been the prevention and treatment of conditions that affect adults. Although advances in genetic technology have been applied more frequently to prenatal diagnosis than to fetal treatment, genetic and genomic information is beginning to influence pregnancy management. Recent developments in sequencing the fetal genome combined with progress in understanding fetal physiology using gene expression arrays indicate that we could have the technical capabilities to apply an individualized medicine approach to the fetus. Here I review recent advances in prenatal genetic diagnostics, the challenges associated with these new technologies and how the information derived from them can be used to advance fetal care. Historically, the goal of prenatal diagnosis has been to provide an informed choice to prospective parents. We are now at a point where that goal can and should be expanded to incorporate genetic, genomic and transcriptomic data to develop new approaches to fetal treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana W Bianchi
- The Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center and the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
325
|
Palma J, Yaddanapudi SC, Pigati L, Havens MA, Jeong S, Weiner GA, Weimer KME, Stern B, Hastings ML, Duelli DM. MicroRNAs are exported from malignant cells in customized particles. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9125-38. [PMID: 22772984 PMCID: PMC3467054 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are released from cells in association with proteins or microvesicles. We previously reported that malignant transformation changes the assortment of released miRNAs by affecting whether a particular miRNA species is released or retained by the cell. How this selectivity occurs is unclear. Here we report that selectively exported miRNAs, whose release is increased in malignant cells, are packaged in structures that are different from those that carry neutrally released miRNAs (n-miRNAs), whose release is not affected by malignancy. By separating breast cancer cell microvesicles, we find that selectively released miRNAs associate with exosomes and nucleosomes. However, n-miRNAs of breast cancer cells associate with unconventional exosomes, which are larger than conventional exosomes and enriched in CD44, a protein relevant to breast cancer metastasis. Based on their large size, we call these vesicles L-exosomes. Contrary to the distribution of miRNAs among different microvesicles of breast cancer cells, normal cells release all measured miRNAs in a single type of vesicle. Our results suggest that malignant transformation alters the pathways through which specific miRNAs are exported from cells. These changes in the particles and their miRNA cargo could be used to detect the presence of malignant cells in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Palma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
326
|
Bullerdiek J, Flor I. Exosome-delivered microRNAs of "chromosome 19 microRNA cluster" as immunomodulators in pregnancy and tumorigenesis. Mol Cytogenet 2012; 5:27. [PMID: 22559272 PMCID: PMC3388007 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-5-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structural rearrangements of chromosomal band 19q13 are a non-random cytogenetic abnormality in thyroid adenomas and adenomatous goiters and lead to an expression of miRNAs of the chromosome 19 microRNA cluster C19MC. Normally, expression of these miRNAs is silenced except for embryonic stem cells and the placenta where they represent the majority of miRNAs not only in the trophoblast but also in exosomes derived from it. Presentation of the hypothesis We have advanced the hypothesis that as part of the feto-maternal communication miRNAs of C19MC serve immunomodulatory functions in the placenta and confer a growth advantage to thyroid nodules by protecting them against autoimmune attacks. More precisely, the exosomes containing these miRNAs may specifically target immune cells in their local environment as well as systemically by transferring their cargo to recipient cells. Within these target cells the transferred miRNAs can interact with mRNAs of the recipient cells thereby suppressing their immune-specific functions. Testing the hypothesis Experiments used to demonstrate the immunomodulatory capacity of placenta-derived exosomes can be modified by transfecting the target cells with those miRNAs of C19MC represented in placental exosomes. Implications of the hypothesis Mimics of C19MC-derived miRNAs might develop to useful drug candidates for the treatment of autoimmune disease as e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren’s syndrome and for the prevention of transplant rejection. In case of tumor entities with elevated expression of C19MC miRNAs these miRNAs may be interesting targets for treatment with appropriate antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Bullerdiek
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Leobener Str, ZHG, Bremen, 28359, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
327
|
Gu H, Li H, Zhang L, Luan H, Huang T, Wang L, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang W, Yuan Z. Diagnostic role of microRNA expression profile in the serum of pregnant women with fetuses with neural tube defects. J Neurochem 2012; 122:641-9. [PMID: 22642222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of placental microRNAs (miRNAs) in maternal serum has opened up new possibilities for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. However, the expression of miRNAs in the serum of pregnant women with fetuses with neural tube defects (NTDs) has not been characterized. In this article, we explored serum miRNAs as potential biomarkers in the serum of pregnant women with NTD fetuses. By using a miRNA microarray that covers 887 human miRNAs, we revealed 17 miRNAs with significant change in expression in serum of pregnant women with NTD fetuses and women with normal pregnancies. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis validated that the expression for six miRNAs (miR-142-3p, miR-144, miR-720, miR-575, miR-765, and miR-1182) was up-regulated and that for miR-1275 was down-regulated. To determine whether these miRNAs were related to pregnancy, we compared the miRNA levels in pre- and post-delivery maternal serum samples. Six of these miRNAs were rapidly reduced in post-delivery serum (p < 0.05). Moreover, by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of combining these six miRNAs was 0.803 (p < 0.001). Thus, we reveal six pregnancy-associated miRNAs that are deregulated in the serum of pregnant women with NTD fetuses and highlight the clinical potential of serum miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognostication of fetal NTDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
328
|
van der Pol E, Böing AN, Harrison P, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Classification, Functions, and Clinical Relevance of Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:676-705. [PMID: 22722893 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1276] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
329
|
Wahlgren J, De L Karlson T, Brisslert M, Vaziri Sani F, Telemo E, Sunnerhagen P, Valadi H. Plasma exosomes can deliver exogenous short interfering RNA to monocytes and lymphocytes. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:e130. [PMID: 22618874 PMCID: PMC3458529 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the promise of RNA interference (RNAi) and its potential, e.g. for use in cancer therapy, several technical obstacles must first be overcome. The major hurdle of RNAi-based therapeutics is to deliver nucleic acids across the cell's plasma membrane. This study demonstrates that exosome vesicles derived from humans can deliver short interfering RNA (siRNA) to human mononuclear blood cells. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles of endocytic origin that are involved in cell-to-cell communication, i.e. antigen presentation, tolerance development and shuttle RNA (mainly mRNA and microRNA). Having tested different strategies, an optimized method (electroporation) was used to introduce siRNA into human exosomes of various origins. Plasma exosomes (exosomes from peripheral blood) were used as gene delivery vector (GDV) to transport exogenous siRNA to human blood cells. The vesicles effectively delivered the administered siRNA into monocytes and lymphocytes, causing selective gene silencing of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1. These data suggest that human exosomes can be used as a GDV to provide cells with heterologous nucleic acids such as therapeutic siRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480 and Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Lundberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
330
|
Mase Y, Ishibashi O, Ishikawa T, Takizawa T, Kiguchi K, Ohba T, Katabuchi H, Takeshita T, Takizawa T. MiR-21 is enriched in the RNA-induced silencing complex and targets COL4A1 in human granulosa cell lines. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:1030-40. [PMID: 22573493 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112442245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological events. In this study, we performed large-scale profiling of EIF2C2-bound miRNAs in 3 human granulosa-derived cell lines (ie, KGN, HSOGT, and GC1a) by high-throughput sequencing and found that miR-21 accounted for more than 80% of EIF2C2-bound miRNAs, suggesting that it was enriched in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and played a functional role in human granulosa cell (GC) lines. We also found high expression levels of miR-21 in primary human GCs. Assuming that miR-21 target mRNAs are enriched in RISC, we performed cDNA cloning of EIF2C2-bound mRNAs in KGN cells. We identified COL4A1 mRNA as a miR-21 target in the GC lines. These data suggest that miR-21 is involved in the regulation of the synthesis of COL4A1, a component of the basement membrane surrounding the GC layer and granulosa-embedded extracellular structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Mase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
331
|
Flor I, Neumann A, Freter C, Helmke BM, Langenbuch M, Rippe V, Bullerdiek J. Abundant expression and hemimethylation of C19MC in cell cultures from placenta-derived stromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:411-6. [PMID: 22575509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs of the chromosome 19 microRNA cluster (C19MC) are known to be abundantly expressed in the placenta. Their genes are located on the long arm of chromosome 19 and seem to be part of a large imprinted region. Although the data available so far suggest important functions in the placenta, no data are available on their general expression patterns in cultures of placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (PDMSC). Surprisingly, qRT-PCR on tissue cultures from first-trimester and term placenta mesenchymal stromal cells showed an abundant expression of the cluster members miR-517a-3p, miR-519a-3p, and miR-520c-3p. Accordingly, analyses of methylation patterns suggested that these cells had escaped methylation and epigenetic silencing, respectively, of the paternal allele. This was confirmed by the results of treatment of chorionic villous stromal cells by the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Our results offer clear evidence that, in contrast to what is suggested in previous papers, members of C19MC are highly expressed in PDMSC indicating that their placenta-specific functions are not restricted to the trophoblast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Flor
- Zentrum für Humangenetik, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. ZHG, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
332
|
Ma R, Jiang T, Kang X. Circulating microRNAs in cancer: origin, function and application. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:38. [PMID: 22546315 PMCID: PMC3431991 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. The dysregulation of miRNAs has been linked to a series of diseases, including various types of cancer. Since their discovery in the circulation of cancer patients, there has been a steady increase in the study of circulating miRNAs as stable, non-invasive biomarkers. However, the origin and function of circulating miRNAs has not been systematically elucidated. In this review, we summarize the discovery of circulating miRNAs and their potential as biomarkers. We further emphasize their possible origin and function. Finally, we discuss the application and existing questions surrounding circulating miRNAs in cancer diagnostics. Although several challenges remain to be concerned, circulating miRNAs could be useful, non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Ma
- Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
333
|
Hu G, Drescher KM, Chen XM. Exosomal miRNAs: Biological Properties and Therapeutic Potential. Front Genet 2012; 3:56. [PMID: 22529849 PMCID: PMC3330238 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding regulatory RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, are master regulators of a wide array of cellular processes. Altered miRNA expression could be a determinant of disease development and/or progression and manipulation of miRNA expression represents a potential avenue of therapy. Exosomes are cell-derived extracellular vesicles that promote cell–cell communication and immunoregulatory functions. These “bioactive vesicles” shuttle various molecules, including miRNAs, to recipient cells. Inappropriate release of miRNAs from exosomes may cause significant alterations in biological pathways that affect disease development, supporting the concept that miRNA-containing exosomes could serve as targeted therapies for particular diseases. This review briefly summarizes recent advances in the biology, function, and therapeutic potential of exosomal miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoku Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
334
|
Ekström K, Valadi H, Sjöstrand M, Malmhäll C, Bossios A, Eldh M, Lötvall J. Characterization of mRNA and microRNA in human mast cell-derived exosomes and their transfer to other mast cells and blood CD34 progenitor cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2012; 1:18389. [PMID: 24009880 PMCID: PMC3760639 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v1i0.18389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are nanosized vesicles of endocytic origin that are released into the extracellular environment by many different cells. It has been shown that exosomes from various cellular origins contain a substantial amount of RNA (mainly mRNA and microRNA). More importantly, exosomes are capable of delivering their RNA content to target cells, which is a novel way of cell-to-cell communication. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether exosomal shuttle RNA could play a role in the communication between human mast cells and between human mast cells and human CD34+ progenitor cells. Methods The mRNA and microRNA content of exosomes from a human mast cell line, HMC-1, was analysed by using microarray technology. Co-culture experiments followed by flow cytometry analysis and confocal microscopy as well as radioactive labeling experiments were performed to examine the uptake of these exosomes and the shuttle of the RNA to other mast cells and CD34+ progenitor cells. Results In this study, we show that human mast cells release RNA-containing exosomes, with the capacity to shuttle RNA between cells. Interestingly, by using microRNA microarray analysis, 116 microRNAs could be identified in the exosomes and 134 microRNAs in the donor mast cells. Furthermore, DNA microarray experiments revealed the presence of approximately 1800 mRNAs in the exosomes, which represent 15% of the donor cell mRNA content. In addition, transfer experiments revealed that exosomes can shuttle RNA between human mast cells and to CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Conclusion These findings suggest that exosomal shuttle RNA (esRNA) can play a role in the communication between cells, including mast cells and CD34+ progenitor cells, implying a role in cells maturation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ekström
- Krefting Research Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
335
|
Holder BS, Tower CL, Jones CJP, Aplin JD, Abrahams VM. Heightened pro-inflammatory effect of preeclamptic placental microvesicles on peripheral blood immune cells in humans. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:103. [PMID: 22205696 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.097014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with the presence of circulating placental microvesicles (MVs). Increased MV shedding and altered immune activation are seen in patients with preeclampsia, suggesting that placental MVs may play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by MVs shed by first-trimester, normal term, and preeclamptic term placenta. First-trimester and preeclamptic term, but not normal term, placental-derived MVs activated PBMCs, as evidenced by elevated IL1B. Significant changes were also seen with several other cytokines and chemokines, and in general when compared to normal term MVs, preeclamptic MVs induced a greater pro-inflammatory response in PBMCs. Pretreatment of PBMCs with first-trimester or normal term placental MVs resulted in a dampened IL1B response to a subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. In contrast, treatment of PBMCs with preeclamptic term placental MVs exacerbated the LPS response. This was also the case for several other cytokines and chemokines. These studies suggest that placental MVs can modulate basal peripheral immune cell activation and responsiveness to LPS during normal pregnancy, and that in preeclampsia this effect is exacerbated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth S Holder
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, University of Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
336
|
Tumor cell-derived exosomes: a message in a bottle. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:103-11. [PMID: 22503823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes constitute the newest mode of intercellular communication, transmitting information between cells. This exchange of molecular information is facilitated by their unique composition which is enriched with enzymes, structural proteins, adhesion molecules, lipid rafts and RNAs. Following the discovery that cancer cells secrete excessive amounts of exosomes compared to normal cells, it became evident that i) these vesicles can be used as diagnostic markers; ii) their active secretion has functional implications, albeit unknown whether they are tumor promoting or suppressing. Notably, the interplay via the exchange of exosomes between cancer cells and between cancer cells and the tumor stroma may promote the transfer of oncogenes (e.g. β-catenin, CEA, HER2, Melan-A/Mart-1 and LMP-1) and onco-microRNAs (e.g. let7, miR1, miR15, miR16 and miR375) from one cell to another, leading to the reprogramming of the recipient cells. The molecular composition and functional role of tumor cell-derived exosomes in tumorigenesis, metastasis and response to therapy are slowly decrypted and the latest findings as well as potential therapeutic strategies are discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
337
|
Luo L, Ye G, Nadeem L, Fu G, Yang BB, Honarparvar E, Dunk C, Lye S, Peng C. MicroRNA-378a-5p promotes trophoblast cell survival, migration and invasion by targeting Nodal. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3124-32. [PMID: 22454525 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily that plays crucial roles during embryogenesis. Recently, we have reported that Nodal inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but induces apoptosis in the human placenta. In this study, we examined the regulation of Nodal by microRNAs. In silico analysis of Nodal 3'UTR revealed a potential binding site for miR-378a-5p. In luciferase reporter assays, we found that miR-378a-5p suppressed the luciferase activity of a reporter plasmid containing Nodal 3'UTR but this suppressive effect was completely abolished when the predicted target site was mutated. Western blot analysis showed that miR-378a-5p decreased whereas anti-miR-378a-5p increased Nodal protein levels. These results indicate that miR-378a-5p targets Nodal 3'UTR to repress its expression. Stable transfection of the miR-378a-5p precursor, mir-378a, into HTR8/SVneo cells enhanced cell survival, proliferation, migration and invasion. Transient transfection of mature miR-378a-5p mimic, and to a lesser extent, siRNA targeting Nodal, produced similar effects. However, anti-miR-378a-5p inhibited cell migration and invasion. In addition, overexpression of Nodal reversed the invasion-promoting effect of miR-378a-5p. Furthermore, miR-378a-5p enhanced, whereas anti-miR-378a-5p suppressed, the outgrowth and spreading of extravillous trophoblast cells in first trimester placental explants. Finally, miR-378a-5p was detected in human placenta throughout different stages of gestation and in preterm pregnancies, placental miR-378a-5p levels were lower in preeclamptic patients than in healthy controls. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that miR-378a-5p plays an important role in human placental development by regulating trophoblast cell growth, survival, migration and invasion, and that miR-378a-5p exerts these effects, at least in part, through the suppression of Nodal expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Luo
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
338
|
Rull K, Nagirnaja L, Laan M. Genetics of recurrent miscarriage: challenges, current knowledge, future directions. Front Genet 2012; 3:34. [PMID: 22457663 PMCID: PMC3306920 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent miscarriage (RM) occurs in 1-3% of couples aiming at childbirth. Due to multifactorial etiology the clinical diagnosis of RM varies. The design of genetic/"omics" studies to identify genes and biological mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of RM has challenges as there are several options in defining the study subjects (female patient and/or couple with miscarriages, fetus/placenta) and controls. An ideal study would attempt a trio-design focusing on both partners as well as pregnancies of the couple. Application of genetic association studies focusing on pre-selected candidate genes with potential pathological effect in RM show limitations. Polymorphisms in ∼100 genes have been investigated and association with RM is often inconclusive or negative. Also, implication of prognostic molecular diagnostic tests in clinical practice exhibits uncertainties. Future directions in investigating biomolecular risk factors for RM rely on integrating alternative approaches (SNPs, copy number variations, gene/protein expression, epigenetic regulation) in studies of single genes as well as whole-genome analysis. This would be enhanced by collaborative network between research centers and RM clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Rull
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
339
|
Zhao Z, Zhao Q, Warrick J, Lockwood CM, Woodworth A, Moley KH, Gronowski AM. Circulating microRNA miR-323-3p as a biomarker of ectopic pregnancy. Clin Chem 2012; 58:896-905. [PMID: 22395025 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.179283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone to identify patients with ectopic pregnancy (EP) has been shown to have poor clinical utility. Pregnancy-associated circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of pregnancy-associated complications. This proof-of-concept study examined the diagnostic accuracy of various miRNAs to detect EP in an emergency department (ED) setting. METHODS This study was a retrospective case-control analysis of 89 women who presented to the ED with vaginal bleeding and/or abdominal pain/cramping and received a diagnosis of viable intrauterine pregnancy (VIP), spontaneous abortion (SA), or EP. Serum hCG and progesterone concentrations were measured by immunoassays. The serum concentrations of miRNAs miR-323-3p, miR-517a, miR-519d, and miR-525-3p were measured with TaqMan real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the clinical utility of these biomarkers, both as single markers and as multimarker panels for EP. RESULTS Concentrations of serum hCG, progesterone, miR-517a, miR-519d, and miR-525-3p were significantly lower in EP and SA cases than in VIP cases (P < 0.01). In contrast, the concentration of miR-323-3p was significantly increased in EP cases, compared with SA and VIP cases (P < 0.01). As a single marker, miR-323-3p had the highest sensitivity of 37.0% (at a fixed specificity of 90%). In comparison, the combined panel of hCG, progesterone, and miR-323-3p yielded the highest sensitivity (77.8%, at a fixed specificity of 90%). A stepwise analysis that used hCG first, added progesterone, and then added miR-323-3p yielded a 96.3% sensitivity and a 72.6% specificity. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy-associated miRNAs, especially miR-323-3p, added substantial diagnostic accuracy to a panel including hCG and progesterone for the diagnosis of EP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
340
|
Chen X, Liang H, Zhang J, Zen K, Zhang CY. Secreted microRNAs: a new form of intercellular communication. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:125-32. [PMID: 22260888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
341
|
Donker RB, Mouillet JF, Chu T, Hubel CA, Stolz DB, Morelli AE, Sadovsky Y. The expression profile of C19MC microRNAs in primary human trophoblast cells and exosomes. Mol Hum Reprod 2012; 18:417-24. [PMID: 22383544 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gas013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest gene cluster of human microRNAs (miRNAs), the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC), is exclusively expressed in the placenta and in undifferentiated cells. The precise expression pattern and function of C19MC members are unknown. We sought to profile the relative expression of C19MC miRNAs in primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells and exosomes. Using high-throughput profiling, confirmed by PCR, we found that C19MC miRNAs are among the most abundant miRNAs in term human trophoblasts. Hypoxic stress selectively reduced miR-520c-3p expression at certain time-points with no effect on other C19MC miRNAs. Similarly, differentiation in vitro had a negligible effect on C19MC miRNAs. We found that C19MC miRNAs are the predominant miRNA species expressed in exosomes released from PHT, resembling the profile of trophoblastic cellular miRNA. Predictably, we detected the similar levels of circulating C19MC miRNAs in the serum of healthy pregnant women at term and in women with pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. Our data define the relative expression levels of C19MC miRNAs in trophoblasts and exosomes, and suggest that C19MC miRNAs function in placental-maternal signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Donker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
342
|
Horizontal transfer of microRNAs: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Protein Cell 2012; 3:28-37. [PMID: 22314808 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of RNA regulatory genes known as microRNAs (miRNAs) has been found to introduce a whole new layer of gene regulation in eukaryotes. The intensive studies of the past several years have demonstrated that miRNAs are not only found intracellularly, but are also detectable outside cells, including in various body fluids (e.g. serum, plasma, saliva, urine and milk). This phenomenon raises questions about the biological function of such extracellular miRNAs. Substantial amounts of extracellular miRNAs are enclosed in small membranous vesicles (e.g. exosomes, shedding vesicles and apoptotic bodies) or packaged with RNA-binding proteins (e.g. high-density lipoprotein, Argonaute 2 and nucleophosmin 1). These miRNAs may function as secreted signaling molecules to influence the recipient cell phenotypes. Furthermore, secreted extracellular miRNAs may reflect molecular changes in the cells from which they are derived and can therefore potentially serve as diagnostic indicators of disease. Several studies also point to the potential application of siRNA/miRNA delivery as a new therapeutic strategy for treating diseases. In this review, we summarize what is known about the mechanism of miRNA secretion. In addition, we describe the pathophysiological roles of secreted miRNAs and their clinical potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic drugs. We believe that miRNA transfer between cells will have a significant impact on biological research in the coming years.
Collapse
|
343
|
Review: Does size matter? Placental debris and the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2012; 33 Suppl:S48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
344
|
Lam EWF, Shah K, Brosens JJ. The diversity of sex steroid action: the role of micro-RNAs and FOXO transcription factors in cycling endometrium and cancer. J Endocrinol 2012; 212:13-25. [PMID: 21382987 DOI: 10.1530/joe-10-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rise and fall in ovarian oestrogen and progesterone production orchestrates a series of events that are indispensable for reproduction, including ovulation, implantation, decidualisation and menstruation. In the uterus, these events involve extensive tissue remodelling, characterised by waves of endometrial cell proliferation, differentiation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, apoptosis, tissue breakdown, menstruation and regeneration. The ability of ovarian hormones to trigger such diverse physiological responses is foremost dependent upon interaction of activated steroid receptors with specific transcription factors, such as Forkhead box class O (FOXO) proteins, involved in cell fate decisions. Furthermore, micro-RNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that function as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, have emerged as a major regulator system of steroid hormone responses in the female reproductive tract. Consequently, increasing evidence shows that deregulated uterine miRNA expression underpins a spectrum of common reproductive disorders, ranging from implantation failure to endometriosis. Furthermore, by targeting FOXO transcription factors and other key regulators of tissue homeostasis, oncogenic endometrial miRNAs promote tumourigenesis and cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W-F Lam
- Cancer Research-UK Laboratories, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
345
|
Ishibashi O, Ohkuchi A, Ali MM, Kurashina R, Luo SS, Ishikawa T, Takizawa T, Hirashima C, Takahashi K, Migita M, Ishikawa G, Yoneyama K, Asakura H, Izumi A, Matsubara S, Takeshita T, Takizawa T. Hydroxysteroid (17-β) dehydrogenase 1 is dysregulated by miR-210 and miR-518c that are aberrantly expressed in preeclamptic placentas: a novel marker for predicting preeclampsia. Hypertension 2011; 59:265-73. [PMID: 22203747 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.180232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to search for novel preeclampsia (PE) biomarkers, we focused on microRNA expression and function in the human placenta complicated with PE. By comprehensive analyses of microRNA expression, we identified 22 microRNAs significantly upregulated in preeclamptic placentas, 5 of which were predicted in silico to commonly target the mRNA encoding hydroxysteroid (17-β) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17B1), a steroidogenetic enzyme expressed predominantly in the placenta. In vivo HSD17B1 expression, at both the mRNA and protein levels, was significantly decreased in preeclamptic placentas. Of these microRNAs, miR-210 and miR-518c were experimentally validated to target HSD17B1 by luciferase assay, real-time PCR, and ELISA. Furthermore, we found that plasma HSD17B1 protein levels in preeclamptic pregnant women reflected the decrease of its placental expression. Moreover, a prospective cohort study of plasma HSD17B1 revealed a significant reduction of plasma HSD17B1 levels in pregnant women at 20 to 23 and 27 to 30 weeks of gestation before PE onset compared with those with normal pregnancies. The sensitivities/specificities for predicting PE at 20 to 23 and 27 to 30 weeks of gestation were 0.75/0.67 (cutoff value=21.9 ng/mL) and 0.88/0.51 (cutoff value=30.5 ng/mL), and the odds ratios were 6.09 (95% CI: 2.35-15.77) and 7.83 (95% CI: 1.70-36.14), respectively. We conclude that HSD17B1 is dysregulated by miR-210 and miR-518c that are aberrantly expressed in preeclamptic placenta and that reducing plasma level of HSD17B1 precedes the onset of PE and is a potential prognostic factor for PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
346
|
Clifton VL, Stark MJ, Osei-Kumah A, Hodyl NA. Review: The feto-placental unit, pregnancy pathology and impact on long term maternal health. Placenta 2011; 33 Suppl:S37-41. [PMID: 22118870 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy induces a number of alterations to maternal physiology to accommodate the increased demands made by the developing fetus and placenta. These alterations appear at least in part to be driven by products derived from the feto-placental unit, including microchimeric cells, as well as placental exosomes and microparticles, inducing changes to maternal physiology both during pregnancy and beyond. Further, increasing evidence suggests that some of these alterations are dependent on the sex of the fetus. Pre-eclampsia and asthma represent two common pregnancy complications that have provided valuable insight into how the feto-placental unit influences maternal physiology in a sex-specific manner. Pregnancy-induced alterations in maternal physiology may expose pre-existing subclinical pathologies and provide insight into future maternal health and disease. While most pregnancy-induced alterations to the maternal system are reversed following delivery, some can persist after parturition leading to cardiovascular, metabolic and autoimmune disease and increased risk of early mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V L Clifton
- The Robinson Institute, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
347
|
Ishibashi O, Ali MM, Luo SS, Ohba T, Katabuchi H, Takeshita T, Takizawa T. Short RNA duplexes elicit RIG-I-mediated apoptosis in a cell type- and length-dependent manner. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra74. [PMID: 22067459 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses. In functional studies with short interfering RNAs or synthetic mimics of microRNA precursors in vitro, we found that short dsRNAs readily induced apoptosis in cells derived from human granulosa cell tumors, but not in other cell types. Apoptosis was independent of the sequence of the dsRNA, but depended on its length, and was induced by 23- and 24-nucleotide (nt) dsRNAs, but not by shorter dsRNAs (< 22 nt) or by the long dsRNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Microarray analysis revealed that apoptosis was accompanied by the increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes; however, several lines of evidence showed that IFNs did not directly induce apoptosis. Subsequent analyses revealed that the short dsRNAs increased the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) through dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Although these dsRNAs bore 3' overhangs and nontriphosphate 5' termini, which are not thought to be RIG-I-activating structures, the dsRNAs bound to RIG-I and triggered proapoptotic signaling mostly by activating RIG-I, which was followed by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Thus, we suggest that ligand recognition and subsequent signaling by RNA sensors are more complicated than previously believed. In addition, short dsRNAs may serve as pharmacological agents to target specific tumors, such as granulosa cell tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
348
|
Keller A, Backes C, Leidinger P, Kefer N, Boisguerin V, Barbacioru C, Vogel B, Matzas M, Huwer H, Katus HA, Stähler C, Meder B, Meese E. Next-generation sequencing identifies novel microRNAs in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:3187-99. [PMID: 22027949 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly envisaged as biomarkers for various tumor and non-tumor diseases. MiRNA biomarker identification is, as of now, mostly performed in a candidate approach, limiting discovery to annotated miRNAs and ignoring unknown ones with potential diagnostic value. Here, we applied high-throughput SOLiD transcriptome sequencing of miRNAs expressed in human peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer. We developed a bioinformatics pipeline to generate profiles of miRNA markers and to detect novel miRNAs with diagnostic information. Applying our approach, we detected 76 previously unknown miRNAs and 41 novel mature forms of known precursors. In addition, we identified 32 annotated and seven unknown miRNAs that were significantly altered in cancer patients. These results demonstrate that deep sequencing of small RNAs bears high potential to quantify miRNAs in peripheral blood and to identify previously unknown miRNAs serving as biomarker for lung cancer.
Collapse
|
349
|
Yang M, Chen J, Su F, Yu B, Su F, Lin L, Liu Y, Huang JD, Song E. Microvesicles secreted by macrophages shuttle invasion-potentiating microRNAs into breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:117. [PMID: 21939504 PMCID: PMC3190352 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are alternatively activated cells induced by interleukin-4 (IL-4)-releasing CD4+ T cells. TAMs promote breast cancer invasion and metastasis; however, the mechanisms underlying these interactions between macrophages and tumor cells that lead to cancer metastasis remain elusive. Previous studies have found microRNAs (miRNAs) circulating in the peripheral blood and have identified microvesicles, or exosomes, as mediators of cell-cell communication. Therefore, one alternative mechanism for the promotion of breast cancer cell invasion by TAMs may be through macrophage-secreted exosomes, which would deliver invasion-potentiating miRNAs to breast cancer cells. RESULTS We utilized a co-culture system with IL-4-activated macrophages and breast cancer cells to verify that miRNAs are transported from macrophages to breast cancer cells. The shuttling of fluorescently-labeled exogenous miRNAs from IL-4-activated macrophages to co-cultivated breast cancer cells without direct cell-cell contact was observed. miR-223, a miRNA specific for IL-4-activated macrophages, was detected within the exosomes released by macrophages and was significantly elevated in the co-cultivated SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The invasiveness of the co-cultivated breast cancer cells decreased when the IL-4-activated macrophages were treated with a miR-223 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that would inhibit miR-223 expression. Furthermore, results from a functional assay revealed that miR-223 promoted the invasion of breast cancer cells via the Mef2c-β-catenin pathway. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that macrophages regulate the invasiveness of breast cancer cells through exosome-mediated delivery of oncogenic miRNAs. Our data provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the metastasis-promoting interactions between macrophages and breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
350
|
Askelund KJ, Chamley LW. Trophoblast deportation part I: review of the evidence demonstrating trophoblast shedding and deportation during human pregnancy. Placenta 2011; 32:716-23. [PMID: 21855136 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast deportation was first described before the turn of the 20th Century by the German Scientist Schmorl and is now considered a normal physiological process during human pregnancy. Increased shedding and deportation of placental trophoblast is well documented in preeclampsia, one of the most common diseases of pregnancy. This review summarises the seminal historical and contemporary publications that have contributed to our knowledge of trophoblast deportation to the maternal lungs, their presence and quantity in the maternal circulation during normal pregnancy and during preeclampsia, and the range of morphologies deported trophoblasts display. Finally, the contentious nature of the deported multinucleated trophoblasts' current nomenclature (syncytial knots vs. sprouts) is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Askelund
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|