301
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Proteomics of colorectal cancer: Overview of discovery studies and identification of commonly identified cancer-associated proteins and candidate CRC serum markers. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1873-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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302
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Bener A. Colon cancer in rapidly developing countries: review of the lifestyle, dietary, consanguinity and hereditary risk factors. Oncol Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-010-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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303
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O'Connor PM, Lapointe TK, Beck PL, Buret AG. Mechanisms by which inflammation may increase intestinal cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1411-20. [PMID: 20155848 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are at increased risk of developing intestinal cancers via mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. However, chronic inflammation and repeated events of inflammatory relapse in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) expose these patients to a number of signals known to have tumorigenic effects including persistent activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin pathways, release of proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, and enhanced local levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These inflammatory signals can contribute to carcinogenesis via 3 major processes: 1) by increasing oxidative stress, which promotes DNA mutagenesis thus contributing to tumor initiation; 2) by activating prosurvival and antiapoptotic pathways in epithelial cells, thereby contributing to tumor promotion; and 3) by creating an environment that supports sustained growth, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, thus supporting tumor progression and metastasis. The present review integrates clinical and basic research observations in an attempt to provide a comprehensive understanding of how inflammatory processes may contribute to intestinal cancer development in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M O'Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences and Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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304
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Terzić J, Grivennikov S, Karin E, Karin M. Inflammation and colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2101-2114.e5. [PMID: 20420949 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1437] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The connection between inflammation and tumorigenesis is well-established and in the last decade has received a great deal of supporting evidence from genetic, pharmacological, and epidemiological data. Inflammatory bowel disease is an important risk factor for the development of colon cancer. Inflammation is also likely to be involved with other forms of sporadic as well as heritable colon cancer. The molecular mechanisms by which inflammation promotes cancer development are still being uncovered and could differ between colitis-associated and other forms of colorectal cancer. Recent work has elucidated the role of distinct immune cells, cytokines, and other immune mediators in virtually all steps of colon tumorigenesis, including initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis. These mechanisms, as well as new approaches to prevention and therapy, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Terzić
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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305
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Jasperson KW, Tuohy TM, Neklason DW, Burt RW. Hereditary and familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2044-58. [PMID: 20420945 PMCID: PMC3057468 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 774] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Between 2% to 5% of all colon cancers arise in the setting of well-defined inherited syndromes, including Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, MUTYH-associated polyposis, and certain hamartomatous polyposis conditions. Each is associated with a high risk of colon cancer. In addition to the syndromes, up to one-third of colon cancers exhibit increased familial risk, likely related to inheritance. A number of less penetrant, but possibly more frequent susceptibility genes have been identified for this level of inheritance. Clarification of predisposing genes allows for accurate risk assessment and more precise screening approaches. This review examines the colon cancer syndromes, their genetics and management, and also the common familial colon cancers with current genetic advances and screening guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory W. Jasperson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Thérèse M. Tuohy
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Deborah W. Neklason
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Randall W. Burt
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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306
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Song L, Yuan F, Zhang Y. Does a helicase activity help mismatch repair in eukaryotes? IUBMB Life 2010; 62:548-53. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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307
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Pérez-Carbonell L, Alenda C, Payá A, Castillejo A, Barberá VM, Guillén C, Rojas E, Acame N, Gutiérrez-Aviñó FJ, Castells A, Llor X, Andreu M, Soto JL, Jover R. Methylation analysis of MLH1 improves the selection of patients for genetic testing in Lynch syndrome. J Mol Diagn 2010; 12:498-504. [PMID: 20489114 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of MLH1 due to promoter hypermethylation strongly suggests a sporadic origin, providing exclusion criteria for Lynch syndrome. The aim of this study is to compare the utility of methylation analysis of MLH1 and BRAF V600E mutations for the selection of patients with MLH1 negative colorectal cancer for genetic testing. MLH1 methylation status was evaluated by MethyLight and methylation-specific MLPA (MS-MLPA) in tumor DNA from 73 colorectal cancer patients with loss of MLH1 protein expression. These tumors were analyzed for BRAF V600E mutations, and genetic testing for germline MLH1 mutations was performed in all corresponding patients. Ten patients had germline mutations in MLH1 and none of their tumors showed significant MLH1 methylation or BRAF V600E mutation. MLH1 genetic testing excluded patients by MethyLight in 47 patients (64%), by MS-MLPA in 49 (67%), and BRAF V600E mutation in only 25 patients (34%) (chi(2) P = 0.00001). Specificity was 75% for MethyLight, 78% for MS-MLPA and 40% for BRAF V600E mutation. The use of MethyLight or MS-MLPA instead of BRAF mutation resulted in a cost reduction of 41% and 45%, respectively, per every MLH1 mutation detected. Taken together, methylation analysis of MLH1 shows better performance characteristics than BRAF V600E mutation in the selection of patients for genetic testing of MLH1, especially when using MS-MLPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pérez-Carbonell
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Pintor Baeza 12, 03010 Alicante, Spain
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308
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Distinct high resolution genome profiles of early onset and late onset colorectal cancer integrated with gene expression data identify candidate susceptibility loci. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:100. [PMID: 20459617 PMCID: PMC2885343 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estimates suggest that up to 30% of colorectal cancers (CRC) may develop due to an increased genetic risk. The mean age at diagnosis for CRC is about 70 years. Time of disease onset 20 years younger than the mean age is assumed to be indicative of genetic susceptibility. We have compared high resolution tumor genome copy number variation (CNV) (Roche NimbleGen, 385 000 oligo CGH array) in microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors from two age groups, including 23 young at onset patients without known hereditary syndromes and with a median age of 44 years (range: 28-53) and 17 elderly patients with median age 79 years (range: 69-87). Our aim was to identify differences in the tumor genomes between these groups and pinpoint potential susceptibility loci. Integration analysis of CNV and genome wide mRNA expression data, available for the same tumors, was performed to identify a restricted candidate gene list. Results The total fraction of the genome with aberrant copy number, the overall genomic profile and the TP53 mutation spectrum were similar between the two age groups. However, both the number of chromosomal aberrations and the number of breakpoints differed significantly between the groups. Gains of 2q35, 10q21.3-22.1, 10q22.3 and 19q13.2-13.31 and losses from 1p31.3, 1q21.1, 2q21.2, 4p16.1-q28.3, 10p11.1 and 19p12, positions that in total contain more than 500 genes, were found significantly more often in the early onset group as compared to the late onset group. Integration analysis revealed a covariation of DNA copy number at these sites and mRNA expression for 107 of the genes. Seven of these genes, CLC, EIF4E, LTBP4, PLA2G12A, PPAT, RG9MTD2, and ZNF574, had significantly different mRNA expression comparing median expression levels across the transcriptome between the two groups. Conclusions Ten genomic loci, containing more than 500 protein coding genes, are identified as more often altered in tumors from early onset versus late onset CRC. Integration of genome and transcriptome data identifies seven novel candidate genes with the potential to identify an increased risk for CRC.
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309
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Hesson LB, Hitchins MP, Ward RL. Epimutations and cancer predisposition: importance and mechanisms. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:290-8. [PMID: 20359882 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Germline sequence mutations in tumour suppressor genes can cause cancer predisposition syndromes. More recently, epimutations have also been proposed to cause at least one such syndrome, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). 'Epigenetic predisposition', is defined as an inherited propensity to an altered epigenetic state in normal tissues that confers a predisposition to disease. Genetic sequence variations acting in cis or trans may contribute to epigenetic variations. Understanding the origin of epimutations will inform cancer risk assessment and will also aid the design and application of new therapies that target the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B Hesson
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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310
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Rajamanickam S, Velmurugan B, Kaur M, Singh RP, Agarwal R. Chemoprevention of intestinal tumorigenesis in APCmin/+ mice by silibinin. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2368-78. [PMID: 20215518 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention is a practical and translational approach to reduce the risk of various cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC), which is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Accordingly, here we assessed chemopreventive efficacy and associated mechanisms of long-term silibinin feeding on spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in the APC(min/+) mice model. Six-week-old APC(min/+) mice were p.o. fed with vehicle control (0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.025% Tween 20 in distilled water) or 750 mg silibinin/kg body weight in vehicle for 5 d/wk for 13 weeks and then sacrificed. Silibinin feeding strongly prevented intestinal tumorigenesis in terms of polyp formation in proximal, middle, and distal portions of small intestine by 27% (P < 0.001), 34% (P < 0.001), and 49% (P < 0.001), respectively. In colon, we observed 55% (P < 0.01) reduction in number of polyps by silibinin treatment. In size distribution analysis, silibinin showed significant decrease in large-size polyps (>3 mm) by 66% (P < 0.01) and 88% (P < 0.001) in middle and distal portions of small intestine, respectively. More importantly, silibinin caused a complete suppression in >3 mm sized polyps and 92% reduction in >2 to 3 mm sized polyps in colon. Molecular analyses of polyps suggested that silibinin exerts its chemopreventive efficacy by inhibiting cell proliferation, inflammation, and angiogenesis; inducing apoptosis; decreasing beta-catenin levels and transcriptional activity; and modulating the expression profile of cytokines. These results show for the first time the efficacy and associated mechanisms of long-term p.o. silibinin feeding against spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in the APC(min/+) mice model, suggesting its chemopreventive potential against intestinal cancers including CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subapriya Rajamanickam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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311
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Schvartzman JM, Sotillo R, Benezra R. Mitotic chromosomal instability and cancer: mouse modelling of the human disease. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10:102-15. [PMID: 20094045 PMCID: PMC5526619 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stepwise progression from an early dysplastic lesion to full-blown metastatic malignancy is associated with increases in genomic instability. Mitotic chromosomal instability - the inability to faithfully segregate equal chromosome complements to two daughter cells during mitosis - is a widespread phenomenon in solid tumours that is thought to serve as the fuel for tumorigenic progression. How chromosome instability (CIN) arises in tumours and what consequences it has are still, however, hotly debated issues. Here we review the recent literature with an emphasis on models that recapitulate observations from human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Schvartzman
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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312
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Hollande F, Pannequin J, Joubert D. The long road to colorectal cancer therapy: Searching for the right signals. Drug Resist Updat 2010; 13:44-56. [PMID: 20176501 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Hollande
- CNRS, UMR 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier F-34094, France.
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313
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Gonzalo V, Lozano JJ, Muñoz J, Balaguer F, Pellisé M, de Miguel CR, Andreu M, Jover R, Llor X, Giráldez MD, Ocaña T, Serradesanferm A, Alonso-Espinaco V, Jimeno M, Cuatrecasas M, Sendino O, Castellví-Bel S, Castells A. Aberrant gene promoter methylation associated with sporadic multiple colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8777. [PMID: 20098741 PMCID: PMC2808250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) multiplicity has been mainly related to polyposis and non-polyposis hereditary syndromes. In sporadic CRC, aberrant gene promoter methylation has been shown to play a key role in carcinogenesis, although little is known about its involvement in multiplicity. To assess the effect of methylation in tumor multiplicity in sporadic CRC, hypermethylation of key tumor suppressor genes was evaluated in patients with both multiple and solitary tumors, as a proof-of-concept of an underlying epigenetic defect. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined a total of 47 synchronous/metachronous primary CRC from 41 patients, and 41 gender, age (5-year intervals) and tumor location-paired patients with solitary tumors. Exclusion criteria were polyposis syndromes, Lynch syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. DNA methylation at the promoter region of the MGMT, CDKN2A, SFRP1, TMEFF2, HS3ST2 (3OST2), RASSF1A and GATA4 genes was evaluated by quantitative methylation specific PCR in both tumor and corresponding normal appearing colorectal mucosa samples. Overall, patients with multiple lesions exhibited a higher degree of methylation in tumor samples than those with solitary tumors regarding all evaluated genes. After adjusting for age and gender, binomial logistic regression analysis identified methylation of MGMT2 (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.97; p = 0.008) and RASSF1A (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.01 to 4.13; p = 0.047) as variables independently associated with tumor multiplicity, being the risk related to methylation of any of these two genes 4.57 (95% CI, 1.53 to 13.61; p = 0.006). Moreover, in six patients in whom both tumors were available, we found a correlation in the methylation levels of MGMT2 (r = 0.64, p = 0.17), SFRP1 (r = 0.83, 0.06), HPP1 (r = 0.64, p = 0.17), 3OST2 (r = 0.83, p = 0.06) and GATA4 (r = 0.6, p = 0.24). Methylation in normal appearing colorectal mucosa from patients with multiple and solitary CRC showed no relevant difference in any evaluated gene. Conclusions These results provide a proof-of-concept that gene promoter methylation is associated with tumor multiplicity. This underlying epigenetic defect may have noteworthy implications in the prevention of patients with sporadic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gonzalo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Plataforma de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jenifer Muñoz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Pellisé
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez de Miguel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Andreu
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Llor
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - M. Dolores Giráldez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa Ocaña
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Serradesanferm
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Unit, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Virginia Alonso-Espinaco
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireya Jimeno
- Department of Pathology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic; Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Department of Pathology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic; Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oriol Sendino
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antoni Castells
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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314
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Manne U, Shanmugam C, Katkoori VR, Bumpers HL, Grizzle WE. Development and progression of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Biomark 2010; 9:235-65. [PMID: 22112479 PMCID: PMC3445039 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-2011-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A variety of genetic and molecular alterations underlie the development and progression of colorectal neoplasia (CRN). Most of these cancers arise sporadically due to multiple somatic mutations and genetic instability. Genetic instability includes chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI), which is observed in most hereditary non-polyposis colon cancers (HNPCCs) and accounts for a small proportion of sporadic CRN. Although many biomarkers have been used in the diagnosis and prediction of the clinical outcomes of CRNs, no single marker has established value. New markers and genes associated with the development and progression of CRNs are being discovered at an accelerated rate. CRN is a heterogeneous disease, especially with respect to the anatomic location of the tumor, race/ethnicity differences, and genetic and dietary interactions that influence its development and progression and act as confounders. Hence, efforts related to biomarker discovery should focus on identification of individual differences based on tumor stage, tumor anatomic location, and race/ethnicity; on the discovery of molecules (genes, mRNA transcripts, and proteins) relevant to these differences; and on development of therapeutic approaches to target these molecules in developing personalized medicine. Such strategies have the potential of reducing the personal and socio-economic burden of CRNs. Here, we systematically review molecular and other pathologic features as they relate to the development, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, progression, and prevention of CRNs, especially colorectal cancers (CRCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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315
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Natarajan N, Watson P, Silva-Lopez E, Lynch HT. Comparison of extended colectomy and limited resection in patients with Lynch syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53:77-82. [PMID: 20010355 DOI: 10.1007/dcr.0b013e3181c702de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to determine the advantages and disadvantages of prophylactic/extended colectomy (subtotal colectomy) in patients with Lynch syndrome who manifest colorectal cancer. METHODS A retrospective cohort using Creighton University's hereditary cancer database was used to identify cases and controls. Cases are patients who underwent subtotal colectomy, either with no colorectal cancer diagnosis (prophylactic) or at diagnosis of first colorectal cancer; controls for these 2 types of cases were, respectively, patients who underwent no colon surgery or those having limited resection at time of diagnosis of first colorectal cancer. The Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazard regression models from the Statistical Analysis Software program was used to calculate the difference in survival, time to subsequent colorectal cancer, and subsequent abdominal surgery between cases and controls. RESULTS The event-free survival of our study did not reach 50%, so we used the event-free survival at 5 years as our parameter to compare the 2 groups. The event-free survival for subsequent colorectal cancer, subsequent abdominal surgery, and death was 94%, 84%, and 93%, respectively, for cases and 74%, 63%, and 88%, respectively, for controls. Times to subsequent colorectal cancer and subsequent abdominal surgery were significantly shorter in the control group (P < .006 and P < .04, respectively). No significant difference was identified with respect to survival time between the cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS Even though no survival benefit was identified between the cases and controls the increased incidence of metachronous colorectal cancer and increased abdominal surgeries among controls warrant the recommendation of subtotal colectomy in patients with Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Natarajan
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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316
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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic membrane-trafficking process that leads to sequestration and degradation of intracellular material within lysosomes. It is executed at basal levels in every cell and promotes cellular homeostasis by regulating organelle and protein turnover. In response to various forms of cellular stress, however, the levels and cargoes of autophagy can be modulated. In nutrient-deprived states, for example, autophagy can be activated to degrade cargoes for cell-autonomous energy production to promote cell survival. In other contexts, in contrast, autophagy has been shown to contribute to cell death. Given these dual effects in regulating cell viability, it is no surprise that autophagy has implications in both the genesis and treatment of malignant disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive appraisal of the way in which oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes regulate autophagy. In addition, we address the current evidence from human cancer and animal models that has aided our understanding of the role of autophagy in tumour progression. Finally, the potential for targeting autophagy therapeutically is discussed in light of the functions of autophagy at different stages of tumour progression and in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias T. Rosenfeldt
- Tumour Cell Death Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Tumour Cell Death Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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317
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Harris DL, Washington MK, Hood DB, Roberts LJ, Ramesh A. Dietary fat-influenced development of colon neoplasia in Apc Min mice exposed to benzo(a)pyrene. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:938-46. [PMID: 19841130 PMCID: PMC2982189 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309351722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer, responsible for 50,000 deaths per year, is a contributing factor for considerable mortalities in the United States. Consumption of well-done red meat and saturated fats rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be one of the causative factors for sporadic colon cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the formation of colon tumors in adult Apc(Min) mice was influenced by the ingestion of different types of fat containing benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound. Treatment consisted of 50 and 100 microg B(a)P/kg body weight dissolved in peanut or coconut oil (representatives of unsaturated and saturated fats, respectively) administered daily to six-week-old male Apc(Min) mice via oral gavage for sixty days. At the end of exposure, mice were sacrificed; jejunum and colons were retrieved and preserved in 10% formalin for observation for gross pathological changes. An increased prevalence of adenomas in colons of mice that ingested B(a)P through saturated dietary fat compared to unsaturated fat and controls (p < .05) was noticed. Interestingly, we also observed adenomas with high-grade dysplasia in the B(a)P + saturated fat group, and these incidences were frequent at the 100 microg/kg B(a)P dose. On the other hand, the B(a)P-alone and unsaturated-fat groups did not show significant differences in the numbers of adenomas and invasive tumors in the both jejunum and the colon. Our studies established that dietary fat, especially saturated fat, potentiates the development of colon tumors caused by B(a)P in the Apc(Min) mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deacqunita L. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Darryl B. Hood
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - L. Jackson Roberts
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2222 Pierce Ave., Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
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318
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Decreased polyunsaturated Fatty Acid content contributes to increased survival in human colon cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2009:867915. [PMID: 19841681 PMCID: PMC2762309 DOI: 10.1155/2009/867915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among diet
components, some fatty acids are known to affect
several stages of colon carcinogenesis, whereas
others are probably helpful in preventing
tumors. In light of this, our aim was to
determine the composition of fatty acids and the
possible correlation with apoptosis in human
colon carcinoma specimens at different
Duke's stages and to evaluate the effect of
enriching human colon cancer cell line with the
possible reduced fatty acid(s). Specimens of
carcinoma were compared with the corresponding
non-neoplastic mucosa: a significant decrease of
arachidonic acid, PPARα, Bad, and Bax and a significant increase of COX-2,
Bcl-2, and pBad were found. The importance of arachidonic acid in
apoptosis was demonstrated by enriching a Caco-2 cell line with
this fatty acid. It induced apoptosis in a dose- and
time-dependent manner via induction of PPARα that, in turn, decreased COX-2. In conclusion, the
reduced content of arachidonic acid is likely related to
carcinogenic process decreasing the susceptibility of cancer cells
to apoptosis.
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319
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Huttlin EL, Chen X, Barrett-Wilt GA, Hegeman AD, Halberg RB, Harms AC, Newton MA, Dove WF, Sussman MR. Discovery and validation of colonic tumor-associated proteins via metabolic labeling and stable isotopic dilution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:17235-40. [PMID: 19805096 PMCID: PMC2761368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909282106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biology of a neoplasm is reflected by its distinct molecular profile compared with normal tissue. To understand tumor development better, we have undertaken a quantitative proteomic search for abnormally expressed proteins in colonic tumors from Apc(Min/+) (Min) mice. By raising pairs of Min and wild-type mice on diets derived from natural-abundance or (15)N-labeled algae, we used metabolic labeling to compare protein levels in colonic tumor versus normal tissue. Because metabolic labeling allows internal control throughout sample preparation and analysis, technical error is minimized as compared with in vitro labeling. Several proteins displayed altered expression, and a subset was validated via stable isotopic dilution using synthetic peptide standards. We also compared gene and protein expression among tumor and nontumor tissue, revealing limited correlation. This divergence was especially pronounced for species showing biological change, highlighting the complementary perspectives provided by transcriptomics and proteomics. Our work demonstrates the power of metabolic labeling combined with stable isotopic dilution as an integrated strategy for the identification and validation of differentially expressed proteins using rodent models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology
| | | | - Adrian D. Hegeman
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | | | | | | | - William F. Dove
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706; and
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320
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McGarrity TJ, Amos C. Less common colorectal cancer predisposition syndromes. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2009; 18:647-61. [PMID: 19793572 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A variety of syndromes confer increased risk for intestinal polyp development, outside the more commonly occurring syndromes. Each of these uncommon syndromes predispose to pathognomonic histologies that are uncommonly observed. Accurate diagnosis of these syndromes is contingent on higher-level pathology review, evaluation of signs and symptoms beyond sole consideration of the polyps, and collection of a detailed family history. When a genetic mutation can be identified in the proband, the management of intestinal and extra-intestinal cancer screening can be more appropriately tailored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGarrity
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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321
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Jansen M, Ten Klooster JP, Offerhaus GJ, Clevers H. LKB1 and AMPK family signaling: the intimate link between cell polarity and energy metabolism. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:777-98. [PMID: 19584313 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the LKB1 tumor suppressor protein mutated in cancer-prone Peutz-Jeghers patients has continued at a feverish pace following exciting developments linking energy metabolism and cancer development. This review summarizes the current state of research on the LKB1 tumor suppressor. The weight of the evidence currently indicates an evolutionary conserved role for the protein in the regulation of various aspects of cellular polarity and energy metabolism. We focus on studies examining the concept that both cellular polarity and energy metabolism are regulated through the conserved LKB1-AMPK signal transduction pathway. Recent studies from a variety of model organisms have given new insight into the mechanism of polyp development and cancer formation in Peutz-Jeghers patients and the role of LKB1 mutation in sporadic tumorigenesis. Conditional LKB1 mouse models have outlined a tissue-dependent context for pathway activation and suggest that LKB1 may affect different AMPK isoforms independently. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism responsible for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome will undoubtedly reveal important insight into cancer development in the larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix Jansen
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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322
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Castells A, Castellví-Bel S, Balaguer F. Concepts in familial colorectal cancer: where do we stand and what is the future? Gastroenterology 2009; 137:404-9. [PMID: 19540838 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Castells
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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323
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Jardim MJ, Wang Q, Furumai R, Wakeman T, Goodman BK, Wang XF. Reduced ATR or Chk1 expression leads to chromosome instability and chemosensitization of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3801-9. [PMID: 19570909 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability in colorectal cancer is categorized into two distinct classes: chromosome instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI is the result of mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) machinery, whereas CIN is often thought to be associated with a disruption in the APC gene. Clinical data has recently shown the presence of heterozygous mutations in ATR and Chk1 in human cancers that exhibit MSI, suggesting that those mutations may contribute to tumorigenesis. To determine whether reduced activity in the DNA damage checkpoint pathway would cooperate with MMR deficiency to induce CIN, we used siRNA strategies to partially decrease the expression of ATR or Chk1 in MMR-deficient colorectal cancer cells. The resultant cancer cells display a typical CIN phenotype, as characterized by an increase in the number of chromosomal abnormalities. Importantly, restoration of MMR proficiency completely inhibited induction of the CIN phenotype, indicating that the combination of partial checkpoint blockage and MMR deficiency is necessary to trigger CIN. Moreover, disruption of ATR and Chk1 in MMR-deficient cells enhanced the sensitivity to treatment with the commonly used colorectal chemotherapeutic compound, 5-fluorouracil. These results provide a basis for the development of a combination therapy for those cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Jardim
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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324
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Krueger KAD, Tsuji S, Fukuda Y, Takahashi Y, Goto J, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Dalton JC, Miller MB, Day JW, Ranum LPW. SNP haplotype mapping in a small ALS family. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5687. [PMID: 19479031 PMCID: PMC2682655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes for monogenic disorders has proven to be highly effective for understanding disease mechanisms, pathways and gene function in humans. Nevertheless, while thousands of Mendelian disorders have not yet been mapped there has been a trend away from studying single-gene disorders. In part, this is due to the fact that many of the remaining single-gene families are not large enough to map the disease locus to a single site in the genome. New tools and approaches are needed to allow researchers to effectively tap into this genetic gold-mine. Towards this goal, we have used haploid cell lines to experimentally validate the use of high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to define genome-wide haplotypes and candidate regions, using a small amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) family as a prototype. Specifically, we used haploid-cell lines to determine if high-density SNP arrays accurately predict haplotypes across entire chromosomes and show that haplotype information significantly enhances the genetic information in small families. Panels of haploid-cell lines were generated and a 5 centimorgan (cM) short tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP) genome scan was performed. Experimentally derived haplotypes for entire chromosomes were used to directly identify regions of the genome identical-by-descent in 5 affected individuals. Comparisons between experimentally determined and in silico haplotypes predicted from SNP arrays demonstrate that SNP analysis of diploid DNA accurately predicted chromosomal haplotypes. These methods precisely identified 12 candidate intervals, which are shared by all 5 affected individuals. Our study illustrates how genetic information can be maximized using readily available tools as a first step in mapping single-gene disorders in small families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Dick Krueger
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fukuda
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Goto
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Joline C. Dalton
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Miller
- Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John W. Day
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Laura P. W. Ranum
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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325
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Payá A, Alenda C, Pérez-Carbonell L, Rojas E, Soto JL, Guillén C, Castillejo A, Barberá VM, Carrato A, Castells A, Llor X, Andreu M, Koh J, Enders GH, Benlloch S, Jover R. Utility of p16 immunohistochemistry for the identification of Lynch syndrome. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3156-62. [PMID: 19383812 PMCID: PMC2825754 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins has shown utility in the identification of Lynch syndrome, but majority of tumors with loss of MLH1 expression are due to sporadic hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter. These tumors can also show epigenetic silencing of other genes, such as p16. The aim of our study is to evaluate the utility of p16 immunohistochemistry in the prediction of MLH1 germline mutations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN p16 immunohistochemistry was appropriately evaluated in 79 colorectal cancers with loss of MLH1 expression. Methylation of MLH1 and p16 were quantitatively studied using real-time PCR assay Methylight. BRAF V600E mutation in tumor tissue was also investigated. Genetic testing for germline mutation of MLH1 was made on 52 patients. RESULTS Loss of p16 expression was seen in 21 of 79 samples (26.6%). There was found statistically significant association between p16 expression and p16 methylation (P < 0.001), MLH1 methylation (P < 0.001), and BRAF mutation (P < 0.005). All tumors with loss of p16 expression showed hypermethylation of p16 (21 of 21), 95.2% (20 of 21) showed MLH1 methylation, and 71.4% (15 of 21) were mutated for BRAF V600E. Mutational analysis showed pathogenic germline mutations in 8 of the patients, harboring 10 tumors. All 10 of these tumors showed normal staining of p16 in the immunochemical analysis. CONCLUSIONS p16 immunohistochemistry is a good surrogate marker for p16 and MLH1 epigenetic silencing due to hypermethylation, and is useful as screening tool in the selection of patients for genetic testing in Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemio Payá
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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326
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Chiacchiera F, Matrone A, Ferrari E, Ingravallo G, Lo Sasso G, Murzilli S, Petruzzelli M, Salvatore L, Moschetta A, Simone C. p38alpha blockade inhibits colorectal cancer growth in vivo by inducing a switch from HIF1alpha- to FoxO-dependent transcription. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1203-14. [PMID: 19343039 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer cell (CRC) fate is governed by an intricate network of signaling pathways, some of which are the direct target of DNA mutations, whereas others are functionally deregulated. As a consequence, cells acquire the ability to grow under nutrients and oxygen shortage conditions. We earlier reported that p38alpha activity is necessary for proliferation and survival of CRCs in a cell type-specific manner and regardless of their phenotype and genotype. Here, we show that p38alpha sustains the expression of HIF1alpha target genes encoding for glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes, and that its inhibition causes a drastic decrease in ATP intracellular levels in CRCs. Prolonged inactivation of p38alpha triggers AMPK-dependent nuclear localization of FoxO3A and subsequent activation of its target genes, leading to autophagy, cell cycle arrest and cell death. In vivo, pharmacological blockade of p38alpha inhibits CRC growth in xenografted nude mice and azoxymethane-treated Apc(Min) mice, achieving both a cytostatic and cytotoxic effect, associated with high nuclear expression of FoxO3A and increased expression of its target genes p21 and PTEN. Hence, inhibition of p38alpha affects the aerobic glycolytic metabolism specific of cancer cells and might be taken advantage of as a therapeutic strategy targeted against CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiacchiera
- Laboratory of Signal-dependent Transcription, Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Ch 66030, Italy
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327
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Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 5% to 10% of individuals with pancreatic cancer report a history of pancreatic cancer in a close family member. In addition, several known genetic syndromes, such as familial breast cancer (BRCA2), the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and the familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome, have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. The known genes associated with these conditions can explain only a portion of the clustering of pancreatic cancer in families, and research to identify additional susceptibility genes is ongoing. OBJECTIVE To provide an understanding of familial pancreatic cancer and the pathology of familial exocrine pancreatic cancers. DATA SOURCES Published literature on familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer and familial exocrine pancreatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Even in the absence of predictive genetic testing, the collection of a careful, detailed family history is an important step in the management of all patients with pancreatic cancer. While most pancreatic cancers that arise in patients with a family history are ductal adenocarcinomas, certain subtypes of pancreatic cancer have been associated with familial syndromes. Therefore, the histologic appearance of the pancreatic cancer itself, and/or the presence and appearance of precancerous changes in the pancreas, may increase the clinical index of suspicion for a genetic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Oncology,The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA
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328
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Shi C, Hruban RH, Klein AP. Familial pancreatic cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133:365-74. [PMID: 19260742 DOI: 10.5858/133.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 5% to 10% of individuals with pancreatic cancer report a history of pancreatic cancer in a close family member. In addition, several known genetic syndromes, such as familial breast cancer (BRCA2), the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and the familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome, have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. The known genes associated with these conditions can explain only a portion of the clustering of pancreatic cancer in families, and research to identify additional susceptibility genes is ongoing. OBJECTIVE To provide an understanding of familial pancreatic cancer and the pathology of familial exocrine pancreatic cancers. DATA SOURCES Published literature on familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer and familial exocrine pancreatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Even in the absence of predictive genetic testing, the collection of a careful, detailed family history is an important step in the management of all patients with pancreatic cancer. While most pancreatic cancers that arise in patients with a family history are ductal adenocarcinomas, certain subtypes of pancreatic cancer have been associated with familial syndromes. Therefore, the histologic appearance of the pancreatic cancer itself, and/or the presence and appearance of precancerous changes in the pancreas, may increase the clinical index of suspicion for a genetic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Oncology,The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA
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329
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Wescott MP, Rustgi AK. Pancreatic cancer: translating lessons from mouse models and hereditary syndromes. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:503-6. [PMID: 19138999 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the overwhelmingly predominant form of pancreatic cancer and the second most common type of gastrointestinal cancer (behind colorectal cancer) in the United States. Recent exciting advances in two areas of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (i.e., the development and characterization of genetically engineered mouse models and the dissection of the genetic basis of hereditary forms in families) have been illuminating. These preclinical models and clinical syndromes provide the first tangible basis for progress in screening and prevention in high-risk populations and in the development of molecular diagnostics and experimental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Wescott
- University of Pennsylvania, 600 CRB, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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330
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Hayes AP, Sevi LA, Feldt MC, Rose MD, Gammie AE. Reciprocal regulation of nuclear import of the yeast MutSalpha DNA mismatch repair proteins Msh2 and Msh6. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:739-51. [PMID: 19282251 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA mismatch recognition is performed in eukaryotes by two heterodimers known as MutSalpha (Msh2/Msh6) and MutSbeta (Msh2/Msh3) that must reside in the nucleus to function. Two putative Msh2 nuclear localization sequences (NLS) were characterized by fusion to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and site-directed mutagenesis in the context of Msh2. One NLS functioned in GFP targeting assays and both acted redundantly within Msh2. We examined nuclear localization of each of the MutS monomers in the presence and absence of their partners. Msh2 translocated to the nucleus in cells lacking Msh3 and Msh6; however, cells lacking Msh6 showed significantly decreased levels of nuclear Msh2. Furthermore, the overall protein levels of Msh2 were significantly diminished in the absence of Msh6, particularly if Msh2 lacked a functional NLS. Msh3 localized in the absence of Msh2, but Msh6 localization depended on Msh2 expressing functional NLSs. Overall, the nuclear levels of Msh2 and Msh6 decline when the other partner is absent. The data suggest a stabilization mechanism to prevent free monomer accumulation in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia P Hayes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, United States
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331
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Abstract
Genetically engineered mice are essential tools in both mechanistic studies and drug development in colon cancer research. Mice with mutations in the Apc gene, as well as in genes that modify or interact with Apc, are important models of familial adenomatous polyposis. Mice with mutations in the beta-catenin signaling pathway have also revealed important information about colon cancer pathogenesis, along with models for hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases associated with colon cancer. Finally, transplantation models (xenografts)have been useful in the study of metastasis and for testing potential therapeutics. This review discusses what models have been developed most recently and what they have taught us about colon cancer formation, progression, and possible treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Mark Taketo
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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332
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Green RC, Parfrey PS, Woods MO, Younghusband HB. Prediction of Lynch syndrome in consecutive patients with colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:331-40. [PMID: 19244167 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome is caused by inherited mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes (primarily MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2) and is one of the most prevalent inherited cancer syndromes. Several models have been developed to predict the occurrence of Lynch syndrome in high-risk patients and families, but it is not known how these models compare with one another or how they perform for colorectal cancer patients from the general population. We used data from such patients to test the ability of four models--Leiden, MMRpredict, PREMM(1,2), and MMRpro--to distinguish between those who did and did not carry DNA mismatch repair gene mutations. METHODS We studied a consecutive series of 725 patients who were younger than 75 years at colorectal cancer diagnosis and whose DNA mismatch repair gene mutation status was available; 18 of the 725 patients carried such a mutation. For each model, we calculated the risk score, compared the observed number of mutations with the expected number, and determined the receiver operating characteristics. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Although all four models overestimated the probability of a mutation (range = 1.2- to 4.3-fold), especially in low-risk patients, they could discriminate between carriers and noncarriers of a mismatch repair mutation. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves from the four models ranged from 0.91 to 0.96. Carriers of mutations in the MSH6 or PMS2 genes had lower risk scores than carriers of MSH2 or MLH1 mutations. For example, the MMRpredict model gave median risk scores of 24% and 94% (P < .015) for MSH6-PMS2 and MSH2-MLH1 mutation carriers, respectively. For the Leiden, MMRpredict, and PREMM(1,2) models, correcting the risk scores for bias introduced by family size improved their power to discriminate between carriers and noncarriers. After correcting for family size, the best model was MMRpredict, which achieved a sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 73% to 99%) and a specificity of 91% (95% CI = 88% to 93%) and identified a smaller proportion of patients than the revised Bethesda criteria as those who should undergo additional molecular or immunohistochemical testing (11% vs 50%). CONCLUSION MMRpredict was the best-performing model for identifying colorectal cancer patients who are at high risk of carrying a DNA mismatch repair gene mutation and thus should be screened for Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Green
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6.
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333
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Quand le diagnostic d’une tumeur annexielle peut sauver la vie du patient…. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009; 136:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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334
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Kuznetsov SG, Haines DC, Martin BK, Sharan SK. Loss of Rad51c leads to embryonic lethality and modulation of Trp53-dependent tumorigenesis in mice. Cancer Res 2009; 69:863-72. [PMID: 19155299 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RecA/Rad51 protein family members (Rad51, Rad51b, Rad51c, Rad51d, Xrcc2, and Xrcc3) are essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination, and their role in cancers has been anticipated. Here we provide the first direct evidence for a tumor suppressor function for a member of the Rad51 family. We show that Rad51c deficiency leads to early embryonic lethality, which can be delayed on a Trp53-null background. To uncover the role of Rad51c in tumorigenesis, we have exploited the fact that Rad51c and Trp53 are both closely located on the mouse chromosome 11. We have generated double heterozygous (DH) mice carrying mutant alleles of both genes either on different (DH-trans) or on the same chromosome (DH-cis), the latter allowing for a deletion of wild-type alleles of both genes by loss of heterozygosity. DH-trans mice, in contrast to DH-cis, developed tumors with latency and spectrum similar to Trp53 heterozygous mice. Strikingly, Rad51c mutation in DH-cis mice promoted the development of tumors of specialized sebaceous glands and suppressed tumors characteristic of Trp53 mutation. In addition, DH-cis females developed tumors significantly earlier than any other group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey G Kuznetsov
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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335
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Shah SN, Eckert KA. Human postmeiotic segregation 2 exhibits biased repair at tetranucleotide microsatellite sequences. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1143-9. [PMID: 19155293 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mismatch repair (MMR) system plays a major role in removing DNA polymerization errors, and loss of this pathway results in hereditary cancers characterized by microsatellite instability. We investigated microsatellite stability during DNA replication within human postmeiotic segregation 2 (hPMS2)-deficient and proficient human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Using a shuttle vector assay, we measured mutation rates at reporter cassettes containing defined mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and tetranucleotide microsatellite sequences. A mutator phenotype was observed in the hPMS2-deficient cell line. The mutation rate of vectors containing [G/C](10) or [GT/CA](10) alleles was elevated 20-fold to 40-fold in hPMS2-deficient cells, relative to an hPMS2-expressing cell line. We observed a 6-fold and 12-fold relative increase in mutation rate of [TTTC/AAAG](9) and [TTCC/AAGG](9) sequences, respectively, in hPMS2-deficient cells. Mutational specificity analyses suggested that repair by hPMS2 is biased. In the absence of hPMS2, a greater number of microsatellite expansion versus deletion mutations was observed, and expansion rates of the tetranucleotide alleles were similar. In the presence of hPMS2, we observed a 29-fold decrease in the [TTCC/AAGG](9) expansion rate but only a 6-fold decrease for the [TTTC/AAAG](9) allele. Our data indicate that hPMS2 is more protective of tetranucleotide expansions than deletions and that hPMS2 displays a sequence bias, wherein [TTCC/AAGG] sequences are stabilized to a greater extent than [TTTC/AAAG]. Our results allow for greater accuracy during identification of MMR defects by providing a mutational signature characteristic of hPMS2 defect. This study also provides clues to possible mechanisms of repair by hPMS2 in the context of the MMR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep N Shah
- Department of Pathology, Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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336
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Hall MJ. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and colorectal neoplasia risk: Updates and impact. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-009-0003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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337
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338
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Abstract
Histone H2AX phosphorylation on a serine four residues from the carboxyl terminus (producing gammaH2AX) is a sensitive marker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSBs may lead to cancer but, paradoxically, are also used to kill cancer cells. Using gammaH2AX detection to determine the extent of DSB induction may help to detect precancerous cells, to stage cancers, to monitor the effectiveness of cancer therapies and to develop novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Bonner
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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339
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340
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Gutierrez-Gonzalez L, Deheragoda M, Elia G, Leedham SJ, Shankar A, Imber C, Jankowski JA, Turnbull DM, Novelli M, Wright NA, McDonald SAC. Analysis of the clonal architecture of the human small intestinal epithelium establishes a common stem cell for all lineages and reveals a mechanism for the fixation and spread of mutations. J Pathol 2008; 217:489-96. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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341
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Cheah PY. Recent advances in colorectal cancer genetics and diagnostics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 69:45-55. [PMID: 18774731 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers and leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. It is also one of the most curable cancers if detected early. This review classifies the diverse disease subtypes using various parameters including phenotypes of the polyps and describes how recent advances in genetics have impacted on disease diagnostics. For familial syndromes, the discovery of initiating mutations in the germline made personalized medicine a reality. A model linking the main tumorigenesis (Wnt/TGF-beta-BMP/LKB-1/PI3K-AKT) pathways and a strategy for gene testing are proposed. For sporadic CRC, high throughput technology has enabled the discovery of susceptibility loci that increased CRC risk. The ramifications of screening the population for susceptibility loci are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peh Yean Cheah
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Republic of Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Loeb
- Department of Pathology, The Gottstein Memorial Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Curtis C. Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, Maryland
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343
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Oseni T, Jatoi I. An Overview of the Role of Prophylactic Surgery in the Management of Individuals with a Hereditary Cancer Predisposition. Surg Clin North Am 2008; 88:739-58, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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344
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He XM, Wang LL, Fang CQ, Liu SL, Lou Y, Li JH. Expression of CASP9 gene and its polymorphism distribution in colon cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2371-2375. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i21.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the expression of CASP9 in colon cancer, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distribution of CASP9 gene in colon cancer patients and normal individuals.
METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of CASP9 gene in 170 colon cancer patients and their corresponding normal colon tissues. We analyzed the genotype of rs1052576 in CASP9 gene in 170 colon cancer patients and 100 normal people by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The SNP genotype frequency and allele frequency in patients and normal controls were analyzed by legally constituted authority statistical method.
RESULTS: In comparision with that in normal colon tissues, CASP9 gene expression was obviously down-regulated in 47% (80/170) colon cancer tissues (P < 0.05). The genotype and allele frequencies of rs1052576 located at exon 5 of CASP9 gene had significant difference between the two groups, and the G allele frequency in colon cancer patients was higher than that in the healthy controls (χ2 = 9.99, P = 0.001). The genetype frequency of rs1052576 in cancer patients was associated with the histological differentiation (χ2 = 15.8, P = 0.003).
CONCLUSION: CASP9 gene expression is down-regulated in colon cancer, and the G allele of rs1052576 in CASP9 gene is associated with the carcinogenesis of colon cancer.
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Gomez LC, Marzese DM, Adi J, Bertani D, Ibarra J, Mol B, Vos IJ, De Marchi G, Roqué M. MLPA mutation detection in Argentine HNPCC and FAP families. Fam Cancer 2008; 8:67-73. [PMID: 18615272 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-008-9200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CC) is the secondary cause of death in the Western countries of which approximately 15% are considered to be hereditary. The hereditary forms are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) which is the commonest form. The detection of mutations in the MMR and apc related genes, allows the development of health prevention strategies. Different molecular diagnostic strategies are available for the detection of mutations in these genes, i.e. DGGE, SSCP and direct sequencing. However, deletions and duplications of one or more consecutive exons, which account for around 50% of the total alterations in MMR genes, cannot be detected by PCR based methodologies due to the non quantitative nature of these techniques. The aim of our work has been the standardization of a methodology, called Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification, which allows the detection of genomic deletions and duplications as primary analysis in HNPCC and FAP patients in Argentina. In this case, we inform that the application of MLPA allowed the detection of a missence mutation, without the need for direct sequencing of the complete genes involved. A PCR/RFLP strategy was afterwards designed to detect the C<T change on codon 718 of mlh1 gene in members of the family. For a developing country like Argentina, which has limited resources for genetic diagnosis, this MLPA application has avoided an unaffordable cost as the complete sequencing of all the involved genes. The application of MLPA in our country contributes to improvement in the diagnosis of hereditary CC and allows the development of preventive health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Gomez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology-IHEM-CONICET, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
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Sengupta N, Gill KA, MacFie TS, Lai CS, Suraweera N, Mcdonald S, Silver A. Management of colorectal cancer: a role for genetics in prevention and treatment? Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:469-77. [PMID: 18534770 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains one of the most common cancers in the Western world and amongst the top three causes of cancer morbidity and death. Cancer is caused by genetic mutations, but currently there is little use of genetic information in the clinic with the exception of establishing germline mutations for the uncommon predisposing syndromes. Rapid advances in technologies allowing high throughput analysis of germline and somatic mutations raises the possibility that genetics will find a major role in the clinic distinguishing individuals at low to high risk of cancer, allowing early intervention and stratification of cancers based on mutational pathways for therapeutic interventions. In the future, this will lead to treatment regimes tailored to the individuals and their tumor. Here, we summarize the genetics underlying colorectal cancer and the future role of genetics in prevention, diagnosis, classification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Sengupta
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Cell, and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
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Chan JA, Meyerhardt JA, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Saltz LB, Mayer RJ, Thomas J, Schaefer P, Whittom R, Hantel A, Goldberg RM, Warren RS, Bertagnolli M, Fuchs CS. Association of family history with cancer recurrence and survival among patients with stage III colon cancer. JAMA 2008; 299:2515-23. [PMID: 18523220 PMCID: PMC3616330 DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.21.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. However, the influence of family history on cancer recurrence and survival among patients with established disease remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of family history of colorectal cancer with cancer recurrence and survival of patients with colon cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective observational study of 1087 patients with stage III colon cancer enrolled in a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial (CALGB 89803) between April 1999 and May 2001. Patients provided data on family history at baseline and were followed up until March 2007 for disease recurrence and death (median follow-up, 5.6 years). In a subset of patients, we assessed microsatellite instability (MSI) and expression of the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins MLH1 and MSH2 in tumor specimens. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Disease-free survival, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival according to the presence or absence of a family history of colorectal cancer. RESULTS Among 1087 eligible patients, 195 (17.9%) reported a family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative. Cancer recurrence or death occurred in 57 of 195 patients (29%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23%-36%) with a family history of colorectal cancer and 343 of 892 patients (38%; 95% CI, 35%-42%) without a family history. Compared with patients without a family history, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) among those with 1 or more affected first-degree relatives were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54-0.96) for disease-free survival, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.55-0.99) for recurrence-free survival, and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.54-1.05) for overall survival. This reduction in risk of cancer recurrence or death associated with a family history became stronger with an increasing number of affected first-degree relatives. Compared with participants without a family history of colorectal cancer, those with 1 affected relative had a multivariate HR of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.57-1.04) for disease-free survival. For participants with 2 or more affected relatives, we observed a greater reduction in risk (multivariate HR for disease-free survival, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.23-1.04; P for trend with increasing number of affected relatives = .01). The improved disease-free survival associated with a family history was independent of tumoral MSI or MMR status. CONCLUSION Among patients with stage III colon cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, a family history of colorectal cancer is associated with a significant reduction in cancer recurrence and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Chan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Beneke S. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in different pathologies--the link to inflammation and infarction. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:605-614. [PMID: 18511226 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair and aging are two phenomena closely connected to each other. The poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction has been implicated in both of them. Poly(ADP-ribose) was originally discovered as an enzymatic reaction product after DNA damage. Soon it became evident that it is necessary for regulation of different repair pathways. Also, evidence accumulated that poly(ADP-ribose) formation capacity is at least correlated with the life span of mammalian species. As a NAD(+)-consuming process, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation can lead to cell death by energy depletion. This finding opened the area for investigation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity and polymer formation in pathologies. This review provides an introduction into the wide and complex field of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in different pathologies with regards of cell death regulation, inflammation and resulting tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Beneke
- University of Konstanz, Molecular Toxicology Group, Universiteatsstr. 10, Box X911, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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