301
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Kruger AJ, Fuchs BC, Masia R, Holmes JA, Salloum S, Sojoodi M, Ferreira DS, Rutledge SM, Caravan P, Alatrakchi N, Vig P, Lefebvre E, Chung RT. Prolonged cenicriviroc therapy reduces hepatic fibrosis despite steatohepatitis in a diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:529-545. [PMID: 29761169 PMCID: PMC5944590 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease projected to become the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver transplantation in the next decade. Cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual chemokine receptor 2 and 5 antagonist, prevents macrophage trafficking and is under clinical investigation for the treatment of human NASH fibrosis. We assessed the efficacy and durability of short and prolonged CVC therapy in a diet‐induced mouse model of NASH, the choline deficient, L‐amino acid‐defined, high‐fat diet (CDAHFD) model. C57BL/6 mice received 4 or 14 weeks of standard chow or the CDAHFD. CVC (10 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks and 20 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day for 14 weeks) was initiated simultaneously with the CDAHFD. At 4 and 14 weeks, livers were harvested for histology and flow cytometric analyses of intrahepatic immune cells. High‐dose CVC (30 mg/kg/day) therapy in CDAHFD mice for 4 or 14 weeks inhibited intrahepatic accumulation of Ly6Chigh bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Prolonged CVC therapy (14 weeks) yielded no significant differences in the total intrahepatic macrophage populations among treatment groups but increased the frequency of intrahepatic anti‐inflammatory macrophages in the high‐dose CVC group. Despite ongoing steatohepatitis, there was significantly less fibrosis in CDAHFD mice receiving high‐dose CVC for 14 weeks based on histologic and molecular markers, mirroring observations in human NASH CVC trials. CVC also directly inhibited the profibrotic gene signature of transforming growth factor‐β‐stimulated primary mouse hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Conclusion: CVC is a novel therapeutic agent that is associated with reduced fibrosis despite ongoing steatohepatitis. Its ability to alter intrahepatic macrophage populations and inhibit profibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells in NASH livers may contribute to its observed antifibrotic effect. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:529‐545)
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Kruger
- Gastrointestinal Unit Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Department of Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Jacinta A Holmes
- Gastrointestinal Unit Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Department of Gastroenterology St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy VIC Australia
| | - Shadi Salloum
- Gastrointestinal Unit Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Department of Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Diego S Ferreira
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Stephanie M Rutledge
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Nadia Alatrakchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Pam Vig
- Allergan Plc. South San Francisco CA
| | | | - Raymond T Chung
- Gastrointestinal Unit Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
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302
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Patel V, Joharapurkar A, Kshirsagar S, Patel M, Sutariya B, Patel H, Pandey D, Patel D, Ranvir R, Kadam S, Bahekar R, Jain M. Coagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:587-596. [PMID: 29406832 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Coagonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucagon receptor (GCGR) are under clinical investigation for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we have demonstrated the effect of a balanced coagonist in the treatment of NAFLD using mouse models. GLP-1R agonist exendin-4, glucagon, and coagonist (Aib2 C24 chimera2) were administered to C57BL6/J mice, in which NAFLD was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment after high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, and choline-deficient, L-amino-acid-defined HFD (CDAHFD) feeding. Repeated dose administration of coagonist significantly attenuated liver inflammation and steatosis induced by acute and long-term treatment with CCl4 in HFD-fed mice. Coagonist markedly attenuated the CDAHFD-induced expression of TIMP-1, MMP-9, TNF-α, MCP-1, COL1A1, and α-SMA. It also inhibited progression of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in mice. Exendin-4 was better than glucagon, but coagonist was most effective in reduction of hepatic inflammation as well as steatosis. Coagonist of GLP-1R and GCGR improved NAFLD in C57BL6/J mice. This effect is mediated by reduction in lipotoxicity and inflammation in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Amit Joharapurkar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Samadhan Kshirsagar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Maulik Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Brijesh Sutariya
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Hiren Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Dheerendra Pandey
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Dipam Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Ramchandra Ranvir
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Shekhar Kadam
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Rajesh Bahekar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.,Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
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303
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Patel V, Joharapurkar A, Kshirsagar S, Sutariya B, Patel M, Pandey D, Patel H, Ranvir R, Kadam S, Patel D, Bahekar R, Jain M. Coagonist of GLP-1 and glucagon decreases liver inflammation and atherosclerosis in dyslipidemic condition. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 282:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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304
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Santhekadur PK, Kumar DP, Sanyal AJ. Preclinical models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 68:230-237. [PMID: 29128391 PMCID: PMC5775040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can manifest as non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is often associated with progressive fibrosis which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is increasing as an aetiology for end-stage liver disease as well as HCC. There are currently no approved therapies for NASH. A major barrier to development of therapeutics for NASH is the lack of preclinical models of disease that are appropriately validated to represent the biology and outcomes of human disease. Many in vitro and animal models have been developed. In vitro models do not fully capture the hepatic and extrahepatic milieu of human NASH and large animal models are expensive and logistically difficult to use. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the development and validation of mouse models for NAFLD, including NASH. Several models based on varying genetic or dietary manipulations have been developed. However, the majority do not recreate steatohepatitis, strictly defined as the presence of hepatocellular ballooning with or without Mallory-Denk bodies, accompanied by inflammation in the presence of macrovesicular steatosis. Others lack validation against human disease. Herein, we describe the best practices in development of mouse models of NASH. We further review existing models and the literature supporting their use as a surrogate for human disease. Finally, data on models to evaluate protective genes are discussed. It is hoped that this review will provide guidance for the interpretation of data derived from mouse models and also for the development and validation of newer models.
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305
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Flores-Costa R, Alcaraz-Quiles J, Titos E, López-Vicario C, Casulleras M, Duran-Güell M, Rius B, Diaz A, Hall K, Shea C, Sarno R, Currie M, Masferrer JL, Clària J. The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator IW-1973 prevents inflammation and fibrosis in experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:953-967. [PMID: 29281143 PMCID: PMC5825296 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is characterized by steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulation reduces inflammation and fibrosis in experimental models of lung, kidney and heart disease. Here, we tested whether sGC stimulation is also effective in experimental NASH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH NASH was induced in mice by feeding a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet. These mice received either placebo or the sGC stimulator IW-1973 at two different doses (1 and 3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) for 9 weeks. IW-1973 was also tested in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis were assessed by Oil Red O, haematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Sirius Red, F4/80 and α-smooth muscle actin staining. mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative PCR. Levels of IW-1973, cytokines and cGMP were determined by LC-MS/MS, Luminex and enzyme immunoassay respectively. KEY RESULTS Mice with NASH showed reduced cGMP levels and sGC expression, increased steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, TNF-α and MCP-1 levels and up-regulated collagen types I α1 and α2, MMP2, TGF-β1 and tissue metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 expression. IW-1973 restored hepatic cGMP levels and sGC expression resulting in a dose-dependent reduction of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. IW-1973 levels were ≈40-fold higher in liver tissue than in plasma. IW-1973 also reduced hepatic steatosis and adipocyte hypertrophy secondary to enhanced autophagy in HFD-induced obese mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate that sGC stimulation prevents hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH. These findings warrant further evaluation of IW-1973 in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Flores-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Alcaraz-Quiles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Titos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Vicario
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Casulleras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Duran-Güell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Rius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Diaz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Renee Sarno
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Currie
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Joan Clària
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), Barcelona, Spain
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306
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Farrell GC, Haczeyni F, Chitturi S. Pathogenesis of NASH: How Metabolic Complications of Overnutrition Favour Lipotoxicity and Pro-Inflammatory Fatty Liver Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1061:19-44. [PMID: 29956204 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8684-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition, usually with obesity and genetic predisposition, lead to insulin resistance, which is an invariable accompaniment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The associated metabolic abnormalities, pre- or established diabetes, hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidemia (clustered as metabolic syndrome) tend to be worse for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), revealing it as part of a continuum of metabolic pathogenesis. The origins of hepatocellular injury and lobular inflammation which distinguish NASH from simple steatosis have intrigued investigators, but it is now widely accepted that NASH results from liver lipotoxicity. The key issue is not the quantity of liver fat but the type(s) of lipid molecules that accumulate, and how they are "packaged" to avoid subcellular injury. Possible lipotoxic mediators include free (unesterified) cholesterol, saturated free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, lysophosphatidyl-choline, sphingolipids and ceramide. Lipid droplets are intracellular storage organelles for non-structural lipid whose regulation is influenced by genetic polymorphisms, such as PNPLA3. Cells unable to sequester chemically reactive lipid molecules undergo mitochondrial injury, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy, all processes of interest for NASH pathogenesis. Lipotoxicity kills hepatocytes by apoptosis, a highly regulated, non-inflammatory form of cell death, but also by necrosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis; the latter involve mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs stimulate innate immunity by binding pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which release a cascade of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Thus, lipotoxic hepatocellular injury attracts inflammatory cells, particularly activated macrophages which surround ballooned hepatocytes as crown-like structures. In both experimental and human NASH, livers contain cholesterol crystals which are a second signal for NLRP3 activation; this causes interleukin (IL)-1β and IL18 secretion to attract and activate macrophages and neutrophils. Injured hepatocytes also liberate plasma membrane-derived extracellular vesicles; these have been shown to circulate in NASH and to be pro-inflammatory. The way metabolic dysfunction leads to lipotoxicity, innate immune responses and the resultant pattern of cellular inflammation in the liver are likely also relevant to hepatic fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Pinpointing the key molecules involved pharmacologically should eventually lead to effective pharmacotherapy against NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Farrell
- Australian National University Medical School, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia.
| | - Fahrettin Haczeyni
- Australian National University Medical School, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia
| | - Shivakumar Chitturi
- Australian National University Medical School, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia
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307
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Nakamoto K, Shimada K, Harada S, Morimoto Y, Hirasawa A, Tokuyama S. DHA supplementation prevent the progression of NASH via GPR120 signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:31-38. [PMID: 29221950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common liver diseases involving chronic accumulation of fat and inflammation, often leading to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and carcinoma. However, the pathological mechanism for this is unknown. GPR120/FFAR4 has been recognized as a functional fatty acid receptor and an attractive therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. In this study, we investigated the involvement of GPR120/FFAR4 in the pathogenesis of NASH. Mice fed with a 0.1% methionine and choline deficient high-fat (CDAHF) diet showed a significant increase in plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels, fatty deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mild fibrosis. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, GPR120/FFAR4 agonist) suppressed the inflammatory cytokines in the liver tissues and prevented fibrosis in the wild type (WT) mice fed CDAHF diet, but not GPR120/FFAR4 deficient (GPR120KO) mice. GPR120KO mice fed CDAHF diet showed increment of the number of crown like structures and the immunoreactivity for F4/80 positive cells, and increased TNF-α mRNA in the liver compared to WT mice fed CDAHF diet. GPR120 KO mice fed CDAHF diet showed more severe liver inflammation than that of WT mice fed CDAHF diet, but not fibrosis. Our findings suggest that DHA supplementation could be prevented the development of NASH via GPR120/FFAR4 signaling. Furthermore, decrease of GPR120/FFAR4 signaling could be facilitated an inflammatory response in the process of NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Koki Shimada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yasuko Morimoto
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Health Support, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan.
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308
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Hussien NI, El-kerdasy HI, Ibrahim MET. Protective effect of rimonabant, a canabinoid receptor 1 antagonist, on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a rat model through modulation of the hepatic expression of activin A and follistatin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1433-1441. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver morbidity and mortality, and there is still no proven effective therapy. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in various liver diseases. Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily and inhibits hepatocyte growth. Follistatin antagonizes the biological actions of activin A. This study was designed to investigate the effect of rimonabant (a potent cannabinoid receptor1 (CB1) antagonist) on NAFLD induced with a choline-deficient (CD) diet in rats, as well as to detect whether it can alter the hepatic expression of activin A and follistatin. Forty rats were distributed among 4 groups: the control group, the rimonabant treatment group (normal rats that received rimonabant); the CD diet group (NAFLD induced with a CD diet); and the CD diet + rimonabant group (NAFLD treated with rimonabant). It was found that the CD diet caused significant increase in liver index, serum levels of liver enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), TGF-β1, activin A, and CB1 expression in liver tissue, with a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and follistatin mRNA expression in liver tissues. The administration of rimonabant significantly improved all of the studied parameters compared with the group fed the CD diet alone. Histopathological examination supported these results. We concluded that rimonabant significantly counteracted NAFLD induced with the CD diet by decreasing oxidative stress and hepatic expression of TGF-β1, and modulating the hepatic expression of activin A and follistatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha I. Hussien
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
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309
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Ejima C, Kuroda H, Ishizaki S. A novel diet-induced murine model of steatohepatitis with fibrosis for screening and evaluation of drug candidates for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/21/e13016. [PMID: 27821715 PMCID: PMC5112494 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis have been reported. While these models exhibit mild onset of hepatitis and fibrosis, induction is often slow. For faster screening of drug candidates, there is a compelling need for convenient animal models of steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in which fatty liver and hepatitis are stably induced within a short period. Here, we analyzed the hepatic lipid composition in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and used this information to successfully establish a murine model where steatohepatitis is induced within only 1 week using a novel diet (steatohepatitis‐inducing high‐fat diet, STHD‐01) high in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. After receiving STHD‐01 for 1 week, normal mice (C57BL/6J) showed elevated markers of fatty liver and hepatitis, including hepatic triglycerides and plasma alanine aminotransferase; the administration of angiotensin receptor blockers reduced these symptoms. Furthermore, we confirmed that STHD‐01 administration for 36 weeks induced not only sustained elevation of hepatic triglyceride and plasma alanine aminotransferase levels, but also fibrosis and tumor formation. Pretreatment with the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine accelerated tumor formation, and hepatic lesions were observed within 30 weeks of STHD‐01 feeding following diethylnitrosamine pretreatment. Finally, branched‐chain amino acids, known to reduce the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in preclinical models, were effective in reducing the progression of liver fibrosis induced by STHD‐01 feeding after diethylnitrosamine pretreatment. We concluded that STHD‐01 administration successfully induces steatohepatitis within a short period of time. The proposed murine model is suitable for studying the long‐term effects of pharmaceutical agents targeting steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Ejima
- Research Institute, EA Pharma Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruna Kuroda
- Research Institute, EA Pharma Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
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310
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Animal Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Starter's Guide. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101072. [PMID: 28953222 PMCID: PMC5691689 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a major health concern with the increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes in many Western countries, reaching a prevalence of up to 30% in the general population. Animal models have played a vital role in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD and continue to do so. A myriad of different models exists, each with its advantages and disadvantages. This review presents a brief overview of these models with a particular focus on the basic mechanisms and physical, biochemical and histological phenotype. Both nutritional and chemically induced, as well as genetic models are examined, including models combining different approaches.
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311
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Ikawa-Yoshida A, Matsuo S, Kato A, Ohmori Y, Higashida A, Kaneko E, Matsumoto M. Hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:221-233. [PMID: 28895242 PMCID: PMC5639266 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer worldwide and represents the outcome of the natural history of chronic liver disease. The growing rates of HCC may be partially attributable to increased numbers of people with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, details of the liver‐specific molecular mechanisms responsible for the NAFLD–NASH–HCC progression remain unclear, and mouse models that can be used to explore the exact factors that influence the progression of NAFLD/NASH to the more chronic stages of liver disease and subsequent HCC are not yet fully established. We have previously reported a choline‐deficient, L‐amino acid‐defined, high‐fat diet (CDAHFD) as a dietary NASH model with rapidly progressive liver fibrosis in mice. The current study in C57BL/6J mice fed CDAHFD provided evidence for the chronic persistence of advanced hepatic fibrosis in NASH and disease progression towards HCC in a period of 36 weeks. When mice fed CDAHFD were switched back to a standard diet, hepatic steatosis was normalized and NAFLD activity score improved, but HCC incidence increased and the phenotype of fibrosis‐associated HCC development was observed. Moreover, when mice continued to be fed CDAHFD for 60 weeks, HCC further developed without severe body weight loss or carcinogenesis in other organs. The autochthonous tumours showed a variety of histological features and architectural patterns including trabecular, pseudoglandular and solid growth. The CDAHFD mouse model might be a useful tool for studying the development of HCC from NAFLD/NASH, and potentially useful for better understanding pathological changes during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saori Matsuo
- Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohmori
- Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Atsuko Higashida
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Eiji Kaneko
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Matsumoto
- Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
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312
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Hansen HH, Feigh M, Veidal SS, Rigbolt KT, Vrang N, Fosgerau K. Mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in preclinical drug development. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1707-1718. [PMID: 28687459 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world. NAFLD is a complex spectrum of liver diseases ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to its more aggressive necroinflammatory manifestation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH pathogenesis is multifactorial and risk factors are almost identical to those of the metabolic syndrome. This has prompted substantial efforts to identify novel drug therapies for correcting underlying metabolic deficits, and to prevent or alleviate hepatic fibrosis in NASH. Available mouse models of NASH address different aspects of the disease, have varying clinical translatability, and, therefore, also show different utility in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik H Hansen
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark.
| | - Michael Feigh
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Sanne S Veidal
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Keld Fosgerau
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
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313
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Miura K, Ishioka M, Iijima K. The Roles of the Gut Microbiota and Toll-like Receptors in Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Obes Metab Syndr 2017; 26:86-96. [PMID: 31089501 PMCID: PMC6484897 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2017.26.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and is closely associated with the cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Emerging data demonstrate that the gut microbiota contributes to the development of obesity by regulating the innate immune system, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs): an altered gut microbiota composition and elevated TLR ligands are observed in obese mice and humans. The changes in the gut microbiota include an increased abundance of Firmicutes phylum and a decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum. The population of beneficial bacteria that function as probiotics is decreased whereas harmful bacteria that can produce lipopolysaccharide, a TLR4 ligand, are increased in the obese state. In addition, the gut permeability is increased in obesity, which allows the delivery of larger amounts of bacterial components to the liver through the portal vein. Immune cells recognize these bacterial components through TLRs and produce diverse cytokines that kill invading pathogens. However, the sustained activation of TLR signaling induces host damage due to chronic exposure to harmful cytokines, which are produced from TLR expressing cells, including monocytes/macrophages. In the obese state, the expression of TLR is increased in several organs, including the adipose tissue and the liver. At the cell level, negative regulators of TLR signaling are suppressed, leading to activation of TLR signaling. These alterations promote inflammation in many organs. Thus, the gut microbiota and TLR signaling are therapeutic targets in patients with obesity and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ishioka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Katsunori Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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314
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Paka L, Smith DE, Jung D, McCormack S, Zhou P, Duan B, Li JS, Shi J, Hao YJ, Jiang K, Yamin M, Goldberg ID, Narayan P. Anti-steatotic and anti-fibrotic effects of the KCa3.1 channel inhibitor, Senicapoc, in non-alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4181-4190. [PMID: 28694658 PMCID: PMC5483492 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i23.4181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate a calcium activated potassium channel (KCa3.1) inhibitor attenuates liver disease in models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
METHODS We have performed a series of in vitro and in vivo studies using the KCa3.1 channel inhibitor, Senicapoc. Efficacy studies of Senicapoc were conducted in toxin-, thioacetamide (TAA) and high fat diet (HFD)-induced models of liver fibrosis in rats. Efficacy and pharmacodynamic effects of Senicapoc was determined through biomarkers of apoptosis, inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis.
RESULTS Upregulation of KCa3.1 expression was recorded in TAA-induced and high fat diet-induced liver disease. Treatment with Senicapoc decreased palmitic acid-driven HepG2 cell death. (P < 0.05 vs control) supporting the finding that Senicapoc reduces lipid-driven apoptosis in HepG2 cell cultures. In animals fed a HFD for 6 wk, co-treatment with Senicapoc, (1) reduced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) (0-8 scale), (2) decreased steatosis and (3) decreased hepatic lipid content (Oil Red O, P < 0.05 vs vehicle). Randomization of TAA animals and HFD fed animals to Senicapoc was associated with a decrease in liver fibrosis as evidenced by hydroxyproline and Masson’s trichrome staining (P < 0.05 vs vehicle). These results demonstrated that Senicapoc mitigates both steatosis and fibrosis in liver fibrosis models.
CONCLUSION These data suggest that Senicapoc interrupts more than one node in progressive fatty liver disease by its anti-steatotic and anti-fibrotic activities, serving as a double-edged therapeutic sword.
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315
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Horas H Nababan S, Nishiumi S, Kawano Y, Kobayashi T, Yoshida M, Azuma T. Adrenic acid as an inflammation enhancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 623-624:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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316
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Bahabadi M, Mohammadalipour A, Karimi J, Sheikh N, Solgi G, Goudarzi F, Hashemnia M, Khodadadi I. Hepatoprotective effect of parthenolide in rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:233-242. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1327965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Bahabadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadalipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sheikh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farjam Goudarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemnia
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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317
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Honda T, Ishigami M, Luo F, Lingyun M, Ishizu Y, Kuzuya T, Hayashi K, Nakano I, Ishikawa T, Feng GG, Katano Y, Kohama T, Kitaura Y, Shimomura Y, Goto H, Hirooka Y. Branched-chain amino acids alleviate hepatic steatosis and liver injury in choline-deficient high-fat diet induced NASH mice. Metabolism 2017; 69:177-187. [PMID: 28285648 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For successful treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it may be important to treat the individual causative factors. At present, however, there is no established treatment for this disease. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been used to treat patients with decompensated cirrhosis. AIM In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the effects of BCAAs on hepatic steatosis and disease progression, we investigated the effects of BCAA supplementation in mice fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CDHF), which induces NASH. METHODS Male mice were divided into four groups that received (1) choline-sufficient high fat (HF) diet (HF-control), (2) HF plus 2% BCAA in drinking water (HF-BCAA), (3) CDHF diet (CDHF-control), or (4) CDHF-BCAA for 8weeks. We monitored liver injury, hepatic steatosis and cholesterol, gene expression related to lipid metabolism, and hepatic fat accumulation. RESULTS Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and hepatic triglyceride (TG) were significantly elevated in CDHF-control relative to HF-control. Liver histopathology revealed severe steatosis, inflammation, and pericellular fibrosis in CDHF-control, confirming the NASH findings. Serum ALT levels and hepatic TG and lipid droplet areas were significantly lower in CDHF-BCAA than in CDHF-control. Gene expression and protein level of fatty acid synthase (FAS), which catalyzes the final step in fatty acid biosynthesis, was significantly decreased in CDHF-BCAA than in CDHF-control (P<0.05). Moreover, hepatic total and free cholesterol of CDHF-BCAA was significantly lower than those of CDHF-control. CONCLUSIONS BCAA can alleviate hepatic steatosis and liver injury associated with NASH by suppressing FAS gene expression and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Fangqiong Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ma Lingyun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoji Ishizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teiji Kuzuya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Isao Nakano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Guo-Gang Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Katano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kohama
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidemi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hirooka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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318
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Harada S, Miyagi K, Obata T, Morimoto Y, Nakamoto K, Kim KI, Kim SK, Kim SR, Tokuyama S. Influence of hyperglycemia on liver inflammatory conditions in the early phase of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:698-705. [PMID: 28220495 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has high prevalence and now important issue of public health. In general, there exists strong interaction between NAFLD and diabetes, but the detailed mechanism is unclear. In this study, we determined the effects of hyperglycemia on progression in the early phase of NAFLD in mice. METHODS Male ddY mice were fed a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) consisting of 60% of kcal from fat and 0.1% methionine by weight. Hyperglycemic condition was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. The assessment of liver function used serum AST and ALT levels, and histological analysis. Hepatic tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA levels was estimated by qRT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS During the 3-42 days that the mice were fed CDAHFD, the livers gradually caused accumulation of fat, and infiltration of inflammation cells gradually increased. Serum AST and ALT levels and significantly increased after being fed CDAHFD for 3 days and were exacerbated by the STZ-induced hyperglycemic condition. In addition, hepatic TNF-α mRNA also significantly increased. These phenomena reversed by insulin administration. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that progression in the early phase of NAFLD may be exacerbated by hyperglycemia-induced exacerbation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kei Miyagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tokio Obata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuko Morimoto
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Health Support, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ke Ih Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Soo Ryang Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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319
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Bloomer SA, Olivier AK, Bergmann OM, Mathahs MM, Broadhurst KA, Hicsasmaz H, Brown KE. Strain- and time-dependent alterations in hepatic iron metabolism in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 34:628-639. [PMID: 27935134 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a common liver disease that is often accompanied by dysregulated iron metabolism. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that aberrant iron metabolism in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is modulated by genetic susceptibility to inflammation and oxidative stress. Hepatic histology and iron content were assessed in 3 inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and C3H/HeJ) fed an atherogenic diet (AD). Hepatic expression of genes relevant to iron metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress were quantitated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. At 6 weeks on the AD, histologic injury and induction of inflammatory and oxidative stress-associated gene expression were most pronounced in C57BL/6. At 18 weeks on the AD, these parameters were similar in C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Atherogenic diet-fed C3H/HeJ showed milder responses at both time points. The AD was associated with decreased hepatic iron concentrations in all strains at 6 and 18 weeks. The decrease in hepatic iron concentrations did not correlate with changes in hepcidin expression and was not associated with altered expression of iron transporters. These findings are similar to those observed in models of obesity-induced steatosis and indicate that hepatic steatosis can be associated with depletion of iron stores that is not explained by upregulation of hepcidin expression by inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common liver disease that often accompanies the metabolic syndrome. The latter condition has been linked to iron deficiency and diminished intestinal iron absorption, likely the result of hepcidin upregulation by chronic inflammation. Paradoxically, some NASH patients accumulate excess hepatic iron, which may increase fibrosis and cancer risk. Iron accumulation has been attributed to suppression of hepcidin by oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the contributions of inflammation and oxidative stress to altered hepatic iron metabolism in a murine model of NASH using inbred strains of mice with differing susceptibilities to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Bloomer
- Division of Science and Engineering, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Ottar M Bergmann
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Meleah Mathahs
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle E Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Program in Free Radical and Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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320
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Amano Y, Shimizu F, Yasuno H, Harada A, Tsuchiya S, Isono O, Nagabukuro H, Tozawa R. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in a combined mouse model of genetic modification and dietary challenge. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:103-115. [PMID: 26992446 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Experimental models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are still required for understanding the pathophysiology of this disease. This study aimed to examine whether disease progression is accelerated by combining dyslipidemic genetic modification and dietary challenges and develop NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma in a short period. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed a modified choline-deficient amino acid-defined diet, including 1 w/w% cholesterol and 41 kcal% fat, and was comprehensively profiled over 1 year. RESULTS Microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis in the liver was observed from the first week after starting the modified choline-deficient amino acid-defined diet. Macrovesicular steatosis was exacerbated with time and was observed in almost all hepatocytes at week 8, but slightly decreased at week 16. Infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, and upregulation of hepatic inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were also observed from week 1. Plasma hepatic transaminase activities were increased at week 1, reached a peak at week 4, and gradually decreased thereafter. In parallel with increases in hepatic gene expression of collagen-I, the hepatic fibrosis area expanded after week 4 and massively spread all over the liver by week 8. Hepatocellular hyperplasia was observed from week 24. Hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma were observed from week 31 and 39, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, in a rodent NASH model with the combination of genetic modification and dietary challenges, hepatic steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatic injury, hepatic fibrosis, hepatocellular hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma can be developed in a relatively short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Amano
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumi Shimizu
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasuno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Harada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuntarou Tsuchiya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Isono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagabukuro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tozawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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321
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de Mingo Á, de Gregorio E, Moles A, Tarrats N, Tutusaus A, Colell A, Fernandez-Checa JC, Morales A, Marí M. Cysteine cathepsins control hepatic NF-κB-dependent inflammation via sirtuin-1 regulation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2464. [PMID: 27831566 PMCID: PMC5260902 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) regulates hepatic metabolism but its contribution to NF-κB-dependent inflammation has been overlooked. Cysteine cathepsins (Cathepsin B or S, CTSB/S) execute specific functions in physiological processes, such as protein degradation, having SIRT1 as a substrate. We investigated the roles of CTSB/S and SIRT1 in the regulation of hepatic inflammation using primary parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cell types and cell lines. In all cells analyzed, CTSB/S inhibition reduces nuclear p65-NF-κB and κB-dependent gene expression after LPS or TNF through enhanced SIRT1 expression. Accordingly, SIRT1 silencing was sufficient to enhance inflammatory gene expression. Importantly, in a dietary mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or in healthy and fibrotic mice after LPS challenge, cathepsins as well as NF-κB-dependent gene expression are activated. Consistent with the prominent role of cathepsin/SIRT1, cysteine cathepsin inhibition limits NF-κB-dependent hepatic inflammation through the regulation of SIRT1 in all in vivo settings, providing a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic target in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro de Mingo
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Moles
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Núria Tarrats
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Tutusaus
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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322
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A diet-induced Sprague-Dawley rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related cirrhosis. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 40:62-69. [PMID: 27863346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Certain modified diets containing saturated fatty acids, cholesterol or fructose lead to the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related fibrosis in rodents; however, progression to cirrhosis is rare. Experimental liver cirrhosis models have relied on genetic manipulation or administration of hepatotoxins. This study aimed to establish a reliable dietary model of NASH-related cirrhosis in a relatively short period. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (9 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to normal, high-fat (HF), or two types (1.25% or 2.5% cholesterol) of high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diets for 18 weeks. All HFC diets contained 2% cholic acid by weight. Histopathological analysis revealed that the HFC diets induced obvious hepatic steatosis, inflammation with hepatocyte ballooning and advanced fibrosis (stage 3-4) in all 12 rats at 27 weeks of age. In contrast, all five rats given the HF diet developed mild steatosis and inflammation without fibrosis. The amount of cholesterol in the liver and hepatocellular mitochondrial and microsomal fractions was significantly higher in rats fed the HFC diets than the normal or HF diets. The HFC diets significantly suppressed mRNA levels of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter G5, bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase and bile salt export pump, as well as the enzymatic activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase in the liver. In conclusion, the HFC diets induced liver cirrhosis in conjunction with hepatic features of NASH in Sprague-Dawley rats within 18 weeks, and altered gene expression and enzyme activity to accumulate lipid and bile acid in the liver.
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323
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Bain G, Shannon KE, Huang F, Darlington J, Goulet L, Prodanovich P, Ma GL, Santini AM, Stein AJ, Lonergan D, King CD, Calderon I, Lai A, Hutchinson JH, Evans JF. Selective Inhibition of Autotaxin Is Efficacious in Mouse Models of Liver Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:1-13. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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324
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Novel Action of Carotenoids on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Macrophage Polarization and Liver Homeostasis. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070391. [PMID: 27347998 PMCID: PMC4963867 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. It is characterized by a wide spectrum of hepatic changes, which may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NAFLD is considered a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome; however, mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of NAFLD are still unclear. Resident and recruited macrophages are key players in the homeostatic function of the liver and in the progression of NAFLD to NASH. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the polarized activation of macrophages. New NAFLD therapies will likely involve modification of macrophage polarization by restraining M1 activation or driving M2 activation. Carotenoids are potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory micronutrients that have been used to prevent and treat NAFLD. In addition to their antioxidative action, carotenoids can regulate macrophage polarization and thereby halt the progression of NASH. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization and the function of liver macrophages/Kupffer cells in NAFLD. From our review, we propose that dietary carotenoids, such as β-cryptoxanthin and astaxanthin, be used to prevent or treat NAFLD through the regulation of macrophage polarization and liver homeostasis.
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325
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Horai Y, Utsumi H, Ono Y, Kishimoto T, Ono Y, Fukunari A. Pathological characterization and morphometric analysis of hepatic lesions in SHRSP5/Dmcr, an experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model, induced by high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:75-85. [PMID: 27037502 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SHRSP5/Dmcr is a newly established substrain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP). Recently, high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet-fed SHRSP5/Dmcr has been reported as a novel rat model of developing hepatic lesions similar to human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of this study was to investigate the detailed pathological conditions induced by HFC diet in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats using molecular biological methods and morphometric analysis. SHRSP5/Dmcr rats at 6 weeks of age were fed on either HFC diet or stroke-prone (SP) diet for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 16 weeks and histopathological changes in the liver, blood chemistry and mRNA expression levels in the liver were investigated. As evidenced by the histopathological examination of the liver of the SHRSP5/Dmcr rats, hepatic steatosis and lobular inflammation were present, with gradual increasing severity from 2 weeks after the introduction of the HFC diet. Partial hepatic fibrosis was detected at 6 weeks and spread over the entire region of the liver with more severe bridging formation by 16 weeks. The degrees of NASH-like hepatic lesions such as steatosis (the size distribution of lipid droplets), inflammation and fibrosis were quantified by morphometric analysis. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies encountered in the hepatocytes had immunoreactivity with Cox-4 and double-membrane walls, identified as mega-mitochondria. Serum ALT and bilirubins, and the mRNA expression levels related to fibrosis were closely correlated with hepatic histopathological changes. The clear feeding time-dependent progression of NASH-like hepatic lesion in HFC diet-fed SHRSP5/Dmcr rats reinforced the conclusion that this strain might be a useful model of NASH and of inflammatory fibrotic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Horai
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Utsumi
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Ono
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yuuichi Ono
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukunari
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
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326
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Abstract
Associated with the obesity epidemic, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading liver disease in North America. Approximately 30 % of patients with NAFLD may develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Frequently animal models are used to help identify underlying factors contributing to NAFLD including insulin resistance, dysregulated lipid metabolism and mitochondrial stress. However, studying the inflammatory, progressive nature of NASH in the context of obesity has proven to be a challenge in mice. Although the development of effective treatment strategies for NAFLD and NASH is gaining momentum, the field is hindered by a lack of a concise animal model that reflects the development of liver disease during obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, selecting an animal model to study NAFLD or NASH must be done carefully to ensure the optimal application. The most widely used animal models have been reviewed highlighting their advantages and disadvantages to studying NAFLD and NASH specifically in the context of obesity.
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327
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Delire B, Stärkel P, Leclercq I. Animal Models for Fibrotic Liver Diseases: What We Have, What We Need, and What Is under Development. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2015; 3:53-66. [PMID: 26357635 PMCID: PMC4542084 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2014.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is part of the wound-healing response to liver damage of various origins and represents a major health problem. Although our understanding of the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has grown considerably over the last 20 years, effective antifibrotic therapies are still lacking. The use of animal models is crucial for determining mechanisms underlying initiation, progression, and resolution of fibrosis and for developing novel therapies. To date, no animal model can recapitulate all the hepatic and extra-hepatic features of liver disease. In this review, we will discuss the current rodent models of liver injuries. We will then focus on the available ways to target specifically particular compounds of fibrogenesis and on the new models of liver diseases like the humanized liver mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Delire
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Luc Academic Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence to: Isabelle Leclercq, Laboratoire d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E Mounier 53, Box B1.52.01, Brussels 1200, Belgium. Tel: +32-27645379, Fax: +32-27645346. E-mail:
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328
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Takumi S, Okamura K, Yanagisawa H, Sano T, Kobayashi Y, Nohara K. The effect of a methyl-deficient diet on the global DNA methylation and the DNA methylation regulatory pathways. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1550-6. [PMID: 25690533 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-deficient diets are known to induce various liver disorders, in which DNA methylation changes are implicated. Recent studies have clarified the existence of the active DNA demethylation pathways that start with oxidization of 5-methylcytosine (5meC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes, followed by the action of base-excision-repair pathways. Here, we investigated the effects of a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet on the hepatic DNA methylation of mice by precisely quantifying 5meC using a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and by investigating the regulatory pathways, including DNA demethylation. Although feeding the MCD diet for 1 week induced hepatic steatosis and lower level of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, it did not cause a significant reduction in the 5meC content. On the other hand, the MCD diet significantly upregulated the gene expression of the Tet enzymes, Tet2 and Tet3, and the base-excision-repair enzymes, thymine DNA glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic-endonuclease 1. At the same time, the gene expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 and a, was also significantly increased by the MCD diet. These results suggest that the DNA methylation level is precisely regulated even when dietary methyl donors are restricted. Methyl-deficient diets are well known to induce oxidative stress and the oxidative-stress-induced DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), is reported to inhibit DNA methylation. In this study, we also clarified that the increase in 8OHdG number per DNA by the MCD diet is approximately 10 000 times smaller than the reduction in 5meC number, suggesting the contribution of 8OHdG formation to DNA methylation would not be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takumi
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.,Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Okamura
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Sano
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Nohara
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
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329
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Wolf MJ, Adili A, Piotrowitz K, Abdullah Z, Boege Y, Stemmer K, Ringelhan M, Simonavicius N, Egger M, Wohlleber D, Lorentzen A, Einer C, Schulz S, Clavel T, Protzer U, Thiele C, Zischka H, Moch H, Tschöp M, Tumanov AV, Haller D, Unger K, Karin M, Kopf M, Knolle P, Weber A, Heikenwalder M. Metabolic activation of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells and NKT cells causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver cancer via cross-talk with hepatocytes. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:549-64. [PMID: 25314080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the fastest rising cancer in the United States and increasing in Europe, often occurs with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mechanisms underlying NASH and NASH-induced HCC are largely unknown. We developed a mouse model recapitulating key features of human metabolic syndrome, NASH, and HCC by long-term feeding of a choline-deficient high-fat diet. This induced activated intrahepatic CD8(+) T cells, NKT cells, and inflammatory cytokines, similar to NASH patients. CD8(+) T cells and NKT cells but not myeloid cells promote NASH and HCC through interactions with hepatocytes. NKT cells primarily cause steatosis via secreted LIGHT, while CD8(+) and NKT cells cooperatively induce liver damage. Hepatocellular LTβR and canonical NF-κB signaling facilitate NASH-to-HCC transition, demonstrating that distinct molecular mechanisms determine NASH and HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Julia Wolf
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Arlind Adili
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Kira Piotrowitz
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn 53125, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53105, Germany
| | - Yannick Boege
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany; Second Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | - Nicole Simonavicius
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Michèle Egger
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Claudia Einer
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Junior Group Intestinal Microbiome, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany; Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biofunctionality Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn 53125, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biofunctionality Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53105, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany.
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330
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Sudoh M, Matsumoto M. [An approach for anti-fibrotic drug discovery in NASH]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2014; 144:69-74. [PMID: 25109519 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.144.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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