301
|
Nelles NJ, Chandler WL. Platelet mapping assay interference due to platelet activation in heparinized samples. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 142:331-8. [PMID: 25125623 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpq9byj0oeenga] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thromboelastography Platelet Mapping (TEGPM) is an assay designed to detect platelet inhibition due to aspirin or clopidogrel-like drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential causes of error in the design or operation of the assay. METHODS We evaluated percent inhibition of platelets due to aspirin or clopidogrel using TEGPM, which measures clot viscoelastic maximum amplitude (MA) after activation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or arachidonic acid (AA) and subtraction of MA due to fibrin (MAFibrin). RESULTS MAFibrin measured in heparinized blood showed an unstable increasing pattern in 28% of samples (16 of 58). The platelet aggregation inhibitor eptifibatide corrected increasing MAFibrin in 14 of 16 cases, while the thrombin inhibitor argatroban corrected increasing MAFibrin in six of 16 cases, suggesting that unanticipated platelet activation/ aggregation was a more important cause of unstable rising MAFibrin than uninhibited thrombin. The unstable increased MAFibrin falsely increased percent ADP inhibition on average from 19% to 38% and percent AA inhibition from 29% to 58%. Heparinized samples showed platelet clumping and had procoagulant platelet microvesicle levels double those in citrate anticoagulant. CONCLUSIONS Unanticipated platelet activation/aggregation occurring in the heparinized TEGPM samples lead to erroneous percent inhibition results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Nelles
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Wayne L. Chandler
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
302
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although early acute traumatic coagulopathy has received much recent attention, the procoagulopathy that often follows appears less appreciated. Thromboembolic disease following trauma is common and lethal, but very effective prophylactic strategies are available. These strategies are variably implemented because of the difficulty in quantifying the magnitude of procoagulopathy in individual patients. RECENT FINDINGS The principal mechanisms of the procoagulopathy of trauma include inflammation and disseminated intravascular coagulation, tissue factor and thrombin dysregulation, and circulating microparticles and phospholipids. Quantification of these factors may allow better risk assessment in individual patients, but as yet none of these tests is in routine practice. Viscoelastic measurement of developing clot strength identifies a procoagulant state in many trauma patients, and may be a guide to the best choice of the many options for thromboembolic prophylaxis. SUMMARY The logical next step following from the improved pathophysiological understanding of the procoagulopathy of trauma should be a simultaneous clinical trial of procoagulopathy diagnosis and thromboembolic prophylaxis.
Collapse
|
303
|
Han X, Guo B, Li Y, Zhu B. Tissue factor in tumor microenvironment: a systematic review. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:54. [PMID: 25084809 PMCID: PMC4237870 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant hemostasis is a common manifestation of cancer, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the second leading cause of cancer patients’ mortality. Tissue factor (TF), comprising of a 47-kDa transmembrane protein that presents in subendothelial tissues and leukocytes and a soluble isoform, have distinct roles in the initiation of extrinsic coagulation cascade and thrombosis. Laboratory and clinical evidence showed the deviant expression of TF in several cancer systems and its tumor-promoting effects. TF contributes to myeloid cell recruitment in tumor stroma, thereby remodeling of tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the number of TF-positive-microparticles (TF+MP) from tumor origins correlates with the VTE rates in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the TF regulation and roles in tumor progression and clinical complications.
Collapse
|
304
|
Larson MC, Hillery CA, Hogg N. Circulating membrane-derived microvesicles in redox biology. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:214-28. [PMID: 24751526 PMCID: PMC4465756 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles or microvesicles (MVs) are subcellular membrane blebs shed from all cells in response to various stimuli. MVs carry a battery of signaling molecules, many of them related to redox-regulated processes. The role of MVs, either as a cause or as a result of cellular redox signaling, has been increasingly recognized over the past decade. This is in part due to advances in flow cytometry and its detection of MVs. Notably, recent studies have shown that circulating MVs from platelets and endothelial cells drive reactive species-dependent angiogenesis; circulating MVs in cancer alter the microenvironment and enhance invasion through horizontal transfer of mutated proteins and nucleic acids and harbor redox-regulated matrix metalloproteinases and procoagulative surface molecules; and circulating MVs from red blood cells and other cells modulate cell-cell interactions through scavenging or production of nitric oxide and other free radicals. Although our recognition of MVs in redox-related processes is growing, especially in the vascular biology field, much remains unknown regarding the various biologic and pathologic functions of MVs. Like reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, MVs were originally believed to have a solely pathological role in biology. And like our understanding of reactive species, it is now clear that MVs also play an important role in normal growth, development, and homeostasis. We are just beginning to understand how MVs are involved in various biological processes-developmental, homeostatic, and pathological-and the role of MVs in redox signaling is a rich and exciting area of investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Craig Larson
- Department of Biophysics and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Cheryl A Hillery
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Neil Hogg
- Department of Biophysics and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
305
|
Pietraforte D, Vona R, Marchesi A, de Jacobis IT, Villani A, Del Principe D, Straface E. Redox control of platelet functions in physiology and pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:177-93. [PMID: 24597688 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An imbalance between the production and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) can be implicated in many pathological processes. Platelets are best known as primary mediators of hemostasis and can be either targets of ROS/RNS or generate radicals during cell activation. These conditions can dramatically affect platelet physiology, leading even, as an ultimate event, to the cell number modification. In this case, pathological conditions such as thrombocytosis (promoted by increased cell number) or thrombocytopenia and myelodysplasia (promoted by cell decrease mediated by accelerated apoptosis) can occur. RECENT ADVANCES Usually, in peripheral blood, ROS/RNS production is balanced by the rate of oxidant elimination. Under this condition, platelets are in a nonadherent "resting" state. During endothelial dysfunction or under pathological conditions, ROS/RNS production increases and the platelets respond with specific biochemical and morphologic changes. Mitochondria are at the center of these processes, being able to both generate ROS/RNS, that drive redox-sensitive events, and respond to ROS/RNS-mediated changes of the cellular redox state. Irregular function of platelets and enhanced interaction with leukocytes and endothelial cells can contribute to pathogenesis of atherosclerotic and thrombotic events. CRITICAL ISSUES The relationship between oxidative stress, platelet death, and the activation-dependent pathways that drive platelet pro-coagulant activity is unclear and deserves to be explored. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Expanding knowledge about how platelets can mediate hemostasis and modulate inflammation may lead to novel and effective therapeutic strategies for the long and growing list of pathological conditions that involve both thrombosis and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Pietraforte
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Cell Aging and Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
306
|
Hargett LA, Bauer NN. On the origin of microparticles: From "platelet dust" to mediators of intercellular communication. Pulm Circ 2014; 3:329-40. [PMID: 24015332 PMCID: PMC3757826 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles are submicron vesicles shed from a variety of cells. Peter Wolf first identified microparticles in the midst of ongoing blood coagulation research in 1967 as a product of platelets. He termed them platelet dust. Although initially thought to be useless cellular trash, decades of research focused on the tiny vesicles have defined their roles as participators in coagulation, cellular signaling, vascular injury, and homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the science leading up to the discovery of microparticles, feature discoveries made by key contributors to the field of microparticle research, and discuss their positive and negative impact on the pulmonary circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Hargett
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung Biology and College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
307
|
Shear enhances thrombopoiesis and formation of microparticles that induce megakaryocytic differentiation of stem cells. Blood 2014; 124:2094-103. [PMID: 24948658 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-547927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo visualization of thrombopoiesis suggests an important role for shear flow in platelet biogenesis. In vitro, shear stress was shown to accelerate proplatelet formation from mature megakaryocytes (Mks). Yet, the role of biomechanical forces on Mk biology and platelet biogenesis remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact of shear stress on Mk maturation and formation of platelet-like particles (PLPs), pro/preplatelets (PPTs), and Mk microparticles (MkMPs), and furthermore, we explored a physiological role for MkMPs. We found that shear accelerated DNA synthesis of immature Mks in an exposure time- and shear stress level-dependent manner. Both phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase-3 activation were enhanced by shear stress. Exposure to physiological shear dramatically increased generation of PLPs/PPTs and MkMPs by up to 10.8 and 47-fold, respectively. Caspase-3 inhibition reduced shear-induced PLP/PPT and MkMP formation. PLPs generated under shear flow displayed improved functionality as assessed by CD62P exposure and fibrinogen binding. Significantly, coculture of MkMPs with hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells promoted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation to mature Mks synthesizing α- and dense-granules, and forming PPTs without exogenous thrombopoietin, thus identifying a novel and unexplored potential physiological role for MkMPs.
Collapse
|
308
|
Freeman CM, Quillin RC, Wilson GC, Nojima H, Johnson BL, Sutton JM, Schuster RM, Blanchard J, Edwards MJ, Caldwell CC, Lentsch AB. Characterization of microparticles after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97945. [PMID: 24879335 PMCID: PMC4039439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a well-studied model of liver injury and has demonstrated a biphasic injury followed by recovery and regeneration. Microparticles (MPs) are a developing field of study and these small membrane bound vesicles have been shown to have effector function in other physiologic and pathologic states. This study was designed to quantify the levels of MPs from various cell origins–platelets, neutrophils, and endolethial cells–following hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods A murine model was used with mice undergoing 90 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia followed by various times of reperfusion. Following reperfusion, plasma samples were taken and MPs of various cell origins were labeled and levels were measured using flow cytometry. Additionally, cell specific MPs were further assessed by Annexin V, which stains for the presence of phosphatidylserine, a cell surface marker linked to apoptosis. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance with subsequent Student-Newman-Keuls test with data presented as the mean and standard error of the mean. Results MPs from varying sources show an increase in circulating levels following hepatic I/R injury. However, the timing of the appearance of different MP subtypes differs for each cell type. Platelet and neutrophil-derived MP levels demonstrated an acute elevation following injury whereas endothelial-derived MP levels demonstrated a delayed elevation. Conclusion This is the first study to characterize circulating levels of cell-specific MPs after hepatic I/R injury and suggests that MPs derived from platelets and neutrophils serve as markers of inflammatory injury and may be active participants in this process. In contrast, MPs derived from endothelial cells increase after the injury response during the reparative phase and may be important in angiogenesis that occurs in the regenerating liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Freeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ralph C. Quillin
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Wilson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Nojima
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bobby L. Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Sutton
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Schuster
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Blanchard
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
309
|
Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Yang M. Neutrophils generate microparticles during exposure to inert gases due to cytoskeletal oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18831-45. [PMID: 24867949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation was to elucidate the mechanism for microparticle (MP) formation triggered by exposures to high pressure inert gases. Human neutrophils generate MPs at a threshold of ∼186 kilopascals with exposures of 30 min or more. Murine cells are similar, but MP production occurs at a slower rate and continues for ∼4 h, whether or not cells remain under pressure. Neutrophils exposed to elevated gas but not hydrostatic pressure produce MPs according to the potency series: argon ≃ nitrogen > helium. Following a similar pattern, gases activate type-2 nitric-oxide synthase (NOS-2) and NADPH oxidase (NOX). MP production does not occur with neutrophils exposed to a NOX inhibitor (Nox2ds) or a NOS-2 inhibitor (1400W) or with cells from mice lacking NOS-2. Reactive species cause S-nitrosylation of cytosolic actin that enhances actin polymerization. Protein cross-linking and immunoprecipitation studies indicate that increased polymerization occurs because of associations involving vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, focal adhesion kinase, the H(+)/K(+) ATPase β (flippase), the hematopoietic cell multidrug resistance protein ABC transporter (floppase), and protein-disulfide isomerase in proximity to short actin filaments. Using chemical inhibitors or reducing cell concentrations of any of these proteins with small inhibitory RNA abrogates NOS-2 activation, reactive species generation, actin polymerization, and MP production. These effects were also inhibited in cells exposed to UV light, which photoreverses S-nitrosylated cysteine residues and by co-incubations with the antioxidant ebselen or cytochalasin D. The autocatalytic cycle of protein activation is initiated by inert gas-mediated singlet O2 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Thom
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Veena M Bhopale
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Ming Yang
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Arraud N, Linares R, Tan S, Gounou C, Pasquet JM, Mornet S, Brisson AR. Extracellular vesicles from blood plasma: determination of their morphology, size, phenotype and concentration. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:614-27. [PMID: 24618123 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma and other body fluids contain membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are considered to derive from activated or apoptotic cells. EVs participate in physiological and pathological processes and have potential applications in diagnostics or therapeutics. Knowledge on EVs is, however, limited, mainly due to their sub-micrometer size and to intrinsic limitations in methods applied for their characterization. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to provide a comprehensive description of EVs from plasma of healthy subjects. METHODS Cryo-transmission electron microscopy combined with receptor-specific gold labeling was used to reveal the morphology, size and phenotype of EVs. An original approach based on sedimentation on electron microscopy grids was developed for enumerating EVs. A correlation was performed between conventional flow cytometry and electron microscopy results. RESULTS We show that platelet-free plasma samples contain spherical EVs, 30 nm to 1 μm in diameter, tubular EVs, 1-5 μm long, and membrane fragments, 1-8 μm large. We show that only a minority of EVs expose the procoagulant lipid phosphatidylserine, in contrast to the classical theory of EV formation. In addition, the concentrations of the main EV sub-populations are determined after sedimentation on EM grids. Finally, we show that conventional flow cytometry, the main method of EV characterization, detects only about 1% of them. CONCLUSION This study brings novel insights on EVs from normal plasma and provides a reference for further studies of EVs in disease situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Arraud
- Imagerie Moléculaire et NanoBioTechnologie, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB, Pessac, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
311
|
Essential role for TrpC5-containing extracellular vesicles in breast cancer with chemotherapeutic resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6389-94. [PMID: 24733904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400272111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical challenge for chemotherapy is the development of chemoresistance in breast cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms and validated predictors remain unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained attention as potential means for cancer cells to share intracellular contents. In adriamycin-resistant human breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ADM), we analyzed the role of transient receptor potential channel 5 (TrpC5) in EV formation and transfer as well as the diagnostic implications. Up-regulated TrpC5, accumulated in EVs, is responsible for EV formation and trapping of adriamycin (ADM) in EVs. EV-mediated intercellular transfer of TrpC5 allowed recipient cells to acquire TrpC5, consequently stimulating multidrug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein production through a Ca(2+)- and activated T-cells isoform c3-mediated mechanism and thus, conferring chemoresistance on nonresistant cells. TrpC5-containing circulating EVs were detected in nude mice bearing MCF-7/ADM tumor xenografts, and the level was lower after TrpC5-siRNA treatment. In breast cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy, TrpC5 expression in the tumor was significantly higher in patients with progressive or stable disease than in patients with a partial or complete response. TrpC5-containing circulating EVs were found in peripheral blood from patients who underwent chemotherapy but not patients without chemotherapy. Taken together, we found that TrpC5-containing circulating EVs may transfer chemoresistance property to nonchemoresistant recipient cells. It may be worthwhile to further explore the potential of using TrpC5-containing EVs as a diagnostic biomarker for chemoresistant breast cancer.
Collapse
|
312
|
Turturici G, Tinnirello R, Sconzo G, Geraci F. Extracellular membrane vesicles as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication: advantages and disadvantages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C621-33. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00228.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles represent a newly identified mechanism of intercellular communication. Two different types of microvesicles have been identified: membrane-derived vesicles (EVs) and exosomes. EVs originate by direct budding from the plasma membrane, while exosomes arise from ectocytosis of multivesicular bodies. Recent attention has focused on the capacity of EVs to alter the phenotype of neighboring cells to make them resemble EV-producing cells. Stem cells are an abundant source of EVs, and the interaction between stem cells and the microenvironment (i.e., stem cell niche) plays a critical role in determining stem cell phenotype. The stem cell niche hypothesis predicts that stem cell number is limited by the availability of niches releasing the necessary signals for self-renewal and survival, and the niche thus provides a mechanism for controlling and limiting stem cell numbers. EVs may play a fundamental role in this context by transferring genetic information between cells. EVs can transfer mRNA and microRNA to target cells, both of which may be involved in the change in target-cell phenotype towards that of EV-producing cells. The exchange of genetic information may be bidirectional, and EV-mediated transfer of genetic information after tissue damage may reprogram stem cells to acquire the phenotypic features of the injured tissue cells. In addition, stem cell-derived EVs may induce the de-differentiation of cells that survive injury by promoting their reentry into the cell cycle and subsequently increasing the possibility of tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Turturici
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Tinnirello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sconzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabiana Geraci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sharma
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Institute of Metabolomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California; andDivision of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
314
|
Devalet B, Mullier F, Chatelain B, Dogné JM, Chatelain C. The central role of extracellular vesicles in the mechanisms of thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: a review. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23304. [PMID: 24672668 PMCID: PMC3965713 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired disorder of the haematopoietic stem cell that makes blood cells more sensitive to the action of complement. PNH patients experience an increased risk of arterial and venous thrombosis – major causes of death due to this disease. Though many potential interlaced mechanisms are suspected, extracellular vesicles (EVs) of various origins may play a central role. The processes possibly involved are haemolysis, platelet activation, injured endothelial cells and monocyte activation. The impact of transfusion should be evaluated. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved may help to propose guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis in PNH. In this paper, we propose an updated review of the pathophysiology of the underlying mechanisms of thrombosis associated with PNH, with specific focus on the prominent role of EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bérangère Devalet
- Department of Hematology, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - François Mullier
- Hematology Laboratory, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium ; Department of Pharmacy, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Bernard Chatelain
- Hematology Laboratory, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Christian Chatelain
- Department of Hematology, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
315
|
Schroder WA, Major LD, Le TT, Gardner J, Sweet MJ, Janciauskiene S, Suhrbier A. Tumor cell-expressed SerpinB2 is present on microparticles and inhibits metastasis. Cancer Med 2014; 3:500-13. [PMID: 24644264 PMCID: PMC4101741 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of SerpinB2 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2/PAI-2) by certain cancers is associated with a favorable prognosis. Although tumor-associated host tissues can express SerpinB2, no significant differences in the growth of a panel of different tumors in SerpinB2(-/-) and SerpinB2(+/+) mice were observed. SerpinB2 expression by cancer cells (via lentiviral transduction) also had no significant effect on the growth of panel of mouse and human tumor lines in vivo or in vitro. SerpinB2 expression by cancer cells did, however, significantly reduce the number of metastases in a B16 metastasis model. SerpinB2-expressing B16 cells also showed reduced migration and increased length of invadopodia-like structures, supporting the classical view that that tumor-derived SerpinB2 is inhibiting extracellular urokinase. Importantly, although SerpinB2 is usually poorly secreted, we found that SerpinB2 effectively reaches the extracellular milieu on the surface of 0.5-1 μm microparticles (MPs), where it was able to inhibit urokinase. We also provide evidence that annexins mediate the binding of SerpinB2 to phosphatidylserine, a lipid characteristically exposed on the surface of MPs. The presence of SerpinB2 on the surface of MPs provides a physiological mechanism whereby cancer cell SerpinB2 can reach the extracellular milieu and access urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). This may then lead to inhibition of metastasis and a favorable prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Schroder
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Lee D Major
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Thuy T Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Joy Gardner
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandSt Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith UniversityNathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
316
|
An AFM-based pit-measuring method for indirect measurements of cell-surface membrane vesicles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:375-9. [PMID: 24607905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating membrane vesicles, which are shed from many cell types, have multiple functions and have been correlated with many diseases. Although circulating membrane vesicles have been extensively characterized, the status of cell-surface membrane vesicles prior to their release is less understood due to the lack of effective measurement methods. Recently, as a powerful, micro- or nano-scale imaging tool, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been applied in measuring circulating membrane vesicles. However, it seems very difficult for AFM to directly image/identify and measure cell-bound membrane vesicles due to the similarity of surface morphology between membrane vesicles and cell surfaces. Therefore, until now no AFM studies on cell-surface membrane vesicles have been reported. In this study, we found that air drying can induce the transformation of most cell-surface membrane vesicles into pits that are more readily detectable by AFM. Based on this, we developed an AFM-based pit-measuring method and, for the first time, used AFM to indirectly measure cell-surface membrane vesicles on cultured endothelial cells. Using this approach, we observed and quantitatively measured at least two populations of cell-surface membrane vesicles, a nanoscale population (<500 nm in diameter peaking at ∼250 nm) and a microscale population (from 500 nm to ∼2 μm peaking at ∼0.8 μm), whereas confocal microscopy only detected the microscale population. The AFM-based pit-measuring method is potentially useful for studying cell-surface membrane vesicles and for investigating the mechanisms of membrane vesicle formation/release.
Collapse
|
317
|
Oberemkoм AV. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES: CLASSIFICATION, FUNCTIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2014. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech7.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
318
|
Ezzelarab MB, Liu YW, Lin CC, Long C, Ayares D, Dorling A, Cooper DKC. Role of P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 interaction in the induction of tissue factor expression on human platelets after incubation with porcine aortic endothelial cells. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:16-24. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B. Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Yueh Wei Liu
- Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaoksiung Taiwan
| | - Chih Che Lin
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaoksiung Taiwan
| | - Cassandra Long
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | - Anthony Dorling
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology; MRC Centre for Transplantation; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; London UK
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
319
|
Marchetti M, Tartari CJ, Russo L, Panova-Noeva M, Leuzzi A, Rambaldi A, Finazzi G, Woodhams B, Falanga A. Phospholipid-dependent procoagulant activity is highly expressed by circulating microparticles in patients with essential thrombocythemia. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:68-73. [PMID: 24009132 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the functional procoagulant features of plasma microparticle (MP) to explore the MP contribution to the hypercoagulable state of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET). Platelet-free plasma samples were obtained from 73 ET patients (37 positive for the JAK2V617F mutation) and 72 control subjects. The calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) was performed in plasma samples to determine thrombin generation of MP-associated tissue factor (TF) and procoagulant phospholipid (PPL) activity, and the STA Procoag PPL assay to measure MP-PPL activity only. Both thrombin generation and PPL procoagulant activities were found significantly elevated in ET patients compared to controls, and were associated to significantly higher levels of TF antigen and FVIIa/AT complex. Thrombin generation was significantly greater in JAK2-V617F positive compared to JAK2-V617F negative patients and normal subjects. Significant correlations were found between the PPL-assay and the different parameters of the CAT assay. No difference was seen between the thrombosis and no thrombosis group. Prospective studies are needed to test whether MP-associated thrombin generation and procoagulant activity may predict for thrombosis in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marchetti
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Carmen J. Tartari
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Marina Panova-Noeva
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Annamaria Leuzzi
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | | | - Guido Finazzi
- Division of Hematology; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | | | - Anna Falanga
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| |
Collapse
|
320
|
Thushara RM, Hemshekhar M, Kemparaju K, Rangappa KS, Devaraja S, Girish KS. Therapeutic drug-induced platelet apoptosis: an overlooked issue in pharmacotoxicology. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:185-98. [PMID: 24363025 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The surfacing of the applied fields of biology such as, biotechnology, pharmacology and drug discovery was a boon to the modern man. However, it had its share of disadvantages too. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and other biological drugs resulted in numerous adverse reactions including thrombocytopenia. One of the reasons for drug-induced thrombocytopenia could be attributed to an enhanced rate of platelet apoptosis, which is a less investigated aspect. The present essay sheds light on the adverse (pro-apoptotic) effects of some of the commonly used drugs and antibiotics on platelets viz. cisplatin, aspirin, vancomycin and balhimycin. Furthermore, the undesirable reactions resulting from chemotherapy could be attributed at least to some extent to the systemic stress induced by microparticles, which in turn are the byproducts of platelet apoptosis. Thereby, the essay aims to highlight the challenges in the emerging trend of cross-disciplinary implications, i.e., drug-induced platelet apoptosis, which is a nascent field. Thus, the different mechanisms through which drugs induce platelet apoptosis are discussed, which also opens up a new perspective through which the adverse effects of commonly used drugs could be dealt. The drug-associated platelet toxicity is of grave concern and demands immediate attention. Besides, it would also be appealing to examine the platelet pro-apoptotic effects of other commonly used therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Thushara
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570006, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
321
|
Alaarg A, Schiffelers RM, van Solinge WW, van Wijk R. Red blood cell vesiculation in hereditary hemolytic anemia. Front Physiol 2013; 4:365. [PMID: 24379786 PMCID: PMC3862113 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemolytic anemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of anemias characterized by decreased red blood cell survival because of inherited membrane, enzyme, or hemoglobin disorders. Affected red blood cells are more fragile, less deformable, and more susceptible to shear stress and oxidative damage, and show increased vesiculation. Red blood cells, as essentially all cells, constitutively release phospholipid extracellular vesicles in vivo and in vitro in a process known as vesiculation. These extracellular vesicles comprise a heterogeneous group of vesicles of different sizes and intracellular origins. They are described in literature as exosomes if they originate from multi-vesicular bodies, or as microvesicles when formed by a one-step budding process directly from the plasma membrane. Extracellular vesicles contain a multitude of bioactive molecules that are implicated in intercellular communication and in different biological and pathophysiological processes. Mature red blood cells release in principle only microvesicles. In hereditary hemolytic anemias, the underlying molecular defect affects and determines red blood cell vesiculation, resulting in shedding microvesicles of different compositions and concentrations. Despite extensive research into red blood cell biochemistry and physiology, little is known about red cell deformability and vesiculation in hereditary hemolytic anemias, and the associated pathophysiological role is incompletely assessed. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding extracellular vesicles biology, with focus on red blood cell vesiculation. Also, we review recent scientific findings on the molecular defects of hereditary hemolytic anemias, and their correlation with red blood cell deformability and vesiculation. Integrating bio-analytical findings on abnormalities of red blood cells and their microvesicles will be critical for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hereditary hemolytic anemias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Alaarg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter W van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
322
|
Bad (or good) things come in small packages. Blood 2013; 122:3707-8. [PMID: 24288408 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-522482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
323
|
Gieseler F, Gamperl H, Theophil F, Stenzel I, Quecke T, Ungefroren H, Lehnert H. Using annexin V-coated magnetic beads to capture active tissue factor-bearing microparticles from body fluids. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:277-81. [PMID: 24431236 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles, found in all body fluids including peripheral blood, are important elements that regulate cellular interactions under both physiological and pathological conditions. They play an important role in blood clot formation and increased cell aggregation. However, little is known about the components of the microparticles and their mechanism of action. A method to quantify and assess the underlying mechanism of action of microparticles in pathologies is therefore desirable. We present a specific method to isolate cell-derived microparticles from malignant effusions using annexin V-coated magnetic microbeads. The microparticles can be detected by flow cytometry. Our results show that the microparticles can be isolated with >80% specificity when bound to annexin V-coated magnetic beads, which was originally developed for the detection of apoptotic cells. We also show that the isolated microparticles were still functionally active and can be used for further analysis. Thus, our method enables isolation as well as structural and functional characterisation of the microparticles which are produced in numerous patho-physiological situations. This should help gain a deeper insight into various disease situations, which in turn should pave the way for the development of novel drugs and specific therapy strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
324
|
Collier MEW, Maraveyas A, Ettelaie C. Filamin-A is required for the incorporation of tissue factor into cell-derived microvesicles. Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:647-55. [PMID: 24258684 DOI: 10.1160/th13-09-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the incorporation of tissue factor (TF) into cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) is regulated by the phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of TF. Since the cytoskeletal protein filamin-A is known to bind to the cytoplasmic domain of TF in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, the involvement of filamin-A in the incorporation of TF into MVs was examined. Endothelial cells were transfected to express TF, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells were used to examine endogenously expressed TF. MV release was induced by activating protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). Partial suppression of filamin-A expression using two different filamin-A siRNA sequences resulted in significant reductions in the incorporation of TF antigen into MVs as determined by TF-ELISA and western blot analysis, and was reflected in reduced thrombin-generation and FXa-generation capacities of these MVs. Deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of TF also resulted in reduced incorporation of TF into MVs, whereas the suppression of filamin-A expression had no additional effect on the incorporation of truncated TF into MVs. Partial suppression of filamin-A expression had no effect on the number and size distribution of the released MVs. However, >90% suppression of filamin-A expression resulted in increased MV release, possibly as a result of increased instability of the plasma membrane and underlying cytoskeleton. In conclusion, the presence of filamin-A appears to be essential for the incorporation of TF into MVs following PAR2 activation, but is not required for the process of MV formation and release following PAR2 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E W Collier
- Dr. Mary Collier, Biomedical Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK, Tel.: +44 1482 465528; Fax: +44 1482 465458, E-mail:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
325
|
Gupta N, Li W, Willard B, Silverstein RL, McIntyre TM. Proteasome proteolysis supports stimulated platelet function and thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:160-8. [PMID: 24177323 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proteasome inhibitors used in the treatment of hematologic cancers also reduce thrombosis. Whether the proteasome participates in platelet activation or function is unclear because little is known of the proteasome in these terminally differentiated cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Platelets displayed all 3 primary proteasome protease activities, which MG132 and bortezomib (Velcade) inhibited. Proteasome substrates are marked by ubiquitin, and platelets contained a functional ubiquitination system that modified the proteome by monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination. Systemic MG132 strongly suppressed the formation of occlusive, platelet-rich thrombi in FeCl3-damaged carotid arteries. Transfusion of platelets treated ex vivo with MG132 and washed before transfusion into thrombocytopenic mice also reduced carotid artery thrombosis. Proteasome inhibition reduced platelet aggregation by low thrombin concentrations and ristocetin-stimulated agglutination through the glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex. This receptor was not appropriately internalized after proteasome inhibition in stimulated platelets, and spreading and clot retraction after MG132 exposure also were decreased. The effects of proteasome inhibitors were not confined to a single receptor as MG132 suppressed thrombin-stimulated, ADP-stimulated, and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microparticle shedding. Proteasome inhibition increased ubiquitin decoration of cytoplasmic proteins, including the cytoskeletal proteins Filamin A and Talin-1. Mass spectrometry revealed a single MG132-sensitive tryptic cleavage after R1745 in an extended Filamin A loop, which would separate its actin-binding domain from its carboxy terminal glycoprotein Ibα-binding domain. CONCLUSIONS Platelets contain a ubiquitin/proteasome system that marks cytoskeletal proteins for proteolytic modification to promote productive platelet-platelet and platelet-wall interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilaksh Gupta
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH (N.G., W.L., B.W., R.L.S., T.M.M.); and Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH (N.G., T.M.M.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
326
|
Xu J, Yang M, Kosterin P, Salzberg BM, Milovanova TN, Bhopale VM, Thom SR. Carbon monoxide inhalation increases microparticles causing vascular and CNS dysfunction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:410-7. [PMID: 24090814 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that circulating microparticles (MPs) play a role in pro-inflammatory effects associated with carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation. Mice exposed for 1h to 100 ppm CO or more exhibit increases in circulating MPs derived from a variety of vascular cells as well as neutrophil activation. Tissue injury was quantified as 2000 kDa dextran leakage from vessels and as neutrophil sequestration in the brain and skeletal muscle; and central nervous system nerve dysfunction was documented as broadening of the neurohypophysial action potential (AP). Indices of injury occurred following exposures to 1000 ppm for 1h or to 1000 ppm for 40 min followed by 3000 ppm for 20 min. MPs were implicated in causing injuries because infusing the surfactant MP lytic agent, polyethylene glycol telomere B (PEGtB) abrogated elevations in MPs, vascular leak, neutrophil sequestration and AP prolongation. These manifestations of tissue injury also did not occur in mice lacking myeloperoxidase. Vascular leakage and AP prolongation were produced in naïve mice infused with MPs that had been obtained from CO poisoned mice, but this did not occur with MPs obtained from control mice. We conclude that CO poisoning triggers elevations of MPs that activate neutrophils which subsequently cause tissue injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
327
|
Soop A, Hållström L, Frostell C, Wallén H, Mobarrez F, Pisetsky DS. Effect of lipopolysaccharide administration on the number, phenotype and content of nuclear molecules in blood microparticles of normal human subjects. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:205-13. [PMID: 23679665 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane-bound vesicles that arise from activated and dying cells and promote inflammation and thrombosis. To characterize the in vivo release of MPs, we used flow cytometry to measure MPs in the blood of 15 healthy volunteers administered bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide or LPS) in the presence of a low dose of hydrocortisone with or without inhaled nitric oxide. MPs, defined as particles less than 1.0 μm in size, were assessed following labelling for CD42a, CD14 and CD62E or CD144 antibodies to identify MPs from platelets (PMPs), monocytes (MMPs) and endothelial cells (EMPs). In addition, PMPs and MMPs were labelled with anti-HMGB1 and stained with SYTO13 to assess nuclear acid content. Administration of LPS led to an increase in the numbers of PMPs, MMPs and EMPs as defined by CD62E, as well as the number of MMPs and PMPs staining with anti-HMGB1 and SYTO13. Inhalation of NO did not influence these findings. Together, these studies show that LPS can increase levels of blood MPs and influence phenotype, including nuclear content. As such, particles may be a source of HMGB1 and other nuclear molecules in the blood during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Soop
- Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
328
|
Jy W, Johansen ME, Bidot C, Horstman LL, Ahn YS. Red cell-derived microparticles (RMP) as haemostatic agent. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:751-60. [PMID: 24030707 DOI: 10.1160/th12-12-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Among circulating cell-derived microparticles, those derived from red cells (RMP) have been least well investigated. To exploit potential haemostatic benefit of RMP, we developed a method of producing them in quantity, and here report on their haemostatic properties. High-pressure extrusion of washed RBC was employed to generate RMP. RMP were identified and enumerated by flow cytometry. Their size distribution was assessed by Doppler electrophoretic light scattering analysis (DELSA). Interaction with platelets was studied by platelet aggregometry, and shear-dependent adhesion by Diamed IMPACT-R. Thrombin generation and tissue factor (TF) expression was also measured. The effect of RMP on blood samples of patients with bleeding disorders was investigated ex vivo by thromboelastography (TEG). Haemostatic efficacy in vivo was assessed by measuring reduction of blood loss and bleeding time in rats and rabbits. RMP have mean diameter of 0.45 µm and 50% of them exhibit annexin V binding, a proxy for procoagulant phospholipids (PL). No TF could be detected by flow cytometry. At saturating concentrations of MPs, RMP generated thrombin robustly but after longer delay compared to PMP and EMP. RMP enhanced platelet adhesion and aggregation induced by low-dose ADP or AA. In TEG study, RMP corrected or improved haemostatic defects in blood of patients with platelet and coagulation disorders. RMP reduced bleeding time and blood loss in thrombocytopenic rabbits (busulfan-treated) and in Plavix-treated rats. In conclusion, RMP has broad haemostatic activity, enhancing both primary (platelet) and secondary (coagulation) haemostasis, suggesting potential use as haemostatic agent for treatment of bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenche Jy
- Wenche Jy, PhD, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave., RMSB 7109, R36-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA, Tel.: +1 305 243 6617, Fax: +1 305 243 5957, E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
329
|
Dengler V, Downey GP, Tuder RM, Eltzschig HK, Schmidt EP. Neutrophil intercellular communication in acute lung injury. Emerging roles of microparticles and gap junctions. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:1-5. [PMID: 23815257 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0472tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of acute inflammation involves the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) to infected or injured tissues. The processes underlying this recruitment are complex, and include multiple mechanisms of intercellular communication between neutrophils and the inflamed tissue. In recent studies of the systemic and pulmonary vasculature, interest has increased in novel forms of intercellular communication, such as microparticle exchange and gap junctional intercellular communication. To understand the roles of these novel forms of communication in the onset, progression, and resolution of inflammatory lung injury (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome), we review the literature concerning the contributions of microparticle exchange and gap junctional intercellular communication to neutrophil-alveolar crosstalk during pulmonary inflammation. By focusing on these cell-cell communications, we aim to demonstrate significant gaps of knowledge and identify areas of considerable need for further investigations of the processes of acute lung inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Dengler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
330
|
Microparticles in atrial fibrillation: A link between cell activation or apoptosis, tissue remodelling and thrombogenicity. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:660-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
331
|
Anti-β2GPI antibodies stimulate endothelial cell microparticle release via a nonmuscle myosin II motor protein-dependent pathway. Blood 2013; 122:3808-17. [PMID: 23954892 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-490318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by thrombosis and recurrent fetal loss in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs). Most pathogenic APLAs are directed against β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI), a plasma phospholipid binding protein. One mechanism by which circulating antiphospholipid/anti-β2GPI antibodies may promote thrombosis is by inducing the release of procoagulant microparticles from endothelial cells. However, there is no information available concerning the mechanisms by which anti-β2GPI antibodies induce microparticle release. In seeking to identify proteins phosphorylated during anti-β2GPI antibody-induced endothelial activation, we observed phosphorylation of nonmuscle myosin II regulatory light chain (RLC), which regulates cytoskeletal assembly. In parallel, we observed a dramatic increase in the formation of filamentous actin, a two- to fivefold increase in the release of endothelial cell microparticles, and a 10- to 15-fold increase in the expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and tissue factor messenger RNA. Microparticle release, but not endothelial cell surface E-selectin expression, was blocked by inhibiting RLC phosphorylation or nonmuscle myosin II motor activity. These results suggest that distinct pathways, some of which mediate cytoskeletal assembly, regulate the endothelial cell response to anti-β2GPI antibodies. Inhibition of nonmuscle myosin II activation may provide a novel approach for inhibiting microparticle release by endothelial cells in response to anti-β2GPI antibodies.
Collapse
|
332
|
Dye JR, Ullal AJ, Pisetsky DS. The Role of Microparticles in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:140-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Dye
- Department of Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; NC; USA
| | - A. J. Ullal
- Department of Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; NC; USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
333
|
Stravitz RT, Bowling R, Bradford RL, Key NS, Glover S, Thacker LR, Gabriel DA. Role of procoagulant microparticles in mediating complications and outcome of acute liver injury/acute liver failure. Hepatology 2013; 58:304-13. [PMID: 23389887 PMCID: PMC5571831 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Microparticles (MPs), membrane fragments of 0.1-1.0 μm, are derived from many cell types in response to systemic inflammation. Acute liver failure (ALF) is a prototypical syndrome of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with a procoagulant state. We hypothesized that patients with ALF develop increased procoagulant MPs in proportion to the severity of systemic complications and adverse outcome. Fifty patients with acute liver injury (ALI), 78% of whom also had hepatic encephalopathy (HE; ALF), were followed until day 21 after admission. MPs were characterized by Invitrox Sizing, Antigen Detection and Enumeration, a light-scattering technology that can enumerate MPs as small as 0.15 μm, and by flow cytometry. Procoagulant activity was assessed by a functional MP-tissue factor (MP-TF) assay. Sixteen patients (32%) died and 27 (54%) recovered without liver transplantation (LT). Total MPs (0.15-1.0 μm) were present in nearly 19-fold higher concentrations in ALI/ALF patients, compared to healthy controls (P < 0.0001). MP-TF assays revealed high procoagulant activity (9.05 ± 8.82 versus 0.24 ± 0.14 pg/mL in controls; P = 0.0008). MP concentrations (0.28-0.64 μm) were higher in patients with the SIRS and high-grade HE, and MPs in the 0.36-0.64-μm size range increased in direct proportion to SIRS severity (P < 0.001) and grade of HE (P < 0.002). Day 1 MPs (0.28-0.64 μm) correlated with laboratory predictors of death/LT (higher phosphate and creatinine; lower bicarbonate), and day 1 and 3 MPs were higher in patients who died or underwent LT, compared to spontaneous survivors (P ≤ 0.01). By flow cytometry, 87% of patients had circulating CD41(+) MPs, indicating platelet origin. CONCLUSION Highly procoagulant MPs of specific size ranges are associated with the SIRS, systemic complications, and adverse outcome of ALI/ALF. MPs may contribute to the multiorgan system failure and high mortality of ALF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Todd Stravitz
- Section of Hepatology and Hume-Lee Transplant Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
334
|
Barberà JA. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Disease of the Endothelium? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:5-7. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201305-0857ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
335
|
Sartori MT, Della Puppa A, Ballin A, Campello E, Radu CM, Saggiorato G, d'Avella D, Scienza R, Cella G, Simioni P. Circulating microparticles of glial origin and tissue factor bearing in high-grade glioma: a potential prothrombotic role. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:378-85. [PMID: 23803674 DOI: 10.1160/th12-12-0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) may complicate the clinical course of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Circulating microparticles (MPs) have been associated with cancer-related VTE. Sixty-one consecutive patients with GBM undergoing gross-total (41) or subtotal (20) surgical resection followed by radio-chemotherapy were prospectively evaluated. MPs numbers according to cellular origin and the procoagulant activity of annexin V positive (AV+) MPs (MP-activity) were measured before surgery and then 1 week and 1, 4, and 7 months after surgery. Glial (GFAP+) and endothelial (CD62E+) derived MPs, AV+ and tissue factor-bearing (TF+) MPs were measured using flow cytometry. Baseline levels of GFAP+/TF-, TF+/GFAP-, and GFAP+/TF+ MPs were significantly higher in GBM patients than in healthy controls, and significantly increased at each time point after surgery; at 7 months, a further significant increase over the level found a week after surgery was only seen in the subtotally resected patients. The number AV+/CD62E- MPs increased in GBM patients and correlated with MP activity. TF+/GFAP- MPs numbers were significantly higher in 11 GBM patients who developed VTE than in those who did not (p 0.04). TF+/GFAP- MPs levels above the 90th percentile (calculated in GBM patients without VTE) were associated with a higher risk of VTE (RR 4.17, 95% CI 1.57-11.03). In conclusion, the numbers of glial-derived and/or TF-bearing MPs were high in GBM patients both before and even more after the neoplasm was treated, especially in patients with subtotal resection likely according to disease progression. A contribution of TF+/GFAP- MPs to the risk of VTE is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Sartori
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
336
|
Hulsmans M, Holvoet P. MicroRNA-containing microvesicles regulating inflammation in association with atherosclerotic disease. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 100:7-18. [PMID: 23774505 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to intracellular organelles, eukaryotic cells contain extracellular organelles which are released, or shed, into the microenvironment. In practice, most human studies have examined mixed populations containing both exosomes and shedding microvesicles (also called ectosomes or microparticles); only a few studies have rigorously distinguished between the two. Accordingly, in this review, exosomes and shedding microvesicles are collectively called microvesicles. The first aim of this review was to discuss the role of microvesicles in cell-to-cell communication in general and in specific interactions between cells in chronic inflammation associated with atherosclerotic disease. Hereby, we focused on cell-specific microvesicles derived from platelets, endothelial cells and monocyte and monocyte-derived cells. The latter were also found to be associated with inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes prior to atherosclerotic disease, and cancer. Our second aim was to discuss specific changes in microvesicle content in relation with inflammation associated with metabolic and atherosclerotic disease, and cancer. Because many studies supported the putative diagnostic value of microRNAs, we emphasized therein changes in microRNA content rather than protein or lipid content. The most interesting microRNAs in inflammatory microvesicles in association with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases were found to be the let-7 family, miR-17/92 family, miR-21, miR-29, miR-126, miR-133, miR-146, and miR-155. These data warrant further investigation of the potential of microvesicles as putative biomarkers and as novel carriers for the cell-specific transfer of microRNAs and other therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Hulsmans
- Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 705, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
337
|
Ferrati S, McConnell KI, Mack AC, Sirisaengtaksin N, Diaz R, Bean AJ, Ferrari M, Serda RE. Cellular communication via nanoparticle-transporting biovesicles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 9:581-592. [PMID: 23731456 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial cells are dynamic cells tasked with selective transport of cargo from blood vessels to tissues. Here we demonstrate the potential for nanoparticle transport across endothelial cells in membrane-bound vesicles. MATERIALS & METHODS Cell-free endothelial-derived biovesicles were characterized for cellular and nanoparticle content by electron microscopy. Confocal microscopy was used to evaluate biovesicles for organelle-specific proteins, and to monitor biovesicle engulfment by naive cells. RESULTS Nanoparticle-laden biovesicles containing low-density polyethyleneimine nanoparticles appear to be predominately of endosomal origin, combining features of multivesicular bodies, lysosomes and autophagosomes. Conversely, high-density polyethyleneimine nanoparticles stimulate the formation of biovesicles associated with cellular apoptotic breakdown. Secreted LAMP-1-positive biovesicles are internalized by recipient cells, either of the same origin or of novel phenotype. CONCLUSION Cellular biovesicles, rich in cellular signals, present an important mode of cell-to-cell communication either locally or through broadcasting of biological messages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ferrati
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kellie I McConnell
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aaron C Mack
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Diaz
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew J Bean
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rita E Serda
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
338
|
Camaioni C, Gustapane M, Cialdella P, Della Bona R, Biasucci LM. Microparticles and microRNAs: new players in the complex field of coagulation. Intern Emerg Med 2013; 8:291-6. [PMID: 22033788 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-011-0705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex process that begins with endothelial dysfunction, and continues with several inflammatory processes leading, eventually, to plaque rupture and formation of arterial thrombus. Increased platelet reactivity and classical coagulation pathways are not the only players of the whole thrombotic process: microparticles (MPs), irregularly shaped small vesicles released from the plasma membrane after cell activation, apoptosis, or exposure to shear stress have been demonstrated to be involved in such a process. MicroRNAs (MiRs), small-non-coding single-strand RNAs acting as post-transcriptional modulator of target gene expression are expressed in the large majority of eukaryotes. MiRs are implicated in several phenomena: control of metabolism, control of cell-differentiation, control of cell-proliferation and control of cell-apoptosis, therefore contributing to physiologic and pathogenic processes in hematologic, genetic, infective and cardiac diseases. Microparticles operate as a delivery system of MiRs, playing an active and important role in processes such as coagulation and thrombosis. These novel findings also suggest MPs and, in particular MIRs, as possible and promising therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camaioni
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, 800168, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
339
|
Speth C, Blum G, Hagleitner M, Hörtnagl C, Pfaller K, Posch B, Ott HW, Würzner R, Lass-Flörl C, Rambach G. Virulence and thrombocyte affectation of two Aspergillus terreus isolates differing in amphotericin B susceptibility. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 202:379-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
340
|
Dietmann A, Millonig A, Combes V, Couraud PO, Kachlany SC, Grau GE. Effects of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin on endothelial cells. Microb Pathog 2013; 61-62:43-50. [PMID: 23665198 PMCID: PMC3885975 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a human pathogen that produces leukotoxin (LtxA) as a major virulence factor. In this study the effect of LtxA on microvascular endothelial cell viability and phenotype was studied. High doses of single LtxA treatment (500 ng/ml to 5 μg/ml) significantly and irreversibly decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, as assessed by tetrazolium salt and annexin V assay, respectively. Apoptosis was partially inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. LtxA caused a cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase after 72 h. Between 500 ng/ml and 5 μg/ml, after long- or short-term stimulation LtxA increased the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, as well as the percentages of endothelial cells expressing these adhesion molecules. Thus, A. actinomycetemcomitans LtxA has substantial pro-inflammatory effects on human brain endothelial cells by upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Furthermore, LtxA in higher concentration was found to decrease proliferation and induces apoptosis in microvascular endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anelia Dietmann
- Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, 92-94 Parramatta Rd, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
341
|
Barteneva NS, Fasler-Kan E, Bernimoulin M, Stern JNH, Ponomarev ED, Duckett L, Vorobjev IA. Circulating microparticles: square the circle. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:23. [PMID: 23607880 PMCID: PMC3651414 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present review summarizes current knowledge about microparticles (MPs) and provides a systematic overview of last 20 years of research on circulating MPs, with particular focus on their clinical relevance. Results MPs are a heterogeneous population of cell-derived vesicles, with sizes ranging between 50 and 1000 nm. MPs are capable of transferring peptides, proteins, lipid components, microRNA, mRNA, and DNA from one cell to another without direct cell-to-cell contact. Growing evidence suggests that MPs present in peripheral blood and body fluids contribute to the development and progression of cancer, and are of pathophysiological relevance for autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, cardiovascular, hematological, and other diseases. MPs have large diagnostic potential as biomarkers; however, due to current technological limitations in purification of MPs and an absence of standardized methods of MP detection, challenges remain in validating the potential of MPs as a non-invasive and early diagnostic platform. Conclusions Improvements in the effective deciphering of MP molecular signatures will be critical not only for diagnostics, but also for the evaluation of treatment regimens and predicting disease outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, D-249, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
342
|
Morel O, Muller C, Jesel L, Moulin B, Hannedouche T. Impaired platelet P2Y12 inhibition by thienopyridines in chronic kidney disease: mechanisms, clinical relevance and pharmacological options. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1994-2002. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
343
|
Cordazzo C, Neri T, Petrini S, Lombardi S, Balìa C, Cianchetti S, Carmazzi Y, Paggiaro P, Pedrinelli R, Celi A. Angiotensin II induces the generation of procoagulant microparticles by human mononuclear cells via an angiotensin type 2 receptor-mediated pathway. Thromb Res 2013; 131:e168-74. [PMID: 23414567 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microparticles are small vesicles shed by cells upon activation and during apoptosis which participate in physiologically relevant phenomena, including blood coagulation. Intracellular calcium mobilization is one of the mechanisms of microparticle generation during cell activation. Because the renin-angiotensin system has been proposed as a link between hypertension and increased thrombotic risk, we investigated whether angiotensin II upregulates the generation of procoagulant microparticles by human mononuclear cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human mononuclear cells were exposed to angiotensin II for 15min. Intracellular calcium concentration was assessed by a Fluo 4 based kit. The supernatants were analyzed for both microparticle content, with a commercially available kit based on phosphatidylserine analysis, and microparticle-associated tissue factor, with a one-stage clotting assay. RESULTS Intracellular calcium concentration is increased upon exposure of mononuclear cells to angiotensin II. Incubation with angiotensin II stimulates microparticles release; microparticle-associated tissue factor is also upregulated. The effect is inhibited by an angiotensin receptor type 2 antagonist (PD123319) and not by two angiotensin type 1 antagonists (Losartan and Olmesartan). CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin receptor 2-mediated upregulation of tissue factor-bearing, procoagulant microparticle generation represents a novel mechanism linking the renin-angiotensin system to thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cordazzo
- Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare Respiratoria; Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell'Area Critica, Università degli Studi di Pisa e Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
344
|
Abstract
Membrane microparticles are submicron fragments of membrane shed into extracellular space from cells under conditions of stress/injury. They may be distinguished from other classes of extracellular vesicles (i.e. exosomes) on the basis of size, content and mechanism of formation. Microparticles are found in plasma and other biological fluids from healthy individuals and their levels are altered in various diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, pre-eclampsia and hypertension among others. Accordingly, they have been considered biomarkers of vascular injury and pro-thrombotic or pro-inflammatory conditions. In addition to this, emerging evidence suggests that microparticles are not simply a consequence of disease, but that they themselves may contribute to pathological processes. Thus microparticles appear to serve as both markers and mediators of pathology. The present review examines the evidence for microparticles as both biomarkers of, and contributors to, the progression of disease. Approaches for the detection of microparticles are summarized and novel concepts relating to the formation of microparticles and their biological effects are examined.
Collapse
|
345
|
Ma G, Liu F, Lv L, Gao Y, Su Y. Increased promyelocytic-derived microparticles: a novel potential factor for coagulopathy in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:645-52. [PMID: 23344645 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The frequent serious bleeding and thrombotic complications in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) are major causes of early mortality, but the complex mechanisms causing the bleeding have not been completely elucidated. Because microparticles (MPs) are known to be elevated in thromboembolic disorders, we hypothesized a role for MPs in the pathogenesis of coagulopathy in APL. MPs were isolated from 30 APL patients and 20 healthy subjects and from cultured NB4/APL cells. The morphology of the MPs was examined, and they were quantified and analyzed for their thrombin-generating potential. We confirmed the existence of promyelocytic-derived MPs by morphology using transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Counts of MPs in APL were elevated and were typically from promyelocytic cells (CD33(+) TF(+) MPs). Importantly, the CD33(+) MPs strongly correlated with patient leukocyte count (R = 0.64, p = 0.002) and D-dimer (R = 0.51, p = 0.0038). Moreover, the MPs from patients with APL decreased the coagulation times and induced thrombin generation. APL MP-associated thrombin generation was reduced by 54 % when the extrinsic pathway was blocked using an anti-human tissue factor (TF) antibody. However, neither anti-factor XI nor anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor had any significant inhibitory effect. Our results show that the procoagulant state in APL is partially due to the TF-dependent procoagulant properties of circulating promyelocytic-derived MPs. TF(+) MPs may be a novel potential risk factor for coagulopathy in APL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guibo Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
346
|
Nature et signification des microparticules dans le sepsis. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-012-0537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
347
|
Heemskerk JWM, Mattheij NJA, Cosemans JMEM. Platelet-based coagulation: different populations, different functions. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:2-16. [PMID: 23106920 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Platelets in a thrombus interact with (anti)coagulation factors and support blood coagulation. In the concept of cell-based control of coagulation, three different roles of platelets can be distinguished: control of thrombin generation, support of fibrin formation, and regulation of fibrin clot retraction. Here, we postulate that different populations of platelets with distinct surface properties are involved in these coagulant functions. Platelets with elevated Ca(2+) and exposed phosphatidylserine control thrombin and fibrin generation, while platelets with activated α(IIb) β(3) regulate clot retraction. We review how coagulation factor binding depends on the platelet activation state. Furthermore, we discuss the ligands, platelet receptors and downstream intracellular signaling pathways implicated in these coagulant functions. These insights lead to an adapted model of platelet-based coagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
348
|
Date K, Hall J, Greenman J, Maraveyas A, Madden LA. Tumour and microparticle tissue factor expression and cancer thrombosis. Thromb Res 2012; 131:109-15. [PMID: 23237339 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is frequently complicated by venous thromboembolic events (VTE), which pose a significant health burden due to the associated high morbidity and mortality rates, yet the exact details of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their development are yet to be fully elucidated. Tissue factor (TF), the primary initiator of coagulation, is often overexpressed in malignancy and as such is a prime candidate in predicting the hypercoagulable state. Further exploration of this potential role has identified increases in the number of TF-expressing microparticles (MP) in the circulation of cancer patients, in particular in those known to have high incidences of thromboembolic complications. The risk of VTE in cancer is found to be further elevated by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy may, in eliciting cancer cell apoptosis, result in an increase in release of circulating procoagulant MP. We discuss a potential role of elevated tumour TF expression and increased circulating TF-positive MP in predicting VTE risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Date
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
349
|
Rubin O, Delobel J, Prudent M, Lion N, Kohl K, Tucker EI, Tissot JD, Angelillo-Scherrer A. Red blood cell-derived microparticles isolated from blood units initiate and propagate thrombin generation. Transfusion 2012; 53:1744-54. [PMID: 23228139 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell-derived microparticles (RMPs) are small phospholipid vesicles shed from RBCs in blood units, where they accumulate during storage. Because microparticles are bioactive, it could be suggested that RMPs are mediators of posttransfusion complications or, on the contrary, constitute a potential hemostatic agent. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This study was performed to establish the impact on coagulation of RMPs isolated from blood units. Using calibrated automated thrombography, we investigated whether RMPs affect thrombin generation (TG) in plasma. RESULTS We found that RMPs were not only able to increase TG in plasma in the presence of a low exogenous tissue factor (TF) concentration, but also to initiate TG in plasma in absence of exogenous TF. TG induced by RMPs in the absence of exogenous TF was neither affected by the presence of blocking anti-TF nor by the absence of Factor (F)VII. It was significantly reduced in plasma deficient in FVIII or F IX and abolished in FII-, FV-, FX-, or FXI-deficient plasma. TG was also totally abolished when anti-XI 01A6 was added in the sample. Finally, neither Western blotting, flow cytometry, nor immunogold labeling allowed the detection of traces of TF antigen. In addition, RMPs did not comprise polyphosphate, an important modulator of coagulation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data show that RMPs have FXI-dependent procoagulant properties and are able to initiate and propagate TG. The anionic surface of RMPs might be the site of FXI-mediated TG amplification and intrinsic tenase and prothrombinase complex assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rubin
- Service Régional Vaudois de Transfusion Sanguine, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
350
|
Abstract
Microparticles (MP) are shed from the surface of activated or apoptotic blood cells and their levels in plasma reflect a balance between cell stimulation, proliferation, and death. MP production occurs through vesiculation of cell membranes, and involves cytoskeletal changes and a shift in the normal phospholipid asymmetry. The expression on the majority of MP of the anionic phosphatidylserine (PS) is responsible for the capacity of MP to support blood coagulation activation. In some cases, PS expression is also associated, in the same MP, with the presence of active Tissue Factor, the main activator of blood coagulation. Elevation in plasma levels of MP have been described in numerous clinical conditions, most of which also associated with an increased thrombotic risk. Particularly, MP have been found to be increased in both solid and hematological malignancies, including myeloproliferative neoplasms. A role of MP in tumor progression has been suggested by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Evidence exists that MP of platelet origin are the main players in this process, being rich in pro-angiogenic factors. The utility of measuring MP as a diagnostic and prognostic marker is currently a subject of intense investigation. The possibility to inhibit MP production by pharmacological interventions represents a future challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Falanga
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|