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CXCR4 is a key regulator of neutrophil release from the bone marrow under basal and stress granulopoiesis conditions. Blood 2009; 113:4711-9. [PMID: 19264920 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-177287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of neutrophils in the blood is tightly regulated to ensure adequate protection against microbial pathogens while minimizing damage to host tissue. Neutrophil homeostasis in the blood is achieved through a balance of neutrophil production, release from the bone marrow, and clearance from the circulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that signaling by CXCL12, through its major receptor CXCR4, plays a key role in maintaining neutrophil homeostasis. Herein, we generated mice with a myeloid lineage-restricted deletion of CXCR4 to define the mechanisms by which CXCR4 signals regulate this process. We show that CXCR4 negatively regulates neutrophil release from the bone marrow in a cell-autonomous fashion. However, CXCR4 is dispensable for neutrophil clearance from the circulation. Neutrophil mobilization responses to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), CXCL2, or Listeria monocytogenes infection are absent or impaired, suggesting that disruption of CXCR4 signaling may be a common step mediating neutrophil release. Collectively, these data suggest that CXCR4 signaling maintains neutrophil homeostasis in the blood under both basal and stress granulopoiesis conditions primarily by regulating neutrophil release from the bone marrow.
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302
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Zhang Y, Cheng G, Yang K, Fan R, Xu Z, Chen L, Li Q, Yang A, Jin B. A novel function of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in mobilization of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:428-32. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Guang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Physiology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Zhuwei Xu
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Angang Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
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303
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Dale DC. Neutrophil biology and the next generation of myeloid growth factors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009; 7:92-8. [PMID: 19176209 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2009.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the body's critical phagocytic cells for defense against bacterial and fungal infections; bone marrow must produce approximately 10 x 10(9) neutrophils/kg/d to maintain normal blood neutrophil counts. Production of neutrophils depends on myeloid growth factors, particularly granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). After the original phase of development, researchers modified these growth factors to increase their size and delay renal clearance, increase their biologic potency, and create unique molecules for business purposes. Pegylated G-CSF is a successful product of these efforts. Researchers have also tried to identify small molecules to serve as oral agents that mimic the parent molecules, but these programs have been less successful. In 2006, the European Medicines Agency established guidelines for the introduction of new biologic medicinal products claimed to be similar to reference products that had previously been granted marketing authorization in the European community, called bio-similars. Globally, new and copied versions of G-CSF and other myeloid growth factors are now appearing. Some properties of the myeloid growth factors are similar to other agents, offering opportunities for the development of alternative drugs and treatments. For example, recent research shows that hematopoietic progenitor cells can be mobilized with a chemokine receptor antagonist, chemotherapy, G-CSF, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Advances in neutrophil biology coupled with better understanding and development of myeloid growth factors offer great promise for improving the care of patients with cancer and many other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Dale
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6422, USA.
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304
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Insights into the biology of mobilized hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells through innovative treatment schedules of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:402-15.e1. [PMID: 19157683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 mobilizes hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in several species. Few data are available on the biology of HSPC mobilized with AMD3100 as single agent. To further study the kinetics and properties of AMD3100-mobilized HSPC, and to explore the size of mobilizable pools of HSPC targeted by AMD3100, we studied the effect of a continuous infusion scheme with saturating doses of AMD3100 [AMDi]. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using established procedures, we evaluated mice mobilized with AMD3100, or those transplanted with AMD3100-mobilized HSPC. RESULTS Relative to single-bolus AMD3100 [AMDb], the number of circulating CFU-C or CRU was dramatically higher after [AMDi]. During [AMDi], circulating CFU-C accumulated slowly, but after its discontinuation, CFU-C disappeared rapidly. Compared to bone marrow (BM)-c-kit(+) cells, AMD3100-mobilized (AMDb or AMDi) c-kit(+) cells showed reduced expression of several cytoadhesion molecules, similar to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized c-kit(+) cells. In contrast to the latter, expression of CXCR4 and CD26 were not reduced on AMD3100-mobilized c-kit(+) cells. BM homing of [AMDi]-mobilized CFU-C was >50% increased over normal BM-CFU-C. Hematopoietic recovery after transplantation of [AMDi]-mobilized peripheral blood was comparable to that of continuous infusion granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood. AMD3100-mobilized HSPC were predominantly in G(0), and partial bromodeoxyuridine-labeling experiments documented underrepresentation of labeled cells (<5%) among [AMDb]-mobilized c-kit(+) cells, suggesting that cycling cells in BM, or those that recently completed cell cycle, are not targeted for mobilization by AMD3100. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that [AMDi] is an efficacious mobilization scheme fully supporting transplantation demands and expands previous knowledge about properties and size of AMD3100-sensitive BM-HSPC pools.
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305
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Suppression of CXCL12 production by bone marrow osteoblasts is a common and critical pathway for cytokine-induced mobilization. Blood 2009; 114:1331-9. [PMID: 19141863 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-184754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is mediated by induction of bone marrow proteases, attenuation of adhesion molecule function, and disruption of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in the bone marrow. The relative importance and extent to which these pathways overlap or function independently are uncertain. Despite evidence of protease activation in the bone marrow, HSPC mobilization by G-CSF or the chemokine Grobeta was abrogated in CXCR4(-/-) bone marrow chimeras. In contrast, HSPC mobilization by a VLA-4 antagonist was intact. To determine whether other mobilizing cytokines disrupt CXCR4 signaling, we characterized CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression after HSPC mobilization with Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) and stem cell factor (SCF). Indeed, treatment with Flt3L or SCF resulted in a marked decrease in CXCL12 expression in the bone marrow and a loss of surface expression of CXCR4 on HSPCs. RNA in situ and sorting experiments suggested that the decreased CXCL12 expression is secondary to a loss of osteoblast lineage cells. Collectively, these data suggest that disruption of CXCR4 signaling and attenuation of VLA-4 function are independent mechanisms of mobilization by G-CSF. Loss of CXCL12 expression by osteoblast appears to be a common and key step in cytokine-induced mobilization.
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306
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Zebrafish granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor signaling promotes myelopoiesis and myeloid cell migration. Blood 2009; 113:2535-46. [PMID: 19139076 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-171967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (GCSFR) signaling participates in the production of neutrophilic granulocytes during normal hematopoietic development, with a particularly important role during emergency hematopoiesis. This study describes the characterization of the zebrafish gcsf and gcsfr genes, which showed broad conservation and similar regulation to their mammalian counterparts. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of gcsfr and overexpression of gcsf revealed the presence of an anterior population of myeloid cells during primitive hematopoiesis that was dependent on GCSF/GCSFR for development and migration. This contrasted with a posterior domain that was largely independent of this pathway. Definitive myelopoiesis was also partially dependent on a functional GCSF/GCSFR pathway. Injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide elicited significant induction of gcsf expression and emergency production of myeloid cells, which was abrogated by gcsfr knockdown. Collectively, these data demonstrate GCSF/GCSFR to be a conserved signaling system for facilitating the production of multiple myeloid cell lineages in both homeostatic and emergency conditions, as well as for early myeloid cell migration, establishing a useful experimental platform for further dissection of this pathway.
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307
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Bensinger W, DiPersio JF, McCarty JM. Improving stem cell mobilization strategies: future directions. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 43:181-95. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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308
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Rettig MP, Ramirez P, Nervi B, DiPersio JF. Chapter 2 CXCR4 and Mobilization of Hematopoietic Precursors. Methods Enzymol 2009; 460:57-90. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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309
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Wu YD, Chien CH, Chao YJ, Hamrick MW, Hill WD, Yu JC, Li X. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration alters femoral biomechanical properties in C57BL/6 mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87:972-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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310
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Abstract
SH2-domain-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase-1 (SHIP) deficiency significantly increases the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) present in the bone marrow (BM). However, the reconstitution capacity of these HSCs is severely impaired, suggesting that SHIP expression might be an intrinsic requirement for HSC function. To further examine this question, we developed a model in which SHIP expression is ablated in HSCs while they are resident in a SHIP-competent milieu. In this setting, we find that long-term repopulation by SHIP-deficient HSCs is not compromised. Moreover, SHIP-deficient HSCs from this model repopulate at levels comparable with wild-type HSCs upon serial transfer. However, when HSCs from mice with systemic ablation of SHIP are transplanted, they are functionally compromised for repopulation. These findings demonstrate that SHIP is not an intrinsic requirement for HSC function, but rather that SHIP is required for the BM milieu to support functionally competent HSCs. Consistent with these findings, cells that comprise the BM niche express SHIP and SHIP deficiency profoundly alters their function.
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311
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Pusic I, Jiang SY, Landua S, Uy GL, Rettig MP, Cashen AF, Westervelt P, Vij R, Abboud CN, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Sempek DS, Smith AL, DiPersio JF. Impact of mobilization and remobilization strategies on achieving sufficient stem cell yields for autologous transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14:1045-1056. [PMID: 18721768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article was to examine historic institutional autologous stem cell mobilization practices and evaluate factors influencing mobilization failure and kinetics. In this retrospective study we analyzed clinical records of 1834 patients who underwent stem cell mobilization for autologous transplantation from November 1995 to October 2006 at the Washington University in St. Louis. Successful mobilization was defined as collection of > or =2 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg. From 1834 consecutive patients, 1040 met our inclusion criteria (502 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL], 137 Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 401 multiple myeloma [MM]). A total of 976 patients received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and 64 received G-CSF plus chemotherapy (G/C) for the initial mobilization. Although the median CD34(+) cell yield was higher in G/C group than in G-CSF alone group, the failure rates were similar: 18.8% and 18.6%, respectively. Overall, 53% of patients collected > or =2 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg during the first apheresis with either mobilization regimen. Regardless of mobilization regimen used, MM patients had the highest total CD34(+) cell yield and required less aphereses to collect > or =2 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg. Mobilized, preapheresis, peripheral blood CD34(+) count correlated with first day apheresis yield (r = .877, P < .001) and 20 cells/microL was the minimum threshold needed for a successful day 1 collection. For the remobilization analysis we included patients from the whole database. A total of 269 of 1834 patients underwent remobilization using G/C, G-CSF, and/or GM-CSF, and G-CSF plus plerixafor. Only 23% of remobilized patients achieved > or =2 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg and 29.7% failed to pool sufficient number of stem cells from both collections. Patients receiving G-CSF plus plerixafor had lowest failure rates, P = .03. NHL patients remobilized with G-CSF who waited > or =25 days before remobilization had lower CD34(+) cell yield than those who waited < or =16 days, P = .023. Current mobilization regimens are associated with a substantial failure rate irrespective of underlying disease. Patients who fail initial mobilization are more likely to fail remobilization. These findings suggest that there is a need for more effective first-line mobilization agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Pusic
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shi Yuan Jiang
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Scott Landua
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Geoffrey L Uy
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael P Rettig
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda F Cashen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter Westervelt
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ravi Vij
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Camille N Abboud
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Diane S Sempek
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Angela L Smith
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John F DiPersio
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri.
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312
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Chemosensitization of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) following mobilization by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Blood 2008; 113:6206-14. [PMID: 19050309 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-162123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCR4-SDF-1 axis plays a central role in the trafficking and retention of normal and malignant stem cells in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Here, we used a mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and a small molecule competitive antagonist of CXCR4, AMD3100, to examine the interaction of mouse APL cells with the BM microenvironment. APL cells from a murine cathepsin G-PML-RARalpha knockin mouse were genetically modified with firefly luciferase (APL(luc)) to allow tracking by bioluminescence imaging. Coculture of APL(luc) cells with M2-10B4 stromal cells protected the leukemia cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro. Upon injection into syngeneic recipients, APL(luc) cells rapidly migrated to the BM followed by egress to the spleen then to the peripheral blood with death due to leukostasis by day 15. Administration of AMD3100 to leukemic mice induced a 1.6-fold increase in total leukocytes and a 9-fold increase of circulating APL blast counts, which peak at 3 hours and return to baseline by 12 hours. Treatment of leukemic mice with chemotherapy plus AMD3100 resulted in decreased tumor burden and improved overall survival compared with mice treated with chemotherapy alone. These studies provide a proof-of-principle for directing therapy to the critical tethers that promote AML-niche interactions.
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313
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) normally reside in the bone marrow but can be forced into the blood, a process termed mobilization used clinically to harvest large numbers of HSCs for transplantation. Currently the mobilizing agent of choice is granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; however, not all patients mobilize well. This article reviews recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the retention of HSCs in the bone marrow, which are perturbed during HSC mobilization, and the clinical application of these findings. RECENT FINDINGS The interaction between the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 is critical to retain HSCs within the bone marrow, leading to the discovery that small synthetic CXCR4 antagonists are potent mobilizing agents that synergize with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Separate research has shown that HSC numbers in the bone marrow can be boosted by increasing the number of osteoblasts that support HSCs. SUMMARY HSC mobilization induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor may be enhanced by directly targeting the chemotactic interaction between HSCs and bone marrow stroma with CXCR4 antagonists. When the primary problem is reduced, however, HSC numbers in the bone marrow, due to repeated chemotherapy/radiotherapy treatments, an alternative is to enhance HSC content by enhancing bone formation prior to mobilization.
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314
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces osteoblast apoptosis and inhibits osteoblast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:1765-74. [PMID: 18597629 PMCID: PMC2685485 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment of mice or humans with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is associated with a clinically significant osteopenia characterized by increased osteoclast activity and number. In addition, recent reports have observed a decrease in number of mature osteoblasts during G-CSF administration. However, neither the extent of G-CSF's suppressive effect on the osteoblast compartment nor its mechanisms are well understood. Herein, we show that short-term G-CSF treatment in mice leads to decreased numbers of endosteal and trabecular osteoblasts. The effect is specific to mature osteoblasts, because bone-lining cells, osteocytes, and periosteal osteoblasts are unaffected. G-CSF treatment accelerates osteoblast turnover in the bone marrow by inducing osteoblast apoptosis. In addition, whereas G-CSF treatment sharply increases osteoprogenitor number, differentiation of mature osteoblasts is impaired. Bone marrow transplantation studies show that G-CSF acts through a hematopoietic intermediary to suppress osteoblasts. Finally, G-CSF treatment, through suppression of mature osteoblasts, also leads to a marked decrease in osteoprotegerin expression in the bone marrow, whereas expression of RANKL remains relatively constant, suggesting a novel mechanism contributing to the increased osteoclastogenesis seen with long-term G-CSF treatment. In sum, these findings suggest that the hematopoietic system may play a novel role in regulating osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis during G-CSF treatment.
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315
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Osteoblastic regulation of B lymphopoiesis is mediated by Gs{alpha}-dependent signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16976-81. [PMID: 18957542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802898105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts play an increasingly recognized role in supporting hematopoietic development and recently have been implicated in the regulation of B lymphopoiesis. Here we demonstrate that the heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit G(s)alpha is required in cells of the osteoblast lineage for normal postnatal B lymphocyte production. Deletion of G(s)alpha early in the osteoblast lineage results in a 59% decrease in the percentage of B cell precursors in the bone marrow. Analysis of peripheral blood from mutant mice revealed a 67% decrease in the number of circulating B lymphocytes by 10 days of age. Strikingly, other mature hematopoietic lineages are not decreased significantly. Mice lacking G(s)alpha in cells of the osteoblast lineage exhibit a reduction in pro-B and pre-B cells. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-7 expression is attenuated in G(s)alpha-deficient osteoblasts, and exogenous IL-7 is able to restore B cell precursor populations in the bone marrow of mutant mice. Finally, the defect in B lymphopoiesis can be rescued by transplantation into a WT microenvironment. These findings confirm that osteoblasts are an important component of the B lymphocyte niche and demonstrate in vivo that G(s)alpha-dependent signaling pathways in cells of the osteoblast lineage extrinsically regulate bone marrow B lymphopoiesis, at least partially in an IL-7-dependent manner.
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316
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Aicher A, Kollet O, Heeschen C, Liebner S, Urbich C, Ihling C, Orlandi A, Lapidot T, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. The Wnt Antagonist Dickkopf-1 Mobilizes Vasculogenic Progenitor Cells via Activation of the Bone Marrow Endosteal Stem Cell Niche. Circ Res 2008; 103:796-803. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.172718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic mobilization of vasculogenic progenitor cells is a novel strategy to enhance neovascularization for tissue repair. Prototypical mobilizing agents such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilize vasculogenic progenitor cells from the bone marrow concomitantly with inflammatory cells. In the bone marrow, mobilization is regulated in the stem cell niche, in which endosteal cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts play a key role. Because Wnt signaling regulates endosteal cells, we examined whether the Wnt signaling antagonist Dickkopf (Dkk)-1 is involved in the mobilization of vasculogenic progenitor cells. Using TOP-GAL transgenic mice to determine activation of β-catenin, we demonstrate that Dkk-1 regulates endosteal cells in the bone marrow stem cell niche and subsequently mobilizes vasculogenic and hematopoietic progenitors cells without concomitant mobilization of inflammatory neutrophils. The mobilization of vasculogenic progenitors required the presence of functionally active osteoclasts, as demonstrated in PTPε-deficient mice with defective osteoclast function. Mechanistically, Dkk-1 induced the osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL, which subsequently stimulated the release of the major bone-resorbing protease cathepsin K. Eventually, the Dkk-1–induced mobilization of bone marrow–derived vasculogenic progenitors enhanced neovascularization in Matrigel plugs. Thus, these data show that Dkk-1 is a mobilizer of vasculogenic progenitors but not of inflammatory cells, which could be of great clinical importance to enhance regenerative cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Aicher
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Orit Kollet
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebner
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alessia Orlandi
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tsvee Lapidot
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
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Tatsumi K, Otani H, Sato D, Enoki C, Iwasaka T, Imamura H, Taniuchi S, Kaneko K, Adachi Y, Ikehara S. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor increases donor mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow and their mobilization into peripheral circulation but does not repair dystrophic heart after bone marrow transplantation. Circ J 2008; 72:1351-8. [PMID: 18654025 DOI: 10.1253/circj.72.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary disordered cardiac muscle could be replaced with intact cardiomyocytes derived from genetically intact bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiomyopathic mice with targeted mutation of delta-sarcoglycan gene underwent intra-BM-BM transplantation (IBM-BMT) from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescence protein. The host BM and the peripheral blood were completely reconstituted by donor-derived hematopoietic cells by IBM-BMT. Treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) markedly increased donor-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the BM and their mobilization into the peripheral blood after IBM-BMT. Treatment with isoproterenol (iso) for 7 days caused myocardial damage and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in the cardiomyopathic mice. Co-treatment with iso and G-CSF increased donor BM cell recruitment to the heart and temporarily improved LV function in the cardiomyopathic mice with or without IBM-BMT. However, the cardiac muscle was not replaced with donor BM-derived cardiomyocytes in the cardiomyopathic mice with or without IBM-BMT, and this was associated with no improvement of LV function of mice aged 20 weeks. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that G-CSF enhances engraftment of donor MSC in the BM and their mobilization into the peripheral circulation after IBM-BMT but MSC recruited to the heart do not differentiate into cardiomyocytes and do not repair the dystrophic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Tatsumi
- The Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Japan
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EPO in combination with G-CSF improves mobilization effectiveness after chemotherapy with ifosfamide, epirubicin and etoposide and reduces costs during mobilization and transplantation of autologous hematopoietic progenitor cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 43:197-206. [PMID: 18806833 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A successful stem cell harvest is a prerequisite for peripheral blood SCT. We investigated the number of CD34(+) cells mobilized, the number of leukaphereses needed and the expenses of treatment for 28 patients with multiple myeloma randomly assigned to receive either G-CSF alone or G-CSF+EPO for stem cell mobilization after chemotherapy with ifosfamide, epirubicin and etoposide. All patients treated with G-CSF+EPO reached the threshold of 6 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells per kg body weight (kgbw), with a mean of 1.3 leukaphereses. On average 15.4 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kgbw were collected. In the G-CSF-alone group, the mean number of leukaphereses was 1.8, and 12.6 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kgbw were collected, and two patients failed the threshold. Overall costs per patient for mobilization and leukaphereses were 8339 euro (G-CSF+EPO) and 8842 euro (G-CSF). After transplantation, fewer blood transfusions (0.6 versus 1.3, P=0.05), fewer days on antibiotics (2.3 versus 6.1, P=0.02) and a shorter hospital stay (15.2 versus 17.8, P=0.06) were noted in the G-CSF+EPO group resulting in a 19.2% reduction of costs for each transplant (P=0.018). In summary, EPO improves the mobilization efficiency of G-CSF and so reduces costs of mobilization and SCT.
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319
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Leng Q, Nie Y, Zou Y, Chen J. Elevated CXCL12 expression in the bone marrow of NOD mice is associated with altered T cell and stem cell trafficking and diabetes development. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:51. [PMID: 18793419 PMCID: PMC2556327 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type I diabetes (TID) is an autoimmune disease resulting from destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells by autoreactive T cells. Studies have shown that polymorphisms of chemokine CXCL12 gene are linked to TID in humans. In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which are predisposed to develop the disease, reduction of CXCL12 level leads to significant delays in the onset of diabetes. Despite these initial observations, however, how CXCL12 affects development of TID has not been fully investigated. Results We found that the level of CXCL12 transcript is significantly elevated in the bone marrow of NOD mice as compared to Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice. Correspondingly, naïve T cells, regulatory T cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) accumulate in the bone marrow of NOD mice. Treatment of NOD mice with AMD3100, an antagonist for CXCL12's receptor CXCR4, mobilizes T cells and HSC from the bone marrow to the periphery, concomitantly inhibits insulitis and delays the onset of diabetes. Conclusion These results suggest that the elevated CXCL12 expression promotes TID in NOD mice by altering T cell and hematopoietic stem cell trafficking. The findings highlight the potential usefulness of AMD3100 to treat or prevent TID in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Leng
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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320
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McCullough J, Kahn J, Adamson J, Anderlini P, Benjamin R, Confer D, Eapen M, Hirsch B, Kuter D, Lazarus E, Pamphilon D, Stroncek D, Sugarman J, Wilson R. Hematopoietic growth factors-use in normal blood and stem cell donors: clinical and ethical issues. Transfusion 2008; 48:2008-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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321
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Herbert KE, Lévesque JP, Haylock DN, Prince HM. The use of experimental murine models to assess novel agents of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell mobilization. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14:603-21. [PMID: 18489986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent explosion in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization has facilitated development of novel therapeutic agents, targeted at improving mobilization kinetics as well as HSPC yield. With the development of new agents comes the challenge of choosing efficient and relevant preclinical studies for the testing of the HSPC mobilization efficacy of these agents. This article reviews the use of the mouse as a convenient small animal model of HSPC mobilization and transplantation, and outlines the range of murine assays that can be applied to assess novel HSPC mobilizing agents. Techniques to demonstrate murine HSPC mobilization are discussed, as well as the role of murine assays to confirm human HSPC mobilization, and techniques to investigate the biologic phenotype of HSPC mobilized by these novel agents. Technical aspects regarding mobilization regimens and control arms, and choice of experimental animals are also discussed.
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322
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Walkley CR, Qudsi R, Sankaran VG, Perry JA, Gostissa M, Roth SI, Rodda SJ, Snay E, Dunning P, Fahey FH, Alt FW, McMahon AP, Orkin SH. Conditional mouse osteosarcoma, dependent on p53 loss and potentiated by loss of Rb, mimics the human disease. Genes Dev 2008; 22:1662-76. [PMID: 18559481 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1656808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Analysis of familial cancer syndromes and sporadic cases has strongly implicated both p53 and pRb in its pathogenesis; however, the relative contribution of these mutations to the initiation of osteosarcoma is unclear. We describe here the generation and characterization of a genetically engineered mouse model in which all animals develop short latency malignant osteosarcoma. The genetically engineered mouse model is based on osteoblast-restricted deletion of p53 and pRb. Osteosarcoma development is dependent on loss of p53 and potentiated by loss of pRb, revealing a dominance of p53 mutation in the development of osteosarcoma. The model reproduces many of the defining features of human osteosarcoma including cytogenetic complexity and comparable gene expression signatures, histology, and metastatic behavior. Using a novel in silico methodology termed cytogenetic region enrichment analysis, we demonstrate high conservation of gene expression changes between murine osteosarcoma and known cytogentically rearranged loci from human osteosarcoma. Due to the strong similarity between murine osteosarcoma and human osteosarcoma in this model, this should provide a valuable platform for addressing the molecular genetics of osteosarcoma and for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Walkley
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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323
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Degradation of BM SDF-1 by MMP-9: the role in G-CSF-induced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell mobilization. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 42:581-8. [PMID: 18679363 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The major involvement of chemokines and proteolytic enzymes has recently been discovered in the mobilization process. Here, we report that the degradation of BM stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is important in G-CSF-mediated hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) mobilization. In this study, the SDF-1 concentration in healthy donors BM plasma decreased significantly after 5 days of G-CSF administration, with no obvious change of SDF-1 in the peripheral blood. We also observed a similar result by immunohistochemical staining on the BM biopsy slides. In vitro, mobilized BM plasma exhibited decreased chemotactic effect on CD34(+) cells, compared with steady-state BM plasma. MMP-9 protein and mRNA increased dramatically in the BM plasma in accordance with SDF-1 decrease. MMP-9 enriched supernatant from HT1080 cell-conditioned medium upregulated CXCR4 expression and the migration of BM CD34(+) cells toward SDF-1. SDF-1 was a substrate for MMP-9, furthermore, SDF-1 also stimulated MMP-9 proteolytic enzyme activity of BM CD34(+) cells, which facilitate HSPCs migration. In BALB/c mice, HSPCs mobilization was significantly inhibited by anti-SDF-1 antibodies or MMP inhibitor, o-phenanthroline. In conclusion, the degradation of BM SDF-1 by MMP-9 is a vital step in mobilization.
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324
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Epidermal JunB represses G-CSF transcription and affects haematopoiesis and bone formation. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:1003-11. [PMID: 18641637 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mice that lack JunB in epidermal cells are born with normal skin; however, keratinocytes hyperproliferate in vitro and on TPA treatment in vivo. Loss of JunB expression in the epidermis of adult mice affects the skin, the proliferation of haematopoietic cells and bone formation. G-CSF is a direct transcriptional target of JunB and mutant epidermis releases large amounts of G-CSF that reach high systemic levels and cause skin ulcerations, myeloproliferative disease and low bone mass. The absence of G-CSF significantly improves hyperkeratosis and prevents the development of myeloproliferative disease, but does not affect bone loss. This study describes a mechanism by which the absence of JunB in epithelial cells causes multi-organ disease, suggesting that the epidermis can act as an endocrine-like organ.
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325
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The LIM protein LIMD1 influences osteoblast differentiation and function. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2884-94. [PMID: 18657804 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The balance between bone resorption and bone formation involves the coordinated activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Communication between these two cell types is essential for maintenance of normal bone homeostasis; however, the mechanisms regulating this cross talk are not completely understood. Many factors that mediate differentiation and function of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts have been identified. The LIM protein Limd1 has been implicated in the regulation of stress osteoclastogenesis through an interaction with the p62/sequestosome protein. Here we show that Limd1 also influences osteoblast progenitor numbers, differentiation, and function. Limd1(-/-) calvarial osteoblasts display increased mineralization and accelerated differentiation. While no significant differences in osteoblast number or function were detected in vivo, bone marrow stromal cells isolated from Limd1(-/-) mice contain significantly more osteoblast progenitors compared to wild type controls when cultured ex vivo. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in nuclear beta-catenin staining in differentiating Limd1(-/-) calvarial osteoblasts suggesting that Limd1 is a negative regulator of canonical Wnt signaling in osteoblasts. These results demonstrate that Limd1 influences not only stress osteoclastogenesis but also osteoblast function and osteoblast progenitor commitment. Together, these data identify Limd1 as a novel regulator of both bone osetoclast and bone osteoblast development and function.
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326
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Focosi D, Kast RE, Galimberti S, Petrini M. Conditioning response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor via the dipeptidyl peptidase IV-adenosine deaminase complex. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:331-7. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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327
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Novotny NM, Ray R, Markel TA, Crisostomo PR, Wang M, Wang Y, Meldrum DR. Stem cell therapy in myocardial repair and remodeling. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 207:423-34. [PMID: 18722949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Novotny
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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328
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Abstract
This review highlights major scientific developments over the past 50 years or so in concepts related to stem-cell ecology and to stem cells in motion. Many thorough and eloquent reviews have been presented in the last 5 years updating progress in these issues. Some paradigms have been challenged, others validated, or new ones brought to light. In the present review, we will confine our remarks to the historical development of progress. In doing so, we will refrain from a detailed analysis of controversial data, emphasizing instead widely accepted views and some challenging novel ones.
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329
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Abstract
Recent studies have implicated bone-lining osteoblasts as important regulators of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation; however, because much of the evidence supporting this notion derives from indirect in vivo experiments, which are unavoidably complicated by the presence of other cell types within the complex bone marrow milieu, the sufficiency of osteoblasts in modulating HSC activity has remained controversial. To address this, we prospectively isolated mouse osteoblasts, using a novel flow cytometry-based approach, and directly tested their activity as HSC niche cells and their role in cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced HSC proliferation and mobilization. We found that osteoblasts expand rapidly after cyclophosphamide/G-CSF treatment and exhibit phenotypic and functional changes that directly influence HSC proliferation and maintenance of reconstituting potential. Effects of mobilization on osteoblast number and function depend on the function of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), the product of the Atm gene, demonstrating a new role for ATM in stem cell niche activity. These studies demonstrate that signals from osteoblasts can directly initiate and modulate HSC proliferation in the context of mobilization. This work also establishes that direct interaction with osteolineage niche cells, in the absence of additional environmental inputs, is sufficient to modulate stem cell activity.
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330
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Rapid mobilization of functional donor hematopoietic cells without G-CSF using AMD3100, an antagonist of the CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction. Blood 2008; 112:990-8. [PMID: 18426988 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-12-130179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allografts from HLA-matched sibling donors were mobilized and collected without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) using AMD3100, a direct antagonist of CXCR4/stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12). Donors (N = 25) were treated with AMD3100 at a dose of 240 mug/kg by subcutaneous injection, and leukapheresis was then initiated just 4 hours later. Two-thirds of the donors collected an allograft with a CD34(+) cell dose sufficient for transplantation after just one dose of AMD3100. No donor experienced more than grade 1 toxicity. After a myeloablative regimen, 20 patients with hematologic malignancies received allografts collected after AMD3100 alone. All patients engrafted neutrophils (median day 10) and platelets (median day 12) promptly. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grades 2 through 4 occurred in 35% of patients. One patient died due to complications related to acute GVHD. No unexpected adverse events were observed in any of the recipients. All 14 patients surviving in remission have robust trilineage hematopoiesis and are transfusion-free with a median follow-up of 277 days (range, 139-964 days). Direct antagonism of CXCR4 by AMD3100 may provide a more rapid and possibly less toxic and cumbersome alternative to traditional G-CSF-based mobilization in normal donors. This trial was registered as no. NCT00241358 at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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331
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Hermsen JL, Gomez FE, Maeshima Y, Sano Y, Kang W, Kudsk KA. Decreased enteral stimulation alters mucosal immune chemokines. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32:36-44. [PMID: 18165445 DOI: 10.1177/014860710803200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration of lymphocytes into and through the mucosal immune system depends upon adhesion molecules to attract circulating cells and chemokines to stimulate diapedesis into tissues. Decreased enteral stimulation significantly reduces mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) levels, an adhesion molecule critical for homing of T and B cells to Peyer's patches (PP), which reduces PP and intestinal T and B cells. We studied the effect of type and route of nutrition on tissue specific chemokines in PP (CXCL-12, -13 and CCL-19, -20 and -21), small intestine (SI; CCL-20, -25 and -28) and lung (CXCL-12, CCL-28). METHODS Intravenously cannulated male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomized to chow or parenteral nutrition (PN) for 5 days. PP, SI, and lung chemokine mRNA levels were measured using real-time qRT-polymerase chain reaction, and analyzed semiquantitatively by the DeltaDeltaCt method. Protein levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, and groups compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS PP CXCL13 protein significantly decreased, whereas CCL21 protein increased significantly in the parenterally fed group. Parenteral feeding significantly decreased SI CCL20 and CCL 25 protein levels. CCL28 decreased significantly in the SI and lung of intravenously fed animals. mRNA levels changed in the opposite direction (compared with protein) for all chemokines except CCL28. CONCLUSIONS Decreased enteral stimulation significantly alters key mucosal immune chemokine protein levels at multiple sites. In general, PN (and concomitant lack of enteral stimulation) results in decreased levels of chemokines that control lymphocyte migration within the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hermsen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792-7375, USA
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332
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G-CSF therapy with mobilization of bone marrow stem cells for myocardial recovery after acute myocardial infarction--a relevant treatment? Exp Hematol 2008; 36:681-6. [PMID: 18358590 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review of adjunctive therapy with subcutaneous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) focus on the cardioprotective effects and potential mechanisms of G-CSF and discuss the therapeutic potential of G-CSF. All clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals identified through PubMed are discussed. G-CSF treatment seems to be safe, and initial unblinded trials in patients with AMI were encouraging. However, larger double-blind placebo-controlled trials have not been able to demonstrate improved myocardial recovery after G-CSF treatment. Current controversies in interpretation of the results include 1) importance of direct cardiac effect of G-CSF vs indirect through bone marrow stem and progenitor cell mobilization, 2) importance of timing of G-CSF therapy, 3) importance of G-CSF dose, and 4) importance of cell types mobilized from the bone-marrow. Cell-based therapies to improve cardiac function remain promising and further experimental and clinical studies are warranted to determine the future role of G-CSF.
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333
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Méndez-Ferrer S, Lucas D, Battista M, Frenette PS. Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations. Nature 2008; 452:442-7. [PMID: 18256599 DOI: 10.1038/nature06685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 954] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) circulate in the bloodstream under steady-state conditions, but the mechanisms controlling their physiological trafficking are unknown. Here we show that circulating HSCs and their progenitors exhibit robust circadian fluctuations, peaking 5 h after the initiation of light and reaching a nadir 5 h after darkness. Circadian oscillations are markedly altered when mice are subjected to continuous light or to a 'jet lag' (defined as a shift of 12 h). Circulating HSCs and their progenitors fluctuate in antiphase with the expression of the chemokine CXCL12 in the bone marrow microenvironment. The cyclical release of HSCs and expression of Cxcl12 are regulated by core genes of the molecular clock through circadian noradrenaline secretion by the sympathetic nervous system. These adrenergic signals are locally delivered by nerves in the bone marrow, transmitted to stromal cells by the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor, leading to a decreased nuclear content of Sp1 transcription factor and the rapid downregulation of Cxcl12. These data indicate that a circadian, neurally driven release of HSC during the animal's resting period may promote the regeneration of the stem cell niche and possibly other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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334
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Abstract
Understanding mechanisms responsible for engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is important to achieve successful HSC transplantation. Homing of HSC to the bone marrow niche is believed to be a crucial step for engraftment. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate HSC homing are not understood well. Migration of HSC in response to cytokines and chemokines is believed to be one of the critical steps of HSC homing and mobilization. Evaluating the migration of HSC will help to understand the mechanisms responsible for their homing and/or mobilization. In this chapter, we will describe the methodology utilized in our laboratory to evaluate migration of human CD34+ cells that contain HSC.
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335
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Hidalgo A. Hematopoietic stem cell homing: The long, winding and adhesive road to the bone marow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9626(08)70046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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336
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A Pivotal Role of Activation of Complement Cascade (CC) in Mobilization of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells (HSPC). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78952-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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337
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Kikuchi T, Kubonishi S, Shibakura M, Namba N, Matsui T, Fukui Y, Tanimoto M, Katayama Y. Dock2 participates in bone marrow lympho-hematopoiesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 367:90-6. [PMID: 18157938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dock2 has been shown to be indispensable for chemotaxis of mature lymphocytes as a critical Rac activator. However, the functional expression of Dock2 in immature hematopoietic cells is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Dock2 is broadly expressed in bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic compartment, including hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSC/HPC) fraction. Response of Dock2-/- HPCs to CXCL12 in chemotaxis and actin polymerization in vitro was impaired, although alpha4 integrin activation by CXCL12 was not altered. Myelosuppressive stress on HSCs in vivo, such as consecutive 5-FU administration and serial bone marrow transplantation, did not show hematopoietic defect in Dock2-/- mice. Long-term engraftment of transplanted Dock2-/- BM cells was severely impaired in competitive reconstitution. However, this was not intrinsic to HSCs but originated from the defective competition of Dock2-/- lymphoid precursors. These results suggest that Dock2 plays a significant role in BM lymphopoiesis, but is dispensable for HSC engraftment and self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kikuchi
- Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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338
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Watt SM, Forde SP. The central role of the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, in haemopoietic stem cell transplantation: will CXCR4 antagonists contribute to the treatment of blood disorders? Vox Sang 2007; 94:18-32. [PMID: 18042197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2007.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have used CXCR4 antagonists for the rapid mobilization of CD34(+) haemopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) from the bone marrow to the blood in patients refractory to granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). These antagonists not only mobilize non-cycling cells with a higher proportion of repopulating cells, but also enhance CD34(+) cell mobilization when used in combination with G-CSF. Here, we review the importance of CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 in haemopoiesis, and the potential roles of CXCR4 antagonists in the clinical HSC transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Watt
- Stem Cells and Immunotherapies, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK and Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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339
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Grassinger J, Mueller G, Hart C, Nilsson SK, Haylock DN, Andreesen R, Hennemann B. Detection and quantification of functionally defined hematopoietic progenitor cells and tissue specific mRNA within the peripheral blood of myeloma patients after administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin. Eur J Haematol 2007; 80:20-30. [PMID: 18028434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) as well as tissue committed stem cells expressing mRNA specific to various somatic tissues are thought to be part of the CD34+ bone marrow compartment. In this study, we explore and quantify their mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing chemotherapy upon administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) plus/minus erythropoietin (EPO). PATIENTS AND METHODS HPC were quantified by flow cytometry and functional assays within the blood of healthy donors and myeloma patients before and after chemotherapy followed by G-CSF or G-CSF + EPO given subcutaneously. The mRNA expression was studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cytokines and peripheral blood protease levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS EPO did not significantly alter the number of HPC mobilized by G-CSF alone, and mRNA specific for liver, brain, muscle and kidney was detected in both treatment groups. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a 2.7-fold increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein after G-CSF + EPO administration compared to G-CSF alone (P = 0.003). The concentration of G-CSF rose from 62 +/- 22 pg/mL and 48 +/- 10 pg/mL to 28 +/- 9 ng/mL and 85 +/- 10 ng/mL after 10 d of treatment with G-CSF and G-CSF + EPO, respectively. The concentration of neutrophil elastase (NE) rose only in the G-CSF group by a factor 1.5. CONCLUSION The alteration of G-CSF and NE levels as well as the expression of tissue committed RNA after the administration of EPO in addition to G-CSF indicate that different growth factors mobilize different stem cells that might potentially be used for the support of tissue repair in future treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Grassinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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340
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The coordinated action of G-CSF and ELR + CXC chemokines in neutrophil mobilization during acute inflammation. Blood 2007; 111:42-9. [PMID: 17928531 PMCID: PMC2575836 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-099648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have identified a unique combinatorial effect of the chemokines KC/MIP-2 and the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) with respect to the rapid mobilization of neutrophils from the bone marrow in a model of acute peritonitis. At 2 hours following an intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate, there was a 4.5-fold increase in blood neutrophil numbers, which was inhibited 84% and 72% by prior administration of blocking mAbs against either the chemokines KC/MIP-2 or G-CSF, respectively. An intraperitoneal injection of G-CSF acted remotely to stimulate neutrophil mobilization, but did not elicit recruitment into the peritoneum. Further, in vitro G-CSF was neither chemotactic nor chemokinetic for murine neutrophils, and had no priming effect on chemotaxis stimulated by chemokines. Here, we show that, in vitro and in vivo, G-CSF induces neutrophil mobilization by disrupting their SDF-1alpha-mediated retention in the bone marrow. Using an in situ perfusion system of the mouse femoral bone marrow to directly assess mobilization, KC and G-CSF mobilized 6.8 x 10(6) and 5.4 x 10(6) neutrophils, respectively, while the infusion of KC and G-CSF together mobilized 19.5 x 10(6) neutrophils, indicating that these factors act cooperatively with respect to neutrophil mobilization.
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341
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Reca R, Cramer D, Yan J, Laughlin MJ, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ. A novel role of complement in mobilization: immunodeficient mice are poor granulocyte-colony stimulating factor mobilizers because they lack complement-activating immunoglobulins. Stem Cells 2007; 25:3093-100. [PMID: 17717064 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complement (C) and innate immunity emerge as important and underappreciated modulators of mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC). We reported that (a) C becomes activated in bone marrow (BM) during granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced mobilization by the classic immunoglobulin (Ig)-dependent pathway and that (b) C3 cleavage fragments increase the responsiveness of HSPC to a stromal derived factor-1 gradient. Since patients suffering from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mobilize poorly, we hypothesized that this could be directly linked to the lack of C activating Ig in these patients. In the current study to better elucidate the role of C activation in HSPC mobilization, we mobilized mice that lack Ig (RAG2, SCID, and Jh) by G-CSF or zymosan, compounds that activate C by the classic Ig-dependent and the alternative Ig-independent pathways, respectively. In addition, we evaluated mobilization in C5-deficient animals. Mobilization was evaluated by measuring the number of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage and leukocytes circulating in peripheral blood. We found that (a) G-CSF- but not zymosan-induced mobilization was severely reduced in RAG2, SCID, and Jh mice; (b) impaired G-CSF-induced mobilization was restored after infusion of purified wild-type Ig; and (c) mobilization was severely reduced in C5-deficient mice. These data provide strong evidence that the C system plays a pivotal role in mobilization of HSPC and that egress of HSPC from BM occurs as part of an immune response. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Reca
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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342
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Hirbe AC, Rubin J, Uluçkan Ö, Morgan EA, Eagleton MC, Prior JL, Piwnica-Worms D, Weilbaecher KN. Disruption of CXCR4 enhances osteoclastogenesis and tumor growth in bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14062-7. [PMID: 17715292 PMCID: PMC1955795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705203104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 regulates hematopoietic and tumor cell homing to bone, but its role during osteoclast (OC) development is unknown. We investigated the role of CXCR4 in osteoclastogenesis and in a model of bone metastasis. Compared with controls, mice reconstituted with CXCR4 null hematopoietic cells exhibited elevated markers of bone resorption, increased OC perimeter along bone, and increased bone loss. CXCR4-/- OCs demonstrated accelerated differentiation and enhanced bone resorption in vitro. Furthermore, tumor growth specifically in bone was significantly increased in mice reconstituted with CXCR4-/- hematopoietic cells. Finally, enhancement of bone tumor growth in the absence of CXCR4 was abrogated with the OC inhibitor, zoledronic acid. These data demonstrate that disruption of CXCR4 enhances osteoclastogenesis and suggest that inhibition of CXCR4 may enhance established skeletal tumor burden by increasing OC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Özge Uluçkan
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, and
| | | | | | - Julie L. Prior
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Katherine N. Weilbaecher
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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343
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Mitsiadis TA, Barrandon O, Rochat A, Barrandon Y, De Bari C. Stem cell niches in mammals. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3377-85. [PMID: 17764674 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells safeguard tissue homeostasis and guarantee tissue repair throughout life. The decision between self-renewal and differentiation is influenced by a specialized microenvironment called stem cell niche. Physical and molecular interactions with niche cells and orientation of the cleavage plane during stem cell mitosis control the balance between symmetric and asymmetric division of stem cells. Here we highlight recent progress made on the anatomical and molecular characterization of mammalian stem cell niches, focusing particularly on bone marrow, tooth and hair follicle. The knowledge of the regulation of stem cells within their niches in health and disease will be instrumental to develop novel therapies that target stem cell niches to achieve tissue repair and re-establish tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Department of Orofacial Development and Structure, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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344
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De La Luz Sierra M, Gasperini P, McCormick PJ, Zhu J, Tosato G. Transcription factor Gfi-1 induced by G-CSF is a negative regulator of CXCR4 in myeloid cells. Blood 2007; 110:2276-85. [PMID: 17596540 PMCID: PMC1988943 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-081448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced mobilization of granulocytic lineage cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood remain elusive. We provide evidence that the transcriptional repressor growth factor independence-1 (Gfi-1) is involved in G-CSF-induced mobilization of granulocytic lineage cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood. We show that in vitro and in vivo G-CSF promotes expression of Gfi-1 and down-regulates expression of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor essential for the retention of hematopoietic stem cells and granulocytic cells in the bone marrow. Gfi-1 binds to DNA sequences upstream of the CXCR4 gene and represses CXCR4 expression in myeloid lineage cells. As a consequence, myeloid cell responses to the CXCR4 unique ligand SDF-1 are reduced. Thus, Gfi-1 not only regulates hematopoietic stem cell function and myeloid cell development but also probably promotes the release of granulocytic lineage cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood by reducing CXCR4 expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De La Luz Sierra
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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345
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Kollet O, Dar A, Lapidot T. The multiple roles of osteoclasts in host defense: bone remodeling and hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:51-69. [PMID: 17042735 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling by bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts dynamically alters the bone inner wall and the endosteum region, which harbors osteoblastic niches for hematopoietic stem cells. Investigators have recently elucidated mechanisms of recruitment and mobilization; these mechanisms consist of stress signals that drive migration of leukocytes and progenitor cells from the bone marrow reservoir to the circulation and drive their homing to injured tissues as part of host defense and repair. The physical bone marrow vasculature barrier that is crossed by mobilized cells actively transmits chemotactic signals between the blood and the bone marrow, facilitating organ communication and cell trafficking. Osteoclasts play a dual role in regulation of bone resorption and homeostatic release or stress-induced mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. In this review, we discuss the orchestrated interplay between bone remodeling, the immune system, and the endosteal stem cell niches in the context of stem cell proliferation and migration during homeostasis, which are accelerated during alarm situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Kollet
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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346
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has become the standard of care for the treatment of many hematologic malignancies, chemotherapy sensitive relapsed acute leukemias or lymphomas, multiple myeloma; and for some non-malignant diseases such as aplastic anemia and immunodeficient states. The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) resides in the bone marrow (BM). A number of chemokines and cytokines have been shown in vivo and in clinical trials to enhance trafficking of HSC into the peripheral blood. This process, termed stem cell mobilization, results in the collection of HSC via apheresis for both autologous and allogeneic transplantation. Enhanced understanding of HSC biology, processes involved in HSC microenvironmental interactions and the critical ligands, receptors and cellular proteases involved in HSC homing and mobilization, with an emphasis on G-CSF induced HSC mobilization, form the basis of this review. We will describe the key features and dynamic processes involved in HSC mobilization and focus on the key ligand-receptor pairs including CXCR4/SDF1, VLA4/VCAM1, CD62L/PSGL, CD44/HA, and Kit/KL. In addition we will describe food and drug administration (FDA) approved and agents currently in clinical development for enhancing HSC mobilization and transplantation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nervi
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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347
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Petit I, Jin D, Rafii S. The SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling pathway: a molecular hub modulating neo-angiogenesis. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:299-307. [PMID: 17560169 PMCID: PMC2952492 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pro-angiogenic bone marrow (BM) cells include subsets of hematopoietic cells that provide vascular support and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which under certain permissive conditions could differentiate into functional vascular cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that the chemokine stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12) has a major role in the recruitment and retention of CXCR4(+) BM cells to the neo-angiogenic niches supporting revascularization of ischemic tissue and tumor growth. However, the precise mechanism by which activation of CXCR4 modulates neo-angiogenesis is not clear. SDF-1 not only promotes revascularization by engaging with CXCR4 expressed on the vascular cells but also supports mobilization of pro-angiogenic CXCR4(+)VEGFR1(+) hematopoietic cells, thereby accelerating revascularization of ischemic organs. Here, we attempt to define the multiple functions of the SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling pathway in the regulation of neo-vascularization during acute ischemia and tumor growth. In particular, we introduce the concept that, by modulating plasma SDF-1 levels, the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 acutely promotes, while chronic AMD3100 treatment inhibits, mobilization of pro-angiogenic cells. We will also discuss strategies to modulate the mobilization of essential subsets of BM cells that participate in neo-angiogenesis, setting up the stage for enhancing revascularization or targeting tumor vessels by exploiting CXCR4 agonists and antagonists, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Petit
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, NY 10021, USA
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348
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Lévesque JP, Winkler IG, Hendy J, Williams B, Helwani F, Barbier V, Nowlan B, Nilsson SK. Hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization results in hypoxia with increased hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor A in bone marrow. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1954-65. [PMID: 17478585 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that many hypoxia-inducible genes are important in hematopoiesis, the spatial distribution of oxygen in the bone marrow (BM) has not previously been explored in vivo. Using the hypoxia bioprobe pimonidazole, we showed by confocal laser scanning microscopy that the endosteum at the bone-BM interface is hypoxic, with constitutive expression of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein in steady-state mice. Interestingly, at the peak of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization induced by either granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or cyclophosphamide, hypoxic areas expand through the central BM. Furthermore, we found that HSPC mobilization leads to increased levels of HIF-1alpha protein and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mRNA throughout the BM, with an accumulation of VEGF-A protein in BM endothelial sinuses. VEGF-A is a cytokine known to induce stem cell mobilization, vasodilatation, and vascular permeability in vivo. We therefore propose that the expansion in myeloid progenitors that occurs during mobilization depletes the BM hematopoietic microenvironment of O(2), leading to local hypoxia, stabilization of HIF-1alpha transcription factor in BM cells, increased transcription of VEGF-A, and accumulation of VEGF-A protein on BM sinuses that increases vascular permeability. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lévesque
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Raymond Terrace, Aubigny Place, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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349
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Cashen AF, Nervi B, DiPersio J. AMD3100: CXCR4 antagonist and rapid stem cell-mobilizing agent. Future Oncol 2007; 3:19-27. [PMID: 17280498 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.3.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As hematopoietic stem cells collected from peripheral blood are increasingly used for autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, new approaches for the mobilization of stem cells are needed. These should have the goal of improving stem cell collection and reducing the duration and toxicity of the mobilization process. AMD3100, a specific inhibitor of CXCR4, one of the key molecules that tethers hematopoietic stem cells to the bone marrow microenvironment, is a promising new agent currently in clinical development for autologous and allogeneic stem cell mobilization. Early clinical trials have demonstrated that AMD3100 rapidly mobilizes stem cells to the peripheral blood, with minimal side effects. In Phase II trials, mobilization with the combination of AMD3100 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) results in the collection of more progenitor cells than G-CSF alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Cashen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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350
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Cashen AF, Lazarus HM, Devine SM. Mobilizing stem cells from normal donors: is it possible to improve upon G-CSF? Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39:577-88. [PMID: 17369869 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) remains the standard mobilizing agent for peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donors, allowing the safe collection of adequate PBSCs from the vast majority of donors. However, G-CSF mobilization can be associated with some significant side effects and requires a multi-day dosing regimen. The other cytokine approved for stem cell mobilization, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), alters graft composition and may reduce the development of graft-versus-host disease, but a significant minority of donors fails to provide sufficient CD34+ cells with GM-CSF and some experience unacceptable toxicity. AMD3100 is a promising new mobilizing agent, which may have several advantages over G-CSF for donor mobilization. As it is a direct antagonist of the interaction between the chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 and its receptor CXCR4, AMD3100 mobilizes PBSCs within hours rather than days. It is also well tolerated, with no significant side effects reported in any of the clinical trials to date. Studies of autologous and allogeneic transplantation of AMD3100 mobilized grafts have demonstrated prompt and stable engraftment. Here, we review the current state of stem cell mobilization in normal donors and discuss novel strategies for donor stem cell mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Cashen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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