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Zhang H, Xiong X, Liu J, Gu L, Li F, Wan Y, Xu S. Emulsified Isoflurane Protects Against Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia Injury in Rats via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Anesth Analg 2016; 122:1377-84. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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302
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Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL, Dagnæs-Hansen F, Babcock AA, von Linstow CU, Meldgaard M, Kristensen BW, Deierborg T, Finsen B. Cell therapy centered on IL-1Ra is neuroprotective in experimental stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:775-91. [PMID: 26860727 PMCID: PMC4835531 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are emerging as new promising treatments in stroke. However, their functional mechanism and therapeutic potential during early infarct maturation has so far received little attention. Here, we asked if cell-based delivery of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), a known neuroprotectant in stroke, can promote neuroprotection, by modulating the detrimental inflammatory response in the tissue at risk. We show by the use of IL-1Ra-overexpressing and IL-1Ra-deficient mice that IL-1Ra is neuroprotective in stroke. Characterization of the cellular and spatiotemporal production of IL-1Ra and IL-1α/β identifies microglia, not infiltrating leukocytes, as the major sources of IL-1Ra after experimental stroke, and shows IL-1Ra and IL-1β to be produced by segregated subsets of microglia with a small proportion of these cells co-expressing IL-1α. Reconstitution of whole body irradiated mice with IL-1Ra-producing bone marrow cells is associated with neuroprotection and recruitment of IL-1Ra-producing leukocytes after stroke. Neuroprotection is also achieved by therapeutic injection of IL-1Ra-producing bone marrow cells 30 min after stroke onset, additionally improving the functional outcome in two different stroke models. The IL-1Ra-producing bone marrow cells increase the number of IL-1Ra-producing microglia, reduce the availability of IL-1β, and modulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in the ischemic cortex. The importance of these results is underlined by demonstration of IL-1Ra-producing cells in the human cortex early after ischemic stroke. Taken together, our results attribute distinct neuroprotective or neurotoxic functions to segregated subsets of microglia and suggest that treatment strategies increasing the production of IL-1Ra by infiltrating leukocytes or microglia may also be neuroprotective if applied early after stroke onset in patients.
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303
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Moretti R, Leger PL, Besson VC, Csaba Z, Pansiot J, Di Criscio L, Gentili A, Titomanlio L, Bonnin P, Baud O, Charriaut-Marlangue C. Sildenafil, a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, induces microglial modulation after focal ischemia in the neonatal mouse brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:95. [PMID: 27126393 PMCID: PMC4850658 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal ischemic stroke is the most frequent form of cerebral infarction in neonates; however, evidence-based treatments are currently lacking. We have previously demonstrated a beneficial effect of sildenafil citrate, a PDE-5 inhibitor, on stroke lesion size in neonatal rat pups. The present study investigated the effects of sildenafil in a neonatal mouse stroke model on (1) hemodynamic changes and (2) regulation of astrocyte/microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. METHODS Ischemia was induced in C57Bl/6 mice on postnatal (P) day 9 by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo), and followed by either PBS or sildenafil intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. Blood flow (BF) velocities were measured by ultrasound imaging with sequential Doppler recordings and laser speckle contrast imaging. Animals were euthanized, and brain tissues were obtained at 72 h or 8 days after pMCAo. Expression of M1- and M2-like microglia/macrophage markers were analyzed. RESULTS Although sildenafil (10 mg/kg) treatment potently increased cGMP concentrations, it did not influence early collateral recruitment nor did it reduce mean infarct volumes 72 h after pMCAo. Nevertheless, it provided a significant dose-dependent reduction of mean lesion extent 8 days after pMCAo. Suggesting a mechanism involving modulation of the inflammatory response, sildenafil significantly decreased microglial density at 72 h and 8 days after pMCAo. Gene expression profiles indicated that sildenafil treatment also modulates M1- (ptgs2, CD32 and CD86) and M2-like (CD206, Arg-1 and Lgals3) microglia/macrophages in the late phase after pMCAo. Accordingly, the number of COX-2(+) microglia/macrophages significantly increased in the penumbra at 72 h after pMCAo but was significantly decreased 8 days after ischemia in sildenafil-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings argue that anti-inflammatory effects of sildenafil may provide protection against lesion extension in the late phase after pMCAo in neonatal mice. We propose that sildenafil treatment could represent a potential strategy for neonatal ischemic stroke treatment/recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Moretti
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,University degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Pierre-Louis Leger
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,UPMC-Paris6, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Réanimation Néonatale et Pédiatrique, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Valérie C Besson
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale - EA4475, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pansiot
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Lorena Di Criscio
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Gentili
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Luigi Titomanlio
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Urgences Pédiatriques, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie Clinique, Explorations-Fonctionnelles, 75010, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Baud
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Réanimation Néonatale, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Charriaut-Marlangue
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMR 1141, Hopital Robert Debré, 48 bd Serurier, 75019, Paris, France.
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304
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Persisting Rickettsia typhi Causes Fatal Central Nervous System Inflammation. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1615-1632. [PMID: 26975992 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00034-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsioses are emerging febrile diseases caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the family Rickettsiaceae. Rickettsia typhi belongs to the typhus group (TG) of this family and is the causative agent of endemic typhus, a disease that can be fatal. In the present study, we analyzed the course of R. typhi infection in C57BL/6 RAG1(-/-) mice. Although these mice lack adaptive immunity, they developed only mild and temporary symptoms of disease and survived R. typhi infection for a long period of time. To our surprise, 3 to 4 months after infection, C57BL/6 RAG1(-/-) mice suddenly developed lethal neurological disorders. Analysis of these mice at the time of death revealed high bacterial loads, predominantly in the brain. This was accompanied by a massive expansion of microglia and by neuronal cell death. Furthermore, high numbers of infiltrating CD11b(+) macrophages were detectable in the brain. In contrast to the microglia, these cells harbored R. typhi and showed an inflammatory phenotype, as indicated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, which was not observed in the periphery. Having shown that R. typhi persists in immunocompromised mice, we finally asked whether the bacteria are also able to persist in resistant C57BL/6 and BALB/c wild-type mice. Indeed, R. typhi could be recultivated from lung, spleen, and brain tissues from both strains even up to 1 year after infection. This is the first report demonstrating persistence and reappearance of R. typhi, mainly restricted to the central nervous system in immunocompromised mice.
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305
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Mannose-binding lectin is expressed after clinical and experimental traumatic brain injury and its deletion is protective. Crit Care Med 2016; 42:1910-8. [PMID: 24810526 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mannose-binding lectin protein is the activator of the lectin complement pathway. Goals were (1) to investigate mannose-binding lectin expression after human and experimental traumatic brain injury induced by controlled cortical impact and (2) to evaluate whether mannose-binding lectin deletion is associated with reduced sequelae after controlled cortical impact. DESIGN Translational research, combining a human/experimental observational study and a prospective experimental study. SETTING University hospital/research laboratory. PATIENTS AND SUBJECTS Brain-injured patients, C57Bl/6 mice, and mannose-binding lectin-A and mannose-binding lectin-C double-knockout (-/-) mice. INTERVENTIONS Using anti-human mannose-binding lectin antibody, we evaluated mannose-binding lectin expression in tissue samples from six patients who underwent surgery for a cerebral contusion. Immunohistochemistry was also performed on tissues obtained from mice at 30 minutes; 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours; and 1 week after controlled cortical impact using anti-mouse mannose-binding lectin-A and mannose-binding lectin-C antibodies. We evaluated the effects of mannose-binding lectin deletion in wild-type and mannose-binding lectin-A and mannose-binding lectin-C double-knockout mice. Functional outcome was evaluated using the neuroscore and beam walk tests for 4 weeks postinjury (n = 11). Histological injury was evaluated by comparing neuronal cell counts in the cortex adjacent to the contusion (n = 11). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Following human traumatic brain injury, we observed mannose-binding lectin-positive immunostaining in the injured cortex as early as few hours and up to 5 days postinjury. Similarly in mice, we observed mannose-binding lectin-C-positive immunoreactivity in the injured cortex beginning 30 minutes and persisting up to 1 week postinjury. The extent of mannose-binding lectin-A expression was lower when compared with that of mannose-binding lectin-C. We observed attenuated sensorimotor deficits in mannose-binding lectin (-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice at 2-4 weeks postinjury. Furthermore, we observed reduced cortical cell loss at 5 weeks postinjury in mannose-binding lectin (-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Mannose-binding lectin expression was documented after traumatic brain injury. The reduced sequelae associated with mannose-binding lectin absence suggest that mannose-binding lectin modulation might be a potential target after traumatic brain injury.
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306
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Sakuma R, Kawahara M, Nakano-Doi A, Takahashi A, Tanaka Y, Narita A, Kuwahara-Otani S, Hayakawa T, Yagi H, Matsuyama T, Nakagomi T. Brain pericytes serve as microglia-generating multipotent vascular stem cells following ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:57. [PMID: 26952098 PMCID: PMC4782566 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are the resident macrophage population of the central nervous system (CNS) and play essential roles, particularly in inflammation-mediated pathological conditions such as ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence shows that the population of vascular cells located around the blood vessels, rather than circulating cells, harbor stem cells and that these resident vascular stem cells (VSCs) are the likely source of some microglia. However, the precise traits and origins of these cells under pathological CNS conditions remain unclear. Methods In this study, we used a mouse model of cerebral infarction to investigate whether reactive pericytes (PCs) acquire microglia-producing VSC activity following ischemia. Results We demonstrated the localization of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-expressing microglia to perivascular regions within ischemic areas. These cells expressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ), a hallmark of vascular PCs. PDGFRβ+ PCs isolated from ischemic, but not non-ischemic, areas expressed stem/undifferentiated cell markers and subsequently differentiated into various cell types, including microglia-like cells with phagocytic capacity. Conclusions The study results suggest that vascular PCs acquire multipotent VSC activity under pathological conditions and may thus be a novel source of microglia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0523-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Sakuma
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Maiko Kawahara
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan. .,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
| | - Akiko Nakano-Doi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Ai Takahashi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan. .,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
| | - Yasue Tanaka
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Aya Narita
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Sachi Kuwahara-Otani
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Tetsu Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
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307
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Weishaupt N, Zhang A, Deziel RA, Tasker RA, Whitehead SN. Prefrontal Ischemia in the Rat Leads to Secondary Damage and Inflammation in Remote Gray and White Matter Regions. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:81. [PMID: 26973455 PMCID: PMC4773446 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary damage processes, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, can exacerbate an ischemic lesion and spread to adjacent brain regions. Yet, few studies investigate how regions remote from the infarct could also suffer from degeneration and inflammation in the aftermath of a stroke. To find out to what extent far-remote brain regions are affected after stroke, we used a bilateral endothelin-1-induced prefrontal infarct rat model. Brain regions posterior to the prefrontal cortical infarct were analyzed for ongoing neurodegeneration using FluoroJadeB (FJB) and for neuroinflammation using Iba1 and OX-6 immunohistochemistry 28 days post-stroke. The FJB-positive dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus (DMN) and retrosplenial area (RSA) of the cortex displayed substantial neuroinflammation. Significant neuronal loss was only observed within the cortex. Significant microglia recruitment and activation in the FJB-positive internal capsule indicates remote white matter pathology. These findings demonstrate that even regions far remote from an infarct are affected predictably based on anatomical connectivity, and that white matter inflammation is an integral part of remote pathology. The delayed nature of this pathology makes it a valid target for preventative treatment, potentially with an extended time window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention using anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Weishaupt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario London, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Deziel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - R Andrew Tasker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Shawn N Whitehead
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario London, ON, Canada
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308
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Miró-Mur F, Pérez-de-Puig I, Ferrer-Ferrer M, Urra X, Justicia C, Chamorro A, Planas AM. Immature monocytes recruited to the ischemic mouse brain differentiate into macrophages with features of alternative activation. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 53:18-33. [PMID: 26275369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stroke induces a local inflammatory reaction causing leukocyte infiltration. Circulating monocytes are recruited to the ischemic brain and become tissue macrophages morphologically indistinguishable from reactive microglia. However, monocytes are a heterogeneous population of cells with different functions. Herein, we investigated the infiltration and fate of the monocyte subsets in a mouse model of focal brain ischemia by permanent occlusion of the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery. We separated two main subtypes of CD11b(hi) monocytes according to their expression of the surface markers Ly6C and CD43. Using adoptive transfer of reporter monocytes and monocyte depletion, we identified the pro-inflammatory Ly6C(hi)CD43(lo)CCR2(+) subset as the predominant monocytes recruited to the ischemic tissue. Monocytes were seen in the leptomeninges from where they entered the cortex along the penetrating arterioles. Four days post-ischemia, they had invaded the infarcted core, where they were often located adjacent to blood vessels. At this time, Iba-1(-) and Iba-1(+) cells in the ischemic tissue incorporated BrdU, but BrdU incorporation was rare in the reporter monocytes. The monocyte phenotype progressively changed by down-regulating Ly6C, up-regulating F4/80, expressing low or intermediate levels of Iba-1, and developing macrophage morphology. Moreover, monocytes progressively acquired the expression of typical markers of alternatively activated macrophages, like arginase-1 and YM-1. Collectively, the results show that stroke mobilized immature pro-inflammatory Ly6C(hi)CD43(lo) monocytes that acutely infiltrated the ischemic tissue reaching the core of the lesion. Monocytes differentiated to macrophages with features of alternative activation suggesting possible roles in tissue repair during the sub-acute phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Miró-Mur
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Pérez-de-Puig
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maura Ferrer-Ferrer
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xabier Urra
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Functional Stroke Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Justicia
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Chamorro
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Functional Stroke Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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309
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Microglial Polarization and Inflammatory Mediators After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1874-1886. [PMID: 26894396 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. When a diseased artery within the brain bursts, expansion and absorption of the resulting hematoma trigger a series of reactions that cause primary and secondary brain injury. Microglia are extremely important for removing the hematoma and clearing debris, but they are also a source of ongoing inflammation. This article discusses the role of microglial activation/polarization and related inflammatory mediators, such as Toll-like receptor 4, matrix metalloproteinases, high-mobility group protein box-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase, and iron, in secondary injury after ICH and highlights the potential targets for ICH treatment.
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310
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Yin Y, Liu L, Yang C, Lin C, Veith GM, Wang C, Sutovsky P, Zhou P, Ma L. Cell Autonomous and Nonautonomous Function of CUL4B in Mouse Spermatogenesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6923-35. [PMID: 26846852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CUL4B ubiquitin ligase belongs to the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase family. Although sharing many sequence and structural similarities, CUL4B plays distinct roles in spermatogenesis from its homologous protein CUL4A. We previously reported that genetic ablation ofCul4ain mice led to male infertility because of aberrant meiotic progression. In the present study, we generated Cul4bgerm cell-specific conditional knock-out (Cul4b(Vasa)),as well asCul4bglobal knock-out (Cul4b(Sox2)) mouse, to investigate its roles in spermatogenesis. Germ cell-specific deletion of Cul4bled to male infertility, despite normal testicular morphology and comparable numbers of spermatozoa. Notably, significantly impaired sperm mobility caused by reduced mitochondrial activity and glycolysis level were observed in the majority of the mutant spermatozoa, manifested by low, if any, sperm ATP production. Furthermore,Cul4b(Vasa)spermatozoa exhibited defective arrangement of axonemal microtubules and flagella outer dense fibers. Our mass spectrometry analysis identified INSL6 as a novel CUL4B substrate in male germ cells, evidenced by its direct polyubiquination and degradation by CUL4B E3 ligase. Nevertheless,Cul4bglobal knock-out males lost their germ cells in an age-dependent manner, implying failure of maintaining the spermatogonial stem cell niche in somatic cells. Taken together, our results show that CUL4B is indispensable to spermatogenesis, and it functions cell autonomously in male germ cells to ensure spermatozoa motility, whereas it functions non-cell-autonomously in somatic cells to maintain spermatogonial stemness. Thus, CUL4B links two distinct spermatogenetic processes to a single E3 ligase, highlighting the significance of ubiquitin modification during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and
| | - Liren Liu
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, and
| | - Chenyi Yang
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, and
| | - Congxing Lin
- From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and
| | | | - Caihong Wang
- the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- the Division of Animal Sciences and the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, and
| | - Liang Ma
- From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and
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311
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Ophelders DRMG, Gussenhoven R, Lammens M, Küsters B, Kemp MW, Newnham JP, Payne MS, Kallapur SG, Jobe AH, Zimmermann LJ, Kramer BW, Wolfs TGAM. Neuroinflammation and structural injury of the fetal ovine brain following intra-amniotic Candida albicans exposure. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:29. [PMID: 26842664 PMCID: PMC4739103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-amniotic Candida albicans (C. Albicans) infection is associated with preterm birth and high morbidity and mortality rates. Survivors are prone to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The mechanisms leading to these adverse neonatal brain outcomes remain largely unknown. To better understand the mechanisms underlying C. albicans-induced fetal brain injury, we studied immunological responses and structural changes of the fetal brain in a well-established translational ovine model of intra-amniotic C. albicans infection. In addition, we tested whether these potential adverse outcomes of the fetal brain were improved in utero by antifungal treatment with fluconazole. METHODS Pregnant ewes received an intra-amniotic injection of 10(7) colony-forming units C. albicans or saline (controls) at 3 or 5 days before preterm delivery at 0.8 of gestation (term ~ 150 days). Fetal intra-amniotic/intra-peritoneal injections of fluconazole or saline (controls) were administered 2 days after C. albicans exposure. Post mortem analyses for fungal burden, peripheral immune activation, neuroinflammation, and white matter/neuronal injury were performed to determine the effects of intra-amniotic C. albicans and fluconazole treatment. RESULTS Intra-amniotic exposure to C. albicans caused a severe systemic inflammatory response, illustrated by a robust increase of plasma interleukin-6 concentrations. Cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive for C. albicans in the majority of the 3-day C. albicans-exposed animals whereas no positive cultures were present in the 5-day C. albicans-exposed and fluconazole-treated animals. Although C. albicans was not detected in the brain parenchyma, a neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus and white matter was seen which was characterized by increased microglial and astrocyte activation. These neuroinflammatory changes were accompanied by structural white matter injury. Intra-amniotic fluconazole reduced fetal mortality but did not attenuate neuroinflammation and white matter injury. CONCLUSIONS Intra-amniotic C. albicans exposure provoked acute systemic and neuroinflammatory responses with concomitant white matter injury. Fluconazole treatment prevented systemic inflammation without attenuating cerebral inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan R M G Ophelders
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. .,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruth Gussenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. .,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Lammens
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Benno Küsters
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthew W Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia (M550), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - John P Newnham
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia (M550), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Matthew S Payne
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia (M550), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45208, USA.
| | - Allan H Jobe
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45208, USA.
| | - Luc J Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. .,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. .,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands. .,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. .,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
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312
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Ma Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang GY. The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:247-272. [PMID: 26851161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site. Traditionally, microglia activation is considered to play a deleterious role in ischemic stroke, as inhibition of microglia activation attenuates ischemia induced brain injury. However, increasing evidence show that microglia activation is critical for attenuating neuronal apoptosis, enhancing neurogenesis, and promoting functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. Differential polarization of microglia could likely explain the biphasic role of microglia in ischemia. We comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms involved in regulating microglia activation and polarization. The latest discoveries of microRNAs in modulating microglia function are discussed. In addition, the interaction between microglia and other cells including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and stem cells were also reviewed. Future therapies targeting microglia may not exclusively aim at suppressing microglia activation, but also at modulating microglia polarization at different stages of ischemic stroke. More work is needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of microglia polarization under ischemic environment. The roles of microRNAs and transplanted stem cells in mediating microglia activation and polarization during brain ischemia also need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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313
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Amantea D, Bagetta G. Drug repurposing for immune modulation in acute ischemic stroke. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 26:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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314
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Ni W, Mao S, Xi G, Keep RF, Hua Y. Role of Erythrocyte CD47 in Intracerebral Hematoma Clearance. Stroke 2016; 47:505-11. [PMID: 26732568 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Enhancing hematoma clearance through phagocytosis may reduce brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. In the current study, we investigated the role of cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) in regulating erythrophagocytosis and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in nude mice. METHODS This study was in 2 parts. First, male adult nude mice had an intracaudate injection of 30 μL saline, blood from male adult wild-type (WT) mice, or blood from CD47 knockout mice. Second, mice had an intracaudate injection of 30 μL CD47 knockout blood with clodronate or control liposomes. Clodronate liposomes were also tested in saline-injected mice. All mice then had magnetic resonance imaging to measure hematoma size and brain swelling. Brains were used for immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS Erythrophagocytosis occurred in and around the hematoma. Injection of CD47 knockout blood resulted in quicker clot resolution, less brain swelling, and less neurological deficits compared with wild-type blood. Higher brain heme oxygenase-1 levels and more microglial activation (mostly M2 polarized microglia) at day 3 were found after CD47 knockout blood injection. Co-injection of clodronate liposomes, to deplete phagocytes, caused more severe brain swelling and less clot resolution. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that CD47 has a key role in hematoma clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ni
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Shanshan Mao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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315
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Rossetti AC, Papp M, Gruca P, Paladini MS, Racagni G, Riva MA, Molteni R. Stress-induced anhedonia is associated with the activation of the inflammatory system in the rat brain: Restorative effect of pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Res 2016; 103:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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316
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Diaz-Aparicio I, Beccari S, Abiega O, Sierra A. Clearing the corpses: regulatory mechanisms, novel tools, and therapeutic potential of harnessing microglial phagocytosis in the diseased brain. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1533-1539. [PMID: 27904472 PMCID: PMC5116820 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.193220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a widespread phenomenon that occurs in the brain in both physiological and pathological conditions. Dead cells must be quickly removed to avoid the further toxic effects they exert in the parenchyma, a process executed by microglia, the brain professional phagocytes. Although phagocytosis is critical to maintain tissue homeostasis, it has long been either overlooked or indirectly assessed based on microglial morphology, expression of classical activation markers, or engulfment of artificial phagocytic targets in vitro. Nevertheless, these indirect methods present several limitations and, thus, direct observation and quantification of microglial phagocytosis is still necessary to fully grasp its relevance in the diseased brain. To overcome these caveats and obtain a comprehensive, quantitative picture of microglial phagocytosis we have developed a novel set of parameters. These parameters have allowed us to identify the different strategies utilized by microglia to cope with apoptotic challenges induced by excitotoxicity or inflammation. In contrast, we discovered that in mouse and human epilepsy microglia failed to find and engulf apoptotic cells, resulting in accumulation of debris and inflammation. Herein, we advocate that the efficiency of microglial phagocytosis should be routinely tested in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders, in order to determine the extent to which it contributes to apoptosis and inflammation found in these conditions. Finally, our findings point towards enhancing microglial phagocytosis as a novel therapeutic strategy to control tissue damage and inflammation, and accelerate recovery in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irune Diaz-Aparicio
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Zamudio, Spain; University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sol Beccari
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Zamudio, Spain; University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Zamudio, Spain; University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Zamudio, Spain; University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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317
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Yuan F, Xu ZM, Lu LY, Nie H, Ding J, Ying WH, Tian HL. SIRT2 inhibition exacerbates neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption in experimental traumatic brain injury by enhancing NF-κB p65 acetylation and activation. J Neurochem 2015; 136:581-93. [PMID: 26546505 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is a member of the sirtuin family of NAD(+) -dependent protein deacetylases. In recent years, SIRT2 inhibition has emerged as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. However, to date, there is no evidence of a specific role for SIRT2 in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We investigated the effects of SIRT2 inhibition on experimental TBI using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model. Adult male mice underwent CCI or sham surgery. A selective brain-permeable SIRT2 inhibitor, AK-7, was administrated 30 min before injury. The volume of the brain edema lesion and the water content of the brain were significantly increased in mice treated with AK-7 (20 mg/kg), compared with the vehicle group, following TBI (p < 0.05 at 1 day and p < 0.05 at 3 days, respectively). Concomitantly, AK-7 administration greatly worsened neurobehavioral deficits on days 3 and 7 after CCI. Furthermore, blood-brain barrier disruption and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 activity increased following SIRT2 inhibition. AK-7 treatment increased TBI-induced microglial activation both in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by a large increase in the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, SIRT2 inhibition increased both K310 acetylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, leading to enhanced NF-κB activation and up-regulation of its target genes, including aquaporin 4 (AQP4), MMP-9, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, these data demonstrate that SIRT2 inhibition exacerbates TBI by increasing NF-κB p65 acetylation and activation. Our findings provide additional evidence of an anti-inflammatory effect of SIRT2. SIRT2 is a member of the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases. Our study suggests that the SIRT2 inhibitor AK-7 exacerbates traumatic brain injury (TBI) via a potential mechanism involving increased acetylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, resulting in up-regulation of NF-κB target genes, including aquaporin 4 (AQP4), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings provide additional evidence of an anti-inflammatory effect of SIRT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yan Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hai Ying
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-Li Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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318
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Bodhankar S, Lapato A, Chen Y, Vandenbark AA, Saugstad JA, Offner H. Role for microglia in sex differences after ischemic stroke: importance of M2. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1515-29. [PMID: 26246072 PMCID: PMC4644102 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. This process depends, in part, upon proinflammatory factors released by activated resident central nervous system (CNS) microglia (MG). Previous studies demonstrated that transfer of IL-10(+) B-cells reduced infarct volumes in male C57BL/6 J recipient mice when given 24 h prior to or therapeutically at 4 or 24 h after experimental stroke induced by 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The present study assesses possible sex differences in immunoregulation by IL-10(+) B-cells on primary male vs. female MG cultured from naïve and ischemic stroke-induced mice. Thus, MG cultures were treated with recombinant (r)IL-10, rIL-4 or IL-10(+) B-cells after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation and evaluated by flow cytometry for production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. We found that IL-10(+) B-cells significantly reduced MG production of TNF-α, IL-1β and CCL3 post-MCAO and increased their expression of the anti-inflammatory M2 marker, CD206, by cell-cell interactions. Moreover, MG from female vs. male mice had higher expression of IL-4 and IL-10 receptors and increased production of IL-4, especially after treatment with IL-10(+) B-cells. These findings indicate that IL-10-producing B-cells play a crucial role in regulating MG activation, proinflammatory cytokine release and M2 phenotype induction, post-MCAO, with heightened sensitivity of female MG to IL-4 and IL-10. This study, coupled with our previous demonstration of increased numbers of transferred IL-10(+) B-cells in the ischemic hemisphere, provide a mechanistic basis for local regulation by secreted IL-10 and IL-4 as well as direct B-cell/MG interactions that promote M2-MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Bodhankar
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew Lapato
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yingxin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA.
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319
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Adenosine A1 receptors contribute to immune regulation after neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Purinergic Signal 2015; 12:89-101. [PMID: 26608888 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain hypoxic ischemia (HI) often results in long-term motor and cognitive impairments. Post-ischemic inflammation greatly effects outcome and adenosine receptor signaling modulates both HI and immune cell function. Here, we investigated the influence of adenosine A1 receptor deficiency (A1R(-/-)) on key immune cell populations in a neonatal brain HI model. Ten-day-old mice were subjected to HI. Functional outcome was assessed by open locomotion and beam walking test and infarction size evaluated. Flow cytometry was performed on brain-infiltrating cells, and semi-automated analysis of flow cytometric data was applied. A1R(-/-) mice displayed larger infarctions (+33%, p < 0.05) and performed worse in beam walking tests (44% more mistakes, p < 0.05) than wild-type (WT) mice. Myeloid cell activation after injury was enhanced in A1R(-/-) versus WT brains. Activated B lymphocytes expressing IL-10 infiltrated the brain after HI in WT, but were less activated and did not increase in relative frequency in A1R(-/-). Also, A1R(-/-) B lymphocytes expressed less IL-10 than their WT counterparts, the A1R antagonist DPCPX decreased IL-10 expression whereas the A1R agonist CPA increased it. CD4(+) T lymphocytes including FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells, were unaffected by genotype, whereas CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses were smaller in A1R(-/-) mice. Using PCA to characterize the immune profile, we could discriminate the A1R(-/-) and WT genotypes as well as sham operated from HI-subjected animals. We conclude that A1R signaling modulates IL-10 expression by immune cells, influences the activation of these cells in vivo, and affects outcome after HI.
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320
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Planas AM. Immunomodulatory role of IL-33 counteracts brain inflammation in stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:39-40. [PMID: 26234503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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321
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McCormick SM, Heller NM. Regulation of Macrophage, Dendritic Cell, and Microglial Phenotype and Function by the SOCS Proteins. Front Immunol 2015; 6:549. [PMID: 26579124 PMCID: PMC4621458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells of dynamic phenotype that rapidly respond to external stimuli in the microenvironment by altering their phenotype to respond to and to direct the immune response. The ability to dynamically change phenotype must be carefully regulated to prevent uncontrolled inflammatory responses and subsequently to promote resolution of inflammation. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins play a key role in regulating macrophage phenotype. In this review, we summarize research to date from mouse and human studies on the role of the SOCS proteins in determining the phenotype and function of macrophages. We will also touch on the influence of the SOCS on dendritic cell (DC) and microglial phenotype and function. The molecular mechanisms of SOCS function in macrophages and DCs are discussed, along with how dysregulation of SOCS expression or function can lead to alterations in macrophage/DC/microglial phenotype and function and to disease. Regulation of SOCS expression by microRNA is discussed. Novel therapies and unanswered questions with regard to SOCS regulation of monocyte-macrophage phenotype and function are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McCormick
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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322
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Zanier ER, Marchesi F, Ortolano F, Perego C, Arabian M, Zoerle T, Sammali E, Pischiutta F, De Simoni MG. Fractalkine Receptor Deficiency Is Associated with Early Protection but Late Worsening of Outcome following Brain Trauma in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:1060-72. [PMID: 26180940 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An impaired ability to regulate microglia activation by fractalkine (CX3CL1) leads to microglia chronic sub-activation. How this condition affects outcome after acute brain injury is still debated, with studies showing contrasting results depending on the timing and the brain pathology. Here, we investigated the early and delayed consequences of fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) deletion on neurological outcome and on the phenotypical features of the myeloid cells present in the lesions of mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Wild type (WT) and CX3CR1(-/-) C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to sham or controlled cortical impact brain injury. Outcome was assessed at 4 days and 5 weeks after TBI by neuroscore, neuronal count, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Compared with WT mice, CX3CR1(-/-) TBI mice showed a significant reduction of sensorimotor deficits and lower cellular damage in the injured cortex 4 days post-TBI. Conversely, at 5 weeks, they showed a worsening of sensorimotor deficits and pericontusional cell death. Microglia (M) and macrophage (μ) activation and polarization were assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry for CD11b, CD68, Ym1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-markers of M/μ activation, phagocytosis, M2, and M1 phenotypes, respectively. Morphological analysis revealed a decreased area and perimeter of CD11b(+) cells in CX3CR1(-/-) mice at 4 days post-TBI, whereas, at 5 weeks, both parameters were significantly higher, compared with WT mice. At 4 days, CX3CR1(-/-) mice showed significantly decreased CD68 and iNOS immunoreactivity, while at 5 weeks post-injury, they showed a selective increase of iNOS. Gene expression on CD11b(+) sorted cells revealed an increase of interleukin 10 and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) at 1 day and a decrease of IGF1 4 days and 5 weeks post-TBI in CX3CR1(-/-), compared with WT mice. These data show an early protection followed by a chronic exacerbation of TBI outcome in the absence of CX3CR1. Thus, longitudinal effects of myeloid cell manipulation at different stages of pathology should be investigated to understand how and when their modulation may offer therapeutic chances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa R Zanier
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- 2 Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Maedeh Arabian
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy .,3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- 2 Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Sammali
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy .,4 Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
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Loane DJ, Kumar A. Microglia in the TBI brain: The good, the bad, and the dysregulated. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 3:316-327. [PMID: 26342753 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As the major cellular component of the innate immune system in the central nervous system (CNS) and the first line of defense whenever injury or disease occurs, microglia play a critical role in neuroinflammation following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the injured brain microglia can produce neuroprotective factors, clear cellular debris and orchestrate neurorestorative processes that are beneficial for neurological recovery after TBI. However, microglia can also become dysregulated and can produce high levels of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators that hinder CNS repair and contribute to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. The dual role of microglial activation in promoting beneficial and detrimental effects on neurons may be accounted for by their polarization state and functional responses after injury. In this review article we discuss emerging research on microglial activation phenotypes in the context of acute brain injury, and the potential role of microglia in phenotype-specific neurorestorative processes such as neurogenesis, angiogenesis, oligodendrogenesis and regeneration. We also describe some of the known molecular mechanisms that regulate phenotype switching, and highlight new therapeutic approaches that alter microglial activation state balance to enhance long-term functional recovery after TBI. An improved understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that control microglial phenotypic shifts may advance our knowledge of post-injury recovery and repair, and provide opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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324
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The relationship between serial [(18) F]PBR06 PET imaging of microglial activation and motor function following stroke in mice. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:821-9. [PMID: 24865401 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using [(18) F]PBR06 positron emission tomography (PET) to characterize the time course of stroke-associated neuroinflammation (SAN) in mice, to evaluate whether brain microglia influences motor function after stroke, and to demonstrate the use of [(18) F]PBR06 PET as a therapeutic assessment tool. PROCEDURES Stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Balb/c mice (control, stroke, and stroke with poststroke minocycline treatment). [18 F]PBR06 PET/CT imaging, rotarod tests, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed 3, 11, and 22 days poststroke induction (PSI). RESULTS The stroke group exhibited significantly increased microglial activation, and impaired motor function. Peak microglial activation was 11 days PSI. There was a strong association between microglial activation, motor function, and microglial protein expression on IHC. Minocycline significantly reduced microglial activation and improved motor function by day 22 PSI. CONCLUSION [18 F]PBR06 PET imaging noninvasively characterizes the time course of SAN, and shows increased microglial activation is associated with decreased motor function.
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325
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Umekawa T, Osman AM, Han W, Ikeda T, Blomgren K. Resident microglia, rather than blood-derived macrophages, contribute to the earlier and more pronounced inflammatory reaction in the immature compared with the adult hippocampus after hypoxia-ischemia. Glia 2015; 63:2220-30. [PMID: 26179283 PMCID: PMC5034822 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of neuronal injury after hypoxia–ischemia (HI) are different in the immature and the adult brain, but microglia activation has not been compared. The purpose of this study was to phenotype resident microglia and blood‐derived macrophages in the hippocampus after HI in neonatal (postnatal day 9, P9) or adult (3 months of age, 3mo) mice. Unilateral brain injury after HI was induced in Cx3cr1GFP/+Ccr2RFP/+ male mice on P9 (n = 34) or at 3mo (n = 53) using the Vannucci model. Resident microglia (Cx3cr1‐GFP+) proliferated and were activated earlier after HI in the P9 (1–3 days) than that in the 3mo hippocampus, but remained longer in the adult brain (3–7 days). Blood‐derived macrophages (Ccr2‐RFP+) peaked 3 days after HI in both immature (P9) and adult (3mo) hippocampi but were twice as frequent in adult brains, 41% vs. 21% of all microglia/macrophages. CCL2 expression was three times higher in the P9 hippocampi, indicating that the proinflammatory response was more pronounced in the immature brain after HI. This corresponded well with the higher numbers of galectin‐3‐positive resident microglia in the P9 hippocampi, but did not correlate with CD16/32‐ or CD206‐positive resident microglia or blood‐derived macrophages. In conclusion, resident microglia, rather than infiltrating blood‐derived macrophages, proliferate and are activated earlier in the immature than in the adult brain, but remain increased longer in the adult brain. The inflammatory response is more pronounced in the immature brain, and this correlate well with galectin‐3 expression in resident microglia. GLIA 2015;63:2220–2230
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Umekawa
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ahmed M Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomoaki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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326
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Baizer JS, Wong KM, Manohar S, Hayes SH, Ding D, Dingman R, Salvi RJ. Effects of acoustic trauma on the auditory system of the rat: The role of microglia. Neuroscience 2015; 303:299-311. [PMID: 26162240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to loud, prolonged sounds (acoustic trauma, AT) leads to the death of both inner and outer hair cells (IHCs and OHCs), death of neurons of the spiral ganglion and degeneration of the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve (8cn) projects to the three subdivisions of the cochlear nuclei (CN), the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DC) and the anterior (VCA) and posterior (VCP) subdivisions of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). There is both anatomical and physiological evidence for plastic reorganization in the denervated CN after AT. Anatomical findings show axonal sprouting and synaptogenesis; physiologically there is an increase in spontaneous activity suggesting reorganization of circuitry. The mechanisms underlying this plasticity are not understood. Recent data suggest that activated microglia may have a role in facilitating plastic reorganization in addition to removing trauma-induced debris. In order to investigate the roles of activated microglia in the CN subsequent to AT we exposed animals to bilateral noise sufficient to cause massive hair cell death. We studied four groups of animals at different survival times: 30 days, 60 days, 6 months and 9 months. We used silver staining to examine the time course and pattern of auditory nerve degeneration, and immunohistochemistry to label activated microglia in the denervated CN. We found both degenerating auditory nerve fibers and activated microglia in the CN at 30 and 60 days and 6 months after AT. There was close geographic overlap between the degenerating fibers and activated microglia, consistent with a scavenger role for activated microglia. At the longest survival time, there were still silver-stained fibers but very little staining of activated microglia in overlapping regions. There were, however, activated microglia in the surrounding brainstem and cerebellar white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Baizer
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University at Buffalo, United States.
| | - K M Wong
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University at Buffalo, United States
| | - S Manohar
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - S H Hayes
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - D Ding
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - R Dingman
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - R J Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
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Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ, de Hoz R, Rojas B, Gallego BI, Salobrar-García E, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Triviño A, Ramirez JM. Macro- and microglial responses in the fellow eyes contralateral to glaucomatous eyes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:155-72. [PMID: 26497789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most studies employing experimental models of unilateral glaucoma have used the normotensive contralateral eye as the normal control. However, some studies have recently reported the activation of the retinal macroglia and microglia in the uninjured eye, suggesting that the eye contralateral to experimental glaucoma should not be used as a control. This review analyzes the studies describing the contralateral findings and discusses some of the routes through which the signals can reach the contralateral eye to initiate the glial reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz I Gallego
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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328
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Naznin F, Toshinai K, Waise TMZ, NamKoong C, Md Moin AS, Sakoda H, Nakazato M. Diet-induced obesity causes peripheral and central ghrelin resistance by promoting inflammation. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:81-92. [PMID: 26016745 PMCID: PMC4485401 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a stomach-derived orexigenic peptide, transmits starvation signals to the hypothalamus via the vagus afferent nerve. Peripheral administration of ghrelin does not induce food intake in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. We investigated whether this ghrelin resistance was caused by dysfunction of the vagus afferent pathway. Administration (s.c.) of ghrelin did not induce food intake, suppression of oxygen consumption, electrical activity of the vagal afferent nerve, phosphorylation of ERK2 and AMP-activated protein kinase alpha in the nodose ganglion, or Fos expression in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of mice fed a HFD for 12 weeks. Administration of anti-ghrelin IgG did not induce suppression of food intake in HFD-fed mice. Expression levels of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the nodose ganglion and hypothalamus of HFD-fed mice were reduced. Inflammatory responses, including upregulation of macrophage/microglia markers and inflammatory cytokines, occurred in the nodose ganglion and hypothalamus of HFD-fed mice. A HFD blunted ghrelin signaling in the nodose ganglion via a mechanism involving in situ activation of inflammation. These results indicate that ghrelin resistance in the obese state may be caused by dysregulation of ghrelin signaling via the vagal afferent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Naznin
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Koji Toshinai
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - T M Zaved Waise
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Cherl NamKoong
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, JapanDepartment of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu 474-8651, JapanAMED-CRESTAgency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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329
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Franco R, Fernández-Suárez D. Alternatively activated microglia and macrophages in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:65-86. [PMID: 26067058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical known as M1, or the alternative known as M2. M1 markers are mostly mediators of pro-inflammatory responses whereas M2 markers emerge for resolution and cleanup. Microglia exerts in the central nervous system (CNS) a function similar to that of macrophages in the periphery. Microglia activation and proliferation occurs in almost any single pathology affecting the CNS. Often microglia activation has been considered detrimental and drugs able to stop microglia activation were considered for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Cumulative evidence shows that microglia may undergo the alternative activation pathway, express M2-type markers and contribute to neuroprotection. This review focuses on details about the role of M2 microglia and in the approaches available for its identification. Approaches to drive the M2 phenotype and data on its potential in CNS diseases are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Diana Fernández-Suárez
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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330
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Kalakh S, Mouihate A. The promyelinating properties of androstenediol in gliotoxin-induced demyelination in rat corpus callosum. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:964-82. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Kalakh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Kuwait University; Safat Kuwait
| | - Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Kuwait University; Safat Kuwait
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331
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Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. Complexity of the cell-cell interactions in the innate immune response after cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2015; 1623:53-62. [PMID: 25956207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to brain ischemia a cascade of signals leads to the activation of the brain innate immune system and to the recruitment of blood borne derived cells to the ischemic tissue. These processes have been increasingly shown to play a role on stroke pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the key features of resident microglia and different leukocyte subsets implicated in cerebral ischemia with special emphasis of neutrophils, monocytes and microglia. We focus on how leukocytes are recruited to injured brain through a complex interplay between endothelial cells, platelets and leukocytes and describe different strategies used to inhibit their recruitment. Finally, we discuss the possible existence of different leukocyte subsets in the ischemic tissue and the repercussion of different myeloid phenotypes on stroke outcome. The knowledge of the nature of these heterogeneous cell-cell interactions may open new lines of investigation on new therapies to promote protective immune responses and tissue repair after cerebral ischemia or to block harmful responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
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332
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Amantea D, Micieli G, Tassorelli C, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Certo M, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Bagetta G. Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:147. [PMID: 25972779 PMCID: PMC4413676 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning stimuli. Early after ischemia, perivascular astrocytes release cytokines and activate metalloproteases (MMPs) that contribute to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vasogenic oedema; whereas at later stages, they provide extracellular glutamate uptake, BBB regeneration and neurotrophic factors release. Similarly, early activation of microglia contributes to ischemic brain injury via the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteases. Nevertheless, microglia also contributes to the resolution of inflammation, by releasing IL-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and to the late reparative processes by phagocytic activity and growth factors production. Indeed, after ischemia, microglia/macrophages differentiate toward several phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype is classically activated via toll-like receptors or interferon-γ, whereas M2 phenotypes are alternatively activated by regulatory mediators, such as ILs 4, 10, 13, or TGF-β. Thus, immune cells exert a dualistic role on the evolution of ischemic brain damage, since the classic phenotypes promote injury, whereas alternatively activated M2 macrophages or N2 neutrophils prompt tissue remodeling and repair. Moreover, a subdued activation of the immune system has been involved in ischemic tolerance, since different preconditioning stimuli act via modulation of inflammatory mediators, including toll-like receptors and cytokine signaling pathways. This further underscores that the immuno-modulatory approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke should be aimed at blocking the detrimental effects, while promoting the beneficial responses of the immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tassorelli
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy ; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy ; Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
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333
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Gorup D, Bohaček I, Miličević T, Pochet R, Mitrečić D, Križ J, Gajović S. Increased expression and colocalization of GAP43 and CASP3 after brain ischemic lesion in mouse. Neurosci Lett 2015; 597:176-82. [PMID: 25929184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GAP43 is a protein involved in neurite outgrowth during development and axon regeneration reflecting its presynaptic localization in developing neurons. Recently, it has been demonstrated that GAP43 is a ligand of CASP3 involved in receptor endocytosis and is also localized post-synaptically. In this study, by using a transgenic mouse strain carrying a bioluminescent reporter for GAP43 combined with an in vivo bioluminescence assay for CASP3, we demonstrated that one day after brain ischemic lesion and, even more pronounced, four days after stroke, expression of both CASP3 and Gap43 in neurons increased more than 40 times. The in vivo approach of CASP3 and GAP43 colocalization imaging was further validated and quantified by immunofluorescence. Importantly, in 82% of GAP43 positive cells, colocalization with CASP3 was present. These findings suggested that one and four days after stroke CASP3 expression, not necessarily associated with neuronal death, increased and suggested that CASP3 and GAP43 might be part of a common molecular pathway involved in early response to ischemic events occurring after onset of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Gorup
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Bohaček
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
| | - Tena Miličević
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
| | - Roland Pochet
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia; Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels B-1070, Belgium.
| | - Dinko Mitrečić
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
| | - Jasna Križ
- Research Centre of Institute universitaire en santé mentale and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Quebec City G1J2G3a, Canada.
| | - Srećko Gajović
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
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Fumagalli S, Perego C, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, De Simoni MG. The ischemic environment drives microglia and macrophage function. Front Neurol 2015; 6:81. [PMID: 25904895 PMCID: PMC4389404 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy ; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
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335
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Xia CY, Zhang S, Gao Y, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Selective modulation of microglia polarization to M2 phenotype for stroke treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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336
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Terrando N, Yang T, Ryu JK, Newton PT, Monaco C, Feldmann M, Ma D, Akassoglou K, Maze M. Stimulation of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protects against neuroinflammation after tibia fracture and endotoxemia in mice. Mol Med 2015; 20:667-75. [PMID: 25365546 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery and critical illness often associate with cognitive decline. Surgical trauma or infection can lead independently to learning and memory impairments via similar, but not identical, cellular signaling of the innate immune system that promotes neuroinflammation. In this study we explored the putative synergism between aseptic orthopedic surgery and infection, the latter reproduced by postoperative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We observed that surgery and LPS augmented systemic inflammation up to postoperative d 3 and this was associated with further neuroinflammation (CD11b and CD68 immunoreactivity) in the hippocampus in mice compared with those receiving surgery or LPS alone. Administration of a selective α7 subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonist 2 h after LPS significantly improved neuroinflammation and hippocampal-dependent memory dysfunction. Modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in monocytes and regulation of the oxidative stress response through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) signaling appear to be key targets in modulating this response. Overall, these results suggest that it may be conceivable to limit and possibly prevent postoperative complications, including cognitive decline and/or infections, through stimulation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Terrando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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337
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Pan J, Jin JL, Ge HM, Yin KL, Chen X, Han LJ, Chen Y, Qian L, Li XX, Xu Y. Malibatol A regulates microglia M1/M2 polarization in experimental stroke in a PPARγ-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:51. [PMID: 25889216 PMCID: PMC4378556 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of microglia plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory processes after ischemic stroke. Microglia is reported with two opposing activated phenotypes, namely, classic phenotype (M1) and the alternative phenotype (M2). Inhibiting M1 while stimulating M2 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of stroke. Findings In this study, we indicated that a novel natural anti-oxidant extracted from the Chinese plant Hopea hainanensis, malibatol A (MA), decreased the infarct size and alleviated the brain injury after mice middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MA inhibited expression inflammatory cytokines in not only MCAO mice but also lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. Moreover, treatment of MA decreased M1 markers (CD16, CD32, and CD86) and increased M2 markers (CD206, YM-1) while promoting the activation of nuclear receptor PPARγ. Conclusions MA has anti-inflammatory effects in MCAO mice in a PPARγ-dependent manner, making it a potential candidate for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jia-li Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Hui-ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Kai-lin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Li-juan Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Lai Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Xiao-xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Stroke in Jiangsu Province, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China.
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338
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CD200+ and CD200- macrophages accumulated in ischemic lesions of rat brain: the two populations cannot be classified as either M1 or M2 macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 282:7-20. [PMID: 25903723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two types of macrophages in lesion core of rat stroke model were identified according to NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (NG2) and CD200 expression. NG2(+) macrophages were CD200(-), and vice versa. NG2(-) macrophages expressed two splice variants of CD200 that are CD200L and CD200S. CD200(+) macrophages expressed CD8, CD68, CD163, CCL2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, Toll-like receptor 4 and transforming growth factor β, whilst NG2(+) cells expressed a costimulatory factor CD86. Both cell types expressed insulin-like growth factor 1 and CD200R. These results demonstrate that the two macrophage types cannot be classified as either M1 or M2.
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339
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Shanmugam A, Wang J, Markand S, Perry RL, Tawfik A, Zorrilla E, Ganapathy V, Smith SB. Sigma receptor 1 activation attenuates release of inflammatory cytokines MIP1γ, MIP2, MIP3α, and IL12 (p40/p70) by retinal Müller glial cells. J Neurochem 2015; 132:546-58. [PMID: 25439327 PMCID: PMC4451448 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The high-affinity sigma receptor 1 (σR1) ligand (+)-pentazocine ((+)-PTZ) affords profound retinal neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo by a yet-unknown mechanism. A common feature of retinal disease is Müller cell reactive gliosis, which includes cytokine release. Here, we investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates cytokine release by primary mouse Müller cells and whether (+)-PTZ alters release. Using a highly sensitive inflammatory antibody array we observed significant release of macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP1γ, MIP2, MIP3α) and interleukin-12 (IL12 (p40/p70)) in LPS-treated cells compared to controls, and a significant decrease in secretion upon (+)-PTZ treatment. Müller cells from σR1 knockout mice demonstrated increased MIP1γ, MIP2, MIP3α and IL12 (p40/p70) secretion when exposed to LPS compared to LPS-stimulated WT cells. We investigated whether cytokine secretion was accompanied by cytosolic-to-nuclear NFκB translocation and whether endothelial cell adhesion/migration was altered by released cytokines. Cells exposed to LPS demonstrated increased NFκB nuclear location, which was reduced significantly in (+)-PTZ-treated cells. Media conditioned by LPS-stimulated-Müller cells induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and endothelial cell migration, which was attenuated by (+)-PTZ treatment. The findings suggest that release of certain inflammatory cytokines by Müller cells can be attenuated by σR1 ligands providing insights into the retinal neuroprotective role of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Shanmugam
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shanu Markand
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard L Perry
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amany Tawfik
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Zorrilla
- Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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340
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Zanier ER, Fumagalli S, Perego C, Pischiutta F, De Simoni MG. Shape descriptors of the "never resting" microglia in three different acute brain injury models in mice. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015. [PMID: 26215806 PMCID: PMC4513020 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-015-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of microglia and macrophage (M/M) morphology represents a key tool to understand the functional activation state and the pattern of distribution of these cells in acute brain injury. The identification of reliable quantitative morphological parameters is urgently needed to understand these cell roles in brain injury and to explore strategies aimed at therapeutically manipulating the inflammatory response. METHODS We used three different clinically relevant murine models of focal injury, namely, controlled cortical impact brain injury (traumatic brain injury (TBI)) and transient and permanent occlusion of middle cerebral artery (tMCAo and pMCAo, respectively). Twenty-four hours after injury, M/M cells were labeled by CD11b, and ×40 photomicrographs were acquired by unbiased sampling of the lesion core using a motorized stage microscope. Images were processed with Fiji software to obtain shape descriptors. RESULTS We validated several parameters, including area, perimeter, Feret's diameter (caliper), circularity, aspect ratio, and solidity, providing quantitative information on M/M morphology over wide tissue portions. We showed that the shape descriptors that best represent M/M ramification/elongation are area and perimeter, while circularity and solidity provide information on the ameboid shape. We also provide evidence of the involvement of different populations in local inflammatory events, with macrophages replacing microglia into the lesion core when reperfusion does not occur. Analysis of CD45(high)+ cell morphology, whose shape does not change, did not yield any difference, thus confirming the reliability of the approach. CONCLUSIONS We have defined specific morphological features that M/M acquire in response to different acute insults by applying a sensitive and readily applicable approach to cell morphological analysis in the brain tissue. Potential application of this method can be extended to all cell types able to change shape following activation, e.g., astrocytes, or to different disease states, including chronic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa R Zanier
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Neuroscience, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy,
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341
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Lourbopoulos A, Ertürk A, Hellal F. Microglia in action: how aging and injury can change the brain's guardians. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:54. [PMID: 25755635 PMCID: PMC4337366 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, the inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS), is a major determinant of neuronal function and survival during aging and disease progression. Microglia, as the resident tissue-macrophages of the brain, provide constant support to surrounding neurons in healthy brain. Upon any stress signal (such as trauma, ischemia, inflammation) they are one of the first cells to react. Local and/or peripheral signals determine microglia stress response, which can vary within a continuum of states from beneficial to detrimental for neuronal survival, and can be shaped by aging and previous insults. In this review, we discuss the roles of microglia upon an ischemic or traumatic injury, and give our perspective how aging may contribute to microglia behavior in the injured brain. We speculate that a deeper understanding of specific microglia identities will pave the way to develop more potent therapeutics to treat the diseases of aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
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342
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Brifault C, Gras M, Liot D, May V, Vaudry D, Wurtz O. Delayed Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase–Activating Polypeptide Delivery After Brain Stroke Improves Functional Recovery by Inducing M2 Microglia/Macrophage Polarization. Stroke 2015; 46:520-8. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Brifault
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U982, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); and Departments of Neurological Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of
| | - Marjorie Gras
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U982, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); and Departments of Neurological Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of
| | - Donovan Liot
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U982, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); and Departments of Neurological Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of
| | - Victor May
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U982, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); and Departments of Neurological Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of
| | - David Vaudry
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U982, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); and Departments of Neurological Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of
| | - Olivier Wurtz
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U982, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Rouen, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France (C.B., M.G., D.L., D.V., O.W.); and Departments of Neurological Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of
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Benakis C, Garcia-Bonilla L, Iadecola C, Anrather J. The role of microglia and myeloid immune cells in acute cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:461. [PMID: 25642168 PMCID: PMC4294142 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to acute cerebral ischemia is a major contributor to stroke pathobiology. The inflammatory response is characterized by the participation of brain resident cells and peripheral leukocytes. Microglia in the brain and monocytes/neutrophils in the periphery have a prominent role in initiating, sustaining and resolving post-ischemic inflammation. In this review we aim to summarize recent literature concerning the origins, fate and role of microglia, monocytes and neutrophils in models of cerebral ischemia and to discuss their relevance for human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Benakis
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
| | - Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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344
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Ouyang YB, Stary CM, White RE, Giffard RG. The use of microRNAs to modulate redox and immune response to stroke. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:187-202. [PMID: 24359188 PMCID: PMC4281877 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cerebral ischemia is a major cause of death and disability throughout the world, yet therapeutic options remain limited. The interplay between the cellular redox state and the immune response plays a critical role in determining the extent of neural cell injury after ischemia and reperfusion. Excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondria and other sources act both as triggers and effectors of inflammation. This review will focus on the interplay between these two mechanisms. RECENT ADVANCES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators that interact with multiple target messenger RNAs coordinately regulating target genes, including those involved in controlling mitochondrial function, redox state, and inflammatory pathways. This review will focus on the regulation of mitochondria, ROS, and inflammation by miRNAs in the chain of deleterious intra- and intercellular events that lead to brain cell death after cerebral ischemia. CRITICAL ISSUES Although pretreatment using miRNAs was effective in cerebral ischemia in rodents, testing treatment after the onset of ischemia is an essential next step in the development of acute stroke treatment. In addition, miRNA formulation and delivery into the CNS remain a challenge in the clinical translation of miRNA therapy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future research should focus on post-treatment and potential clinical use of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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345
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Ballesteros I, Cuartero MI, Moraga A, de la Parra J, Lizasoain I, Moro MÁ. Stereological and flow cytometry characterization of leukocyte subpopulations in models of transient or permanent cerebral ischemia. J Vis Exp 2014:52031. [PMID: 25590380 PMCID: PMC4354492 DOI: 10.3791/52031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after stroke. These myeloid cell subpopulations can display different phenotypes and functions and need to be distinguished and characterized to study their regulation and contribution to tissue damage. This protocol provides two different methodologies for brain immune cell characterization: a precise stereological approach and a flow cytometric analysis. The stereological approach is based on the optical fractionator method, which calculates the total number of cells in an area of interest (infarcted brain) estimated by a systematic random sampling. The second characterization approach provides a simple way to isolate brain leukocyte suspensions and to characterize them by flow cytometry, allowing for the characterization of microglia, infiltrated monocytes and neutrophils of the ischemic tissue. In addition, it also details a cerebral ischemia model in mice that exclusively affects brain cortex, generating highly reproducible infarcts with a low rate of mortality, and the procedure for histological brain processing to characterize infarct volume by the Cavalieri method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigacón Neurovascular, Departmento de Farmacología, Falcultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid
| | - María Isabel Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigacón Neurovascular, Departmento de Farmacología, Falcultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid;
| | - Ana Moraga
- Unidad de Investigacón Neurovascular, Departmento de Farmacología, Falcultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid
| | - Juan de la Parra
- Unidad de Investigacón Neurovascular, Departmento de Farmacología, Falcultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigacón Neurovascular, Departmento de Farmacología, Falcultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Unidad de Investigacón Neurovascular, Departmento de Farmacología, Falcultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid
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346
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Hu X, Leak RK, Shi Y, Suenaga J, Gao Y, Zheng P, Chen J. Microglial and macrophage polarization—new prospects for brain repair. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 11:56-64. [PMID: 25385337 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view of the adult brain as a static organ has changed in the past three decades, with the emergence of evidence that it remains plastic and has some regenerative capacity after injury. In the injured brain, microglia and macrophages clear cellular debris and orchestrate neuronal restorative processes. However, activation of these cells can also hinder CNS repair and expand tissue damage. Polarization of macrophage populations toward different phenotypes at different stages of injury might account for this dual role. This Perspectives article highlights the specific roles of polarized microglial and macrophage populations in CNS repair after acute injury, and argues that therapeutic approaches targeting cerebral inflammation should shift from broad suppression of microglia and macrophages towards subtle adjustment of the balance between their phenotypes. Breakthroughs in the identification of regulatory molecules that control these phenotypic shifts could ultimately accelerate research towards curing brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jun Suenaga
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, 220 Handan Road, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, 220 Handan Road, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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347
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Pisanu A, Lecca D, Mulas G, Wardas J, Simbula G, Spiga S, Carta AR. Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia after PPAR-γ agonist neuroprotective treatment in the MPTPp mouse model of progressive Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:280-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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348
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Striatum and entorhinal cortex atrophy in AD mouse models: MRI comprehensive analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:776-88. [PMID: 25433456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is experimentally modeled in transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing mutated forms of the human amyloid precursor protein either alone or combined with mutated presenilins and tau. In the present study, we developed a systematic approach to compare double (TASTPM) and triple (APP/PS2/Tau) Tg mice by serial magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy analysis from 4 to 26 months of age to define homologous biomarkers between mice and humans. Hippocampal atrophy was found in Tg mice compared with WT. In APP/PS2/Tau the effect was age-dependent, whereas in TASTPM it was detectable from the first investigated time point. Importantly, both mice displayed an age-related entorhinal cortex thinning and robust striatal atrophy, the latter associated with a significant loss of synaptophysin. Hippocampal magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed lower glutamate levels in both Tg mice and a selective myo-inositol increase in TASTPM. This noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging analysis, revealed common biomarkers between humans and mice, and could, thus, be promoted as a fully translational tool to be adopted in the preclinical investigation of therapeutic approaches.
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349
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Sandström von Tobel J, Zoia D, Althaus J, Antinori P, Mermoud J, Pak HS, Scherl A, Monnet-Tschudi F. Immediate and delayed effects of subchronic Paraquat exposure during an early differentiation stage in 3D-rat brain cell cultures. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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350
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Kim J, Yang M, Son Y, Jang H, Kim D, Kim JC, Kim SH, Kang MJ, Im HI, Shin T, Moon C. Glial activation with concurrent up-regulation of inflammatory mediators in trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1490-500. [PMID: 25265880 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT), a potent neurotoxic chemical, causes dysfunction and neuroinflammation in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus. The present study assessed TMT-induced glial cell activation and inflammatory cytokine alterations in the mouse hippocampus, BV-2 microglia, and primary cultured astrocytes. In the mouse hippocampus, TMT treatment significantly increased the expression of glial cell markers, including the microglial marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and the astroglial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. The expression of M1 and M2 microglial markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] and CD206, respectively) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were significantly increased in the mouse hippocampus following TMT treatment. In BV-2 microglia, iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression increased significantly, whereas arginase-1 and CD206 expression decreased significantly after TMT treatment in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In primary cultured astrocytes, iNOS, arginase-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression increased significantly, whereas IL-10 expression decreased significantly after TMT treatment in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory signals in TMT-induced neurotoxicity may be associated with pathological processing of TMT-induced neurodegeneration.
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