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Abstract
The complexity of human cancer underlies its devastating clinical consequences. Drugs designed to target the genetic alterations that drive cancer have improved the outcome for many patients, but not the majority of them. Here, we review the genomic landscape of cancer, how genomic data can provide much more than a sum of its parts, and the approaches developed to identify and validate genomic alterations with potential therapeutic value. We highlight notable successes and pitfalls in predicting the value of potential therapeutic targets and discuss the use of multi-omic data to better understand cancer dependencies and drug sensitivity. We discuss how integrated approaches to collecting, curating, and sharing these large data sets might improve the identification and prioritization of cancer vulnerabilities as well as patient stratification within clinical trials. Finally, we outline how future approaches might improve the efficiency and speed of translating genomic data into clinically effective therapies and how the use of unbiased genome-wide information can identify novel predictive biomarkers that can be either simple or complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Doherty
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Michele Petruzzelli
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Beddowes
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Saif S Ahmad
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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302
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Trigg RM, Shaw JA, Turner SD. Opportunities and challenges of circulating biomarkers in neuroblastoma. Open Biol 2019; 9:190056. [PMID: 31088252 PMCID: PMC6544987 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular analysis of nucleic acid and protein biomarkers is becoming increasingly common in paediatric oncology for diagnosis, risk stratification and molecularly targeted therapeutics. However, many current and emerging biomarkers are based on analysis of tumour tissue, which is obtained through invasive surgical procedures and in some cases may not be accessible. Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in the utility of circulating biomarkers such as cell-free nucleic acids, circulating tumour cells and extracellular vesicles as a so-called liquid biopsy of cancer. Here, we review the potential of emerging circulating biomarkers in the management of neuroblastoma and highlight challenges to their implementation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky M. Trigg
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jacqui A. Shaw
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Suzanne D. Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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303
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Rosato AJ, Chen X, Tanaka Y, Farrer LA, Kranzler HR, Nunez YZ, Henderson DC, Gelernter J, Zhang H. Salivary microRNAs identified by small RNA sequencing and machine learning as potential biomarkers of alcohol dependence. Epigenomics 2019; 11:739-749. [PMID: 31140863 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Salivary miRNA can be easily accessible biomarkers of alcohol dependence (AD). Materials & methods: The miRNA transcriptome in the saliva of 56 African-Americans (AAs; 28 AD patients/28 controls) and 64 European-Americans (EAs; 32 AD patients/32 controls) was profiled using small RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. Salivary miRNAs were used to predict the AD presence using machine learning with Random Forests. Results: Seven miRNAs were differentially expressed in AA AD patients, and five miRNAs were differentially expressed in EA AD patients. The AD prediction accuracy based on top five miRNAs (ranked by Gini index) was 79.1 and 72.2% in AAs and EAs, respectively. Conclusion: This study provided the first evidence that salivary miRNAs are AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Rosato
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania & VISN4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yaira Z Nunez
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David C Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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304
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Analysis of 8q24.21 miRNA cluster expression and copy number variation in gastric cancer. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:947-958. [PMID: 31141411 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To analyze gene expression and copy number of five miRNAs (miR-1204, miR-1205, miR-1206, miR-1207 and miR-1208) localized in this chromosome region in gastric cancer (GC). Materials & methods: 65 paired neoplastic and non-neoplastic specimens collected from GC patients and 20 non-neoplastic gastric tissues from cancer-free individuals were included in this study. The expression levels of the five miRNAs were accessed by real time qPCR and were correlated. Results: MiR-1207-3p, miR-1205, miR-1207-5p and miR-1208 were upregulated in approximately 50% of GC tumors in relation to those of adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. MiR-1205 expression was associated with gain of gene copies and was upregulated in adjacent non-neoplastic samples relative to external controls. Conclusion: The coexpression of the 8q24 miRNAs indicated the role of miR-1205 in the initiation of gastric cancer development.
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305
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Huang Z, Li Q, Luo K, Zhang Q, Geng J, Zhou X, Xu Y, Qian M, Zhang JA, Ji L, Wu J. miR-340-FHL2 axis inhibits cell growth and metastasis in ovarian cancer. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:372. [PMID: 31068580 PMCID: PMC6506554 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although increasing evidence indicated that deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) contributed to tumor initiation and progression, but little is known about the biological role of miR-340 in ovarian cancer (OC). In this study, we found that miR-340 expression was downregulated in OC tissues compared with its expression in normal ovarian epithelium and endometrium, and treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) or trichostatin A (TSA) increased miR-340 expression in OC cells. In addition, ectopic miR-340 expression inhibited OC cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2) was confirmed as a direct target of miR-340 and silencing FHL2 mimicked the effects of miR-340 in OC cells. Further mechanistic study showed that miR-340 inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by targeting FHL2, as well as downstream cell cycle and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signals in OC cells. Moreover, the greatest association between miR-340 and FHL2 was found in 481 ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma tissues via pan-cancer analysis. Finally, we revealed that lower miR-340 or higher FHL2 was associated with poor OC patient outcomes. Our findings indicate that the miR-340-FHL2 axis regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and is involved in tumorigenesis in OC. Therefore, manipulating the expression of miR-340 or its target genes is a potential strategy in OC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Luo
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qinkai Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Geng
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xunzhu Zhou
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yesha Xu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Qian
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jian-An Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liying Ji
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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306
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Abstract
L. Altucci and R. Benedetti discuss the study by Chua et al (in this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine), in which co‐targeting of FGFR signaling increases the responses of metastatic uveal melanoma to BET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Benedetti
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
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307
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Toumpeki C, Liberis A, Tsirkas I, Tsirka T, Kalagasidou S, Inagamova L, Anthoulaki X, Tsatsaris G, Kontomanolis EN. The Role of ARID1A in Endometrial Cancer and the Molecular Pathways Associated With Pathogenesis and Cancer Progression. In Vivo 2019; 33:659-667. [PMID: 31028182 PMCID: PMC6559907 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AT-rich interaction domain 1A gene (ARID1A) encodes for a subunit of the switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex, a chromatin remodeling complex, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancer types. In this review, we discuss how ARID1A is linked to endometrial cancer and what molecular pathways are affected by mutation or inhibition of ARID1A. We also discuss the potential use of ARID1A not only as a prognostic biomarker, but also as a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisavgi Toumpeki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anastasios Liberis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsirkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodora Tsirka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Sofia Kalagasidou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bodosakio General Hospital of Ptolemaida, Ptolemaida, Greece
| | - Lola Inagamova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Xanthoula Anthoulaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsatsaris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Emmanuel N Kontomanolis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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308
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UHRF genes regulate programmed interdigital tissue regression and chondrogenesis in the embryonic limb. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:347. [PMID: 31024001 PMCID: PMC6484032 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primordium of the limb contains a number of progenitors far superior to those necessary to form the skeletal components of this appendage. During the course of development, precursors that do not follow the skeletogenic program are removed by cell senescence and apoptosis. The formation of the digits provides the most representative example of embryonic remodeling via cell degeneration. In the hand/foot regions of the embryonic vertebrate limb (autopod), the interdigital tissue and the zones of interphalangeal joint formation undergo massive degeneration that accounts for jointed and free digit morphology. Developmental senescence and caspase-dependent apoptosis are considered responsible for these remodeling processes. Our study uncovers a new upstream level of regulation of remodeling by the epigenetic regulators Uhrf1 and Uhrf2 genes. These genes are spatially and temporally expressed in the pre-apoptotic regions. UHRF1 and UHRF2 showed a nuclear localization associated with foci of methylated cytosine. Interestingly, nuclear labeling increased in cells progressing through the stages of degeneration prior to TUNEL positivity. Functional analysis in cultured limb skeletal progenitors via the overexpression of either UHRF1 or UHRF2 inhibited chondrogenesis and induced cell senescence and apoptosis accompanied with changes in global and regional DNA methylation. Uhrfs modulated canonical cell differentiation factors, such as Sox9 and Scleraxis, promoted apoptosis via up-regulation of Bak1, and induced cell senescence, by arresting progenitors at the S phase and upregulating the expression of p21. Expression of Uhrf genes in vivo was positively modulated by FGF signaling. In the micromass culture assay Uhrf1 was down-regulated as the progenitors lost stemness and differentiated into cartilage. Together, our findings emphasize the importance of tuning the balance between cell differentiation and cell stemness as a central step in the initiation of the so-called “embryonic programmed cell death” and suggest that the structural organization of the chromatin, via epigenetic modifications, may be a precocious and critical factor in these regulatory events.
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309
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Juiz NA, Iovanna J, Dusetti N. Pancreatic Cancer Heterogeneity Can Be Explained Beyond the Genome. Front Oncol 2019; 9:246. [PMID: 31024848 PMCID: PMC6460948 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a major health problem because it induces almost systematic mortality. Carcinogenesis begins with genetic aberrations which trigger epigenetic modifications. While genetic mutations initiate tumorigenesis, they are unable to explain the vast heterogeneity observed among PDAC patients. Instead, epigenetic changes drive transcriptomic alterations that can regulate the malignant phenotype. The contribution of factors from the environment and tumor microenvironment defines different epigenetic landscapes that outline two clinical subtypes: basal, with the worst prognosis, and classical. The epigenetic nature of PDAC, as a reversible phenomenon, encouraged several studies to test epidrugs. However, these drugs lack specificity and although there are epigenetic patterns shared by all PDAC tumors, there are others that are specific to each subtype. Molecular characterization of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying PDAC heterogeneity could be an invaluable tool to predict personalized therapies, stratify patients and search for novel therapies with more specific phenotype-based targets. Novel therapeutic strategies using current anticancer compounds or existing drugs used in other pathologies, alone or in combination, could be used to kill tumor cells or convert aggressive tumors into a more benign phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Anahi Juiz
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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310
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Zhang S, Gao S, Wang Y, Jin P, Lu F. lncRNA SRA1 Promotes the Activation of Cardiac Myofibroblasts Through Negative Regulation of miR-148b. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:385-394. [PMID: 30694702 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shixiong Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengjiao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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311
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Drake TM, Søreide K. Cancer epigenetics in solid organ tumours: A primer for surgical oncologists. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45:736-746. [PMID: 30745135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is initiated through both genetic and epigenetic alterations. The end-effect of such changes to the DNA machinery is a set of uncontrolled mechanisms of cell division, invasion and, eventually, metastasis. Epigenetic changes are now increasingly appreciated as an essential driver to the cancer phenotype. The epigenetic regulation of cancer is complex and not yet fully understood, but application of epigenetics to clinical practice and in cancer research has the potential to improve cancer care. Epigenetics changes do not cause changes in the DNA base-pairs (and, hence, does not alter the genetic code per se) but rather occur through methylation of DNA, by histone modifications, and, through changes to chromatin structure to alter genetic expression. Epigenetic regulators are characterized as writers, readers or erasers by their mechanisms of action. The human epigenome is influenced from cradle to grave, with internal and external life-time exposure influencing the epigenetic marks that may act as modifiers or drivers of carcinogenesis. Preventive and public health strategies may follow from better understanding of the life-time influence of the epigenome. Epigenetics may be used to define risk, to investigate mechanisms of carcinogenesis, to identify biomarkers, and to identify novel therapeutic options. Epigenetic alterations are found across many solid cancers and are increasingly making clinical impact to cancer management. Novel epigenetic drugs may be used for a more tailored and specific response to treatment of cancers. We present a primer on epigenetics for surgical oncologists with examples from colorectal cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Drake
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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312
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Carafa V, Altucci L, Nebbioso A. Dual Tumor Suppressor and Tumor Promoter Action of Sirtuins in Determining Malignant Phenotype. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30761005 PMCID: PMC6363704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs), class III histone deacetylases, are differentially expressed in several human cancers, where they display both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties depending on cellular context and experimental conditions. SIRTs are involved in many important biological processes and play a critical role in cancer initiation, promotion, and progression. A growing body of evidence indicates the involvement of SIRTs in regulating three important tumor processes: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis. Many SIRTs are responsible for cellular metabolic reprogramming and drug resistance by inactivating cell death pathways and promoting uncontrolled proliferation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the role of SIRTs in cancer and discuss their puzzling dual function as tumor suppressors and tumor promoters, important for the future development of novel tailored SIRT-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Carafa
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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313
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Baba Y, Yamamoto K, Yoshida W. Multicolor bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assay for quantification of global DNA methylation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4765-4773. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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314
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Zhang Z, Shao L, Wang Y, Luo X. MicroRNA-501-3p restricts prostate cancer growth through regulating cell cycle-related and expression-elevated protein in tumor/cyclin D1 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 509:746-752. [PMID: 30621914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-501-3p (miR-501-3p) has been reported as a novel cancer-related miRNA in many types of cancer. However, the precise biological function of miR-501-3p in prostate cancer remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effect and mechanism of miR-501-3p on cell growth of prostate cancer cells. We found that miR-501-3p expression was significantly downregulated in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. Gain-of-function experiments showed that upregulation of miR-501-3p expression significantly decreased cell proliferation and colony formation, and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that cell cycle-related and expression-elevated protein in tumor (CREPT) was a potential target gene of miR-501-3p., and the results of our luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-501-3p bound to the 3'-untranslated region of CREPT at the predicted binding site. Moreover, miR-501-3p was shown to negatively regulate CREPT expression in prostate cancer cells. Correlation analysis showed that miR-501-3p was inversely correlated with CREPT expression in prostate cancer tissues. Knockdown studies revealed that miR-501-3p regulated the expression of cyclin D1 by targeting CREPT. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of miR-501-3p on prostate cancer cell growth was partially reversed by CREPT overexpression. Overall, these results suggest that miR-501-3p restricts prostate cancer cell growth by targeting CREPT to inhibit the expression of cyclin D1. These findings indicate that the miR-501-3p/CREPT/cyclin D1 axis plays a crucial role in the progression of prostate cancer and may serve as potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Hanzhong Center Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Linhai Shao
- Department of Urology, Hanzhong Center Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yatong Wang
- Department of Urology, Hanzhong Center Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Luo
- Department of Urology, Baoji Center Hospital, Baoji, 721008, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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315
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Saito S, Lin YC, Nakamura Y, Eckner R, Wuputra K, Kuo KK, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK. Potential application of cell reprogramming techniques for cancer research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:45-65. [PMID: 30283976 PMCID: PMC6326983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the transition from an undifferentiated stem cell to a specific cell fate is one of the key techniques that are required for the application of interventional technologies to regenerative medicine and the treatment of tumors and metastases and of neurodegenerative diseases. Reprogramming technologies, which include somatic cell nuclear transfer, induced pluripotent stem cells, and the direct reprogramming of specific cell lineages, have the potential to alter cell plasticity in translational medicine for cancer treatment. The characterization of cancer stem cells (CSCs), the identification of oncogene and tumor suppressor genes for CSCs, and the epigenetic study of CSCs and their microenvironments are important topics. This review summarizes the application of cell reprogramming technologies to cancer modeling and treatment and discusses possible obstacles, such as genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells, as well as the strategies that can be used to overcome these obstacles to cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Saito
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Richard Eckner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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316
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Ryu TY, Kim K, Son MY, Min JK, Kim J, Han TS, Kim DS, Cho HS. Downregulation of PRMT1, a histone arginine methyltransferase, by sodium propionate induces cell apoptosis in colon cancer. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:1691-1699. [PMID: 30569144 PMCID: PMC6365698 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota and bacterial metabolites in the colon are regarded as alternative targets for colon cancer prevention and therapy. Among these metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) exhibit anticancer effects and suppress inflammation in the colon. However, the molecular mechanisms and target development of SCFAs require additional study. In the present study, using RNA-seq results from colon cancer samples derived from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) portal, overexpressed epigenetic modifiers were identified and RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analysis was performed to select target genes that responded to treatment with propionate in HCT116 cells. Downregulation of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), a histone arginine methyltransferase, was observed after sodium propionate (SP) treatment. Moreover, phospho-array analysis demonstrated that the mTOR pathway was involved in propionate and siPRMT1 treatment, and regulation of this pathway was associated with apoptosis in HCT116 cells. The present study, to the best of our knowledge, was the first to demonstrate that PRMT1 levels were reduced by propionate treatment in HCT116 cells and that downregulation of PRMT1 induced cell apoptosis. Thus, this novel mechanism of sodium propionate treatment for colon cancer therapy may indicate more effective approaches, such as dietary therapy, for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangkho Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Su Han
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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317
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Epigenetic Modification Mechanisms Involved in Inflammation and Fibrosis in Renal Pathology. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:2931049. [PMID: 30647531 PMCID: PMC6311799 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2931049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing incidence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, coupled with the aging of the population, is increasing the prevalence of renal diseases in our society. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of renal function leading to end-stage renal disease. Nowadays, CKD treatment has limited effectiveness underscoring the importance of the development of innovative therapeutic options. Recent studies have identified how epigenetic modifications participate in the susceptibility to CKD and have explained how the environment interacts with the renal cell epigenome to contribute to renal damage. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate critical processes involved in gene regulation and downstream cellular responses. The most relevant epigenetic modifications that play a critical role in renal damage include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and changes in miRNA levels. Importantly, these epigenetic modifications are reversible and, therefore, a source of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we will explain how epigenetic mechanisms may regulate essential processes involved in renal pathology and highlight some possible epigenetic therapeutic strategies for CKD treatment.
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318
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Stoppacciaro A, Di Vito S, Filetici P. Epigenetic Factors and Mitochondrial Biology in Yeast: A New Paradigm for the Study of Cancer Metabolism? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1349. [PMID: 30524288 PMCID: PMC6258771 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is fundamental for cell homeostasis. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate the inter-organelle communication between nucleus and mitochondria. Recent research highlights not only the retrograde activation of nuclear gene transcription in case of mitochondria dysfunction, but also the role of post-translational modifications of mitochondrial proteins in respiratory metabolism. Here we discuss some aspects and novel findings in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In yeast, KAT-Gcn5 and DUB-Ubp8 have a role in respiration and are localized, as single proteins, into mitochondria. These findings, beside the canonical and widely known nuclear activity of SAGA complex in chromatin regulation, provide novel clues on promising aspects linking evolutionary conserved epigenetic factors to the re-programmed metabolism of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Stoppacciaro
- Surgical Pathology Units, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vito
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Filetici
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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319
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Gibson D. Multi-action Pt(IV) anticancer agents; do we understand how they work? J Inorg Biochem 2018; 191:77-84. [PMID: 30471522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pt(IV) complexes act as prodrugs that are activated inside cancer cells releasing cytotoxic Pt(II) drugs such as cisplatin as well as two axial ligands. These ligands can be used to confer favorable pharmacological properties to the prodrug. They can be innocent spectators, targeting agents or bioactive moieties. When the ligands are bioactive moieties such as enzyme inhibitors or antiproliferative agents, the prodrug attacks several cellular targets at the same time acting as a multi-action prodrug. These compounds are very potent and often overcome resistance to cisplatin. Despite solid rationalization and careful design, often there is no correlation between the ability of the bioactive ligand to inhibit the target enzyme and the cytotoxicity. This might be because most bioactive ligands affect several cellular functions and not only the ones they were designed to inhibit. Thus, even "dual action" prodrugs might in reality be multi-action prodrugs. This class of multi-action Pt(IV) prodrugs seems to have great potential in the attempts to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gibson
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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320
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Gallo Cantafio ME, Grillone K, Caracciolo D, Scionti F, Arbitrio M, Barbieri V, Pensabene L, Guzzi PH, Di Martino MT. From Single Level Analysis to Multi-Omics Integrative Approaches: A Powerful Strategy towards the Precision Oncology. High Throughput 2018; 7:ht7040033. [PMID: 30373182 PMCID: PMC6306876 DOI: 10.3390/ht7040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of multi-omics data from different molecular levels with clinical data, as well as epidemiologic risk factors, represents an accurate and promising methodology to understand the complexity of biological systems of human diseases, including cancer. By the extensive use of novel technologic platforms, a large number of multidimensional data can be derived from analysis of health and disease systems. Comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data in an integrated framework, which includes cumulative effects in the context of biological pathways, is therefore eagerly awaited. This strategy could allow the identification of pathway-addiction of cancer cells that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. However, translation into clinical settings requires an optimized integration of omics data with clinical vision to fully exploit precision cancer medicine. We will discuss the available technical approach and more recent developments in the specific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Gallo Cantafio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Katia Grillone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Daniele Caracciolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | | | - Vito Barbieri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Mater Domini Hospital, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Licia Pensabene
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Pediatric Unit, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Pietro Hiram Guzzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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321
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Global DNA demethylation as an epigenetic marker of human brain metastases. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180731. [PMID: 30254100 PMCID: PMC6200709 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumors in adults. They usually originate from: lung, breast, renal cell and gastrointestinal cancers, as well as melanoma. Prognosis for brain metastases is still poor and classical treatment combining surgery and radiation therapy should be strongly supported with molecular approaches. However, their successful application depends on a deep understanding of not only genetic, but also epigenetic background of the disease. That will result in an earlier and more precise diagnosis, successful treatment, as well as individualized estimation of clinical outcomes and prognosis. It has already been shown that the epigenetic machinery plays a crucial role in cancer biology, development, and progression. Therefore, we decided to look for metastasis through changes in the most studied epigenetic mark, 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in DNA. We performed global analysis of the m5C contents in DNA isolated from the brain metastatic tumor tissue and peripheral blood samples of the same patients, using thin layer chromatography separation of radioactively labeled nucleotides. We found that the m5C level in DNA from brain metastases: changes in the broad range, overlaps with that of blood, and negatively correlates with the increasing tumor grade. Because the amount of m5C in tumor tissue and blood is almost identical, the genomic DNA methylation can be a useful marker for brain metastases detection and differentiation. Our research creates a scope for future studies on epigenetic mechanisms in neuro-oncology and can lead to development of new diagnostic methods in clinical practice.
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322
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Hua H, Zhang H, Kong Q, Jiang Y. Mechanisms for estrogen receptor expression in human cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2018; 7:24. [PMID: 30250760 PMCID: PMC6148803 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-018-0116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a steroid hormone that has critical roles in reproductive development, bone homeostasis, cardiovascular remodeling and brain functions. However, estrogen also promotes mammary, ovarian and endometrial tumorigenesis. Estrogen antagonists and drugs that reduce estrogen biosynthesis have become highly successful therapeutic agents for breast cancer patients. The effects of estrogen are largely mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ, which are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. The mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression of ER in breast cancer and other types of human tumors are complex, involving considerable alternative splicing of ERα and ERβ, transcription factors, epigenetic and post-transcriptional regulation of ER expression. Elucidation of mechanisms for ER expression may not only help understand cancer progression and evolution, but also shed light on overcoming endocrine therapy resistance. Herein, we review the complex mechanisms for regulating ER expression in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua
- 1Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- 2Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingbin Kong
- 2Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- 2Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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