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Sinha R, Chen J, Amir A, Vogtmann E, Shi J, Inman KS, Flores R, Sampson J, Knight R, Chia N. Collecting Fecal Samples for Microbiome Analyses in Epidemiology Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:407-16. [PMID: 26604270 PMCID: PMC4821594 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need to develop valid methods for sampling and analyzing fecal specimens for microbiome studies is increasingly important, especially for large population studies. METHODS Some of the most important attributes of any sampling method are reproducibility, stability, and accuracy. We compared seven fecal sampling methods [no additive, RNAlater, 70% ethanol, EDTA, dry swab, and pre/post development fecal occult blood test (FOBT)] using 16S rRNA microbiome profiling in two laboratories. We evaluated nine commonly used microbiome metrics: abundance of three phyla, two alpha-diversities, and four beta-diversities. We determined the technical reproducibility, stability at ambient temperature, and accuracy. RESULTS Although microbiome profiles showed systematic biases according to sample method and time at ambient temperature, the highest source of variation was between individuals. All collection methods showed high reproducibility. FOBT and RNAlater resulted in the highest stability without freezing for 4 days. In comparison with no-additive samples, swab, FOBT, and 70% ethanol exhibited the greatest accuracy when immediately frozen. CONCLUSIONS Overall, optimal stability and reproducibility were achieved using FOBT, making this a reasonable sample collection method for 16S analysis. IMPACT Having standardized method of collecting and storing stable fecal samples will allow future investigations into the role of gut microbiota in chronic disease etiology in large population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sinha
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Jun Chen
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amnon Amir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Emily Vogtmann
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristin S Inman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Roberto Flores
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua Sampson
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo College, Rochester, Minnesota.
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302
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Gagnière J, Raisch J, Veziant J, Barnich N, Bonnet R, Buc E, Bringer MA, Pezet D, Bonnet M. Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:501-518. [PMID: 26811603 PMCID: PMC4716055 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota acts as a real organ. The symbiotic interactions between resident micro-organisms and the digestive tract highly contribute to maintain the gut homeostasis. However, alterations to the microbiome caused by environmental changes (e.g., infection, diet and/or lifestyle) can disturb this symbiotic relationship and promote disease, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. Colorectal cancer is a complex association of tumoral cells, non-neoplastic cells and a large amount of micro-organisms, and the involvement of the microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly clear. Indeed, many changes in the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota have been reported in colorectal cancer, suggesting a major role of dysbiosis in colorectal carcinogenesis. Some bacterial species have been identified and suspected to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis, such as Streptococcus bovis, Helicobacter pylori, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium septicum, Fusobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli. The potential pro-carcinogenic effects of these bacteria are now better understood. In this review, we discuss the possible links between the bacterial microbiota and colorectal carcinogenesis, focusing on dysbiosis and the potential pro-carcinogenic properties of bacteria, such as genotoxicity and other virulence factors, inflammation, host defenses modulation, bacterial-derived metabolism, oxidative stress and anti-oxidative defenses modulation. We lastly describe how bacterial microbiota modifications could represent novel prognosis markers and/or targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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303
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Bashir A, Miskeen AY, Hazari YM, Asrafuzzaman S, Fazili KM. Fusobacterium nucleatum, inflammation, and immunity: the fire within human gut. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2805-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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304
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Rosadi F, Fiorentini C, Fabbri A. Bacterial protein toxins in human cancers. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv105. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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305
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Morton ER, Lynch J, Froment A, Lafosse S, Heyer E, Przeworski M, Blekhman R, Ségurel L. Variation in Rural African Gut Microbiota Is Strongly Correlated with Colonization by Entamoeba and Subsistence. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005658. [PMID: 26619199 PMCID: PMC4664238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is impacted by host nutrition and health status and therefore represents a potentially adaptive phenotype influenced by metabolic and immune constraints. Previous studies contrasting rural populations in developing countries to urban industrialized ones have shown that industrialization is strongly correlated with patterns in human gut microbiota; however, we know little about the relative contribution of factors such as climate, diet, medicine, hygiene practices, host genetics, and parasitism. Here, we focus on fine-scale comparisons of African rural populations in order to (i) contrast the gut microbiota of populations inhabiting similar environments but having different traditional subsistence modes and either shared or distinct genetic ancestry, and (ii) examine the relationship between gut parasites and bacterial communities. Characterizing the fecal microbiota of Pygmy hunter-gatherers as well as Bantu individuals from both farming and fishing populations in Southwest Cameroon, we found that the gut parasite Entamoeba is significantly correlated with microbiome composition and diversity. We show that across populations, colonization by this protozoa can be predicted with 79% accuracy based on the composition of an individual's gut microbiota, and that several of the taxa most important for distinguishing Entamoeba absence or presence are signature taxa for autoimmune disorders. We also found gut communities to vary significantly with subsistence mode, notably with some taxa previously shown to be enriched in other hunter-gatherers groups (in Tanzania and Peru) also discriminating hunter-gatherers from neighboring farming or fishing populations in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R. Morton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joshua Lynch
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alain Froment
- Eco-anthropology and Ethnobiology, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lafosse
- Eco-anthropology and Ethnobiology, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Eco-anthropology and Ethnobiology, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Molly Przeworski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Laure Ségurel
- Eco-anthropology and Ethnobiology, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
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306
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Local bacteria affect the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14554. [PMID: 26416623 PMCID: PMC4586607 DOI: 10.1038/srep14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the potential effects of bacteria on the efficacy of frequently used chemotherapies was examined. Bacteria and cancer cell lines were examined in vitro and in vivo for changes in the efficacy of cancer cell killing mediated by chemotherapeutic agents. Of 30 drugs examined in vitro, the efficacy of 10 was found to be significantly inhibited by certain bacteria, while the same bacteria improved the efficacy of six others. HPLC and mass spectrometry analyses of sample drugs (gemcitabine, fludarabine, cladribine, CB1954) demonstrated modification of drug chemical structure. The chemoresistance or increased cytotoxicity observed in vitro with sample drugs (gemcitabine and CB1954) was replicated in in vivo murine subcutaneous tumour models. These findings suggest that bacterial presence in the body due to systemic or local infection may influence tumour responses or off-target toxicity during chemotherapy.
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307
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that microbiota inhabiting our bodies influence cancer predisposition and etiology. In addition to pathogens with oncogenic properties, commensal and symbiotic microbiota have tumor-suppressive properties. Diet and other environmental factors can modulate the abundance of certain members of microbial communities within the gastrointestinal tract and at other anatomical sites. Furthermore, some dietary factors are metabolized by commensal/symbiotic gut microbiota into bioactive food components believed to prevent cancer. For example, dietary fiber undergoes bacterial fermentation in the colon to yield butyrate, which is a short-chain fatty acid and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that suppresses the viability and growth of colorectal cancer cell lines. A recent study using gnotobiotic mouse models demonstrates that fiber can protect against colorectal tumorigenesis in a microbiota- and butyrate-dependent manner that involves the Warburg effect. This and other examples suggest that some of the inter-individual variation observed in epidemiology and intervention studies that have investigated associations between diet and cancer risk might be explained by differences in microbiota among the participants. Data from basic research studies also support the idea that probiotics and prebiotics could be plausible chemoprevention strategies that may be utilized to a greater extent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Bultman
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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308
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Rogers GB. The human microbiome: opportunities and challenges for clinical care. Intern Med J 2015; 45:889-98. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Rogers
- Microbiome Research; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Infection and Immunity Theme; School of Medicine; Flinders University; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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309
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Abstract
Investigations focused on the interplay between the human microbiome and cancer development, herein termed the 'oncobiome', have been growing at a rapid rate. However, these studies to date have primarily demonstrated associative relationships rather than causative ones. We pose the question of whether this emerging field of research is a 'mirage' without a clear picture, or truly represents a paradigm shift for cancer research. We propose the necessary steps needed to answer crucial questions and push the field forward to bring the mirage into a tangible reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Thomas
- Department of Surgery, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA ; Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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310
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Pfalzer AC, Nesbeth PDC, Parnell LD, Iyer LK, Liu Z, Kane AV, Chen CYO, Tai AK, Bowman TA, Obin MS, Mason JB, Greenberg AS, Choi SW, Selhub J, Paul L, Crott JW. Diet- and Genetically-Induced Obesity Differentially Affect the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome in Apc1638N Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135758. [PMID: 26284788 PMCID: PMC4540493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), and alterations in the colonic microbiome and metabolome may be mechanistically involved in this relationship. The relative contribution of diet and obesity per se are unclear. We compared the effect of diet- and genetically-induced obesity on the intestinal microbiome and metabolome in a mouse model of CRC. Apc1638N mice were made obese by either high fat (HF) feeding or the presence of the Leprdb/db (DbDb) mutation. Intestinal tumors were quantified and stool microbiome and metabolome were profiled. Genetic obesity, and to a lesser extent HF feeding, promoted intestinal tumorigenesis. Each induced distinct microbial patterns: taxa enriched in HF were mostly Firmicutes (6 of 8) while those enriched in DbDb were split between Firmicutes (7 of 12) and Proteobacteria (5 of 12). Parabecteroides distasonis was lower in tumor-bearing mice and its abundance was inversely associated with colonic Il1b production (p<0.05). HF and genetic obesity altered the abundance of 49 and 40 fecal metabolites respectively, with 5 in common. Of these 5, adenosine was also lower in obese and in tumor-bearing mice (p<0.05) and its concentration was inversely associated with colonic Il1b and Tnf production (p<0.05). HF and genetic obesity differentially alter the intestinal microbiome and metabolome. A depletion of adenosine and P.distasonis in tumor-bearing mice could play a mechanistic role in tumor formation. Adenosine and P. distasonis have previously been shown to be anti-inflammatory in the colon and we postulate their reduction could promote tumorigenesis by de-repressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Pfalzer
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paula-Dene C. Nesbeth
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laurence D. Parnell
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lakshmanan K. Iyer
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne V. Kane
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Phoenix Laboratory, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - C-Y. Oliver Chen
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Albert K. Tai
- Genomics Core, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Bowman
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin S. Obin
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel B. Mason
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Greenberg
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jacob Selhub
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ligi Paul
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jimmy W. Crott
- Cancer Cluster, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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311
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Wang M, Zhang YC, Yang XY, Wang ZQ. Prognostic analysis of schistosomal rectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:9271-5. [PMID: 25422211 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.21.9271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease that affects more than 230 million people worldwide, according to conservative estimates. Some studies published from China and Japan reported that schistosomiasis is a risk factor for colorectal cancer in Asia where the infective species is S. japonicum. However, there have been only few reports of prognosis of patients with schistosomal rectal cancer SRC. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyze differences in prognosis between SRC and non-schistosomal rectal cancer(NSRC) with current treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 30 patients with schistosomal rectal cancer who underwent laparoscopic total mesorectal excision operation (TME) was performed. For each patient with schistosomal rectal cancer, a control group who underwent laparoscopic TME with non-schistosomal rectal cancer was matched for age, gender and tumor stage, resulting in 60 cases and controls. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed pathologic N stage (P=0.006) and pathologic TNM stage (P=0.047) statistically significantly correlated with disease-free survival (DFS). Pathologic N stage (P=0.014), pathologic TNM stage (P=0.002), and with/without schistosomiasis (P=0.026) were statistically significantly correlated with overall survival (OS). Schistosomiasis was the only independent prognostic factor for DFS and OS in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of patients with schistosomal rectal cancer is poorer than with non-schistosomal rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China E-mail :
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312
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CCL2 Promotes Colorectal Carcinogenesis by Enhancing Polymorphonuclear Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Population and Function. Cell Rep 2015; 12:244-57. [PMID: 26146082 PMCID: PMC4620029 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study reveals a non-canonical role for CCL2 in modulating non-macrophage, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and shaping a tumor-permissive microenvironment during colon cancer development. We found that intratumoral CCL2 levels increased in patients with colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC), adenocarcinomas, and adenomas. Deletion of CCL2 blocked progression from dysplasia to adenocarcinoma and reduced the number of colonic MDSCs in a spontaneous mouse model of colitis-associated CRC. In a transplantable mouse model of adenocarcinoma and an APC-driven adenoma model, CCL2 fostered MDSC accumulation in evolving colonic tumors and enhanced polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC immunosuppressive features. Mechanistically, CCL2 regulated T cell suppression of PMN-MDSCs in a STAT3-mediated manner. Furthermore, CCL2 neutralization decreased tumor numbers and MDSC accumulation and function. Collectively, our experiments support that perturbing CCL2 and targeting MDSCs may afford therapeutic opportunities for colon cancer interception and prevention.
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313
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Hisada T, Endoh K, Kuriki K. Inter- and intra-individual variations in seasonal and daily stabilities of the human gut microbiota in Japanese. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:919-34. [PMID: 26068535 PMCID: PMC4536265 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between human gut microbiota, dietary habits, and health/diseases are the subject of epidemiological and clinical studies. However, the temporal stability and variability of the bacterial community in fecal samples remain unclear. In this study, middle-aged Japanese male and female volunteers (n = 5 each) without disease were recruited from the Sakura Diet Study. Fecal samples and lifestyle information were collected in every quarter and at each defecation for 7 continuous days. Next-generation sequencing of 16S rDNA and hierarchical clustering showed no time trend and intra-individual differences in both fecal sample sets. Significant inter-individual variations in seasonal and daily fecal sample sets were detected for 24 and 23 out of 39 selected dominant genera (>0.1% of the total human gut microbiota; occupation rate >85%), respectively. Intra- to inter-individual variance ratios in 26 and 35 genera were significantly <1.0 for seasonal and daily stabilities. Seasonal variation in fermented milk consumption might be associated with Bifidobacterium composition, but not with Lactobacillus. For most of the dominant genera in the human gut microbiota, inter-individual variations were significantly larger than intra-individual variations. Further studies are warranted to determine the contributions of human gut microbiota to nutritional metabolism, health promotion, and prevention/development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Hisada
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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314
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Xu R, Wang Q, Li L. A genome-wide systems analysis reveals strong link between colorectal cancer and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbial metabolite of dietary meat and fat. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 7:S4. [PMID: 26100814 PMCID: PMC4474417 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s7-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary intakes of red meat and fat are established risk factors for both colorectal cancer (CRC) and cardiovascular disease (CVDs). Recent studies have shown a mechanistic link between TMAO, an intestinal microbial metabolite of red meat and fat, and risk of CVDs. Data linking TMAO directly to CRC is, however, lacking. Here, we present an unbiased data-driven network-based systems approach to uncover a potential genetic relationship between TMAO and CRC. Materials and methods We constructed two different epigenetic interaction networks (EINs) using chemical-gene, disease-gene and protein-protein interaction data from multiple large-scale data resources. We developed a network-based ranking algorithm to ascertain TMAO-related diseases from EINs. We systematically analyzed disease categories among TMAO-related diseases at different ranking cutoffs. We then determined which genetic pathways were associated with both TMAO and CRC. Results We show that CVDs and their major risk factors were ranked highly among TMAO-related diseases, confirming the newly discovered mechanistic link between CVDs and TMAO, and thus validating our algorithms. CRC was ranked highly among TMAO-related disease retrieved from both EINs (top 0.02%, #1 out of 4,372 diseases retrieved based on Mendelian genetics and top 10.9% among 882 diseases based on genome-wide association genetics), providing strong supporting evidence for our hypothesis that TMAO is genetically related to CRC. We have also identified putative genetic pathways that may link TMAO to CRC, which warrants further investigation. Through systematic disease enrichment analysis, we also demonstrated that TMAO is related to metabolic syndromes and cancers in general. Conclusions Our genome-wide analysis demonstrates that systems approaches to studying the epigenetic interactions among diet, microbiome metabolisms, and disease genetics hold promise for understanding disease pathogenesis. Our results show that TMAO is genetically associated with CRC. This study suggests that TMAO may be an important intermediate marker linking dietary meat and fat and gut microbiota metabolism to risk of CRC, underscoring opportunities for the development of new gut microbiome-dependent diagnostic tests and therapeutics for CRC.
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315
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Onodera H. Novel Method for Screening Colorectal Neoplasm. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:495-6. [PMID: 26288813 PMCID: PMC4535159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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316
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Wlodarska M, Kostic AD, Xavier RJ. An integrative view of microbiome-host interactions in inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:577-91. [PMID: 25974300 PMCID: PMC4498258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota, which is composed of bacteria, viruses, and micro-eukaryotes, acts as an accessory organ system with distinct functions along the intestinal tract that are critical for health. This review focuses on how the microbiota drives intestinal disease through alterations in microbial community architecture, disruption of the mucosal barrier, modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system. Inflammatory bowel disease is used as a model system to understand these microbial-driven pathologies, but the knowledge gained in this space is extended to less-well-studied intestinal diseases that may also have an important microbial component, including environmental enteropathy and chronic colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wlodarska
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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317
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Appendicitis as an early manifestation of subsequent malignancy: an asian population study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122725. [PMID: 25915658 PMCID: PMC4410919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer risk after appendectomy in patients with appendicitis remains unclear. This study examined the role of appendicitis as an early manifestation harbingering the distant malignancy. METHODS From the insurance claims data of Taiwan, we identified a cohort of 130,374 patients newly received appendectomy from 2000-2009, without cancer diagnosis. A comparison cohort of 260,746 persons without appendectomy and cancer was selected from the same database, frequency matched by age, sex, comorbidity and index year. We monitored subsequent cancers with a12-month follow-up. RESULTS Over all, 1406 and 616 cancer cases were identified in the appendectomy cohort and comparisons, respectively, with all cancers incidence rate 4.64-fold higher in the appendectomy cohort (9.06 vs. 1.96 per 1000 person-months). Digestive and female genital organs harbored 80.9% of cancer cases in the appendectomy cohort. The Cox model measured site-specific hazard ratio (HR) was the highest for female genital cancers (23.3), followed by cancers of colorectum (14.7), small intestine (10.1), pancreas (7.40), lymphoma (5.89) and urinary system (4.50), all significant at 0.001 level. The HR of all cancers decreased from 13.7 within 3 months after appendectomy to 1.37 in 7-12 months after the surgery. In general, relative to the comparison cohort, younger appendectomy patients tended to have a higher HR than older patients. CONCLUSIONS The high incident cancers identified soon after appendectomy suggest the acute appendicitis is the early sign of distant metastatic malignancy. The risk of colorectal cancer, female genital cancer and haemopoietic malignancy deserve attention.
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318
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Goedert JJ, Gong Y, Hua X, Zhong H, He Y, Peng P, Yu G, Wang W, Ravel J, Shi J, Zheng Y. Fecal Microbiota Characteristics of Patients with Colorectal Adenoma Detected by Screening: A Population-based Study. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:597-603. [PMID: 26288821 PMCID: PMC4535156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) and precancerous colorectal adenoma (CRA) can detect curable disease. However, participation in colonoscopy and sensitivity of fecal heme for CRA are low. Methods Microbiota metrics were determined by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes amplified from DNA extracted from feces self-collected in RNAlater. Among fecal immunochemical test-positive (FIT +) participants, colonoscopically-defined normal versus CRA patients were compared by regression, permutation, and random forest plus leave-one-out methods. Findings Of 95 FIT + participants, 61 had successful fecal microbiota profiling and colonoscopy, identifying 24 completely normal patients, 20 CRA patients, 2 CRC patients, and 15 with other conditions. Phylum-level fecal community composition differed significantly between CRA and normal patients (permutation P = 0.02). Rank phylum-level abundance distinguished CRA from normal patients (area under the curve = 0.767, permutation P = 0.006). CRA prevalence was 59% in phylum-level cluster B versus 20% in cluster A (exact P = 0.01). Most of the difference reflected 3-fold higher median relative abundance of Proteobacteria taxa (Wilcoxon signed-rank P = 0.03, positive predictive value = 67%). Antibiotic exposure and other potential confounders did not affect the associations. Interpretation If confirmed in larger, more diverse populations, fecal microbiota analysis might be employed to improve screening for CRA and ultimately to reduce mortality from CRC. Fecal microbiota composition differed for patients with colorectal adenoma compared to normals. Most of the difference reflected 3-fold higher abundance of Proteobacteria in patients with adenoma. Population-wide microbiota screening is feasible and, if validated, could complement established early-detection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Yangming Gong
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Hua
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
| | | | | | - Peng Peng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqin Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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319
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Allali I, Delgado S, Marron PI, Astudillo A, Yeh JJ, Ghazal H, Amzazi S, Keku T, Azcarate-Peril MA. Gut microbiome compositional and functional differences between tumor and non-tumor adjacent tissues from cohorts from the US and Spain. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:161-72. [PMID: 25875428 PMCID: PMC4615176 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1039223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US and Spain. The molecular mechanisms involved in the etiology of CRC are not yet elucidated due in part to the complexity of the human gut microbiota. In this study, we compared the microbiome composition of 90 tumor and matching adjacent tissue (adjacent) from cohorts from the US and Spain by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in order to determine the impact of the geographic origin on the CRC microbiome. Data showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) for the US (PD Adjacent = 26.3 ± 5.3, PD Tumor = 23.3 ± 6.2) compared to the Spanish cohort (PD Adjacent = 18.9 ± 5.9, PD Tumor = 18.7 ± 6.6) while no significant differences in bacterial diversity were observed between tumor and adjacent tissues for individuals from the same country. Adjacent tissues from the Spanish cohort were enriched in Firmicutes (SP = 43.9% and US = 22.2%, P = 0.0001) and Actinobacteria (SP = 1.6% and US = 0.5%, P = 0.0018) compared to US adjacent tissues, while adjacent tissues from the US had significantly higher abundances of Fusobacteria (US = 8.1% and SP = 1.5%, P = 0.0023) and Sinergistetes (US = 0.3% and SP = 0.1%, P = 0.0097). Comparisons between tumor and adjacent tissues in each cohort identified the genus Eikenella significantly over represented in US tumors (T = 0.024% and A = 0%, P = 0.03), and the genera Fusobacterium (T = 10.4% and A = 1.5%, P = <0.0001), Bulleida (T = 0.36% and A = 0.09%, P = 0.02), Gemella (T = 1.46% and A = 0.19%, P = 0.03), Parvimonas (T = 3.14% and A = 0.86%, P = 0.03), Campylobacter (T = 0.15% and A = 0.008%, P = 0.047), and Streptococcus (T = 2.84% and A = 2.19%, P = 0.05) significantly over represented in Spanish tumors. Predicted metagenome functional content from 16S rRNA surveys showed that bacterial motility proteins and proteins involved in flagellar assembly were over represented in adjacent tissues of both cohorts, while pathways involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, the MAPK signaling pathway, and bacterial toxins were over represented in tumors. Our study suggests that microbiome compositional and functional dissimilarities by geographic location should be taken in consideration when approaching CRC therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Allali
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Microbiome Core Facility; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology; Faculty of Sciences; University Mohammed V; Rabat, Morocco,Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology; Faculty of Sciences of Oujda; University Mohammed Premier; Oujda, Morocco
| | - Susana Delgado
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC); Villaviciosa-Asturias, Spain
| | - Pablo Isidro Marron
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; Asturias, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; Asturias, Spain
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hassan Ghazal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology; Faculty of Sciences of Oujda; University Mohammed Premier; Oujda, Morocco,Polydisciplinary Faculty of Nador; University Mohammed Premier; Nador, Morocco
| | - Saaïd Amzazi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology; Faculty of Sciences; University Mohammed V; Rabat, Morocco
| | - Temitope Keku
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Department of Medicine; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Microbiome Core Facility; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Correspondence to: M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
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320
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Abstract
A host's microbiota may increase, diminish, or have no effect at all on cancer susceptibility. Assigning causal roles in cancer to specific microbes and microbiotas, unraveling host-microbiota interactions with environmental factors in carcinogenesis, and exploiting such knowledge for cancer diagnosis and treatment are areas of intensive interest. This Review considers how microbes and the microbiota may amplify or mitigate carcinogenesis, responsiveness to cancer therapeutics, and cancer-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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321
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Abstract
Inflammation has long been suspected to play a major role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Only recently, however, have some mechanisms of its tumor promoting effects become known. Microbes, both commensal and pathogenic, are critical regulators of the host immune system and, ultimately, of inflammation. Consequently, microbes have the potential power to influence tumor progression as well, through a wide variety of routes, including chronic activation of inflammation, alteration of tumor microenvironment, induction of genotoxic responses, and metabolism. In this review, we will provide a general overview of commensal microbiota, inflammation, and cancer, as well as how microbes fit into this emerging field.
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322
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Abstract
The trillions of bacteria that naturally reside in the human gut collectively constitute the complex system known the gut microbiome, a vital player for the host's homeostasis and health. However, there is mounting evidence that dysbiosis, a state of pathological imbalance in the gut microbiome is present in many disease states. In this review, we present recent insights concerning the gut microbiome's contribution to the development of colorectal adenomas and the subsequent progression to colorectal cancer (CRC). In the United States alone, CRC is the second leading cause of cancer deaths. As a result, there is a high interest in identifying risk factors for adenomas, which are intermediate precursors to CRC. Recent research on CRC and the microbiome suggest that modulation of the gut bacterial composition and structure may be useful in preventing adenomas and CRC. We highlight the known risk factors for colorectal adenomas and the potential mechanisms by which microbial dysbiosis may contribute to the etiology of CRC. We also underscore novel findings from recent studies on the gut microbiota and colorectal adenomas along with current knowledge gaps. Understanding the microbiome may provide promising new directions towards novel diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions for CRC.
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323
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Ito M, Kanno S, Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, Igarashi H, Takahashi T, Tachibana M, Takahashi H, Yoshii S, Takenouchi T, Hasegawa T, Okita K, Hirata K, Maruyama R, Suzuki H, Imai K, Yamamoto H, Shinomura Y. Association ofFusobacterium nucleatumwith clinical and molecular features in colorectal serrated pathway. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1258-68. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Shinichi Kanno
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA
| | - Kei Mitsuhashi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Igarashi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Taiga Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Mami Tachibana
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Keiyukai Sapporo Hospital; Sapporo Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshii
- Department of Gastroenterology; NTT East Sapporo Hospital; Sapporo Japan
| | | | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kenji Okita
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Biology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; St. Marianna University School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Shinomura
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
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324
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Viljoen KS, Dakshinamurthy A, Goldberg P, Blackburn JM. Quantitative profiling of colorectal cancer-associated bacteria reveals associations between fusobacterium spp., enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119462. [PMID: 25751261 PMCID: PMC4353626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have presented clinical or in vitro evidence linking bacteria to colorectal cancer, but these bacteria have not previously been concurrently quantified by qPCR in a single cohort. We quantify these bacteria (Fusobacterium spp., Streptococcus gallolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), and afaC- or pks-positive E. coli) in paired tumour and normal tissue samples from 55 colorectal cancer patients. We further investigate the relationship between a) the presence and b) the level of colonisation of each bacterial species with site and stage of disease, age, gender, ethnicity and MSI-status. With the exception of S. gallolyticus, we detected all bacteria profiled here in both tumour and normal samples at varying frequencies. ETBF (FDR = 0.001 and 0.002 for normal and tumour samples) and afaC-positive E. coli (FDR = 0.03, normal samples) were significantly enriched in the colon compared to the rectum. ETBF (FDR = 0.04 and 0.002 for normal and tumour samples, respectively) and Fusobacterium spp. (FDR = 0.03 tumour samples) levels were significantly higher in late stage (III/IV) colorectal cancers. Fusobacterium was by far the most common bacteria detected, occurring in 82% and 81% of paired tumour and normal samples. Fusobacterium was also the only bacterium that was significantly higher in tumour compared to normal samples (p = 6e-5). We also identified significant associations between high-level colonisation by Fusobacterium and MSI-H (FDR = 0.05), age (FDR = 0.03) or pks-positive E. coli (FDR = 0.01). Furthermore, we exclusively identified atypical EPEC in our cohort, which has not been previously reported in association with colorectal cancer. By quantifying colorectal cancer-associated bacteria across a single cohort, we uncovered inter- and intra-individual patterns of colonization not previously recognized, as well as important associations with clinicopathological features, especially in the case of Fusobacterium and ETBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Viljoen
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amirtha Dakshinamurthy
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Goldberg
- Surgical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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325
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Bourlioux P. Faecal microbiota transplantation: Key points to consider. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:163-8. [PMID: 25747146 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from a healthy donor has become the gold standard treatment for patients suffering from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection where antibiotic treatment (with vancomycin, metronidazole or fidaxomicin) has failed. FMT eradicates C. difficile and helps restore the recipient's intestinal flora, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Since FMT's complex and highly variable composition cannot be easily characterized - nor its quality routinely assessed - FMT as a sui generis biologic drug cannot conform to existing standards for preparation. Clearly, donors must be carefully selected and the raw material prepared under close microbiological control, but FMT should also conform to manufacturing and laboratory practice standards for which international consensus can only be achieved with further experience. The objective should be to engage biomedical research to develop protocols that help elucidate the mechanism of action of FMT and support the production of safe and efficacious products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bourlioux
- Académie de pharmacie, 4, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France; Microbiologie, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Sud, rue J.B.-Clément, 92390 Chatenay-Malabry cedex, France.
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326
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Keku TO, Dulal S, Deveaux A, Jovov B, Han X. The gastrointestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G351-63. [PMID: 25540232 PMCID: PMC4346754 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is home to a complex and diverse microbiota that contributes to the overall homeostasis of the host. Increasingly, the intestinal microbiota is recognized as an important player in human illness such as colorectal cancer (CRC), inflammatory bowel diseases, and obesity. CRC in itself is one of the major causes of cancer mortality in the Western world. The mechanisms by which bacteria contribute to CRC are complex and not fully understood, but increasing evidence suggests a link between the intestinal microbiota and CRC as well as diet and inflammation, which are believed to play a role in carcinogenesis. It is thought that the gut microbiota interact with dietary factors to promote chronic inflammation and CRC through direct influence on host cell physiology, cellular homeostasis, energy regulation, and/or metabolism of xenobiotics. This review provides an overview on the role of commensal gut microbiota in the development of human CRC and explores its association with diet and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O. Keku
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Santosh Dulal
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - April Deveaux
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Biljana Jovov
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Xuesong Han
- 3Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
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327
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Wu SC, Chen WTL, Muo CH, Ke TW, Fang CW, Sung FC. Association between appendectomy and subsequent colorectal cancer development: an Asian population study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118411. [PMID: 25710790 PMCID: PMC4339380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The appendix may modulate colon microbiota and bowel inflammation. We investigated whether appendectomy alters colorectal cancer risk. Methods We identified a cohort of 75979 patients who underwent appendectomy between 1997 and 1999 based on the insurance claims of Taiwan. A comparison cohort of 303640 persons without appendectomy was selected randomly, frequency matched by age, sex, comorbidity and entry year was also selected. We monitored subsequent colorectal cancer development in both cohorts. Results The overall colorectal cancer incidence was 14% higher in the appendectomy patients than in the comparison cohort (p <0.05): the highest incidence was observed for rectal cancer, and the lowest incidence was observed for cancer of the cecum-ascending colon for both cohorts. Men were at higher risk than women. Subjects ≥ 60 years had an HR of 12.8 compared to those <60 years. The incidence of colorectal cancer was much higher in 1.5-3.5 years post appendectomy follow-up than for the comparisons (HR of 2.13). Patients who received an incidental appendectomy had an HR of 2.90 when compared to the comparisons. Conclusions Results of our study suggest that appendectomy in patients with appendicitis is likely associated with the development of colorectal cancer in the post-surgery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chi Wu
- Trauma and Emergency Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - William Tzu-Liang Chen
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Muo
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Wei Ke
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Wen Fang
- Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University College of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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328
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Mira-Pascual L, Cabrera-Rubio R, Ocon S, Costales P, Parra A, Suarez A, Moris F, Rodrigo L, Mira A, Collado MC. Microbial mucosal colonic shifts associated with the development of colorectal cancer reveal the presence of different bacterial and archaeal biomarkers. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:167-79. [PMID: 24811328 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies demonstrate a link between gastrointestinal cancers and environmental factors such as diet. It has been suggested that environmental cancer risk is determined by the interaction between diet and microbes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that microbiota composition during colorectal cancer (CRC) progression might differ depending on the stage of the disease. METHODS A total of 28 age-matched and sex-matched subjects, seven with CRC adenocarcinoma, 11 with tubular adenomas and ten healthy subjects with intact colon, were included into the study. Microbiomes from mucosal and fecal samples were analyzed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing, together with quantitative PCR of specific bacteria and archaea. RESULTS The principal coordinates analysis clearly separated healthy tissue samples from polyps and tumors, supporting the presence of specific bacterial consortia that are associated with affected sites and that can serve as potential biomarkers of CRC progression. A higher presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Enterobacteriaceae was found by qPCR in samples from CRC compared to healthy controls. We observed a correlation between CRC process development and levels of Methanobacteriales (R = 0.537, P = 0.007) and Methanobrevibacterium (R = 0.574, P = 0.03) in fecal samples. CONCLUSION Differences in microbial and archaeal composition between mucosal samples from healthy and disease tissues were observed in tubular adenoma and adenocarcinoma. In addition, microbiota from mucosal samples represented the underlying dysbiosis, whereas fecal samples seem not to be appropriate to detect shifts in microbial composition. CRC risk is influenced by microbial composition, showing differences according to disease progression step and tumor severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mira-Pascual
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 49860, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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329
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Luan C, Xie L, Yang X, Miao H, Lv N, Zhang R, Xiao X, Hu Y, Liu Y, Wu N, Zhu Y, Zhu B. Dysbiosis of fungal microbiota in the intestinal mucosa of patients with colorectal adenomas. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7980. [PMID: 25613490 PMCID: PMC4648387 DOI: 10.1038/srep07980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal microbiota is an important component of the human gut microbiome and may be linked to gastrointestinal disease. In this study, the fungal microbiota of biopsy samples from adenomas and adjacent tissues was characterized by deep sequencing. Ascomycota, Glomeromycota and Basidiomycota were identified as the dominant phyla in both adenomas and adjacent tissues from all subjects. Among the 60 genera identified, the opportunist pathogens Phoma and Candida represented an average of 45% of the fungal microbiota. When analyzed at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, however, a decreased diversity in adenomas was observed, and three OTUs differed significantly from the adjacent tissues. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the core OTUs formed separate clusters for advanced and non-advanced adenomas for which the abundance of four OTUs differed significantly. Moreover, the size of adenomas and the disease stage were closely related to changes in the fungal microbiota in subjects with adenomas. This study characterized the fungal microbiota profile of subjects with adenomas and identified potential diagnostic biomarkers closely related to different stages of adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Luan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huifang Miao
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing, 100176, China; SinoGenoMax Co. Ltd, Beijing. 100176, China
| | - Na Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yuanmin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
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330
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Han YW. Fusobacterium nucleatum: a commensal-turned pathogen. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 23:141-7. [PMID: 25576662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic oral commensal and a periodontal pathogen associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases. This article reviews its implication in adverse pregnancy outcomes (chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, stillbirth, neonatal sepsis, preeclampsia), GI disorders (colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis), cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory tract infections, Lemierre's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. The virulence mechanisms involved in the diseases are discussed, with emphasis on its colonization, systemic dissemination, and induction of host inflammatory and tumorigenic responses. The FadA adhesin/invasin conserved in F. nucleatum is a key virulence factor and a potential diagnostic marker for F. nucleatum-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping W Han
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral Diagnostics & Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, United States.
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331
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Fap2 of Fusobacterium nucleatum is a galactose-inhibitable adhesin involved in coaggregation, cell adhesion, and preterm birth. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1104-13. [PMID: 25561710 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02838-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a common oral anaerobe involved in periodontitis that is known to translocate and cause intrauterine infections. In the oral environment, F. nucleatum adheres to a large diversity of species, facilitating their colonization and creating biological bridges that stabilize the multispecies dental biofilm. Many of these interactions (called coadherences or coaggregations) are galactose sensitive. Galactose-sensitive interactions are also involved in the binding of F. nucleatum to host cells. Hemagglutination of some F. nucleatum strains is also galactose sensitive, suggesting that a single galactose-sensitive adhesin might mediate the interaction of fusobacteria with many partners and targets. In order to identify the fusobacterial galactose-sensitive adhesin, a system for transposon mutagenesis in fusobacteria was created. The mutant library was screened for hemagglutination deficiency, and three clones were isolated. All three clones were found to harbor the transposon in the gene coding for the Fap2 outer membrane autotransporter. The three fap2 mutants failed to show galactose-inhibitable coaggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis and were defective in cell binding. A fap2 mutant also showed a 2-log reduction in murine placental colonization compared to that of the wild type. Our results suggest that Fap2 is a galactose-sensitive hemagglutinin and adhesin that is likely to play a role in the virulence of fusobacteria.
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332
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Microbiota organization is a distinct feature of proximal colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18321-6. [PMID: 25489084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406199111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors clearly affect colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence, but the mechanisms through which these factors function are unknown. One prime candidate is an altered colonic microbiota. Here we show that the mucosal microbiota organization is a critical factor associated with a subset of CRC. We identified invasive polymicrobial bacterial biofilms (bacterial aggregates), structures previously associated with nonmalignant intestinal pathology, nearly universally (89%) on right-sided tumors (13 of 15 CRCs, 4 of 4 adenomas) but on only 12% of left-sided tumors (2 of 15 CRCs, 0 of 2 adenomas). Surprisingly, patients with biofilm-positive tumors, whether cancers or adenomas, all had biofilms on their tumor-free mucosa far distant from their tumors. Bacterial biofilms were associated with diminished colonic epithelial cell E-cadherin and enhanced epithelial cell IL-6 and Stat3 activation, as well as increased crypt epithelial cell proliferation in normal colon mucosa. High-throughput sequencing revealed no consistent bacterial genus associated with tumors, regardless of biofilm status. However, principal coordinates analysis revealed that biofilm communities on paired normal mucosa, distant from the tumor itself, cluster with tumor microbiomes as opposed to biofilm-negative normal mucosa bacterial communities also from the tumor host. Colon mucosal biofilm detection may predict increased risk for development of sporadic CRC.
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333
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Zeller G, Tap J, Voigt AY, Sunagawa S, Kultima JR, Costea PI, Amiot A, Böhm J, Brunetti F, Habermann N, Hercog R, Koch M, Luciani A, Mende DR, Schneider MA, Schrotz-King P, Tournigand C, Tran Van Nhieu J, Yamada T, Zimmermann J, Benes V, Kloor M, Ulrich CM, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Sobhani I, Bork P. Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:766. [PMID: 25432777 PMCID: PMC4299606 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial species have been implicated in the development of colorectal carcinoma (CRC), but CRC-associated changes of fecal microbiota and their potential for cancer screening remain to be explored. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples to identify taxonomic markers that distinguished CRC patients from tumor-free controls in a study population of 156 participants. Accuracy of metagenomic CRC detection was similar to the standard fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and when both approaches were combined, sensitivity improved > 45% relative to the FOBT, while maintaining its specificity. Accuracy of metagenomic CRC detection did not differ significantly between early- and late-stage cancer and could be validated in independent patient and control populations (N = 335) from different countries. CRC-associated changes in the fecal microbiome at least partially reflected microbial community composition at the tumor itself, indicating that observed gene pool differences may reveal tumor-related host-microbe interactions. Indeed, we deduced a metabolic shift from fiber degradation in controls to utilization of host carbohydrates and amino acids in CRC patients, accompanied by an increase of lipopolysaccharide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Zeller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julien Tap
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany Department of Gastroenterology and LIC-EA4393-EC2M3, APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Anita Y Voigt
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University Hospital Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Roat Kultima
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul I Costea
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurélien Amiot
- Department of Gastroenterology and LIC-EA4393-EC2M3, APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Jürgen Böhm
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Brunetti
- Department of Surgery, APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Nina Habermann
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajna Hercog
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Koch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alain Luciani
- Department of Radiology, APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Daniel R Mende
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin A Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Schrotz-King
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Tournigand
- Department of Medical Oncology, APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Jeanne Tran Van Nhieu
- Department of Pathology and LIC-EA4393-EC2M3, APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Takuji Yamada
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jürgen Zimmermann
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University Hospital Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University Hospital Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iradj Sobhani
- Department of Gastroenterology and LIC-EA4393-EC2M3, APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University Hospital Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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334
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) presents a considerable disease burden worldwide. The human colon is also an anatomical location with the largest number of microbes. It is natural, therefore, to anticipate a role for microbes, particularly bacteria, in colorectal carcinogenesis. The increasing accessibility of microbial meta'omics is fueling a surge in our understanding of the role that microbes and the microbiota play in CRC. In this review, we will discuss recent insights into contributions of the microbiota to CRC and explore conceptual frameworks for evaluating the role of microbes in cancer causation. We also highlight new findings on candidate CRC-potentiating species and current knowledge gaps. Finally, we explore the roles of microbial metabolism as it relates to bile acids, xenobiotics, and diet in the etiology and therapeutics of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Sears
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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335
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Doron L, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Ibrahim Y, Eini A, Naor R, Rosen G, Bachrach G. Identification and characterization of fusolisin, the Fusobacterium nucleatum autotransporter serine protease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111329. [PMID: 25357190 PMCID: PMC4214739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is an oral anaerobe associated with periodontal disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes and colorectal carcinoma. A serine endopeptidase of 61–65 kDa capable of damaging host tissue and of inactivating immune effectors was detected previously in F. nucleatum. Here we describe the identification of this serine protease, named fusolisin, in three oral F. nucleatum sub-species. Gel zymogram revealed fusobacterial proteolytic activity with molecular masses ranging from 55–101 kDa. All of the detected proteases were inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor PMSF. analysis revealed that all of the detected proteases are encoded by genes encoding an open reading frame (ORF) with a calculated mass of approximately 115 kDa. Bioinformatics analysis of the identified ORFs demonstrated that they consist of three domains characteristic of autotransporters of the type Va secretion system. Our results suggest that the F. nucleatum fusolisins are derived from a precursor of approximately 115 kDa. After crossing the cytoplasmic membrane and cleavage of the leader sequence, the C-terminal autotransporter domain of the remaining 96–113 kDa protein is embedded in the outer membrane and delivers the N-terminal S8 serine protease passenger domain to the outer cell surface. In most strains the N-terminal catalytic 55–65 kDa domain self cleaves and liberates itself from the autotransporter domain after its transfer across the outer cell membrane. In F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 this autocatalytic activity is less efficient resulting in a full length membrane-anchored serine protease. The mature serine protease was found to cleave after Thr, Gly, Ala and Leu residues at the P1 position. Growth of F. nucleatum in complex medium was inhibited when serine protease inhibitors were used. Additional experiments are needed to determine whether fusolisin might be used as a target for controlling fusobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Doron
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shunit Coppenhagen-Glazer
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yara Ibrahim
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Eini
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Naor
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Graciela Rosen
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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336
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Abstract
Microbiome analysis has identified a state of microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) in patients with chronic intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. The bacterial phylum Proteobacteria is often overrepresented in these individuals, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent species. It is clear that a complex interplay between the host, bacteria and bacterial genes is implicated in the development of these intestinal diseases. Understanding the basic elements of these interactions could have important implications for disease detection and management. Recent studies have revealed that E. coli utilizes a complex arsenal of virulence factors to colonize and persist in the intestine. Some of these virulence factors, such as the genotoxin colibactin, were found to promote colorectal cancer in experimental models. In this Review, we summarize key features of the dysbiotic states associated with chronic intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer, and discuss how the dysregulated interplay between host and bacteria could favor the emergence of E. coli with pathological traits implicated in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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337
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Microbiota in the Throat and Risk Factors for Laryngeal Carcinoma. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7356-63. [PMID: 25239901 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02329-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The compositions and abundances of the microbiota in the ecological niche of the human throat and the possible relationship between the microbiota and laryngeal cancer are poorly understood. To obtain insight into this, we enrolled 27 laryngeal carcinoma patients and 28 subjects with vocal cord polyps as controls. For each subject, we simultaneously collected swab samples from the upper throat near the epiglottis (site I) and tissue samples from the vestibulum laryngis to the subglottic region (site II). The microbiota of the throat were fully characterized by pyrosequencing of barcoded 16S rRNA genes. We found 14 phyla, 20 classes, 38 orders, 85 families, and 218 genera in the throats of enrolled subjects. The main phyla were Firmicutes (54.7%), Fusobacteria (14.8%), Bacteroidetes (12.7%), and Proteobacteria (10.6%). Streptococcus (37.3%), Fusobacterium (11.3%), and Prevotella (10.6%) were identified as the three most predominant genera in the throat. The relative abundances of 23 bacterial genera in site I were significantly different from those in site II (P < 0.05). The relative proportions of 12 genera largely varied between laryngeal cancer patients and control subjects (P < 0.05). Collectively, this study outlined the spatial structure of microbial communities in the human throat. The spatial structure of bacterial communities significantly varied in two anatomical sites of the throat. The bacterial profiles of the throat of laryngeal cancer patients were strongly different from those of control subjects, and several of these microorganisms may be related to laryngeal carcinoma.
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338
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) primary infection occurs at mucosa tissues, suggesting an intricate interplay between the microbiome and HIV infection. Recent advanced technologies of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics allow researchers to explore nonculturable microbes, including bacteria, virus, and fungi, and their association with diseases. HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with microbiome shifts and immune activation that may affect the outcome of disease progression. In this review, the authors focus on microbiome in HIV infection at various mucosal compartments. Understanding the relationship between microbiome and HIV may offer insights into development of better strategies for HIV prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- January T Salas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Theresa L Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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339
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Cho M, Carter J, Harari S, Pei Z. The interrelationships of the gut microbiome and inflammation in colorectal carcinogenesis. Clin Lab Med 2014; 34:699-710. [PMID: 25439270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) is multifactorial, with genetic, molecular, inflammatory, and environmental risk factors. Recently, the gut microbiota has been recognized as a new environmental contributor to CRC in both animal models and human studies. An additional interplay of the gut microbiome with inflammation is also evident in studies that have shown that inflammation alone or the presence of bacteria/bacterial metabolites alone is not enough to promote tumorigenesis. Rather, complex interrelationships with the gut microbiome, inflammation, genetics, and other environmental factors are evident in progression of colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Cho
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Janell Carter
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Saul Harari
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 East 23rd Street, Room 6030W, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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340
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Ang MY, Heydari H, Jakubovics NS, Mahmud MI, Dutta A, Wee WY, Wong GJ, Mutha NVR, Tan SY, Choo SW. FusoBase: an online Fusobacterium comparative genomic analysis platform. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2014; 2014:bau082. [PMID: 25149689 PMCID: PMC4141642 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium are anaerobic gram-negative bacteria that have been associated with a wide spectrum of human infections and diseases. As the biology of Fusobacterium is still not well understood, comparative genomic analysis on members of this species will provide further insights on their taxonomy, phylogeny, pathogenicity and other information that may contribute to better management of infections and diseases. To facilitate the ongoing genomic research on Fusobacterium, a specialized database with easy-to-use analysis tools is necessary. Here we present FusoBase, an online database providing access to genome-wide annotated sequences of Fusobacterium strains as well as bioinformatics tools, to support the expanding scientific community. Using our custom-developed Pairwise Genome Comparison tool, we demonstrate how differences between two user-defined genomes and how insertion of putative prophages can be identified. In addition, Pathogenomics Profiling Tool is capable of clustering predicted genes across Fusobacterium strains and visualizing the results in the form of a heat map with dendrogram. Database URL:http://fusobacterium.um.edu.my.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Yang Ang
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Hamed Heydari
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Nick S Jakubovics
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Mahafizul Imran Mahmud
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Avirup Dutta
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Wei Yee Wee
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Guat Jah Wong
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Naresh V R Mutha
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Shi Yang Tan
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Siew Woh Choo
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
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341
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Intestinal dysbiosis: novel mechanisms by which gut microbes trigger and prevent disease. Prev Med 2014; 65:133-7. [PMID: 24857830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
New research has identified specific intestinal colonizing microbes that can have significant influence on health and disease. Evidence is reviewed supporting an association between Fusobacterium nucleatum and colon cancer and for a protective role of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in inflammatory bowel disease, of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in acute intestinal inflammation, of Bifidobacterium infantis in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, and of Akkermansia muciniphila in obesity and diabetes. These novel bacteria are clinically relevant and present opportunities for more focused diagnosis of colon cancer and prevention of common diseases.
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342
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Santoro MA, Andres SF, Galanko JA, Sandler RS, Keku TO, Lund PK. Reduced insulin-like growth factor I receptor and altered insulin receptor isoform mRNAs in normal mucosa predict colorectal adenoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2093-100. [PMID: 25017244 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperinsulinemia resulting from obesity and insulin resistance is associated with increased risk of many cancers, but the biology underlying this risk is unclear. We hypothesized that increased mRNA levels of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGFIR) versus the insulin receptor (IR) or elevated ratio of IR-A:IR-B isoforms in normal rectal mucosa would predict adenoma risk, particularly in individuals with high body mass index (BMI) or plasma insulin. METHODS Biopsies from normal rectal mucosa were obtained from consenting patients undergoing routine colonoscopy at University of North Carolina Hospitals (Chapel Hill, NC). Subjects with colorectal adenomas were classified as cases (n = 100) and were matched to adenoma-free controls (n = 98) based on age, sex, and BMI. IGFIR and IR mRNA levels were assessed by qRT-PCR, and IR-A:IR-B mRNA ratios by standard PCR. Plasma insulin and crypt apoptosis were measured by ELISA and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. Logistic regression models examined relationships between receptor mRNAs, BMI, plasma insulin, and adenoma risk. RESULTS Unexpectedly, cases were significantly more likely to have lower IGFIR mRNA levels than controls. No overall differences in total IR mRNA or IR-A:IR-B ratios were observed between cases and controls. Interestingly, in patients with high plasma insulin, increased IR-A:IR-B ratio was associated with increased likelihood of having adenomas. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows novel findings that reduced IGFIR mRNA and, during high plasma insulin, increased IR-A:IR-B ratios in normal rectal mucosa are associated with colorectal adenoma risk. IMPACT Our work provides evidence supporting a link between IGFIR and IR isoform expression levels and colorectal adenoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agostina Santoro
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah F Andres
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph A Galanko
- Department of Medicine and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert S Sandler
- Department of Medicine and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Temitope O Keku
- Department of Medicine and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - P Kay Lund
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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343
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Ramirez-Garcia A, Rementeria A, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Moragues MD, Antoran A, Pellon A, Abad-Diaz-de-Cerio A, Hernando FL. Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression? Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:181-93. [PMID: 24963692 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.913004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is currently increasing concern about the relation between microbial infections and cancer. More and more studies support the view that there is an association, above all, when the causal agents are bacteria or viruses. This review adds to this, summarizing evidence that the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans increases the risk of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Until recent years, Candida spp. had fundamentally been linked to cancerous processes as it is an opportunist pathogen that takes advantage of the immunosuppressed state of patients particularly due to chemotherapy. In contrast, the most recent findings demonstrate that C. albicans is capable of promoting cancer by several mechanisms, as described in the review: production of carcinogenic byproducts, triggering of inflammation, induction of Th17 response and molecular mimicry. We underline the need not only to control this type of infection during cancer treatment, especially given the major role of this yeast species in nosocomial infections, but also to find new therapeutic approaches to avoid the pro-tumor effect of this fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aize Pellon
- a Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology
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344
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Fusobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae: important players for CRC? Immunol Lett 2014; 162:54-61. [PMID: 24972311 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an essential role in regulating intestinal homeostasis through its capacity to modulate various biological activities ranging from barrier, immunity and metabolic function. Not surprisingly, microbial dysbiosis is associated with numerous intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). In this piece, we will review recent evidence that gut microbial dysbiosis can influence intestinal disease, including colitis and CRC. We will discuss the biological events implicated in the development of microbial dysbiosis and the emergence of CRC-associated microorganisms, focusing on Escherichia coli and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Finally, the mechanisms by which E. coli and F. nucleatum exert potentially carcinogenic effects on the host will be reviewed.
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345
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Perez-Chanona E, Jobin C. From promotion to management: the wide impact of bacteria on cancer and its treatment. Bioessays 2014; 36:658-64. [PMID: 24752750 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the intestine is the major reservoir of microbes. Although the intestinal microbial community exists in a state of homeostasis called eubiosis, environmental and genetics factors can lead to microbial perturbation or dysbiosis, a state associated with various pathologies including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Dysbiotic microbiota is thought to contribute to the initiation and progression of CRC. At the opposite end of the spectrum, two recently published studies in Science reveal that the microbiota is essential for chemotherapeutic drug efficacy, suggesting a beneficial microbial function in cancer management. The dichotomy between the beneficial and detrimental roles of the microbiota during cancer initiation, progression, and treatment emphasize the interwoven relationship between bacteria and cancer. Moreover, these findings suggest that the microbiota could be considered as a therapeutic target, not only at the level of cancer prevention, but also during management, i.e. by enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Perez-Chanona
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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346
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Abstract
Overweight and obesity have reached pandemic levels on a worldwide basis and are associated with increased risk and worse prognosis for many but not all malignancies. Pathophysiologic processes that affect this association are reviewed, with a focus on the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer, lessons learned from the use of murine models to study the association, the impact of obesity on pancreatic cancer, the effects of dietary fats and cholesterol on cancer promotion, and the mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiome affects obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Berger
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Genetics, Center for Science, Health and Society, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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347
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Whitmore
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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348
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Walsh CJ, Guinane CM, O'Toole PW, Cotter PD. Beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4120-30. [PMID: 24681100 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota comprises approximately 100 trillion microbial cells and has a significant effect on many aspects of human physiology including metabolism, nutrient absorption and immune function. Disruption of this population has been implicated in many conditions and diseases, including examples such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer that are highlighted in this review. A logical extension of these observations suggests that the manipulation of the gut microbiota can be employed to prevent or treat these conditions. Thus, here we highlight a variety of options, including the use of changes in diet (including the use of prebiotics), antimicrobial-based intervention, probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation, and discuss their relative merits with respect to modulating the intestinal community in a beneficial way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum J Walsh
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Paul W O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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349
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Nugent JL, McCoy AN, Addamo CJ, Jia W, Sandler RS, Keku TO. Altered tissue metabolites correlate with microbial dysbiosis in colorectal adenomas. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1921-9. [PMID: 24601673 PMCID: PMC3993967 DOI: 10.1021/pr4009783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Several
studies have linked bacterial dysbiosis with elevated risk
of colorectal adenomas and cancer. However, the functional implications
of gut dysbiosis remain unclear. Gut bacteria contribute to nutrient
metabolism and produce small molecules termed the “metabolome”,
which may contribute to the development of neoplasia in the large
bowel. We assessed the metabolome in normal rectal mucosal biopsies
of 15 subjects with colorectal adenomas and 15 nonadenoma controls
by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass
spectrometry. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure abundances
of specific bacterial taxa. We identified a total of 274 metabolites.
Discriminant analysis suggested a separation of metabolomic profiles
between adenoma cases and nonadenoma controls. Twenty-three metabolites
contributed to the separation, notably an increase in adenoma cases
of the inflammatory metabolite prostaglandin E2 and a decrease in
antioxidant-related metabolites 5-oxoproline and diketogulonic acid.
Pathway analysis suggested that differential metabolites were significantly
related to cancer, inflammatory response, carbohydrate metabolism,
and GI disease pathways. Abundances of six bacterial taxa assayed
were increased in cases. The 23 differential metabolites demonstrated
correlations with bacteria that were different between cases and controls.
These findings suggest that metabolic products of bacteria may be
responsible for the development of colorectal adenomas and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Nugent
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 321 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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350
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Fusobacterium nucleatum associates with stages of colorectal neoplasia development, colorectal cancer and disease outcome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1381-90. [PMID: 24599709 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Commensal bacteria in the colon may play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Recent studies from North America showed that Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) infection is over-represented in disease tissue versus matched normal tissue in CRC patients. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of DNA extracted from colorectal tissue biopsies and surgical resections of three European cohorts totalling 122 CRC patients, we found an over-abundance of Fn in cancerous compared to matched normal tissue (p < 0.0001). To determine whether Fn infection is an early event in CRC development, we assayed Fn in colorectal adenoma (CRA) tissue from 52 Irish patients. While for all CRAs the Fn level was not statistically significantly higher in disease versus normal tissue (p = 0.06), it was significantly higher for high-grade dysplasia (p = 0.015). As a secondary objective, we determined that CRC patients with low Fn levels had a significantly longer overall survival time than patients with moderate and high levels of the bacterium (p = 0.008). The investigation of Fn as a potential non-invasive biomarker for CRC screening showed that, while Fn was more abundant in stool samples from CRC patients compared to adenomas or controls, the levels in stool did not correlate with cancer or adenoma tissue levels from the same individuals. This is the first study examining Fn in the colonic tissue and stool of European CRC and CRA patients, and suggests Fn as a novel risk factor for disease progression from adenoma to cancer, possibly affecting patient survival outcomes. Our results highlight the potential of Fn detection as a diagnostic and prognostic determinant in CRC patients.
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