301
|
Gu BM, van Rijn H, Meck WH. Oscillatory multiplexing of neural population codes for interval timing and working memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 48:160-85. [PMID: 25454354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interval timing and working memory are critical components of cognition that are supported by neural oscillations in prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuits. In this review, the properties of interval timing and working memory are explored in terms of behavioral, anatomical, pharmacological, and neurophysiological findings. We then describe the various neurobiological theories that have been developed to explain these cognitive processes - largely independent of each other. Following this, a coupled excitatory - inhibitory oscillation (EIO) model of temporal processing is proposed to address the shared oscillatory properties of interval timing and working memory. Using this integrative approach, we describe a hybrid model explaining how interval timing and working memory can originate from the same oscillatory processes, but differ in terms of which dimension of the neural oscillation is utilized for the extraction of item, temporal order, and duration information. This extension of the striatal beat-frequency (SBF) model of interval timing (Matell and Meck, 2000, 2004) is based on prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuit dynamics and has direct relevance to the pathophysiological distortions observed in time perception and working memory in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
302
|
Rankin SK, Fink PW, Large EW. Fractal structure enables temporal prediction in music. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 136:EL256-EL262. [PMID: 25324107 DOI: 10.1121/1.4890198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
1/f serial correlations and statistical self-similarity (fractal structure) have been measured in various dimensions of musical compositions. Musical performances also display 1/f properties in expressive tempo fluctuations, and listeners predict tempo changes when synchronizing. Here the authors show that the 1/f structure is sufficient for listeners to predict the onset times of upcoming musical events. These results reveal what information listeners use to anticipate events in complex, non-isochronous acoustic rhythms, and this will entail innovative models of temporal synchronization. This finding could improve therapies for Parkinson's and related disorders and inform deeper understanding of how endogenous neural rhythms anticipate events in complex, temporally structured communication signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Summer K Rankin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Building #826, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Philip W Fink
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University Manawatu, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4442
| | - Edward W Large
- Departments of Psychology and Physics, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020
| |
Collapse
|
303
|
Mendoza G, Merchant H. Motor system evolution and the emergence of high cognitive functions. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 122:73-93. [PMID: 25224031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In human and nonhuman primates, the cortical motor system comprises a collection of brain areas primarily related to motor control. Existing evidence suggests that no other mammalian group has the number, extension, and complexity of motor-related areas observed in the frontal lobe of primates. Such diversity is probably related to the wide behavioral flexibility that primates display. Indeed, recent comparative anatomical, psychophysical, and neurophysiological studies suggest that the evolution of the motor cortical areas closely correlates with the emergence of high cognitive abilities. Advances in understanding the cortical motor system have shown that these areas are also related to functions previously linked to higher-order associative areas. In addition, experimental observations have shown that the classical distinction between perceptual and motor functions is not strictly followed across cortical areas. In this paper, we review evidence suggesting that evolution of the motor system had a role in the shaping of different cognitive functions in primates. We argue that the increase in the complexity of the motor system has contributed to the emergence of new abilities observed in human and nonhuman primates, including the recognition and imitation of the actions of others, speech perception and production, and the execution and appreciation of the rhythmic structure of music.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germán Mendoza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Merchant
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
304
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Teki
- Auditory Cognition Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London London, UK ; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
305
|
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that "moving to the beat" can improve the perception of timing, providing an intriguing explanation as to why we often move when listening to music. In the first experiment, participants heard a series of isochronous beats and identified whether the timing of a final tone after a short silence was consistent with the timing of the preceding sequence. On half of the trials, participants tapped along with the beat, and on half of the trials, they listened without moving. When the final tone occurred later than expected, performance in the movement condition was significantly better than performance in the no-movement condition. Two additional experiments illustrate that this improved performance is due to improved timekeeping, rather than to a shift in strategy. This work contributes to a growing literature on sensorimotor integration by demonstrating body movement's objective improvement in timekeeping, complementing previous explorations involving subjective tasks.
Collapse
|
306
|
Cirelli LK, Bosnyak D, Manning FC, Spinelli C, Marie C, Fujioka T, Ghahremani A, Trainor LJ. Beat-induced fluctuations in auditory cortical beta-band activity: using EEG to measure age-related changes. Front Psychol 2014; 5:742. [PMID: 25071691 PMCID: PMC4093753 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
People readily extract regularity in rhythmic auditory patterns, enabling prediction of the onset of the next beat. Recent magnetoencephalography (MEG) research suggests that such prediction is reflected by the entrainment of oscillatory networks in the brain to the tempo of the sequence. In particular, induced beta-band oscillatory activity from auditory cortex decreases after each beat onset and rebounds prior to the onset of the next beat across tempi in a predictive manner. The objective of the present study was to examine the development of such oscillatory activity by comparing electroencephalography (EEG) measures of beta-band fluctuations in 7-year-old children to adults. EEG was recorded while participants listened passively to isochronous tone sequences at three tempi (390, 585, and 780 ms for onset-to-onset interval). In adults, induced power in the high beta-band (20–25 Hz) decreased after each tone onset and rebounded prior to the onset of the next tone across tempo conditions, consistent with MEG findings. In children, a similar pattern was measured in the two slower tempo conditions, but was weaker in the fastest condition. The results indicate that the beta-band timing network works similarly in children, although there are age-related changes in consistency and the tempo range over which it operates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Cirelli
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dan Bosnyak
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona C Manning
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Spinelli
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Céline Marie
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Takako Fujioka
- McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Centre for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ayda Ghahremani
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laurel J Trainor
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
307
|
Sowman PF, Dueholm SS, Rasmussen JH, Mrachacz-Kersting N. Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by pairing an auditory stimulus with TMS. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:398. [PMID: 24917810 PMCID: PMC4042887 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic stimuli can cause a transient increase in the excitability of the motor cortex. The current study leverages this phenomenon to develop a method for testing the integrity of auditorimotor integration and the capacity for auditorimotor plasticity. We demonstrate that appropriately timed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the hand area, paired with auditorily mediated excitation of the motor cortex, induces an enhancement of motor cortex excitability that lasts beyond the time of stimulation. This result demonstrates for the first time that paired associative stimulation (PAS)-induced plasticity within the motor cortex is applicable with auditory stimuli. We propose that the method developed here might provide a useful tool for future studies that measure auditory-motor connectivity in communication disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Sowman
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Perception and Action Research Centre (PARC), Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Søren S Dueholm
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jesper H Rasmussen
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
308
|
Bouwer FL, Van Zuijen TL, Honing H. Beat processing is pre-attentive for metrically simple rhythms with clear accents: an ERP study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97467. [PMID: 24870123 PMCID: PMC4037171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of a regular beat is fundamental to music processing. Here we examine whether the detection of a regular beat is pre-attentive for metrically simple, acoustically varying stimuli using the mismatch negativity (MMN), an ERP response elicited by violations of acoustic regularity irrespective of whether subjects are attending to the stimuli. Both musicians and non-musicians were presented with a varying rhythm with a clear accent structure in which occasionally a sound was omitted. We compared the MMN response to the omission of identical sounds in different metrical positions. Most importantly, we found that omissions in strong metrical positions, on the beat, elicited higher amplitude MMN responses than omissions in weak metrical positions, not on the beat. This suggests that the detection of a beat is pre-attentive when highly beat inducing stimuli are used. No effects of musical expertise were found. Our results suggest that for metrically simple rhythms with clear accents beat processing does not require attention or musical expertise. In addition, we discuss how the use of acoustically varying stimuli may influence ERP results when studying beat processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fleur L. Bouwer
- Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Titia L. Van Zuijen
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan Honing
- Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
309
|
Arnal LH, Doelling KB, Poeppel D. Delta-Beta Coupled Oscillations Underlie Temporal Prediction Accuracy. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3077-85. [PMID: 24846147 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate temporal predictions is fundamental for adaptive behavior. Precise timing at the time-scale of seconds is critical, for instance to predict trajectories or to select relevant information. What mechanisms form the basis for such accurate timing? Recent evidence suggests that (1) temporal predictions adjust sensory selection by controlling neural oscillations in time and (2) the motor system plays an active role in inferring "when" events will happen. We hypothesized that oscillations in the delta and beta bands are instrumental in predicting the occurrence of auditory targets. Participants listened to brief rhythmic tone sequences and detected target delays while undergoing magnetoencephalography recording. Prior to target occurrence, we found that coupled delta (1-3 Hz) and beta (18-22 Hz) oscillations temporally align with upcoming targets and bias decisions towards correct responses, suggesting that delta-beta coupled oscillations underpin prediction accuracy. Subsequent to target occurrence, subjects update their decisions using the magnitude of the alpha-band (10-14 Hz) response as internal evidence of target timing. These data support a model in which the orchestration of oscillatory dynamics between sensory and motor systems is exploited to accurately select sensory information in time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc H Arnal
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Keith B Doelling
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - David Poeppel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, 129188 Abu Dhabi, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Information processing in the primate basal ganglia during sensory-guided and internally driven rhythmic tapping. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3910-23. [PMID: 24623769 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2679-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma (γ) and beta (β) oscillations seem to play complementary functions in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit (CBGT) during motor behavior. We investigated the time-varying changes of the putaminal spiking activity and the spectral power of local field potentials (LFPs) during a task where the rhythmic tapping of monkeys was guided by isochronous stimuli separated by a fixed duration (synchronization phase), followed by a period of internally timed movements (continuation phase). We found that the power of both bands and the discharge rate of cells showed an orderly change in magnitude as a function of the duration and/or the serial order of the intervals executed rhythmically. More LFPs were tuned to duration and/or serial order in the β- than the γ-band, although different values of preferred features were represented by single cells and by both bands. Importantly, in the LFPs tuned to serial order, there was a strong bias toward the continuation phase for the β-band when aligned to movements, and a bias toward the synchronization phase for the γ-band when aligned to the stimuli. Our results suggest that γ-oscillations reflect local computations associated with stimulus processing, whereas β-activity involves the entrainment of large putaminal circuits, probably in conjunction with other elements of CBGT, during internally driven rhythmic tapping.
Collapse
|
311
|
Patel AD, Iversen JR. The evolutionary neuroscience of musical beat perception: the Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction (ASAP) hypothesis. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:57. [PMID: 24860439 PMCID: PMC4026735 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EVERY HUMAN CULTURE HAS SOME FORM OF MUSIC WITH A BEAT a perceived periodic pulse that structures the perception of musical rhythm and which serves as a framework for synchronized movement to music. What are the neural mechanisms of musical beat perception, and how did they evolve? One view, which dates back to Darwin and implicitly informs some current models of beat perception, is that the relevant neural mechanisms are relatively general and are widespread among animal species. On the basis of recent neural and cross-species data on musical beat processing, this paper argues for a different view. Here we argue that beat perception is a complex brain function involving temporally-precise communication between auditory regions and motor planning regions of the cortex (even in the absence of overt movement). More specifically, we propose that simulation of periodic movement in motor planning regions provides a neural signal that helps the auditory system predict the timing of upcoming beats. This "action simulation for auditory prediction" (ASAP) hypothesis leads to testable predictions. We further suggest that ASAP relies on dorsal auditory pathway connections between auditory regions and motor planning regions via the parietal cortex, and suggest that these connections may be stronger in humans than in non-human primates due to the evolution of vocal learning in our lineage. This suggestion motivates cross-species research to determine which species are capable of human-like beat perception, i.e., beat perception that involves accurate temporal prediction of beat times across a fairly broad range of tempi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Iversen
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
312
|
Flaig NK, Large EW. Dynamic musical communication of core affect. Front Psychol 2014; 5:72. [PMID: 24672492 PMCID: PMC3956121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Is there something special about the way music communicates feelings? Theorists since Meyer (1956) have attempted to explain how music could stimulate varied and subtle affective experiences by violating learned expectancies, or by mimicking other forms of social interaction. Our proposal is that music speaks to the brain in its own language; it need not imitate any other form of communication. We review recent theoretical and empirical literature, which suggests that all conscious processes consist of dynamic neural events, produced by spatially dispersed processes in the physical brain. Intentional thought and affective experience arise as dynamical aspects of neural events taking place in multiple brain areas simultaneously. At any given moment, this content comprises a unified "scene" that is integrated into a dynamic core through synchrony of neuronal oscillations. We propose that (1) neurodynamic synchrony with musical stimuli gives rise to musical qualia including tonal and temporal expectancies, and that (2) music-synchronous responses couple into core neurodynamics, enabling music to directly modulate core affect. Expressive music performance, for example, may recruit rhythm-synchronous neural responses to support affective communication. We suggest that the dynamic relationship between musical expression and the experience of affect presents a unique opportunity for the study of emotional experience. This may help elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying arousal and valence, and offer a new approach to exploring the complex dynamics of the how and why of emotional experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Flaig
- Music Dynamics Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Edward W Large
- Music Dynamics Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
Su YH. Peak velocity as a cue in audiovisual synchrony perception of rhythmic stimuli. Cognition 2014; 131:330-44. [PMID: 24632323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated audiovisual synchrony perception in a rhythmic context, where the sound was not consequent upon the observed movement. Participants judged synchrony between a bouncing point-light figure and an auditory rhythm in two experiments. Two questions were of interest: (1) whether the reference in the visual movement, with which the auditory beat should coincide, relies on a position or a velocity cue; (2) whether the figure form and motion profile affect synchrony perception. Experiment 1 required synchrony judgment with regard to the same (lowest) position of the movement in four visual conditions: two figure forms (human or non-human) combined with two motion profiles (human or ball trajectory). Whereas figure form did not affect synchrony perception, the point of subjective simultaneity differed between the two motions, suggesting that participants adopted the peak velocity in each downward trajectory as their visual reference. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that, when judgment was required with regard to the highest position, the maximal synchrony response was considerably low for ball motion, which lacked a peak velocity in the upward trajectory. The finding of peak velocity as a cue parallels results of visuomotor synchronization tasks employing biological stimuli, suggesting that synchrony judgment with rhythmic motions relies on the perceived visual beat.
Collapse
|
314
|
Geiser E, Walker KMM, Bendor D. Global timing: a conceptual framework to investigate the neural basis of rhythm perception in humans and non-human species. Front Psychol 2014; 5:159. [PMID: 24624101 PMCID: PMC3939859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Timing cues are an essential feature of music. To understand how the brain gives rise to our experience of music we must appreciate how acoustical temporal patterns are integrated over the range of several seconds in order to extract global timing. In music perception, global timing comprises three distinct but often interacting percepts: temporal grouping, beat, and tempo. What directions may we take to further elucidate where and how the global timing of music is processed in the brain? The present perspective addresses this question and describes our current understanding of the neural basis of global timing perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Geiser
- Service de neuropsychologie et de neuroréhabilitation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Bendor
- Psychology and Language Sciences, Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
315
|
Abstract
Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) is the coordination of rhythmic movement with an external rhythm, ranging from finger tapping in time with a metronome to musical ensemble performance. An earlier review (Repp, 2005) covered tapping studies; two additional reviews (Repp, 2006a, b) focused on music performance and on rate limits of SMS, respectively. The present article supplements and extends these earlier reviews by surveying more recent research in what appears to be a burgeoning field. The article comprises four parts, dealing with (1) conventional tapping studies, (2) other forms of moving in synchrony with external rhythms (including dance and nonhuman animals' synchronization abilities), (3) interpersonal synchronization (including musical ensemble performance), and (4) the neuroscience of SMS. It is evident that much new knowledge about SMS has been acquired in the last 7 years.
Collapse
|
316
|
Honing H, Bouwer FL, Háden GP. Perceiving temporal regularity in music: the role of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) in probing beat perception. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 829:305-23. [PMID: 25358717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of how the perception of a regular beat in music can be studied in humans adults, human newborns, and nonhuman primates using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Next to a review of the recent literature on the perception of temporal regularity in music, we will discuss in how far ERPs, and especially the component called mismatch negativity (MMN), can be instrumental in probing beat perception. We conclude with a discussion on the pitfalls and prospects of using ERPs to probe the perception of a regular beat, in which we present possible constraints on stimulus design and discuss future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henkjan Honing
- Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC), Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
317
|
Probing interval timing with scalp-recorded electroencephalography (EEG). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 829:187-207. [PMID: 25358712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Humans, and other animals, are able to easily learn the durations of events and the temporal relationships among them in spite of the absence of a dedicated sensory organ for time. This chapter summarizes the investigation of timing and time perception using scalp-recorded electroencephalography (EEG), a non-invasive technique that measures brain electrical potentials on a millisecond time scale. Over the past several decades, much has been learned about interval timing through the examination of the characteristic features of averaged EEG signals (i.e., event-related potentials, ERPs) elicited in timing paradigms. For example, the mismatch negativity (MMN) and omission potential (OP) have been used to study implicit and explicit timing, respectively, the P300 has been used to investigate temporal memory updating, and the contingent negative variation (CNV) has been used as an index of temporal decision making. In sum, EEG measures provide biomarkers of temporal processing that allow researchers to probe the cognitive and neural substrates underlying time perception.
Collapse
|
318
|
Bååth R, Lagerstedt E, Gärdenfors P. A prototype-based resonance model of rhythm categorization. Iperception 2014; 5:548-58. [PMID: 26034564 PMCID: PMC4441029 DOI: 10.1068/i0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Categorization of rhythmic patterns is prevalent in musical practice, an example of this being the transcription of (possibly not strictly metrical) music into musical notation. In this article we implement a dynamical systems' model of rhythm categorization based on the resonance theory of rhythm perception developed by Large (2010). This model is used to simulate the categorical choices of participants in two experiments of Desain and Honing (2003). The model accurately replicates the experimental data. Our results support resonance theory as a viable model of rhythm perception and show that by viewing rhythm perception as a dynamical system it is possible to model central properties of rhythm categorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Bååth
- Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund University, LUX, Lund, Sweden; e-mail:
| | - Erik Lagerstedt
- Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund University, LUX, Lund, Sweden; e-mail:
| | - Peter Gärdenfors
- Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund University, LUX, Lund, Sweden; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
319
|
Killeen PR. Finding time. Behav Processes 2014; 101:154-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
320
|
Schwartze M, Kotz SA. A dual-pathway neural architecture for specific temporal prediction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2587-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
321
|
Abstract
Neural oscillatory dynamics are a candidate mechanism to steer perception of time and temporal rate change. While oscillator models of time perception are strongly supported by behavioral evidence, a direct link to neural oscillations and oscillatory entrainment has not yet been provided. In addition, it has thus far remained unaddressed how context-induced illusory percepts of time are coded for in oscillator models of time perception. To investigate these questions, we used magnetoencephalography and examined the neural oscillatory dynamics that underpin pitch-induced illusory percepts of temporal rate change. Human participants listened to frequency-modulated sounds that varied over time in both modulation rate and pitch, and judged the direction of rate change (decrease vs increase). Our results demonstrate distinct neural mechanisms of rate perception: Modulation rate changes directly affected listeners' rate percept as well as the exact frequency of the neural oscillation. However, pitch-induced illusory rate changes were unrelated to the exact frequency of the neural responses. The rate change illusion was instead linked to changes in neural phase patterns, which allowed for single-trial decoding of percepts. That is, illusory underestimations or overestimations of perceived rate change were tightly coupled to increased intertrial phase coherence and changes in cerebro-acoustic phase lag. The results provide insight on how illusory percepts of time are coded for by neural oscillatory dynamics.
Collapse
|
322
|
Lévêque Y, Schön D. Listening to the human voice alters sensorimotor brain rhythms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80659. [PMID: 24265836 PMCID: PMC3827177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While neuronal desynchronization in the mu (≈ 10 Hz) and beta (≈ 20 Hz) frequency bands has long been known to be an EEG index of sensorimotor activity, this method has rarely been employed to study auditory perception. In the present study, we measured mu and beta event-related desynchronisation (ERD) while participants were asked to listen to vocal and triangle-wave melodies and to sing them back. Results showed that mu and beta ERD began earlier and were stronger when listening to vocal compared to non-vocal melodies. Interestingly, this humanness effect was stronger for less accurate singers. These results show that voice perception favors an early involvement of motor representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohana Lévêque
- Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Aix-Marseille Université, Aix-en-Provence, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniele Schön
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives de la Méditerranée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
323
|
Neuromagnetic beta and gamma oscillations in the somatosensory cortex after music training in healthy older adults and a chronic stroke patient. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 125:1213-22. [PMID: 24290848 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extensive rehabilitation training can lead to functional improvement even years after a stroke. Although neuronal plasticity is considered as a main origin of such ameliorations, specific subtending mechanisms need further investigation. Our aim was to obtain objective neuromagnetic measures sensitive to brain reorganizations induced by a music-supported training. METHODS We applied 20-Hz vibrotactile stimuli to the index finger and the ring finger, recorded somatosensory steady-state responses with magnetoencephalography, and analyzed the cortical sources displaying oscillations synchronized with the external stimuli in two groups of healthy older adults before and after musical training or without training. In addition, we applied the same analysis for an anecdotic report of a single chronic stroke patient with hemiparetic arm and hand problems, who received music-supported therapy (MST). RESULTS Healthy older adults showed significant finger separation within the primary somatotopic map. Beta dipole sources were more anterior located compared to gamma sources. An anterior shift of sources and increases in synchrony between the stimuli and beta and gamma oscillations were observed selectively after music training. In the stroke patient a normalization of somatotopic organization was observed after MST, with digit separation recovered after training and stimulus induced gamma synchrony increased. CONCLUSIONS The proposed stimulation paradigm captures the integrity of primary somatosensory hand representation. Source position and synchronization between the stimuli and gamma activity are indices, sensitive to music-supported training. Responsiveness was also observed in a chronic stroke patient, encouraging for the music-supported therapy. Notably, changes in somatosensory responses were observed, even though the therapy did not involve specific sensory discrimination training. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed protocol can be used for monitoring changes in neuronal organization during training and will improve the understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying rehabilitation.
Collapse
|
324
|
Slater J, Tierney A, Kraus N. At-risk elementary school children with one year of classroom music instruction are better at keeping a beat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77250. [PMID: 24130865 PMCID: PMC3795075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal processing underlies both music and language skills. There is increasing evidence that rhythm abilities track with reading performance and that language disorders such as dyslexia are associated with poor rhythm abilities. However, little is known about how basic time-keeping skills can be shaped by musical training, particularly during critical literacy development years. This study was carried out in collaboration with Harmony Project, a non-profit organization providing free music education to children in the gang reduction zones of Los Angeles. Our findings reveal that elementary school children with just one year of classroom music instruction perform more accurately in a basic finger-tapping task than their untrained peers, providing important evidence that fundamental time-keeping skills may be strengthened by short-term music training. This sets the stage for further examination of how music programs may be used to support the development of basic skills underlying learning and literacy, particularly in at-risk populations which may benefit the most.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Slater
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam Tierney
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nina Kraus
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
325
|
Thalamocortical mechanisms for integrating musical tone and rhythm. Hear Res 2013; 308:50-9. [PMID: 24103509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies over several decades have identified many of the neuronal substrates of music perception by pursuing pitch and rhythm perception separately. Here, we address the question of how these mechanisms interact, starting with the observation that the peripheral pathways of the so-called "Core" and "Matrix" thalamocortical system provide the anatomical bases for tone and rhythm channels. We then examine the hypothesis that these specialized inputs integrate acoustic content within rhythm context in auditory cortex using classical types of "driving" and "modulatory" mechanisms. This hypothesis provides a framework for deriving testable predictions about the early stages of music processing. Furthermore, because thalamocortical circuits are shared by speech and music processing, such a model provides concrete implications for how music experience contributes to the development of robust speech encoding mechanisms.
Collapse
|
326
|
Sowiński J, Dalla Bella S. Poor synchronization to the beat may result from deficient auditory-motor mapping. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1952-63. [PMID: 23838002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Moving to the beat of music is natural and spontaneous for humans. Yet some individuals, so-called 'beat deaf', may differ from the majority by being unable to synchronize their movements to musical beat. This condition was recently described in Mathieu (Phillips-Silver et al. (2011). Neuropsychologia, 49, 961-969), a beat-deaf individual, showing inaccurate motor synchronization to the beat accompanied by poor beat perception, with spared pitch processing. It has been suggested that beat deafness is the outcome of impoverished beat perception. Deficient synchronization to the beat, however, may also result from inaccurate mapping of the perceived beat to movement. To test this possibility, we asked 99 non-musicians to synchronize with musical and non-musical stimuli via hand tapping. Ten among them who revealed particularly poor synchronization were submitted to a thorough assessment of motor synchronization to various pacing stimuli and of beat perception. Four participants showed poor synchronization in absence of poor pitch perception; moreover, among them, two individuals were unable to synchronize to music, in spite of unimpaired detection of small durational deviations in musical and non-musical sequences, and normal rhythm discrimination. This mismatch of perception and action points toward disrupted auditory-motor mapping as the key impairment accounting for poor synchronization to the beat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sowiński
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, WSFiZ in Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
327
|
Stupacher J, Hove MJ, Novembre G, Schütz-Bosbach S, Keller PE. Musical groove modulates motor cortex excitability: A TMS investigation. Brain Cogn 2013; 82:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
328
|
Phillips-Silver J, Toiviainen P, Gosselin N, Peretz I. Amusic does not mean unmusical: Beat perception and synchronization ability despite pitch deafness. Cogn Neuropsychol 2013; 30:311-31. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2013.863183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
329
|
Cheyne DO. MEG studies of sensorimotor rhythms: A review. Exp Neurol 2013; 245:27-39. [PMID: 22981841 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Owen Cheyne
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8.
| |
Collapse
|
330
|
Ng TH, Sowman PF, Brock J, Johnson BW. Neuromagnetic imaging reveals timing of volitional and anticipatory motor control in bimanual load lifting. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:182-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
331
|
Tan HRM, Leuthold H, Gross J. Gearing up for action: attentive tracking dynamically tunes sensory and motor oscillations in the alpha and beta band. Neuroimage 2013; 82:634-44. [PMID: 23672768 PMCID: PMC3778976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allocation of attention during goal-directed behavior entails simultaneous processing of relevant and attenuation of irrelevant information. How the brain delegates such processes when confronted with dynamic (biological motion) stimuli and harnesses relevant sensory information for sculpting prospective responses remains unclear. We analyzed neuromagnetic signals that were recorded while participants attentively tracked an actor's pointing movement that ended at the location where subsequently the response-cue indicated the required response. We found the observers' spatial allocation of attention to be dynamically reflected in lateralized parieto-occipital alpha (8–12 Hz) activity and to have a lasting influence on motor preparation. Specifically, beta (16–25 Hz) power modulation reflected observers' tendency to selectively prepare for a spatially compatible response even before knowing the required one. We discuss the observed frequency-specific and temporally evolving neural activity within a framework of integrated visuomotor processing and point towards possible implications about the mechanisms involved in action observation. Observing dynamic actions modulates on-going alpha and beta neural activity. Alpha modulations reflect dynamic changes in the allocation of spatial attention. Beta modulations relate to evolving, stimulus location-based response bias. Alpha and beta activity jointly contribute to sensorimotor integration for action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Ru May Tan
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging (CCNi), Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Science and Engineering & College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 58 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
332
|
Joundi RA, Brittain JS, Green AL, Aziz TZ, Brown P, Jenkinson N. Persistent suppression of subthalamic beta-band activity during rhythmic finger tapping in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:565-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
333
|
Dalal SS, Osipova D, Bertrand O, Jerbi K. Oscillatory activity of the human cerebellum: the intracranial electrocerebellogram revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:585-93. [PMID: 23415812 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The functional electrophysiology of the human cerebellum remains poorly characterized. Existing knowledge originates primarily from lesion studies and increasingly from hemodynamic measures such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, along with some evidence in recent years from transcranial magnetic stimulation. In this context, we revisit the few existing records of intracranial recordings from the human cerebellum, and uncover additional little-known reports - three from the Soviet Union, published in Russian between 1949 and 1951, and one from Belgium, published in French in 1964. These studies together demonstrate electrical rhythms of the human cerebellar cortex at frequencies as high as 250 Hz, including task-related modulations. A reanalysis of their electrode traces with state-of-the-art spectral analysis techniques confirm the reported frequency bands, and showed that these modulations were sustained for 100-200 ms. These remarkable observations from the early ages of intracranial mapping of the human brain are in line with recent electrophysiological studies of oscillations in the rodent cerebellum as well as magnetoencephalographic findings in humans. Time-frequency analyses have provided valuable insight into the function of cerebral cortex, and may prove even more critical for the differing neurophysiology of the cerebellum. We contend that these insights will be invaluable to bridge the role of oscillatory networks in the cerebellum with those of cerebral cortex in mediating perception, action, and cognition and to investigate possible cerebellar involvement in neurological dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarang S Dalal
- Zukunftskolleg & Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
334
|
Abstract
Motor cortical neurons are activated during movement preparation and execution, and in response to task-relevant visual cues. A few studies also report activation before the expected presentation of cues. Here, we study specifically this anticipatory activity preceding visual cues in motor cortical areas. We recorded the activity of 1215 neurons in the motor cortex of two macaque monkeys while they performed a center-out reaching task, including two consecutive delays of equal duration, known in advance. During the first delay (D1), they had to await the spatial cue and only reach to the cued target after the second delay (D2). Forty-two percent of the neurons displayed anticipatory activity during D1. Among these anticipatory neurons, 59% increased (D1up) their activity and the remaining decreased (D1down) their activity. By classifying the neurons according to these firing rate profiles during D1, we found that the activity during D2 differed in a systematic way. The D1up neurons were more likely to discharge phasically soon after the spatial cue and were less active during movement execution, whereas the D1down neurons showed the opposite pattern. But, regardless of their temporal activity profiles, the two categories seemed equally involved in early and late motor preparation, as reflected in their directional selectivity. This precue activity in motor cortex may reflect two complementary, coexisting processes: the facilitation of incoming spatial information in parallel with the downregulation of corticospinal excitability to prevent a premature response.
Collapse
|
335
|
Music and movement share a dynamic structure that supports universal expressions of emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:70-5. [PMID: 23248314 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209023110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Music moves us. Its kinetic power is the foundation of human behaviors as diverse as dance, romance, lullabies, and the military march. Despite its significance, the music-movement relationship is poorly understood. We present an empirical method for testing whether music and movement share a common structure that affords equivalent and universal emotional expressions. Our method uses a computer program that can generate matching examples of music and movement from a single set of features: rate, jitter (regularity of rate), direction, step size, and dissonance/visual spikiness. We applied our method in two experiments, one in the United States and another in an isolated tribal village in Cambodia. These experiments revealed three things: (i) each emotion was represented by a unique combination of features, (ii) each combination expressed the same emotion in both music and movement, and (iii) this common structure between music and movement was evident within and across cultures.
Collapse
|
336
|
Ng THB, Sowman PF, Brock J, Johnson BW. Neuromagnetic brain activity associated with anticipatory postural adjustments for bimanual load lifting. Neuroimage 2012; 66:343-52. [PMID: 23108270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During bimanual load lifting, the brain must anticipate the effects of unloading upon the load-bearing arm. Little is currently known about the neural networks that coordinate these anticipatory postural adjustments. We measured neuromagnetic brain activity with whole-head magnetoencephalography while participants performed a bimanual load-lifting task. Anticipatory adjustments were associated with reduction in biceps brachii muscle activity of the load-bearing arm and pre-movement desynchronization of the cortical beta rhythm. Beamforming analyses localized anticipatory brain activity to the precentral gyrus, basal ganglia, supplementary motor area, and thalamus, contralateral to the load-bearing arm. To our knowledge this is the first human neuroimaging study to directly investigate anticipatory postural adjustments and to explicitly partition the anticipatory and volitional aspects of brain activity in bimanual load lifting. These data contribute to our understanding of the neural systems supporting anticipatory postural adjustments in healthy adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy H B Ng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia; Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University School of Humanities & Social Sciences, HSS-04-26, 14 Nanyang Drive, 637332, Singapore.
| | - Paul F Sowman
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jon Brock
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Blake W Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
337
|
Kilavik BE, Zaepffel M, Brovelli A, MacKay WA, Riehle A. The ups and downs of β oscillations in sensorimotor cortex. Exp Neurol 2012; 245:15-26. [PMID: 23022918 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the first descriptions of sensorimotor rhythms by Berger (1929) and by Jasper and Penfield (1949), the potential role of beta oscillations (~13-30 Hz) in the brain has been intensely investigated. We start this review by showing that experimental studies in humans and monkeys have reached a consensus on the facts that sensorimotor beta power is low during movement, transiently increases after movement end (the "beta rebound") and tonically increases during object grasping. Recently, a new surge of studies exploiting more complex sensorimotor tasks including multiple events, such as instructed delay tasks, reveal novel characteristics of beta oscillatory activity. We therefore proceed by critically reviewing also this literature to understand whether modulations of beta oscillations in task epochs other than those during and after movement are consistent across studies, and whether they can be reconciled with a role for beta oscillations in sensorimotor transmission. We indeed find that there are additional processes that also strongly affect sensorimotor beta oscillations, such as visual cue anticipation and processing, fitting with the view that beta oscillations reflect heightened sensorimotor transmission beyond somatosensation. However, there are differences among studies, which may be interpreted more readily if we assume multiple processes, whose effects on the overall measured beta power overlap in time. We conclude that beta oscillations observed in sensorimotor cortex may serve large-scale communication between sensorimotor and other areas and the periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørg Elisabeth Kilavik
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
338
|
Arnal LH. Predicting "When" Using the Motor System's Beta-Band Oscillations. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:225. [PMID: 22876228 PMCID: PMC3410664 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luc H Arnal
- Department of Psychology, New York University New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
339
|
Fujioka T, Ween JE, Jamali S, Stuss DT, Ross B. Changes in neuromagnetic beta-band oscillation after music-supported stroke rehabilitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1252:294-304. [PMID: 22524371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Precise timing of sound is crucial in music for both performing and listening. Indeed, listening to rhythmic sound sequences activates not only the auditory system but also the sensorimotor system. Previously, we showed the significance of neural beta-band oscillations (15-30 Hz) for the timing processing that involves such auditory-motor coordination. Thus, we hypothesized that motor rehabilitation training incorporating music playing will stimulate and enhance auditory-motor interaction in stroke patients. We examined three chronic patients who received Music-Supported Therapy following the protocols practiced by Schneider. Neuromagnetic beta-band activity was remarkably alike during passive listening to a metronome and during finger tapping, with or without the metronome, for either the paretic or nonparetic hand, suggesting a shared mechanism of the beta modulation. In the listening task, the magnitude of the beta decrease after the tone onset was more pronounced at the posttraining time point and was accompanied by improved arm and hand skills. The present case data give insight into the neural underpinnings of rehabilitation with music making and rhythmic auditory stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Fujioka
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
340
|
Arnal LH, Giraud AL. Cortical oscillations and sensory predictions. Trends Cogn Sci 2012; 16:390-8. [PMID: 22682813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many theories of perception are anchored in the central notion that the brain continuously updates an internal model of the world to infer the probable causes of sensory events. In this framework, the brain needs not only to predict the causes of sensory input, but also when they are most likely to happen. In this article, we review the neurophysiological bases of sensory predictions of "what' (predictive coding) and 'when' (predictive timing), with an emphasis on low-level oscillatory mechanisms. We argue that neural rhythms offer distinct and adapted computational solutions to predicting 'what' is going to happen in the sensory environment and 'when'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc H Arnal
- Inserm U960 Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 29 rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|