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Imperial ICVJ, Ibana JA. Addressing the Antibiotic Resistance Problem with Probiotics: Reducing the Risk of Its Double-Edged Sword Effect. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1983. [PMID: 28018315 PMCID: PMC5156686 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health problem that requires our attention. Indiscriminate antibiotic use is a major contributor in the introduction of selective pressures in our natural environments that have significantly contributed in the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains. The use of probiotics in lieu of antibiotic therapy to address certain health conditions in both animals and humans may alleviate these antibiotic-mediated selective pressures. Probiotic use is defined as the actual application of live beneficial microbes to obtain a desired outcome by preventing diseased state or improving general health. Multiple studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of probiotic use in the health of both livestock and humans. As such, probiotics consumption is gaining popularity worldwide. However, concerns have been raised in the use of some probiotics strains that carry antibiotic resistance genes themselves, as they have the potential to pass the antibiotic resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, with the current public health concern on antibiotic resistance globally, in this review, we underscore the need to screen probiotic strains that are used in both livestock and human applications to assure their safety and mitigate their potential in significantly contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in our natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan C V J Imperial
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Joyce A Ibana
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City, Philippines
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302
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Vamanu E, Pelinescu D, Sarbu I. Comparative Fingerprinting of the Human Microbiota in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. J Med Food 2016; 19:1188-1195. [PMID: 27898282 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and are associated with changes in the human gut microbiota. To better understand the relationships between diet, disease, and the colonic microbiome, we used the in vitro GIS1 system and repetitive element palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) to determine the microbial fingerprints in individuals with these diseases and compared them with the fingerprints in healthy controls. Clear differences were apparent in the three groups. The diabetes group showed significantly increased aerobic bacteria, increased coliforms, and reduced bifidobacteria; the balance between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria was disturbed; significant numbers of clostridia were present; and the proportions of various major bacterial groups were unstable through the length of the colon. The microbiota of the cardiovascular group had high numbers of beneficial strains and more closely resembled the control microbiota. Different patterns of lactic acid bacteria were observed in the three groups, and there was a direct link between the presence of lactate and the colonic pH. Ammonium, a microbial metabolite associated with colonic cancer, was associated with consistently high levels of Gram-positive bacteria in the diabetic patients. In the cardiovascular patients and controls, each colonic segment showed a distinct microbial fingerprint, whereas in the diabetics, the same rep-PCR profile occurred in all three segments. The diversity of beneficial bacteria was reduced in patients with a nutritional or cardiovascular disease. Both diabetes and cardiovascular disease are associated with changes in the colonic microbial fingerprint. This study of microbial microbiota fingerprint modification has direct applicability in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Vamanu
- 1 Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Pelinescu
- 2 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Sarbu
- 2 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest , Bucharest, Romania
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303
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Dasari S, Kathera C, Janardhan A, Praveen Kumar A, Viswanath B. Surfacing role of probiotics in cancer prophylaxis and therapy: A systematic review. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:1465-1472. [PMID: 27923508 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancers figure among the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cancer and its associated infections are always complicated even when specific cancer regimens are available. It is well proved that Lactobacillus and other probiotic bacteria can modulate-ameliorate specific mechanisms against various infections including cancers. The present systematic review is intended to focus on the 'cellular and molecular mechanisms' of probiotic bacteria in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. The clinical and experimental findings of various studies explain the mechanisms such as apoptosis, antioxidant activity, immune response and epigenetics and illustrate the role of probiotics in cancer management and prophylaxis. In addition, the present review also discusses the safety aspects of probiotics when they are used in therapeutic and nutritional diet management. However, further investigations are required to reveal the effectiveness of probiotics in cancer treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Dasari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Kathera
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Avilala Janardhan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Centre for Biotechnology and Plant Genomics (CBGP), Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Arthala Praveen Kumar
- Department of Virology, College of Sciences, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India
| | - Buddolla Viswanath
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong dong, Sujeong gu, Seongnam si, Gyeonggi do 461 701, Republic of Korea.
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304
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Cordonnier C, Thévenot J, Etienne-Mesmin L, Alric M, Livrelli V, Blanquet-Diot S. Probiotic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: An effective strategy against a deadly enemy? Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:116-132. [PMID: 27798976 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1185602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are major food-borne pathogens that constitute a serious public health threat. Currently, there is no specific treatment available for EHEC infections in human creating an urgent need for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Among them, one of the most promising approaches is the use of probiotic microorganisms. Even if many studies have shown the antagonistic effects of probiotic bacteria or yeast on EHEC survival, virulence, adhesion on intestinal epithelium or pathogen-induced inflammatory responses, mechanisms mediating their beneficial effects remain unclear. This review describes EHEC pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies, with a particular emphasis on probiotics. The interests and limits of a probiotic-based approach and the way it might be incorporated into global health strategies against EHEC infections will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cordonnier
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Jonathan Thévenot
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Monique Alric
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Service de Bactériologie , CHU Clermont-Ferrand , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
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305
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Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Ouwehand AC, Reid G, Salminen S, Cabana MD, Paraskevakos G, Leyer G. Probiotic use in at-risk populations. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2016; 56:680-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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306
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Cinque B, La Torre C, Lombardi F, Palumbo P, Van der Rest M, Cifone MG. Production Conditions Affect the In Vitro Anti-Tumoral Effects of a High Concentration Multi-Strain Probiotic Preparation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163216. [PMID: 27657913 PMCID: PMC5033378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A careful selection of the probiotic agent, standardization of the dose and detailed characterization of the beneficial effects are essential when considering use of a probiotic for the dietary management of serious diseases. However, changes in the manufacturing processes, equipment or facilities can result in differences in the product itself due to the live nature of probiotics. The need to reconfirm safety and/or efficacy for any probiotic product made at a different factory is therefore mandatory. Recently, under the brand VSL#3®, a formulation produced by a manufacturer different from the previous one, has been commercialized in some European countries (the UK and Holland). VSL#3 is a high concentration multi-strain preparation which has been recognized by the main Gastroenterology Associations for the dietary management of pouchitis as well as ulcerative colitis. We have compared the “original” VSL#3 produced in USA with the “newfound” VSL#3 produced in Italy. According to our results, the “newfound” VSL#3 has 130–150% more “dead bacteria” compared to the “original” product, raising concerns for the well-known association between dead microbes with adverse effects. The abilities of bacterial lysates from the two formulations to influence in vitro viability and proliferation of different tumor cell lines also resulted different. The repair of previously scratched monolayers of various adherent tumor cell lines (i.e. HT1080, and Caco-2 cells) was inhibited more significantly by the “original” VSL#3 when compared to the “newfound” VSL#3. Tumor cell cycle profile, in particular cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death of the cancer cells, further confirms that the “original” VSL#3 has a better functional profile than the “newfound” VSL#3, at least in in vitro. Our data stress the importance of the production conditions for the “newfound” VSL#3 considering that this product is intended to be used for the dietary management of patients with very serious diseases, such as chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina La Torre
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
- * E-mail:
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307
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Hayes SR, Vargas AJ. Probiotics for the Prevention of Pediatric Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea. Explore (NY) 2016; 12:463-466. [PMID: 27688016 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goldenberg JZ, Lytvyn L, Steurich J, Parkin P, Mahant S, Johnston BC. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev2015, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD004827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub4. BACKGROUND Antibiotics are frequently prescribed in children. They alter the microbial balance within the gastrointestinal tract, commonly resulting in antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Probiotics may prevent AAD via restoration of the gut microflora. OBJECTIVES The primary objectives were to assess the efficacy and safety of probiotics (any specified strain or dose) used for the prevention of AAD in children. SEARCH METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, AMED, and the Web of Science (inception to November 2014) were searched along with specialized registers including the Cochrane IBD/FBD review group, CISCOM (Centralized Information Service for Complementary Medicine), NHS Evidence, the International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements, as well as trial registries. Letters were sent to authors of included trials, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical companies, and experts in the field requesting additional information on ongoing or unpublished trials. Conference proceedings, dissertation abstracts, and reference lists from included and relevant articles were also searched. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized, parallel, controlled trials in children (0-18 years) receiving antibiotics, that compare probiotics to placebo, active alternative prophylaxis, or no treatment and measure the incidence of diarrhea secondary to antibiotic use were considered for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Study selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment using the risk of bias instrument were conducted independently and in duplicate by two authors. Dichotomous data (incidence of diarrhea and adverse events) were combined using a pooled risk ratio (RR) or risk difference (RD), and continuous data (mean duration of diarrhea and mean daily stool frequency) as mean difference (MD), along with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). For overall pooled results on the incidence of diarrhea, sensitivity analyses included available case versus extreme-plausible analyses and random- versus fixed-effect models. To explore possible explanations for heterogeneity, a priori subgroup analysis was conducted on probiotic strain, dose, definition of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and risk of bias. We also conducted post hoc subgroup analyses by patient diagnosis, single versus multi-strain, industry sponsorship, and inpatient status. The overall quality of the evidence supporting the outcomes was evaluated using the GRADE criteria. MAIN RESULTS Overall, 23 studies (3938 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Trials included treatment with either Bacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacilli spp., Lactococcus spp., Leuconostoc cremoris, Saccharomyces spp., or Streptococcus spp., alone or in combination. Eleven studies used a single-strain probiotic, four combined two probiotic strains, three combined three probiotic strains, one combined four probiotic strains, two combined seven probiotic strains, one included ten probiotic strains, and one study included two probiotic arms that used three and two strains, respectively. The risk of bias was determined to be high or unclear in 13 studies and low in 10 studies. Available case (patients who did not complete the studies were not included in the analysis) results from 22/23 trials reporting on the incidence of diarrhea show a precise benefit from probiotics compared to active, placebo, or no treatment control. The incidence of AAD in the probiotic group was 8% (163/1992) compared to 19% (364/1906) in the control group (RR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.35-0.61; I2 = 55%, 3898 participants). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for this outcome was moderate. This benefit remained statistically significant in an extreme-plausible (60% of children lost to follow-up in probiotic group and 20% lost to follow-up in the control group had diarrhea) sensitivity analysis, where the incidence of AAD in the probiotic group was 14% (330/2294) compared to 19% (426/2235) in the control group (RR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.54-0.89; I2 = 63%, 4529 participants). None of the 16 trials (n = 2455) that reported on adverse events documented any serious adverse events attributable to probiotics. Meta-analysis excluded all but an extremely small non-significant difference in adverse events between treatment and control (RD = 0.00, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.01). The majority of adverse events were in placebo, standard care, or no treatment group. Adverse events reported in the studies include rash, nausea, gas, flatulence, abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, vomiting, increased phlegm, chest pain, constipation, taste disturbance, and low appetite. AUTHORS׳ CONCLUSIONS: Moderate quality evidence suggests a protective effect of probiotics in preventing AAD. Our pooled estimate suggests a precise (RR 0.46; 95% CI: 0.35-0.61) probiotic effect with an NNT of 10. Among the various probiotics evaluated, Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Saccharomyces boulardii at 5-40 billion colony-forming units/day may be appropriate given the modest NNT and the likelihood that adverse events are very rare. It is premature to draw conclusions about the efficacy and safety of other probiotic agents for pediatric AAD. Although no serious adverse events were observed among otherwise healthy children, serious adverse events have been observed in severely debilitated or immunocompromised children with underlying risk factors including central venous catheter use and disorders associated with bacterial/fungal translocation. Until further research has been conducted, probiotic use should be avoided in pediatric populations at risk for adverse events. Future trials would benefit from a standard and valid outcomes to measure AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby R Hayes
- National Cancer Institute, 6100 Executive Bldv, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Ashley J Vargas
- National Cancer Institute, 6100 Executive Bldv, Rockville, MD 20852.
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308
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Feasibility of Genome-Wide Screening for Biosafety Assessment of Probiotics: A Case Study of Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016. [PMID: 26223907 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-015-9199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an explosion in genome sequencing of probiotic strains for accurate identification and characterization. Regulatory bodies are emphasizing on the need for performing phase I safety studies for probiotics. The main hypothesis of this study was to explore the feasibility of using genome databases for safety screening of strains. In this study, we attempted to develop a framework for the safety assessment of a potential probiotic strain, Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 based on genome mining for genes associated with antibiotic resistance, production of harmful metabolites, and virulence. The sequencing of MTCC 5463 was performed using GS-FLX Titanium reagents. Genes coding for antibiotic resistance and virulence were identified using Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database and Virulence Factors Database. Results indicated that MTCC 5463 carried antibiotic resistance genes associated with beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone. There is no threat of transfer of these genes to host gut commensals because the genes are not plasmid encoded. The presence of genes for adhesion, biofilm, surface proteins, and stress-related proteins provides robustness to the strain. The presence of hemolysin gene in the genome revealed a theoretical risk of virulence. The results of in silico analysis complemented the in vitro studies and human clinical trials, confirming the safety of the probiotic strain. We propose that the safety assessment of probiotic strains administered live at high doses using a genome-wide screening could be an effective and time-saving tool for identifying prognostic biomarkers of biosafety.
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309
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Kalyuzhin OV, Afanasyev SS, Bykov AS. [Probiotics as stimulators of immune response against pathogens in the respiratory tract]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016; 88:118-124. [PMID: 27458629 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2016885118-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review analyzes whether.it is expedient to use oral probiotics for the stimulation of immune response against pathogens in the respiratory tract. It considers a relationship between.mucosal microbial colonization in different biotopes of the body and mucosal.immunity in the respiratory tract. The principal and terminological controversial issues of colonic dysbiosis and the possibilities of using the medicines and products containing live commensals/symbionts to correct microbiota disturbances are examined. There are data on the degree of resistance and resilience of the colonic microbial community exposed to destabilizing factors, antibiotics in particular. The properties of probiotics that have been proven to enhance host response against pathogens and the phenomena that characterize these probiotics as immunomodifiers and distinguish them from other immunostimulating/immunomodulating agents are described. Criteria for choosing effective and safe oral probiotics to stimulate an immune response in the respiratory tract are formulated. Finally, we review the data on the clinical and immunomodulatory effects of dietary supplement containing a combination of three probiotic strains (Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium bifidum MF 20/5 and Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3) with vitamins and minerals as an agent to prevent and reduce the severity of acute and recurrent respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Kalyuzhin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - S S Afanasyev
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Bykov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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310
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Isa K, Oka K, Beauchamp N, Sato M, Wada K, Ohtani K, Nakanishi S, McCartney E, Tanaka M, Shimizu T, Kamiya S, Kruger C, Takahashi M. Safety assessment of the Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588® probiotic strain including evaluation of antimicrobial sensitivity and presence of Clostridium toxin genes in vitro and teratogenicity in vivo. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35:818-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115607372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms ingested for the purpose of conferring a health benefit on the host. Development of new probiotics includes the need for safety evaluations that should consider factors such as pathogenicity, infectivity, virulence factors, toxicity, and metabolic activity. Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588® (CBM 588®), an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium, has been developed as a probiotic for use by humans and food animals. Safety studies of this probiotic strain have been conducted and include assessment of antimicrobial sensitivity, documentation of the lack of Clostridium toxin genes, and evaluation of CBM 588® on reproductive and developmental toxicity in a rodent model. With the exception of aminoglycosides, to which anaerobes are intrinsically resistant, CBM 588® showed sensitivity to all antibiotic classes important in human and animal therapeutics. In addition, analysis of the CBM 588® genome established the absence of genes for encoding for α, β, or ε toxins and botulin neurotoxins types A, B, E, or F. There were no deleterious reproductive and developmental effects observed in mice associated with the administration of CBM 588®. These data provide further support for the safety of CBM 588® for use as a probiotic in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isa
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Oka
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - M Sato
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Wada
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohtani
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - S Nakanishi
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
- Deceased
| | | | - M Tanaka
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Shimizu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Deceased
| | - S Kamiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Kruger
- Spherix Consulting, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Takahashi
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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311
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Safety evaluation of AB-LIFE® (Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7527, 7528 and 7529): Antibiotic resistance and 90-day repeated-dose study in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:117-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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312
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Belguesmia Y, Domenger D, Caron J, Dhulster P, Ravallec R, Drider D, Cudennec B. Novel probiotic evidence of lactobacilli on immunomodulation and regulation of satiety hormones release in intestinal cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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313
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Anti-infective activities of lactobacillus strains in the human intestinal microbiota: from probiotics to gastrointestinal anti-infectious biotherapeutic agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:167-99. [PMID: 24696432 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00080-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast and diverse array of microbial species displaying great phylogenic, genomic, and metabolic diversity have colonized the gastrointestinal tract. Resident microbes play a beneficial role by regulating the intestinal immune system, stimulating the maturation of host tissues, and playing a variety of roles in nutrition and in host resistance to gastric and enteric bacterial pathogens. The mechanisms by which the resident microbial species combat gastrointestinal pathogens are complex and include competitive metabolic interactions and the production of antimicrobial molecules. The human intestinal microbiota is a source from which Lactobacillus probiotic strains have often been isolated. Only six probiotic Lactobacillus strains isolated from human intestinal microbiota, i.e., L. rhamnosus GG, L. casei Shirota YIT9029, L. casei DN-114 001, L. johnsonii NCC 533, L. acidophilus LB, and L. reuteri DSM 17938, have been well characterized with regard to their potential antimicrobial effects against the major gastric and enteric bacterial pathogens and rotavirus. In this review, we describe the current knowledge concerning the experimental antibacterial activities, including antibiotic-like and cell-regulating activities, and therapeutic effects demonstrated in well-conducted, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of these probiotic Lactobacillus strains. What is known about the antimicrobial activities supported by the molecules secreted by such probiotic Lactobacillus strains suggests that they constitute a promising new source for the development of innovative anti-infectious agents that act luminally and intracellularly in the gastrointestinal tract.
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314
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Mårtensson A, Greiff L, Lamei SS, Lindstedt M, Olofsson TC, Vasquez A, Cervin A. Effects of a honeybee lactic acid bacterial microbiome on human nasal symptoms, commensals, and biomarkers. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:956-63. [PMID: 27080343 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can restore commensal microbiomes and prevent infections. Arguably, nasal administrations of LAB may therefore be beneficial in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Previous studies have examined effects of topical/nasal LAB in children with secretory otitis media, but little is as yet known about their effects on the human nasal airway. The aim of this pilot study was to examine effects on nasal symptoms and commensal bacteria in healthy subjects of nasal administration of a honeybee LAB microbiome; ie, a mixture of 9 Lactobacillus spp. and 4 Bifidobacterium spp. obtained from the honeybee Apis mellifera. Furthermore, we aimed to assess whether or not the honeybee LAB produced a local inflammatory response. METHODS Twenty-two healthy subjects received a single administration of honeybee LAB in a sham-controlled, double-blinded, and crossover design. Using questionnaires, microbiological methods, and nasal lavages, they were assessed regarding symptoms, changes to commensal bacteria, and inflammatory products in nasal lavage fluids. RESULTS The honeybee LAB did not produce any symptoms or other untoward effects. No changes were observed of commensal bacteria by the honeybee LAB, and no inflammatory response was detected (compared to sham); ie, unaffected nasal lavage fluid levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG), interleukin-15 (IL-15), epidermal growth factor (EGF), eotaxin, interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). CONCLUSION A single human nasal administration of a honeybee LAB microbiome is well tolerated. Specifically, it does not affect commensal bacteria and does not produce an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Mårtensson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ORL), Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of ORL-Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sepideh S Lamei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias C Olofsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alejandra Vasquez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Cervin
- Department of ORL-Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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315
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Kumar M, Yadav AK, Verma V, Singh B, Mal G, Nagpal R, Hemalatha R. Bioengineered probiotics as a new hope for health and diseases: an overview of potential and prospects. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:585-600. [PMID: 27070955 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.16.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of microorganisms as therapeutics for over a century, the scientific and clinical admiration of their potential is a recent phenomenon. Genome sequencing and genetic engineering has enabled researchers to develop novel strategies, such as bioengineered probiotics or pharmabiotics, which may become a therapeutic strategy. Bioengineered probiotics with multiple immunogenic or antagonistic properties could be a viable option to improve human health. The bacteria are tailored to deliver drugs, therapeutic proteins or gene therapy vectors with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug administration regimes. This article provides an overview of methodological concepts, thereby encouraging research and interest in this topic, with the ultimate goal of using designer probiotics as therapeutics in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Complex, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Gorakh Mal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo
| | - Rajkumar Hemalatha
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
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316
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit for the host. This review summarizes current (i.e. published in the last 5 years) key evidence on probiotic efficacy and its safety in adults and children. To identify relevant data, searches of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library databases were performed in August 2015 to locate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or their meta-analyses. The focus was on commonly used, well-specified, bacterial and yeast probiotics for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The MEDLINE database was also searched for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, developed by scientific societies in the same timeframe. Data on safety of probiotics were obtained from a document developed by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. KEY MESSAGES A number of relevant RCTs and meta-analyses are available. Saccharomyces boulardii is the most studied yeast probiotic, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is the most studied bacterial probiotic. For both, the best documented fact is their efficacy for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis, especially in children, and for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, both in adults and children. There is some evidence to support the use of probiotics to prevent or treat other diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, infantile colic, Helicobacter pylori infection, and irritable bowel syndrome, but further studies are needed to identify which strain(s) is/are the most effective. Data on safety, particularly long-term safety, are limited. The risk of side effects is greater in people who have severe underlying health conditions. CONCLUSIONS The evidence on bacterial and yeast probiotics has considerably expanded during recent years. Accumulated data allow one to make informed decisions about the effectiveness of probiotics and about how to reduce the use of those without proven efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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317
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Trząskowska M, Gasentzer P. Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus Rhamnosus
LOCK900 on the Staphylococcus Aureus
Survival in Carrot Juice. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Trząskowska
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
| | - Paulina Gasentzer
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
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318
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Tapiovaara L, Lehtoranta L, Poussa T, Mäkivuokko H, Korpela R, Pitkäranta A. Absence of adverse events in healthy individuals using probiotics – analysis of six randomised studies by one study group. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:161-9. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of live bacteria as probiotic supplements is increasing. There is, however, a lack of information on the safety of ingested probiotics. The main objective of this study was to investigate the adverse events (AEs) of specific probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) alone or LGG in combination with L. rhamnosus Lc705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii JS, Bifidobacterium lactis BB12, or Bifidobacterium breve 99) studied in six of our study groups’ clinical trials, by analysing individual participant data. A secondary objective was to study AEs associated with the consumed probiotic species and mixtures in three specific categories; ‘gastrointestinal disorders’, ‘respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders’ and ‘infections and infestations’. Six randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies by our study group were included in this AE analysis (study population n=1,909). All AE data were classified according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0. From the 26 CTCAE System Organ Classes, we identified AEs in 20 classes among 1,909 subjects. Probiotic ingestion did not result in statistically significant differences in AEs in different groups, when compared to placebo. A subgroup analysis of gastrointestinal, respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders, infections and infestations, found no differences between the intervention groups or for different probiotic combinations (risk ratio (RR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93-1.02, P=0.30; RR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.97-1.01, P=0.35; RR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.93-1.06, P=0.62, respectively). As a conclusion, ingestion of probiotic supplementations containing LGG alone, or LGG in combination with L. rhamnosus Lc705, P. freudenreichii JS, B. breve 99, or B. lactis BB12 did not seem to cause AEs in young and elderly subjects in this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Tapiovaara
- Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 220, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - L. Lehtoranta
- Medical Nutrition Physiology, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Poussa
- STAT-Consulting, Vahverokatu 6, 37130 Nokia, Finland
| | - H. Mäkivuokko
- Mäkivuokko Consulting, Kaksosvuorentie 20, 02400 Kirkkonummi, Finland
| | - R. Korpela
- Medical Nutrition Physiology, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Pitkäranta
- Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 220, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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319
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Grazul H, Kanda LL, Gondek D. Impact of probiotic supplements on microbiome diversity following antibiotic treatment of mice. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:101-14. [PMID: 26963277 PMCID: PMC4856465 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1138197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifts in microbial populations of the intestinal tract have been associated with a multitude of nutritional, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. The limited diversity following antibiotic treatments creates a window for opportunistic pathogens, diarrhea, and inflammation as the microbiome repopulates. Depending on the antibiotics used, microbial diversity can take weeks to months to recover. To alleviate this loss of diversity in the intestinal microbiota, supplementation with probiotics has become increasingly popular. However, our understanding of the purported health benefits of these probiotic bacteria and their ability to shape the microbiome is significantly lacking. This study examined the impact of probiotics concurrent with antibiotic treatment or during the recovery phase following antibiotic treatment of mice. We found that probiotics did not appear to colonize the intestine themselves or shift the overall diversity of the intestinal microbiota. However, the probiotic supplementation did significantly change the types of bacteria which were present. In particular, during the recovery phase the probiotic caused a suppression of Enterobacteriaceae outgrowth (Shigella and Escherichia) while promoting a blooming of Firmicutes, particularly from the Anaerotruncus genus. These results indicate that probiotics have a significant capacity to remodel the microbiome of an individual recovering from antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Grazul
- Biology Department, Center for Natural Science, Ithaca College, Ithaca NY
| | - L. Leann Kanda
- Biology Department, Center for Natural Science, Ithaca College, Ithaca NY
| | - David Gondek
- Biology Department, Center for Natural Science, Ithaca College, Ithaca NY
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320
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Salvetti E, Orrù L, Capozzi V, Martina A, Lamontanara A, Keller D, Cash H, Felis GE, Cattivelli L, Torriani S, Spano G. Integrate genome-based assessment of safety for probiotic strains: Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 as a case study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4595-605. [PMID: 26952108 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are microorganisms that confer beneficial effects on the host; nevertheless, before being allowed for human consumption, their safety must be verified with accurate protocols. In the genomic era, such procedures should take into account the genomic-based approaches. This study aims at assessing the safety traits of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 integrating the most updated genomics-based procedures and conventional phenotypic assays. Special attention was paid to putative virulence factors (VF), antibiotic resistance (AR) genes and genes encoding enzymes responsible for harmful metabolites (i.e. biogenic amines, BAs). This probiotic strain was phenotypically resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin, although the genome analysis suggested that the AR-related genes were not easily transferrable to other bacteria, and no other genes with potential safety risks, such as those related to VF or BA production, were retrieved. Furthermore, no unstable elements that could potentially lead to genomic rearrangements were detected. Moreover, a workflow is proposed to allow the proper taxonomic identification of a microbial strain and the accurate evaluation of risk-related gene traits, combining whole genome sequencing analysis with updated bioinformatics tools and standard phenotypic assays. The workflow presented can be generalized as a guideline for the safety investigation of novel probiotic strains to help stakeholders (from scientists to manufacturers and consumers) to meet regulatory requirements and avoid misleading information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Salvetti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland
| | - Luigi Orrù
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia Agraria, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, 29017, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Capozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessia Martina
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Lamontanara
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia Agraria, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, 29017, Piacenza, Italy
| | - David Keller
- Ganeden Biotech Inc., 5800 Landerbrook Drive Suite 300, Mayfield Heights, OH, 44124, USA
| | - Howard Cash
- Ganeden Biotech Inc., 5800 Landerbrook Drive Suite 300, Mayfield Heights, OH, 44124, USA
| | - Giovanna E Felis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia Agraria, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, 29017, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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321
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Effects of Prebiotic and Synbiotic Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers and Anthropometric Indices After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Randomized, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50:208-17. [PMID: 25909598 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that prebiotics and synbiotics modulate the intestinal microbiota and may have beneficial effects on the immune response and anthropometric indices; however, the impact of the use of these supplements after bariatric surgery is not yet known. GOALS This study investigated the effects of prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers and anthropometric indices in individuals undergoing open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). STUDY In this randomized, controlled, and triple-blind trial conducted as a pilot study, individuals undergoing RYGB (n=9) and healthy individuals (n=9) were supplemented with 6 g/d of placebo (maltodextrin), prebiotic (fructo-oligosaccharide, FOS), or synbiotic (FOS+Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains) for 15 days. RESULTS Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, albumin, and the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio showed no significant changes on comparison between groups after supplementation. The reduction in the body weight of patients undergoing RYGB was 53.8% higher in the prebiotic group compared with the placebo group (-0.7 kg, P=0.001), whereas the reduction in the BMI and the increase in the percentage of excess weight loss were higher in the placebo and the prebiotic groups compared with the synbiotic group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of FOS increased weight loss, whereas both prebiotics and synbiotics were not able to promote significant changes in inflammatory markers, although in most analyses, there was a reduction in their absolute values. The use of FOS may represent a potential adjunct in the treatment of obesity.
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322
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Bertelsen RJ, Jensen ET, Ringel-Kulka T. Use of probiotics and prebiotics in infant feeding. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 30:39-48. [PMID: 27048895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut colonization by beneficial bacteria in early life is necessary for establishing the gut mucosal barrier, maturation of the immune system and preventing infections with enteric pathogens. Mode of delivery, prematurity, breastfeeding, and use of antibiotics are some of many factors that have been described to influence early life colonization. Dysbiosis, the absence of normal colonization, is associated with many disease conditions. Pre- and probiotics are commonly used as supplementation in infant formula, such as prebiotic oligosaccharides for stimulation of Bifidobacterium growth aiming to mimic the high levels of these commensal bacteria in the gut of breastfed infants. Studies suggest that probiotic supplementation may be beneficial in prevention and management of disease (e.g., reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants and treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children). Although these studies show promising beneficial effects, the long-term risks or health benefits of pre- and probiotic supplementation are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi J Bertelsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, P.O. Box 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elizabeth T Jensen
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7445, USA.
| | - Tamar Ringel-Kulka
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7445, 404A Rosenau Hall, 421 Pittsboro Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7445, USA.
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323
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Linares DM, Ross P, Stanton C. Beneficial Microbes: The pharmacy in the gut. Bioengineered 2016; 7:11-20. [PMID: 26709457 PMCID: PMC4878258 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2015.1126015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific evidence supporting the gut microbiome in relation to health maintenance and links with various disease states afflicting humans, from metabolic to mental health, has grown dramatically in the last few years. Strategies addressing the positive modulation of microbiome functionality associated with these disorders offer huge potential to the food and pharmaceutical industries to innovate and provide therapeutic solutions to many of the health issues affecting modern society. Such strategies may involve the use of probiotics and prebiotics as nutritional adjunct therapies. Probiotics are generally recognized to be a good form of therapy to keep harmful, intestinal microorganisms in check, aid digestion and nutrient absorption, and contribute to immune function. Probiotics are reported to improve microbial balance in the intestinal tract and promote the return to a baseline microbial community following a perturbing event (dysbiosis) such as antibiotic therapy. Prebiotics are selectively fermented ingredients that allow specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora, which confers benefits upon host well-being and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Linares
- a Food Biosciences Department , Teagasc Food Research Center , Moorepark, Fermoy , Cork , Ireland
- b APC, Microbiome Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Paul Ross
- b APC, Microbiome Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
- c Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- a Food Biosciences Department , Teagasc Food Research Center , Moorepark, Fermoy , Cork , Ireland
- b APC, Microbiome Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
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324
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Characterization and in vitro properties of potential probiotic Bifidobacterium strains isolated from breast-fed infant feces. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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325
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326
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Abstract
The field of probiotics continues to evolve and progress. This paper reviews several situations within the probiotic field that are of current interest, including review of the scope of the proper use of the term "probiotic," use of systematic reviews and meta-analyses for probiotics, regulatory challenges to doing human research on probiotics in the United States, medical recommendations for probiotic use, and safety assurance for probiotics used for vulnerable populations. The greatest need in the probiotic field remains well-conducted and well-reported human trials, to better define the functionality of probiotics for different indications and populations.
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327
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Characterization of the Intestinal Lactobacilli Community following Galactooligosaccharides and Polydextrose Supplementation in the Neonatal Piglet. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135494. [PMID: 26275147 PMCID: PMC4537252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, prebiotic supplementation of infant formula has become common practice; however the impact on the intestinal microbiota has not been completely elucidated. In this study, neonatal piglets were randomized to: formula (FORM, n = 8), formula supplemented with 2 g/L each galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and polydextrose (PDX, F+GP, n = 9) or a sow-reared (SOW, n = 12) reference group for 19 days. The ileal (IL) and ascending colon (AC) microbiota were characterized using culture-dependent and -independent methods. 16S amplicon sequencing identified no differences at the genera level in the IL. Interestingly, six genera in the AC were significantly different between FORM and F+GP (P<0.05): Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Parabacteroides, Oscillospira, Hydrogenoanaerobacterium and Catabacter. In particular, the relative abundance of AC Lactobacillus was higher (P = 0.04) in F+GP as compared to FORM. Culture-dependent analysis of the IL and AC lactobacilli communities of FORM and F+GP revealed a Lactobacillus spp. composition similar to 16S amplicon sequencing. Additional analysis demonstrated individual Lactobacillus isolates were unable to ferment PDX. Conversely, a majority of lactobacilli isolates could ferment GOS, regardless of piglet diet. In addition, the ability of lactobacilli isolates to ferment the longer chain GOS fragments (DP 3 or greater), which are expected to be present in the distal intestine, was not different between FORM and F+GP. In conclusion, prebiotic supplementation of formula impacted the AC microbiota; however, direct utilization of GOS or PDX does not lead to an increase in Lactobacillus spp.
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328
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329
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Wibowo N, Mose JC, Karkata MK, Purwaka BT, Kristanto H, Chalid MT, Yusrawati Y, Sitepu M, Kaeng JJ, Bernolian N, Prasmusinto D, Irwinda R. The status of probiotics supplementation during pregnancy. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2015. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v24i2.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been known for their use in medical field for quite a long time. Strong evidences are now available for the use of probiotics in clinical setting. One of the current issues on this topic is the use of probiotics in pregnancy. Recent studies showed that probiotics may be safe and beneficial for prenatal supplementation. In this review, we highlighted several proven use of probiotics supplementation in pregnant women. A few selected strains of probiotics showed promising outcome to prevent preterm labor and preeclampsia, and to reduce atopic eczema but not asthma and wheezing, in offspring of women who had prenatal probiotics supplementation. The mechanism of action responsible for this effect is closely related to the regulation of T cells, although the exact pathways are not defined yet.
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330
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Miquel S, Beaumont M, Martín R, Langella P, Braesco V, Thomas M. A proposed framework for an appropriate evaluation scheme for microorganisms as novel foods with a health claim in Europe. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:48. [PMID: 25889559 PMCID: PMC4407354 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper concerns the procedure and the scientific approach to obtain market authorization for a microorganism to be recognized as a novel food with a health claim. Microorganisms that have not been traditionally used during food production in Europe prior to 1997 are considered as novel foods, which should undergo an in-depth characterization and safety assessment before being authorized on the European market. If a novel food bacterium is claimed to provide a beneficial effect on health, these claims must also be investigated before they can be authorized. Some requirements to obtain novel food certification are shared with those required to obtain a health claim. Although regulation exists that deals with these issues for foods in general, bacteria in food raise a specific set of questions that are only minimally addressed in official documentation. We propose a framework and suggest a list of criteria that should be assessed to obtain marketing authorization and health claim for a bacterium in accordance with European health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Miquel
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, UMR1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France. .,AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 MICALIS, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Martin Beaumont
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, UMR1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France. .,AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 MICALIS, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Rebeca Martín
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, UMR1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France. .,AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 MICALIS, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Philippe Langella
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, UMR1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France. .,AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 MICALIS, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Muriel Thomas
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, UMR1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France. .,AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 MICALIS, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Aminnezhad S, Kermanshahi RK, Ranjbar R. Evaluation of Synergistic Interactions Between Cell-Free Supernatant of Lactobacillus Strains and Amikacin and Genetamicin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e16592. [PMID: 26034539 PMCID: PMC4449849 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.16592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases can increase the development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, there is a big demand for new sources of antimicrobial agents and alternative treatments for reduction of antibiotic dosage required to decrease the associated side effects. OBJECTIVES In this study, the synergistic action of aminoglycoside antibiotics and cell-free supernatant (CFS) of probiotic (Lactobacillus rahmnosus and L. casei) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1430 was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A growth medium for culturing of probiotic bacteria was separated by centrifugation. The antimicrobial effects of CFS of probiotic bacteria were evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated using the micro dilution method. Finally, an interaction between CFS and amikacin or gentamicin against P. aeruginosa PTCC 1430 was examined through the checkerboard method and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC). Furthermore, CFSs from Lactobacillus strains were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) for antimicrobial compounds. RESULTS The results showed a significant effect of CFS on the growth of P. aeruginosa. The MIC and MBC of CFS from L. casei were 62.5 µL⁄mL while the MIC and MBC of CFS from L. rhamnosus were 62.5 μL⁄mL and 125 μL⁄mL, respectively. Using the FIC indices, synergistic interactions were observed in combination of CFS and antibiotics. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration indices of CFS from L. casei and aminoglycoside antibiotics were 0.124 and 0.312 while FIC indices of CFS from L. rhamnosus and aminoglycoside antibiotics were 0.124 and 0.56, respectively showing a synergism effect. The results of RP-HPLC showed that CFS of Lactobacillus strains contained acetic acid, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that probiotic bacterial strains of Lactobacillus have a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of P. aeruginosa PTCC 1430. The antimicrobial potency of this combination can be useful for designing and developing alternative therapeutic strategies against P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargol Aminnezhad
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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332
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Papadimitriou K, Zoumpopoulou G, Foligné B, Alexandraki V, Kazou M, Pot B, Tsakalidou E. Discovering probiotic microorganisms: in vitro, in vivo, genetic and omics approaches. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:58. [PMID: 25741323 PMCID: PMC4330916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades the food industry has been revolutionized toward the production of functional foods due to an increasing awareness of the consumers on the positive role of food in wellbeing and health. By definition probiotic foods must contain live microorganisms in adequate amounts so as to be beneficial for the consumer’s health. There are numerous probiotic foods marketed today and many probiotic strains are commercially available. However, the question that arises is how to determine the real probiotic potential of microorganisms. This is becoming increasingly important, as even a superficial search of the relevant literature reveals that the number of proclaimed probiotics is growing fast. While the vast majority of probiotic microorganisms are food-related or commensal bacteria that are often regarded as safe, probiotics from other sources are increasingly being reported raising possible regulatory and safety issues. Potential probiotics are selected after in vitro or in vivo assays by evaluating simple traits such as resistance to the acidic conditions of the stomach or bile resistance, or by assessing their impact on complicated host functions such as immune development, metabolic function or gut–brain interaction. While final human clinical trials are considered mandatory for communicating health benefits, rather few strains with positive studies have been able to convince legal authorities with these health claims. Consequently, concern has been raised about the validity of the workflows currently used to characterize probiotics. In this review we will present an overview of the most common assays employed in screening for probiotics, highlighting the potential strengths and limitations of these approaches. Furthermore, we will focus on how the advent of omics technologies has reshaped our understanding of the biology of probiotics, allowing the exploration of novel routes for screening and studying such microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens Greece
| | - Georgia Zoumpopoulou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens Greece
| | - Benoit Foligné
- Bactéries Lactiques et Immunité des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS UMR8204, Lille France
| | - Voula Alexandraki
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens Greece
| | - Maria Kazou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens Greece
| | - Bruno Pot
- Bactéries Lactiques et Immunité des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS UMR8204, Lille France
| | - Effie Tsakalidou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens Greece
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333
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Ruíz FO, Pascual L, Giordano W, Barberis L. Bacteriocins and other bioactive substances of probiotic lactobacilli as biological weapons against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv013. [PMID: 25673666 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search of new antimicrobial agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteriocins-producing probiotic lactobacilli deserve special attention. The inhibitory effects of biosubstances such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and each bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) L23 and L60 on the growth of different gonococcal strains were investigated. Different non-treated and treated cell-free supernatants of two probiotic lactobacilli containing these metabolites were used. The aims of this work were (i) to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the biosubstances produced by two probiotic lactobacilli, estimating the proportion in which each of them is responsible for the inhibitory effect, (ii) to define their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and, (iii) to determine the potential interactions between these biosubstances against N. gonorrhoeae. The main antimicrobial metabolites were the BLIS-es L23 and L60 in comparison with other biosubstances. Proportionally, their contributions to the inhibition on the gonococcal growth were 87.28% and 80.66%, respectively. The MIC values of bacteriocins were promising since these substances, when diluted, showed considerable inhibitory activity for all gonococci. In the interaction between bacteriocins, 100% of synergism was found on the gonococcal growth. In summary, this study indicates that both L23 and L60 could potentially serve to design new bioproducts against N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O Ruíz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Pascual
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Walter Giordano
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucila Barberis
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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334
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Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Cianci R, Bibbò S, Gasbarrini A, Currò D. The involvement of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: potential for therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 149:191-212. [PMID: 25561343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past recent years, a great number of studies have been directed toward the evaluation of the human host-gut microbiota interaction, with the goal to progress the understanding of the etiology of several complex diseases. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota associated with inflammatory bowel disease are well supported by literature data and have been widely accepted by the research community. The concomitant implementation of high-throughput sequencing techniques to analyze and characterize the composition of the intestinal microbiota has reinforced the view that inflammatory bowel disease results from altered interactions between gut microbes and the mucosal immune system and has raised the possibility that some form of modulation of the intestinal microbiota may constitute a potential therapeutic basis for the disease. The aim of this review is to describe the changes of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease, focusing the attention on its involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease, and to review and discuss the therapeutic potential to modify the intestinal microbial population with antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cammarota
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Cianci
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bibbò
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Currò
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University, School of Medicine and Surgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
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335
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336
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Mahasneh A, Abbas M. Probiotics: The possible alternative to disease chemotherapy. Microb Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17587-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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337
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338
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Kulkarni HS, Khoury CC. Sepsis associated with Lactobacillus bacteremia in a patient with ischemic colitis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2014; 18:606-8. [PMID: 25249745 PMCID: PMC4166876 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.140152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus species is a known commensal of the mouth, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tract. However, its isolation on blood cultures is often overlooked and attributed to bench contamination. We present a case of a 58-year-old immunocompetent male who initially presented with altered mental status, but developed sepsis from Lactobacillus bacteremia during his hospital course, while on mechanical ventilation. He was found to have ischemic colitis on colonoscopy. His condition improved with antibiotics and supportive management. Using this example of ischemic colitis, we stress that in the right clinical setting, Lactobacillus bacteremia is a harbinger for a serious underlying pathology and should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh S Kulkarni
- Departments of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charbel C Khoury
- Departments of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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339
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The probiotic mixture VSL#3 mediates both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1088-97. [PMID: 25181025 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451400169x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria express a wide range of molecular structures that bind to receptors on innate immune cells and mediate health-promoting effects in the host. We have recently demonstrated in a colitis model that favourable effects of the probiotic mixture VSL#3 may in part be due to the suppression of intestinal chemokine expression. To obtain more insights into the underlying mechanisms, in the present study, we analysed the modulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) from BALB/c (T helper (Th)2 biased) v. C57BL/6 (Th1 biased) mice. Our findings showed that VSL#3 differed from pure Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands by inducing the production of various cytokines, including IL-12 p70 subunit (IL-12p70), IL-23 and IL-10. Dedicated TLR arrays were employed to profile mRNA from BM-DC cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), VSL#3, or a combination of both. This approach led to the identification of (1) a cluster of genes that were up- or down-regulated, irrespective of the stimulus, (2) a cluster of genes that were synergistically up-regulated by LPS and VSL#3 in BM-DC from C57BL/6 mice, but not in those from BALB/c mice, and (3) a cluster of LPS-induced genes that were suppressed by VSL#3, in particular chemokine genes. These data show that this probiotic mixture has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects on BM-DC and suggest that their immune-modulating properties in vivo may depend on the genetic background of the host.
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340
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Segers ME, Lebeer S. Towards a better understanding of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG--host interactions. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13 Suppl 1:S7. [PMID: 25186587 PMCID: PMC4155824 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-s1-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the most widely used probiotic strains. Various health effects are well documented including the prevention and treatment of gastro-intestinal infections and diarrhea, and stimulation of immune responses that promote vaccination or even prevent certain allergic symptoms. However, not all intervention studies could show a clinical benefit and even for the same conditions, the results are not univocal. Clearly, the host phenotype governed by age, genetics and environmental factors such as the endogenous microbiota, plays a role in whether individuals are responders or non-responders. However, we believe that a detailed knowledge of the bacterial physiology and the LGG molecules that play a key role in its host-interaction capacity is crucial for a better understanding of its potential health benefits. Molecules that were yet identified as important factors governing host interactions include its adhesive pili or fimbriae, its lipoteichoic acid molecules, its major secreted proteins and its galactose-rich exopolysaccharides, as well as specific DNA motifs. Nevertheless, future studies are needed to correlate specific health effects to these molecular effectors in LGG, and also in other probiotic strains.
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341
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Mullin GE, Shepherd SJ, Chander Roland B, Ireton-Jones C, Matarese LE. Irritable bowel syndrome: contemporary nutrition management strategies. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38:781-99. [PMID: 25085503 DOI: 10.1177/0148607114545329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a complex disorder whose pathophysiology involves alterations in the enteric microbiota, visceral hypersensitivity, gut immune/barrier function, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation, neurotransmitters, stress response, psychological factors, and more. The importance of diet in the management of irritable bowel syndrome has taken center stage in recent times as the literature validates the relationship of certain foods with the provocation of symptoms. Likewise, a number of elimination dietary programs have been successful in alleviating irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Knowledge of the dietary management strategies for irritable bowel syndrome will help guide nutritionists and healthcare practitioners to deliver optimal outcomes. This tutorial reviews the nutrition management strategies for irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E Mullin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sue J Shepherd
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bani Chander Roland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Laura E Matarese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Brody School of Medicine and Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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342
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Guardamagna O, Amaretti A, Puddu PE, Raimondi S, Abello F, Cagliero P, Rossi M. Bifidobacteria supplementation: Effects on plasma lipid profiles in dyslipidemic children. Nutrition 2014; 30:831-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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343
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Baquerizo Nole KL, Yim E, Keri JE. Probiotics and prebiotics in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:814-21. [PMID: 24906613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the medical use of probiotics and prebiotics in recent years has confirmed their excellent safety profile. As immune modulators, they have been used in inflammatory skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis. We review the literature regarding the use of probiotics and prebiotics in dermatology. Probiotics and prebiotics appear to be effective in reducing the incidence of atopic dermatitis in infants, but their role in atopic dermatitis treatment is controversial. Their role in acne, wound healing, and photoprotection is promising, but larger trials are needed before a final recommendation can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Baquerizo Nole
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Elizabeth Yim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonette E Keri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Dermatology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
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344
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Tian P, Xu B, Sun H, Li X, Li Z, Wei P. Isolation and gut microbiota modulation of antibiotic-resistant probiotics from human feces. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 79:405-12. [PMID: 24820193 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant probiotics may be advantageous for antibiotic-induced gut microbiota imbalance. In this article, we aimed to isolate antibiotic-resistant bacteria as potential probiotics. Feces from 3 healthy adults and 2 infants were used to isolate the antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Then we established gut microbiota imbalance mice model by antibiotics treatment and used it to assess the effect of the probiotics. Finally, we identified 8 isolates, and 6 of them were used as probiotics cocktail. Number of anaerobe, lactobacilli, and Bifidobacterium in feces were higher in the probiotic group (9.47±0.35 log10CFU/g, 8.74±0.18 log10CFU/g, 7.24±0.38 log10CFU/g, respectively) compared with model group (P<0.05). Richness and diversity index of probiotic group (19.79±0.29 and 2.95±0.06, respectively) were larger than model group (P<0.05). Diarrhea and mucosal edema had been alleviated during probiotic treatment. Our results validated that bacteriotherapy was available to treat gut microbiota imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tian
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hanxiao Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiuying Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pijin Wei
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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345
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Solieri L, Bianchi A, Mottolese G, Lemmetti F, Giudici P. Tailoring the probiotic potential of non-starter Lactobacillus strains from ripened Parmigiano Reggiano cheese by in vitro screening and principal component analysis. Food Microbiol 2014; 38:240-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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346
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Aloisio I, Mazzola G, Corvaglia LT, Tonti G, Faldella G, Biavati B, Di Gioia D. Influence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against group B Streptococcus on the early newborn gut composition and evaluation of the anti-Streptococcus activity of Bifidobacterium strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6051-60. [PMID: 24687755 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several factors are known to influence the early colonization of the gut in newborns. Among them, the use of antibiotics on the mother during labor, referred to as intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), has scarcely been investigated, although this practice is routinely used in group B Streptococcus (GBS)-positive women. This work is therefore aimed at verifying whether IAP can influence the main microbial groups of the newborn gut microbiota at an early stage of microbial establishment. Fifty-two newborns were recruited: 26 born by mothers negative to GBS (control group) and 26 by mothers positive to GBS and subjected to IAP with ampicillin (IAP group). Selected microbial groups (Lactobacillus spp., Bidobacterium spp., Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium difficile, and Escherichia coli) were quantified with real-time PCR on DNA extracted from newborn feces. Further analysis was performed within the Bidobacterium genus by using DGGE after amplification with genus-specific primers. Results obtained showed a significant decrease of the bifidobacteria counts after antibiotic treatment of the mother. Bifidobacteria were found to be affected by IAP not only quantitatively but also qualitatively. In fact, IAP determined a decrement in the frequency of Bidobacterium breve, Bidobacterium bifidum, and Bidobacterium dentium with respect to the control group. Moreover, this study has preliminarily evaluated that some bifidobacterial strains, previously selected for use in infants, have antibacterial properties against GBS and are therefore potential candidates for being applied as probiotics for the prevention of GBS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Aloisio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 42, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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347
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Lehtoranta L, Pitkäranta A, Korpela R. Probiotics in respiratory virus infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1289-302. [PMID: 24638909 PMCID: PMC7088122 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are the most common diseases in humans. A large range of etiologic agents challenge the development of efficient therapies. Research suggests that probiotics are able to decrease the risk or duration of respiratory infection symptoms. However, the antiviral mechanisms of probiotics are unclear. The purpose of this paper is to review the current knowledge on the effects of probiotics on respiratory virus infections and to provide insights on the possible antiviral mechanisms of probiotics. A PubMed and Scopus database search was performed up to January 2014 using appropriate search terms on probiotic and respiratory virus infections in cell models, in animal models, and in humans, and reviewed for their relevance. Altogether, thirty-three clinical trials were reviewed. The studies varied highly in study design, outcome measures, probiotics, dose, and matrices used. Twenty-eight trials reported that probiotics had beneficial effects in the outcome of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and five showed no clear benefit. Only eight studies reported investigating viral etiology from the respiratory tract, and one of these reported a significant decrease in viral load. Based on experimental studies, probiotics may exert antiviral effects directly in probiotic–virus interaction or via stimulation of the immune system. Although probiotics seem to be beneficial in respiratory illnesses, the role of probiotics on specific viruses has not been investigated sufficiently. Due to the lack of confirmatory studies and varied data available, more randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trials in different age populations investigating probiotic dose response, comparing probiotic strains/genera, and elucidating the antiviral effect mechanisms are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lehtoranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,
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348
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van den Nieuwboer M, Claassen E, Morelli L, Guarner F, Brummer R. Probiotic and synbiotic safety in infants under two years of age. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:45-60. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically evaluated safety aspects in clinical trials with probiotics and synbiotics in young infants (0-2 years of age). This study is an update of earlier reports and covers the recent literature from 2008-2013. The safety evaluation is performed along the Common Terminology Clinical Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0 scale, hereby also providing guidance for future studies. Safety aspects are represented and related to number of participants per probiotic strain/culture, study duration, dosage, clinical condition and selected afflictions. The results show a deficiency in the precise reporting and classification of adverse events in most studies. Analysis of 57 clinical trials with probiotics and synbiotics in combination with eight follow-up studies indicate that probiotic administration to infants between 0 and 24 months is safe with regard to the evaluated strains in infants with a particular health status or susceptibility. Most adverse events and serious adverse events were considered unrelated to the study product, and there were no major safety concerns. Almost all studies concluded that none of the adverse effects were related to the study product; the study products are generally well tolerated. Finally, inconsistent, imprecise and potentially incomplete reporting as well as the variation in probiotic strains, dosages, administration regimes, study populations and reported outcomes, greatly limit the generalizability of conclusions and argue convincingly for obligatory and standardised behaviour on adverse events (CTCAE) reporting in ‘food’ studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. van den Nieuwboer
- Athena Institute, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E. Claassen
- Athena Institute, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L. Morelli
- Istituto di Microbiologia Università Cattolica S.C., Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - F. Guarner
- Digestive System Research Unit, CIBERehd, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R.J. Brummer
- hool of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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349
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Hempel S. Probiotics for diarrhoea. Indian J Med Res 2014; 139:339-41. [PMID: 24820827 DOI: pmid/24820827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hempel
- Southern California Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, USA
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350
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Sefidgar SAA, Gharekhani S, Ghasempour M. Identification of yeasts and bacteria isolated from Iranian kefir drink. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e10707. [PMID: 25147666 PMCID: PMC4138683 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.10707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Ali Asghar Sefidgar
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Samane Gharekhani
- Department of Pediatric, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Samane Gharekhani, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran. Tel: +98-1112291804, Fax: +98-1112224032, E-mail:
| | - Maryam Ghasempour
- Department of Pediatric, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
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