301
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Rozo C, Chinenov Y, Maharaj RK, Gupta S, Leuenberger L, Kirou KA, Bykerk VP, Goodman SM, Salmon JE, Pernis AB. Targeting the RhoA-ROCK pathway to reverse T-cell dysfunction in SLE. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:740-747. [PMID: 28283529 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deregulated production of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-21 contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Production of IL-17 and IL-21 can be regulated by ROCK2, one of the two Rho kinases. Increased ROCK activation was previously observed in an SLE cohort. Here, we evaluated ROCK activity in a new SLE cohort, and an RA cohort, and assessed the ability of distinct inhibitors of the ROCK pathway to suppress production of IL-17 and IL-21 by SLE T cells or human Th17 cells. METHODS ROCK activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 29 patients with SLE, 31 patients with RA and 28 healthy controls was determined by ELISA. SLE T cells or in vitro-differentiated Th17 cells were treated with Y27632 (a pan-ROCK inhibitor), KD025 (a selective ROCK2 inhibitor) or simvastatin (which inhibits RhoA, a major ROCK activator). ROCK activity and IL-17 and IL-21 production were assessed. The transcriptional profile altered by ROCK inhibitors was evaluated by NanoString technology. RESULTS ROCK activity levels were significantly higher in patients with SLE and RA than healthy controls. Th17 cells exhibited high ROCK activity that was inhibited by Y27632, KD025 or simvastatin; each also decreased IL-17 and IL-21 production by purified SLE T cells or Th17 cells. Immune profiling revealed both overlapping and distinct effects of the different ROCK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS ROCK activity is elevated in PBMCs from patients with SLE and RA. Production of IL-17 and IL-21 by SLE T cells or Th17 cells can furthermore be inhibited by targeting the RhoA-ROCK pathway via both non-selective and selective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rozo
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yurii Chinenov
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Reena Khianey Maharaj
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Leuenberger
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kyriakos A Kirou
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vivian P Bykerk
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan M Goodman
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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302
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Rath N, Kalna G, Clark W, Olson MF. ROCK signalling induced gene expression changes in mouse pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Sci Data 2016; 3:160101. [PMID: 27824338 PMCID: PMC5100681 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The RhoA and RhoC GTPases act via the ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases to promote actomyosin contraction, resulting in directly induced changes in cytoskeleton structures and altered gene transcription via several possible indirect routes. Elevated activation of the Rho/ROCK pathway has been reported in several diseases and pathological conditions, including disorders of the central nervous system, cardiovascular dysfunctions and cancer. To determine how increased ROCK signalling affected gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, we transduced mouse PDAC cell lines with retroviral constructs encoding fusion proteins that enable conditional activation of ROCK1 or ROCK2, and subsequently performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) using the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. We describe how gene expression datasets were generated and validated by comparing data obtained by RNA-Seq with RT-qPCR results. Activation of ROCK1 or ROCK2 signalling induced significant changes in gene expression that could be used to determine how actomyosin contractility influences gene transcription in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gabriela Kalna
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - William Clark
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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303
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Li W, Chen W, Xie M, Huang H, Su H, Han H, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Yang X, Xu W, Su Y, Wu W, Huang Y, Fu K, Wei J. Fasudil inhibits tissue factor and plasminogen activator Inhibitor-1 secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CAPD patients. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1359-1363. [PMID: 27756191 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1214053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in hemostasis are common complications of kidney diseases and correlate well with cardiovascular mortality. Little is known about the effects of fasudil on tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in CAPD patients. PBMCs were isolated from 13 individuals with CAPD and 13 healthy subjects. After 4 h of incubation with or without LPS (10 ng/mL), TF and PAI-1 mRNA of PBMCs were detected by RT-PCR. The levels of TF and PAI-1 in culture supernatants of PBMCs were determined by ELISA. Compared with healthy controls, CAPD patients had increased TF, PAI-1 protein and mRNA expression by PBMCs at baseline and after stimulated by LPS (10 ng/mL) [p < 0.001]. The fasudil treatment resulted in a significant effect in decreasing TF and PAI-1 [p < 0.05] synthesis in PBMCs. TF and PAI-1 mRNA expression and activities in PBMCs were increased in CAPD patients. Fasudil reduced LPS-mediated TF and PAI-1 expression and activity in PBMCs. These effects may partially be relevant to the clinical benefits of fasudil in the treatment of CAPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenning Li
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Wen Chen
- b Department of Nephrology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Maowei Xie
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Haiyang Huang
- c Central Laboratory , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Huiluan Su
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Hui Han
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Daofa Zhang
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Ying Zhang
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Wentan Xu
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Yan Su
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Wei Wu
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Yun Huang
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Keying Fu
- c Central Laboratory , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Jiali Wei
- a Department of Nephrology , Hainan General Hospital , Haikou , Hainan , China
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304
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Galan-Rodriguez B, Martin E, Brouillet E, Déglon N, Betuing S, Caboche J. Coupling of D2R Short but not D2R Long receptor isoform to the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway renders striatal neurons vulnerable to mutant huntingtin. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:198-206. [PMID: 27717053 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease, an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, results from abnormal polyglutamine extension in the N-terminal region of the huntingtin protein. This mutation causes preferential degeneration of striatal projection neurons. We previously demonstrated, in vitro, that dopaminergic D2 receptor stimulation acted in synergy with expanded huntingtin to increase aggregates formation and striatal death through activation of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. In vivo, in a lentiviral-mediated model of expanded huntingtin expression in the rat striatum, we found that the D2 antagonist haloperidol protects striatal neurons against expanded huntingtin-mediated toxicity. Two variant transcripts are generated by alternative splicing of the of D2 receptor gene, the D2R-Long and the D2R-Short, which are thought to play different functional roles. We show herein that overexpression of D2R-Short, but not D2R-Long in cell lines is associated with activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. In striatal neurons in culture, the selective D2 agonist Quinpirole triggers phosphorylation of cofilin, a downstream effector of ROCK, which is abrogated by siRNAs that knockdown both D2R-Long and D2R-Short, but not by siRNAs targeting D2R-Long alone. Aggregate formation and neuronal death induced by expanded huntingtin, were potentiated by Quinpirole. This D2 agonist-mediated effect was selectively inhibited by the siRNA targeting both D2R-Long and D2R-Short but not D2R-Long alone. Our data provide evidence for a specific coupling of D2R-Short to the RhoA/ROCK/cofilin pathway, and its involvement in striatal vulnerability to expanded huntingtin. A new route for targeting Rho-ROCK signaling in Huntington's disease is unraveled with our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Galan-Rodriguez
- UMRS-INSERM1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elodie Martin
- INSERM UMRS_1127/UPMC/CNRS UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- CEA, DSV, I²BM, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, CNRS CEA URA 2210, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DNC), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LNCM), Lausanne University Medical School (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LNCM), Lausanne University Medical School (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- UMRS-INSERM1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS-8246, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UM119, Université Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- UMRS-INSERM1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS-8246, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UM119, Université Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
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305
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Fernández-Martínez E, Ponce-Monter H, Soria-Jasso LE, Ortiz MI, Arias-Montaño JA, Barragán-Ramírez G, Mayén-García C. Inhibition of Uterine Contractility by Thalidomide Analogs via Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibition and Calcium Entry Blockade. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101332. [PMID: 27739411 PMCID: PMC6273742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine relaxation is crucial during preterm labor. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors have been proposed as tocolytics. Some thalidomide analogs are PDE-4 inhibitors. The aim of this study was to assess the uterus-relaxant properties of two thalidomide analogs, methyl 3-(4-nitrophthalimido)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-propanoate (4NO2PDPMe) and methyl 3-(4-aminophthalimido)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-propanoate (4APDPMe) and were compared to rolipram in functional studies of spontaneous phasic, K+-induced tonic, and Ca2+-induced contractions in isolated pregnant human myometrial tissues. The accumulation of cAMP was quantified in HeLa cells. The presence of PDE-4B2 and phosphorylated myosin light-chain (pMLC), in addition to the effect of thalidomide analogs on oxytocin-induced pMLC, were assessed in human uterine myometrial cells (UtSMCs). Thalidomide analogs had concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on spontaneous and tonic contractions and inhibited Ca2+-induced responses. Tonic contraction was equipotently inhibited by 4APDPMe and rolipram (IC50 = 125 ± 13.72 and 98.45 ± 8.86 µM, respectively). Rolipram and the thalidomide analogs inhibited spontaneous and tonic contractions equieffectively. Both analogs increased cAMP accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05) and induced changes in the subcellular localization of oxytocin-induced pMLC in UtSMCs. The inhibitory effects of thalidomide analogs on the contractions of pregnant human myometrium tissue may be due to their PDE-4 inhibitory effect and novel mechanism as calcium-channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42090, Hidalgo, México.
| | - Héctor Ponce-Monter
- Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42090, Hidalgo, México.
| | - Luis E Soria-Jasso
- Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42090, Hidalgo, México.
| | - Mario I Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42090, Hidalgo, México.
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. Postal 14-740, México City 07360, México.
| | | | - Cynthia Mayén-García
- Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42090, Hidalgo, México.
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306
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Abstract
Tissue-specific transcription regulators emerged as key developmental control genes, which operate in the context of complex gene regulatory networks (GRNs) to coordinate progressive cell fate specification and tissue morphogenesis. We discuss how GRNs control the individual cell behaviors underlying complex morphogenetic events. Cell behaviors classically range from mesenchymal cell motility to cell shape changes in epithelial sheets. These behaviors emerge from the tissue-specific, multiscale integration of the local activities of universal and pleiotropic effectors, which underlie modular subcellular processes including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, signaling, polarity, and vesicle trafficking. Extrinsic cues and intrinsic cell competence determine the subcellular spatiotemporal patterns of effector activities. GRNs influence most subcellular activities by controlling only a fraction of the effector-coding genes, which we argue is enriched in effectors involved in reading and processing the extrinsic cues to contextualize intrinsic subcellular processes and canalize developmental cell behaviors. The properties of the transcription-cell behavior interface have profound implications for evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Bernadskaya
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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307
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Haga RB, Ridley AJ. Rho GTPases: Regulation and roles in cancer cell biology. Small GTPases 2016; 7:207-221. [PMID: 27628050 PMCID: PMC5129894 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1232583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are well known for their roles in regulating cell migration, and also contribute to a variety of other cellular responses. They are subdivided into 2 groups: typical and atypical. The typical Rho family members, including RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42, cycle between an active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformation, and are regulated by GEFs, GAPs and GDIs, whereas atypical Rho family members have amino acid substitutions that alter their ability to interact with GTP/GDP and hence are regulated by different mechanisms. Both typical and atypical Rho GTPases contribute to cancer progression. In a few cancers, RhoA or Rac1 are mutated, but in most cancers expression levels and/or activity of Rho GTPases is altered. Rho GTPase signaling could therefore be therapeutically targeted in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel B. Haga
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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308
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Hsiao ST, Spencer T, Boldock L, Prosseda SD, Xanthis I, Tovar-Lopez FJ, Van Beusekom HMM, Khamis RY, Foin N, Bowden N, Hussain A, Rothman A, Ridger V, Halliday I, Perrault C, Gunn J, Evans PC. Endothelial repair in stented arteries is accelerated by inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinase. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 112:689-701. [PMID: 27671802 PMCID: PMC5157135 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Stent deployment causes endothelial cells (EC) denudation, which promotes in-stent restenosis and thrombosis. Thus endothelial regrowth in stented arteries is an important therapeutic goal. Stent struts modify local hemodynamics, however the effects of flow perturbation on EC injury and repair are incompletely understood. By studying the effects of stent struts on flow and EC migration, we identified an intervention that promotes endothelial repair in stented arteries. Methods and Results In vitro and in vivo models were developed to monitor endothelialization under flow and the influence of stent struts. A 2D parallel-plate flow chamber with 100 μm ridges arranged perpendicular to the flow was used. Live cell imaging coupled to computational fluid dynamic simulations revealed that EC migrate in the direction of flow upstream from the ridges but subsequently accumulate downstream from ridges at sites of bidirectional flow. The mechanism of EC trapping by bidirectional flow involved reduced migratory polarity associated with altered actin dynamics. Inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enhanced endothelialization of ridged surfaces by promoting migratory polarity under bidirectional flow (P < 0.01). To more closely mimic the in vivo situation, we cultured EC on the inner surface of polydimethylsiloxane tubing containing Coroflex Blue stents (65 μm struts) and monitored migration. ROCK inhibition significantly enhanced EC accumulation downstream from struts under flow (P < 0.05). We investigated the effects of ROCK inhibition on re-endothelialization in vivo using a porcine model of EC denudation and stent placement. En face staining and confocal microscopy revealed that inhibition of ROCK using fasudil (30 mg/day via osmotic minipump) significantly increased re-endothelialization of stented carotid arteries (P < 0.05). Conclusions Stent struts delay endothelial repair by generating localized bidirectional flow which traps migrating EC. ROCK inhibitors accelerate endothelial repair of stented arteries by enhancing EC polarity and migration through regions of bidirectional flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Hsiao
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Tim Spencer
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 4RF, UK
| | - Luke Boldock
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Svenja Dannewitz Prosseda
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Ioannis Xanthis
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Francesco J Tovar-Lopez
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia
| | | | - Ramzi Y Khamis
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London WI2 0HS, UK
| | | | - Neil Bowden
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Alex Rothman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Ian Halliday
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 4RF, UK
| | - Cecile Perrault
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Julian Gunn
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK .,INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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309
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Abstract
Effective immune responses require the precise regulation of dynamic interactions between hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. The Rho subfamily of GTPases, which includes RhoA, is rapidly activated downstream of a diverse array of biochemical and biomechanical signals, and is emerging as an important mediator of this cross-talk. Key downstream effectors of RhoA are the Rho kinases, or ROCKs. The ROCKs are two serine-threonine kinases that can act as global coordinators of a tissue’s response to stress and injury because of their ability to regulate a wide range of biological processes. Although the RhoA-ROCK pathway has been extensively investigated in the non-hematopoietic compartment, its role in the immune system is just now becoming appreciated. In this commentary, we provide a brief overview of recent findings that highlight the contribution of this pathway to lymphocyte development and activation, and the impact that dysregulation in the activation of RhoA and/or the ROCKs may exert on a growing list of autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edd Ricker
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, 10021, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Luvana Chowdhury
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Woelsung Yi
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, 10021, USA; David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, 10021, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, 10065, USA; David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 10021, USA
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310
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Role of the Rho GTPase/Rho kinase signaling pathway in pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma: Bench to bedside research. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:23-32. [PMID: 27593914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered to be a predominant risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma, the most prevalent form of glaucoma. Although the etiological mechanisms responsible for increased IOP are not completely clear, impairment in aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the conventional or trabecular pathway is recognized to be a primary cause in glaucoma patients. Importantly, lowering of IOP has been demonstrated to reduce progression of vision loss and is a mainstay of treatment for all types of glaucoma. Currently however, there are limited therapeutic options available for lowering IOP especially as it relates to enhancement of AH outflow through the trabecular pathway. Towards addressing this challenge, bench and bedside research conducted over the course of the last decade and a half has identified the significance of inhibiting Rho kinase for lowering IOP. Rho kinase is a downstream effector of Rho GTPase signaling that regulates actomyosin dynamics in numerous cell types. Studies from several laboratories have demonstrated that inhibition of Rho kinase lowers IOP via relaxation of the trabecular meshwork which enhances AH outflow. By contrast, activation of Rho GTPase/Rho kinase signaling in the trabecular outflow pathway increases IOP by altering the contractile, cell adhesive and permeability barrier characteristics of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal tissues, and by influencing extracellular matrix production and fibrotic activity. This article, written in honor of the late David Epstein, MD, summarizes findings from both basic and clinical studies that have been instrumental for recognition of the importance of the Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathway in regulation of AH outflow, and in the development of Rho kinase inhibitors as promising IOP- lowering agents for glaucoma treatment.
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311
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Wan X, Pu H, Huang W, Yang S, Zhang Y, Kong Z, Yang Z, Zhao P, Li A, Li T, Li Y. Androgen-induced miR-135a acts as a tumor suppressor through downregulating RBAK and MMP11, and mediates resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:51284-51300. [PMID: 27323416 PMCID: PMC5239475 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The main challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) is that the majority of patients inevitably develop resistance to androgen deprivation. However, the mechanisms involved in hormone independent behavior of PCa remain unclear. In the present study, we identified androgen-induced miR-135a as a direct target of AR. Functional studies revealed that overexpression of miR-135a could significantly decrease cell proliferation and migration, and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PCa. We identified RBAK and MMP11 as direct targets of miR-135a in PCa by integrating bioinformatics analysis and experimental assays. Mechanistically, miR-135a repressed PCa migration through downregulating MMP11 and induced PCa cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by suppressing RBAK. Consistently, inverse correlations were also observed between the expression of miR-135a and RBAK or MMP11 in PCa samples. In addition, low miR-135a and high RBAK and MMP11 expression were positively correlated with PCa progression. Also, PI3K/AKT pathway was confirmed to be an upstream regulation signaling of miR-135a in androgen-independent cell lines. Accordingly, we reported a resistance mechanism to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) mediated by miR-135a which might be downregulated by androgen depletion and/or PI3K/AKT hyperactivation, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), thus promoting tumor progression. Taken together, miR-135a may represent a new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for castration-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Honglei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Shu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Yalong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Zhe Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Zhuoran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Peiqing Zhao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong, 255036, PR China
| | - Ao Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong, 255036, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong, 255036, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
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312
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Chazeau A, Giannone G. Organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton during dendritic spine morphological remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3053-73. [PMID: 27105623 PMCID: PMC11108290 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, most excitatory post-synapses are small subcellular structures called dendritic spines. Their structure and morphological remodeling are tightly coupled to changes in synaptic transmission. The F-actin cytoskeleton is the main driving force of dendritic spine remodeling and sustains synaptic plasticity. It is therefore essential to understand how changes in synaptic transmission can regulate the organization and dynamics of actin binding proteins (ABPs). In this review, we will provide a detailed description of the organization and dynamics of F-actin and ABPs in dendritic spines and will discuss the current models explaining how the actin cytoskeleton sustains both structural and functional synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaël Chazeau
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory Giannone
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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313
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Marston DJ, Higgins CD, Peters KA, Cupp TD, Dickinson DJ, Pani AM, Moore RP, Cox AH, Kiehart DP, Goldstein B. MRCK-1 Drives Apical Constriction in C. elegans by Linking Developmental Patterning to Force Generation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2079-89. [PMID: 27451898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apical constriction is a change in cell shape that drives key morphogenetic events including gastrulation and neural tube formation. Apical force-producing actomyosin networks drive apical constriction by contracting while connected to cell-cell junctions. The mechanisms by which developmental patterning regulates these actomyosin networks and associated junctions with spatial precision are not fully understood. Here we identify a myosin light-chain kinase MRCK-1 as a key regulator of C. elegans gastrulation that integrates spatial and developmental patterning information. We show that MRCK-1 is required for activation of contractile actomyosin dynamics and elevated cortical tension in the apical cell cortex of endoderm precursor cells. MRCK-1 is apically localized by active Cdc42 at the external, cell-cell contact-free surfaces of apically constricting cells, downstream of cell fate determination mechanisms. We establish that the junctional components α-catenin, β-catenin, and cadherin become highly enriched at the apical junctions of apically constricting cells and that MRCK-1 and myosin activity are required in vivo for this enrichment. Taken together, our results define mechanisms that position a myosin activator to a specific cell surface where it both locally increases cortical tension and locally enriches junctional components to facilitate apical constriction. These results reveal crucial links that can tie spatial information to local force generation to drive morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Marston
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Christopher D Higgins
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kimberly A Peters
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy D Cupp
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel J Dickinson
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ariel M Pani
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Regan P Moore
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Amanda H Cox
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Bob Goldstein
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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314
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Kobayashi K, Sano H, Kato S, Kuroda K, Nakamuta S, Isa T, Nambu A, Kaibuchi K, Kobayashi K. Survival of corticostriatal neurons by Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:45-52. [PMID: 27424794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing cortical neurons undergo a number of sequential developmental events including neuronal survival/apoptosis, and the molecular mechanism underlying each characteristic process has been studied in detail. However, the survival pathway of cortical neurons at mature stages remains largely uninvestigated. We herein focused on mature corticostriatal neurons because of their important roles in various higher brain functions and the spectrum of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. The small GTPase Rho is known to control diverse and essential cellular functions through some effector molecules, including Rho-kinase, during neural development. In the present study, we investigated the role of Rho signaling through Rho-kinase in the survival of corticostriatal neurons. We performed the conditional expression of Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase (C3 transferase) or dominant-negative form for Rho-kinase (Rho-K DN), a well-known inhibitor of Rho or Rho-kinase, respectively, in corticostriatal neurons using a dual viral vector approach combining a neuron-specific retrograde gene transfer lentiviral vector and an adeno-associated virus vector. C3 transferase markedly decreased the number of corticostriatal neurons, which was attributed to caspase-3-dependent enhanced apoptosis. In addition, Rho-K DN produced phenotypic defects similar to those caused by C3 transferase. These results indicate that the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the survival of corticostriatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sano
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Japan; Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakamuta
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Japan; Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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315
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Zhou X, Li R, Liu X, Wang L, Hui P, Chan L, Saha PK, Hu Z. ROCK1 reduces mitochondrial content and irisin production in muscle suppressing adipocyte browning and impairing insulin sensitivity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29669. [PMID: 27411515 PMCID: PMC4944137 DOI: 10.1038/srep29669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin reportedly promotes the conversion of preadipocytes into "brown-like" adipocytes within subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) via a mechanism that stimulates UCP-1 expression. An increase in plasma irisin has been associated with improved obesity and insulin resistance in mice with type 2 diabetes. But whether a low level of irisin stimulates the development of obesity has not been determined. In studying mice with muscle-specific constitutive ROCK1 activation (mCaROCK1), we found that irisin production was down-regulated and the mice developed obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, we studied the effects of irisin deficiency on energy metabolism in mCaROCK1 mice. Constitutively activation of ROCK1 in muscle suppressed irisin expression in muscle resulting in a low level of irisin in circulation. Irisin deficiency reduced heat production and decreased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and subcutaneous WAT. Moreover, mCaROCK1 mice also displayed impaired glucose tolerance. Notably, irisin replenishment in mCaROCK1 mice partially reversed insulin resistance and obesity and these changes were associated with increased expression of UCP1 and Pref-1 in subcutaneous WAT. These results demonstrate that irisin mediates muscle-adipose tissue communication and regulates energy and glucose homeostasis. Irisin administration can correct obesity and insulin resistance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Nephrology Division, Shanxi Province People’s Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rongshan Li
- Nephrology Division, Shanxi Province People’s Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- Nephrology Division, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Nephrology Division, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peng Hui
- Nephrology Division, The third affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pradip K. Saha
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhaoyong Hu
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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316
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Mahon RN, Hafner R. Immune Cell Regulatory Pathways Unexplored as Host-Directed Therapeutic Targets for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Opportunity to Apply Precision Medicine Innovations to Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61Suppl 3:S200-16. [PMID: 26409283 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of novel antimicrobial drugs in development for tuberculosis treatment has provided an impetus for the discovery of adjunctive host-directed therapies (HDTs). Several promising HDT candidates are being evaluated, but major advancement of tuberculosis HDTs will require understanding of the master or "core" cell signaling pathways that control intersecting immunologic and metabolic regulatory mechanisms, collectively described as "immunometabolism." Core regulatory pathways conserved in all eukaryotic cells include poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), sirtuins, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Critical interactions of these signaling pathways with each other and their roles as master regulators of immunometabolic functions will be addressed, as well as how Mycobacterium tuberculosis is already known to influence various other cell signaling pathways interacting with them. Knowledge of these essential mechanisms of cell function regulation has led to breakthrough targeted treatment advances for many diseases, most prominently in oncology. Leveraging these exciting advances in precision medicine for the development of innovative next-generation HDTs may lead to entirely new paradigms for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Mahon
- Division of AIDS-Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Contractor to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Richard Hafner
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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317
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Watts BA, George T, Badalamenti A, Good DW. High-mobility group box 1 inhibits HCO3- absorption in the medullary thick ascending limb through RAGE-Rho-ROCK-mediated inhibition of basolateral Na+/H+ exchange. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F600-13. [PMID: 27358052 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00185.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein released extracellularly in response to infection or injury, where it activates immune responses and contributes to the pathogenesis of kidney dysfunction in sepsis and sterile inflammatory disorders. Recently, we demonstrated that HMGB1 inhibits HCO3 (-) absorption in perfused rat medullary thick ascending limbs (MTAL) through a basolateral receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-dependent pathway that is additive to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-ERK-mediated inhibition by LPS (Good DW, George T, Watts BA III. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 309: F720-F730, 2015). Here, we examined signaling and transport mechanisms that mediate inhibition by HMGB1. Inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption by HMGB1 was eliminated by the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 and by a specific inhibitor of Rho, the major upstream activator of ROCK. HMGB1 increased RhoA and ROCK1 activity. HMGB1-induced ROCK1 activation was eliminated by the RAGE antagonist FPS-ZM1 and by inhibition of Rho. The Rho and ROCK inhibitors had no effect on inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption by bath LPS. Inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption by HMGB1 was eliminated by bath amiloride, 0 Na(+) bath, and the F-actin stabilizer jasplakinolide, three conditions that selectively prevent inhibition of MTAL HCO3 (-) absorption mediated through NHE1. HMGB1 decreased basolateral Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity through activation of ROCK. We conclude that HMGB1 inhibits HCO3 (-) absorption in the MTAL through a RAGE-RhoA-ROCK1 signaling pathway coupled to inhibition of NHE1. The HMGB1-RAGE-RhoA-ROCK1 pathway thus represents a potential target to attenuate MTAL dysfunction during sepsis and other inflammatory disorders. HMGB1 and LPS inhibit HCO3 (-) absorption through different receptor signaling and transport mechanisms, which enables these pathogenic mediators to act directly and independently to impair MTAL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruns A Watts
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Thampi George
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Andrew Badalamenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - David W Good
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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318
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Chen YC, Yuan TY, Zhang HF, Wang DS, Niu ZR, Li L, Fang LH, Du GH. Fasudil evokes vasodilatation of rat mesenteric vascular bed via Ca(2+) channels and Rho/ROCK pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 788:226-233. [PMID: 27346833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As a Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, fasudil has been used in clinical trials of several cardiovascular diseases. This study was to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of fasudil on resistance arterial rings including mesenteric, renal, ventral tail and basilar artery. We also examined the potential mechanisms of its vasodilatory action using mesenteric artery rings. A DMT multiwire myograph system was used to test the tension of isolated small arteries. K(+) channel blockers, NO-cGMP pathway blockers and Ca(2+)-free physiological salt solution (PSS) were employed to verify the underlying mechanisms. Fasudil (10(-7)-10(-4)M) relaxed four types of small artery rings pre-contracted by 60mmol/l KCl (pEC50: 6.01±0.09, 5.47±0.03, 5.54±0.04, and 5.72±0.10 for mesenteric, renal, ventral tail and basilar artery rings, respectively). Pre-incubation with fasudil (1, 3, or 10μmol/l) attenuated KCl (10-60mmol/l) and angiotensin II (Ang II; 1μmol/l)-induced vasoconstriction in mesenteric artery rings. Fasudil at the concentration of 10(-6)mol/l showed different relaxant potency in endothelium intact (pEC50:6.01±0.09) or denued (5.75±0.06) mesenteric artery. The influx and release of Ca(2+) were inhibited by fasudil. In addition, fasudil could block the increased phosphorylation level of myosin light chain (MLC) and myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase (MYPT1) induced by Ang II. However, pretreatment with various K(+) channel blockers did not affect the relaxant effects of fasudil remarkably. The present results demonstrate that fasudil has a vasorelaxant effect on isolated rat resistance arteries, including mesenteric, renal, ventral tail and basilar artery, and may exert its action through the endothelium, Ca(2+) channels, and the Rho/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, China
| | - Tian-Yi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, China
| | - Hui-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, China
| | - Dan-Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, China
| | - Zi-Ran Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lian-Hua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, China.
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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319
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Abstract
Hypertensive cardiac remodeling is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, which can lead to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCKs) are members of the serine/threonine protein kinase family, which mediates the downstream effects of the small GTP-binding protein RhoA. There are 2 isoforms: ROCK1 and ROCK2. They have different functions in different types of cells and tissues. There is growing evidence that ROCKs contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and subsequent heart failure. Recent experimental studies using ROCK inhibitors, such as fasudil, have shown the benefits of ROCK inhibition in cardiac remodeling. Mice lacking each ROCK isoform also exhibit reduced myocardial fibrosis in a variety of pathological models of cardiac remodeling. Indeed, clinical studies with fasudil have suggested that ROCKs could be potential novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the roles of ROCKs in the development of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy and discuss their therapeutic potential for deleterious cardiac remodeling. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1491-1498).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Shimizu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago
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320
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Cai X, Liu Y, Yang W, Xia Y, Yang C, Yang S, Liu X. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 as a potential therapeutic target in osteosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:932-41. [PMID: 26575981 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that long noncoding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) plays an important role in the development of several solid tumors. However, the function of MALAT1 in the tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma remains unknown. In the present study, levels of MALAT1 in human osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The roles of MALAT1 in osteosarcoma were investigated by using in vitro and in vivo assays. We observed that MALAT1 expression was up-regulated in human osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues. In vitro knockdown of MALAT1 by siRNA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. In addition, MALAT1 knockdown markedly suppressed the formation of tubular network structures and caused breakage of stress fibers in osteosarcoma cell lines U2OS and MNNG/HOS. Furthermore, MALAT1 knockdown delayed tumor growth in an osteosarcoma xenograft model. Specifically, we found that administration of MALAT1 siRNA decreased the protein levels of RhoA and its downstream effectors Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinases (ROCKs). Taken together, these findings suggest that MALAT1 plays an oncogenic role in osteosarcoma and may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma patients. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:932-941, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunlu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianzhe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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321
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Design and Synthesis of Potent in Vitro and in Vivo Anticancer Agents Based on 1-(3',4',5'-Trimethoxyphenyl)-2-Aryl-1H-Imidazole. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26602. [PMID: 27216165 PMCID: PMC4877593 DOI: 10.1038/srep26602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of tubulin polymerization inhibitors, based on the 1-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-aryl-1H-imidazole scaffold and designed as cis-restricted combretastatin A-4 analogues, was synthesized with the goal of evaluating the effects of various patterns of substitution on the phenyl at the 2-position of the imidazole ring on biological activity. A chloro and ethoxy group at the meta- and para-positions, respectively, produced the most active compound in the series (4o), with IC50 values of 0.4-3.8 nM against a panel of seven cancer cell lines. Except in HL-60 cells, 4o had greater antiproliferative than CA-4, indicating that the 3′-chloro-4′-ethoxyphenyl moiety was a good surrogate for the CA-4 B-ring. Experiments carried out in a mouse syngenic model demonstrated high antitumor activity of 4o, which significantly reduced the tumor mass at a dose thirty times lower than that required for CA-4P, which was used as a reference compound. Altogether, our findings suggest that 4o is a promising anticancer drug candidate that warrants further preclinical evaluation.
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322
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Soliman H, Varela JN, Nyamandi V, Garcia-Patino M, Lin G, Bankar GR, Jia Z, MacLeod KM. Attenuation of obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice with heterozygous deletion of ROCK2. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1435-43. [PMID: 27163743 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity-associated insulin resistance is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic liver disease. Over-activation of the RhoA-Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway has been implicated in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance, but the relative contribution of ROCK2 has not been elucidated. This was investigated in the present study. METHODS Male ROCK2+/- mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls were fed normal chow or a high fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were conducted 8 and 16 weeks after the start of feeding. At termination, isoform-specific ROCK activity and insulin signaling were evaluated in epididymal adipose tissue. Adipocyte size was assessed morphometrically, while adipose tissue production of PPARγ was determined by western blotting, and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The decrease in systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance produced by high fat feeding was attenuated in ROCK2+/- mice. There was no reduction in food intake, body weight or epididymal fat pad weight in HFD-ROCK2+/- mice. However, the increase in adipocyte size detected in HFD-WT mice was attenuated in HFD-ROCK2+/- mice. The increase in adipose tissue ROCK2 activity produced by high fat feeding in WT mice was also prevented in ROCK2+/- mice, and this was accompanied by improved insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt. The expression of both isoforms of PPARγ was increased in adipose tissue from HFD-ROCK2+/- mice, while adipocyte hypertrophy and production of inflammatory cytokines were reduced compared with HFD-WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that activation of ROCK2 in adipose tissue contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance. This may result in part from suppression of PPARγ expression, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy and an increase in inflammatory cytokine production. ROCK2 may be a suitable target to improve insulin sensitivity in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Soliman
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - J N Varela
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - V Nyamandi
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Garcia-Patino
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Lin
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G R Bankar
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Z Jia
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K M MacLeod
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Compagnucci C, Barresi S, Petrini S, Billuart P, Piccini G, Chiurazzi P, Alfieri P, Bertini E, Zanni G. Rho Kinase Inhibition Is Essential During In Vitro Neurogenesis and Promotes Phenotypic Rescue of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons With Oligophrenin-1 Loss of Function. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:860-9. [PMID: 27160703 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Rho-GTPases have relevant functions in various aspects of neuronal development, such as differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. Loss of function of the oligophrenin-1 gene (OPHN1) causes X-linked intellectual disability with cerebellar hypoplasia and leads to hyperactivation of the rho kinase (ROCK) pathway. ROCK mainly acts through phosphorylation of the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1, triggering actin-myosin contractility. We show that during in vitro neurogenesis, ROCK activity decreases from day 10 until terminal differentiation, whereas in OPHN1-deficient human induced pluripotent stem cells (h-iPSCs), the levels of ROCK are elevated throughout differentiation. ROCK inhibition favors neuronal-like appearance of h-iPSCs, in parallel with transcriptional upregulation of nuclear receptor NR4A1, which is known to induce neurite outgrowth. This study analyzed the morphological, biochemical, and functional features of OPHN1-deficient h-iPSCs and their rescue by treatment with the ROCK inhibitor fasudil, shedding light on the relevance of the ROCK pathway during neuronal differentiation and providing a neuronal model for human OPHN1 syndrome and its treatment. SIGNIFICANCE The analysis of the levels of rho kinase (ROCK) activity at different stages of in vitro neurogenesis of human induced pluripotent stem cells reveals that ROCK activity decreases progressively in parallel with the appearance of neuronal-like morphology and upregulation of nuclear receptor NR4A1. These results shed light on the role of the ROCK pathway during early stages of human neurogenesis and provide a neuronal stem cell-based model for the treatment of OPHN1 syndrome and other neurological disorders due to ROCK dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Compagnucci
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Barresi
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Research Laboratories, Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, and Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Department of Genetic and Development, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Giorgia Piccini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Institute of Human and Medical Genetics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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Yuan TY, Chen YC, Zhang HF, Li L, Jiao XZ, Xie P, Fang LH, Du GH. DL0805-2, a novel indazole derivative, relaxes angiotensin II-induced contractions of rat aortic rings by inhibiting Rho kinase and calcium fluxes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:604-16. [PMID: 27041459 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM DL0805-2 [N-(1H-indazol-5-yl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl) pyrrolidine-3-carboxamide] is a DL0805 derivative with more potent vasorelaxant activity and lower toxicity. This study was conducted to investigate the vasorelaxant mechanisms of DL0805-2 on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced contractions of rat thoracic aortic rings in vitro. METHODS Rat thoracic aortic rings and rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were pretreated with DL0805-2, and then stimulated with Ang II. The tension of the aortic rings was measured through an isometric force transducer. Ang II-induced protein phosphorylation, ROS production and F-actin formation were assessed with Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Intracellular free Ca(2+) concentrations were detected with Fluo-3 AM. RESULTS Pretreatment with DL0805-2 (1-100 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the constrictions of the aortic rings induced by a single dose of Ang II (10(-7) mol/L) or accumulative addition of Ang II (10(-10)-10(-7) mol/L). The vasodilatory effect of DL0805-2 was independent of endothelium. In the aortic rings, pretreatment with DL0805-2 (1, 3, and 10 μmol/L) suppressed Ang II-induced Ca(2+) influx and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and Ang II-induced phosphorylation of two substrates of Rho kinase (MLC and MYPT1). In VSMCs, pretreatment with DL0805-2 (1, 3, and 10 μmol/L) also suppressed Ang II-induced Ca(2+) fluxes and phosphorylation of MLC and MYPT1. In addition, pretreatment with DL0805-2 attenuated ROS production and F-actin formation in the cells. CONCLUSION DL0805-2 exerts a vasodilatory action in rat aortic rings through inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway and calcium fluxes.
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325
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Yang H, Liang J, Zhou J, Mi J, Ma K, Fan Y, Ning J, Wang C, Wei X, Li E. Knockdown of RHOC by shRNA suppresses invasion and migration of cholangiocellular carcinoma cells via inhibition of MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:5255-61. [PMID: 27108649 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog family member C (RHOC) is important during the progression of several types of cancer, including prostate, breast and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the function of RHOC in cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), a highly recurrent and metastatic carcinoma with poor prognosis, remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of RHOC in CCC tumor progression. RHOC expression levels were examined in CCC tissues and cells, and adjacent nontumorous bile duct tissues. The effects and molecular mechanisms of RHOC expression on cell migration and invasion were also investigated. The current study demonstrated that RHOC protein was frequently overexpressed in human CCC specimens and CCC cell lines. Downregulation of RHOC inhibited CCC cell invasion and migration partially via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 2, 3 and 9 expression. RHOC also modulated the expression of several epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins, including E‑cadherin, vimentin, Slug and Snail, to promote to EMT progression. The present results demonstrated that RHOC is important for the invasion and migration of CCC through simultaneous regulation of MMPs and EMT‑associated protein, suggesting that RHOC is a potential molecular target for CCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Jiupeng Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xi'an Chest Hospital of Shaanxi, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Mi
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Science and Technology University, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Yangwei Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Chuying Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Enxiao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
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326
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Anwar MA, Al Shehabi TS, Eid AH. Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:98. [PMID: 27147970 PMCID: PMC4829593 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal infarction lead to neurological complications and eventually to paraplegia or quadriplegia. These extremely debilitating conditions are major contributors to morbidity. Our understanding of SCI has certainly increased during the last decade, but remains far from clear. SCI consists of two defined phases: the initial impact causes primary injury, which is followed by a prolonged secondary injury consisting of evolving sub-phases that may last for years. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms driving this condition are complex. Derangement of the vasculature is a notable feature of the pathology of SCI. In particular, an important component of SCI is the ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) that leads to endothelial dysfunction and changes in vascular permeability. Indeed, together with endothelial cell damage and failure in homeostasis, ischemia reperfusion injury triggers full-blown inflammatory cascades arising from activation of residential innate immune cells (microglia and astrocytes) and infiltrating leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages). These inflammatory cells release neurotoxins (proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, free radicals, excitotoxic amino acids, nitric oxide (NO)), all of which partake in axonal and neuronal deficit. Therefore, our review considers the recent advances in SCI mechanisms, whereby it becomes clear that SCI is a heterogeneous condition. Hence, this leads towards evidence of a restorative approach based on monotherapy with multiple targets or combinatorial treatment. Moreover, from evaluation of the existing literature, it appears that there is an urgent requirement for multi-centered, randomized trials for a large patient population. These clinical studies would offer an opportunity in stratifying SCI patients at high risk and selecting appropriate, optimal therapeutic regimens for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akhtar Anwar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon
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327
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Hegan PS, Chandhoke SK, Barone C, Egan M, Bähler M, Mooseker MS. Mice lacking myosin IXb, an inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility gene, have impaired intestinal barrier function and superficial ulceration in the ileum. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:163-79. [PMID: 26972322 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have implicated MYO9B, which encodes myosin IXb (Myo9b), a motor protein with a Rho GTPase activating domain (RhoGAP), as a susceptibility gene for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, we have recently shown that knockdown of Myo9b in an intestinal epithelial cell line impairs wound healing and barrier function. Here, we investigated whether mice lacking Myo9b have impaired intestinal barrier function and features of IBD. Myo9b knock out (KO) mice exhibit impaired weight gain and fecal occult blood (indicator of gastrointestinal bleeding), and increased intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis could be detected along the entire intestinal axis. Histologic analysis revealed intestinal mucosal damage, most consistently observed in the ileum, which included superficial ulceration and neutrophil infiltration. Focal lesions contained neutrophils and ultrastructural examination confirmed epithelial discontinuity and the deposition of extracellular matrix. We also observed impaired mucosal barrier function in KO mice. Transepithelial electrical resistance of KO ileum is >3 fold less than WT ileum. The intestinal mucosa is also permeable to high molecular weight dextran, presumably due to the presence of mucosal surface ulcerations. There is loss of tight junction-associated ZO-1, decreased lateral membrane associated E-cadherin, and loss of terminal web associated cytokeratin filaments. Consistent with increased Rho activity in the KO, there is increased subapical expression of activated myosin II (Myo2) based on localization of phosphorylated Myo2 regulatory light chain. Except for a delay in disease onset in the KO, no difference in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and lethality was observed between wild-type and Myo9b KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Hegan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Surjit K Chandhoke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christina Barone
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marie Egan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Martin Bähler
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | - Mark S Mooseker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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328
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Wang W, Townes-Anderson E. LIM Kinase, a Newly Identified Regulator of Presynaptic Remodeling by Rod Photoreceptors After Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7847-58. [PMID: 26658506 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rod photoreceptors retract their axon terminals and develop neuritic sprouts in response to retinal detachment and reattachment, respectively. This study examines the role of LIM kinase (LIMK), a component of RhoA and Rac pathways, in the presynaptic structural remodeling of rod photoreceptors. METHODS Phosphorylated LIMK (p-LIMK), the active form of LIMK, was examined in salamander retina with Western blot and confocal microscopy. Axon length within the first 7 hours and process growth after 3 days of culture were assessed in isolated rod photoreceptors treated with inhibitors of upstream regulators ROCK and p21-activated kinase (Pak) (Y27632 and IPA-3) and a direct LIMK inhibitor (BMS-5). Porcine retinal explants were also treated with BMS-5 and analyzed 24 hours after detachment. Because Ca2+ influx contributes to axonal retraction, L-type channels were blocked in some experiments with nicardipine. RESULTS Phosphorylated LIMK is present in rod terminals during retraction and in newly formed processes. Axonal retraction over 7 hours was significantly reduced by inhibition of LIMK or its regulators, ROCK and Pak. Process growth was reduced by LIMK or Pak inhibition especially at the basal (axon-bearing) region of the rod cells. Combining Ca2+ channel and LIMK inhibition had no additional effect on retraction but did further inhibit sprouting after 3 days. In detached porcine retina, LIMK inhibition reduced rod axonal retraction and improved retinal morphology. CONCLUSIONS Thus structural remodeling, in the form of either axonal retraction or neuritic growth, requires LIMK activity. LIM kinase inhibition may have therapeutic potential for reducing pathologic rod terminal plasticity after retinal injury.
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329
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Ciliary IFT80 balances canonical versus non-canonical hedgehog signalling for osteoblast differentiation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11024. [PMID: 26996322 PMCID: PMC4802171 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport proteins (IFT) are required for hedgehog (Hh) signalling transduction that is essential for bone development, however, how IFT proteins regulate Hh signalling in osteoblasts (OBs) remains unclear. Here we show that deletion of ciliary IFT80 in OB precursor cells (OPC) in mice results in growth retardation and markedly decreased bone mass with impaired OB differentiation. Loss of IFT80 blocks canonical Hh–Gli signalling via disrupting Smo ciliary localization, but elevates non-canonical Hh–Gαi–RhoA–stress fibre signalling by increasing Smo and Gαi binding. Inhibition of RhoA and ROCK activity partially restores osteogenic differentiation of IFT80-deficient OPCs by inhibiting non-canonical Hh–RhoA–Cofilin/MLC2 signalling. Cytochalasin D, an actin destabilizer, dramatically restores OB differentiation of IFT80-deficient OPCs by disrupting actin stress fibres and promoting cilia formation and Hh–Gli signalling. These findings reveal that IFT80 is required for OB differentiation by balancing between canonical Hh–Gli and non-canonical Hh–Gαi–RhoA pathways and highlight IFT80 as a therapeutic target for craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. Primary cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based organelles that play essential roles in several cellular processes including osteogenesis. Here the authors show that intraflagellar protein IFT80 regulates osteoblast differentiation by balancing signalling though the canonical and non-canonical Hedgehog pathways.
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330
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Weng CH, Gupta S, Geraghty P, Foronjy R, Pernis AB. Cigarette smoke inhibits ROCK2 activation in T cells and modulates IL-22 production. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:115-122. [PMID: 26882474 PMCID: PMC4797327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions are known to play a key role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the strongest environmental risk factors associated with RA and has been shown to mediate a range of complex immunomodulatory effects from decreased T and B cell activation to depressed phagocytic function. The effects of CS on the function of TH17 cells, one of the key TH effector subsets implicated in RA pathogenesis, are not fully understood. IRF4 is one of the crucial transcription factors involved in TH-17 differentiation and is absolutely required for the production of IL-17 and IL-21 but, interestingly, inhibits the synthesis of IL-22. The production of IL-17 and IL-21 by IRF4 can be augmented by its phosphorylation by the serine-threonine kinase ROCK2. Given that CS has been reported to increase ROCK activity in endothelial cells, here we investigated the effects of CS on the ROCK2-IRF4 axis in T cells. Surprisingly, we found that CS leads to decreased ROCK2 activation and IRF4 phosphorylation in T cells. This effect was associated with increased IL-22 production. Using a GEF pull-down assay we furthermore identify ARHGEF1 as a key upstream regulator of ROCK2 whose activity in T cells is inhibited by CS. Thus CS can inhibit the ROCK2-IRF4 axis and modulate T cell production of IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huan Weng
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Robert Foronjy
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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331
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Jalil JE, Ocaranza MP. Regression of cardiovascular remodeling in hypertension: Novel relevant mechanisms. World J Hypertens 2016; 6:1-17. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic organ damage due to progressive kidney damage, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling put hypertensive patients at high risk for developing heart and renal failure, myocardial infarction and stroke. Current antihypertensive treatment normalizes high blood pressure, partially reverses organ damage, and reduces the incidence of heart and renal failure. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a primary mechanism of progressive organ damage and, specifically, a major cause of both renal and cardiovascular fibrosis. Currently, inhibition of the RAS system [mainly with angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor antagonists] is the most effective antihypertensive strategy for normalizing blood pressure and preventing target organ damage. However, residual organ damage and consequently high risk for cardiovascular events and renal failure still persist. Accordingly, in hypertension, it is relevant to develop new therapeutic perspectives, beyond reducing blood pressure to further prevent/reduce target organ damage by acting on pathways that trigger and maintain cardiovascular and renal remodeling. We review here relevant novel mechanisms of target organ damage in hypertension, their role and evidence in prevention/regression of cardiovascular remodeling and their possible clinical impact as well. Specifically, we focus on the signaling pathway RhoA/Rho kinase, on the impact of the vasodilatory peptides from the RAS and some insights on the role of estrogens and myocardial chymase in cardiovascular hypertensive remodeling.
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332
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Song LJ, Liu Q, Meng XR, Li SL, Wang LX, Fan QX, Xuan XY. DLC-1 is an independent prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular cancer. Diagn Pathol 2016; 11:19. [PMID: 26846339 PMCID: PMC4743322 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-016-0470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-year survival rate of patients with hepatocellular cancer (HCC) was very low because of invasion and metastasis in the early stage. Biomarkers might help predict early occurrence of invasion and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that deleted in liver cancer-1 (DLC1) may be considered as a metastasis suppressor gene in numerous solid and hematological cancers. However, its prognostic role and mechanisms that regulate and coordinate these activities remain poorly understood. METHODS With the method of immunohistochemistry, the expression of DLC-1 as well as Rho A, ROCK2, moesin had been characterized in 80 HCC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. The correlation between their expression and their relationships with clinicopathological characteristics of HCC were also investigated. In addition, the prognostic value of DLC1 expression within the tumor tissues was assessed by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS DLC1 expression was significantly lower in HCC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues, and DLC-1 expression was found to be negatively correlated with tumor differentiation, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, DLC-1 expression was found to inversely correlate with Rho A, ROCK2 and moesin which were all highly expressed in HCC tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that significantly longer 5-year survival rate was seen in HCC patients with higher DLC1 expression, compared to those with lower expression of DLC1. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses revealed that DLC1 was an independent factor affecting the overall survival probability. CONCLUSION DLC1 could be served as a tumor suppressor gene in the progression especially in the invasion and metastasis of HCC. DLC1 perhaps played its role by regulating the expression of Rho A, ROCK2 and moesin. Evaluation of the expression of DLC-1 might be a good prognostic marker for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Song
- Department of Oncology, the first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, China.
| | - Q Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the fifth affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, China.
| | - X R Meng
- Department of Oncology, the first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, China.
| | - Sh L Li
- Department of Pathology, the first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, China.
| | - L X Wang
- Department of Oncology, the first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, China.
| | - Q X Fan
- Department of Oncology, the first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, China.
| | - X Y Xuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medical School of Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
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333
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ROCK inhibition impedes macrophage polarity and functions. Cell Immunol 2016; 300:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu Y, Minze LJ, Mumma L, Li XC, Ghobrial RM, Kloc M. Mouse macrophage polarity and ROCK1 activity depend on RhoA and non-apoptotic Caspase 3. Exp Cell Res 2016; 341:225-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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335
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Tong J, Li L, Ballermann B, Wang Z. Phosphorylation and Activation of RhoA by ERK in Response to Epidermal Growth Factor Stimulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147103. [PMID: 26816343 PMCID: PMC4729484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA has been implicated in various cellular activities, including the formation of stress fibers, cell motility, and cytokinesis. In addition to the canonical GTPase cycle, recent findings have suggested that phosphorylation further contributes to the tight regulation of Rho GTPases. Indeed, RhoA is phosphorylated on serine 188 (188S) by a number of protein kinases. We have recently reported that Rac1 is phosphorylated on threonine 108 (108T) by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Here, we provide evidence that RhoA is phosphorylated by ERK on 88S and 100T in response to EGF stimulation. We show that ERK interacts with RhoA and that this interaction is dependent on the ERK docking site (D-site) at the C-terminus of RhoA. EGF stimulation enhanced the activation of the endogenous RhoA. The phosphomimetic mutant, GFP-RhoA S88E/T100E, when transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, displayed higher GTP-binding than wild type RhoA. Moreover, the expression of GFP-RhoA S88E/T100E increased actin stress fiber formation in COS-7 cells, which is consistent with its higher activity. In contrast to Rac1, phosphorylation of RhoA by ERK does not target RhoA to the nucleus. Finally, we show that regardless of the phosphorylation status of RhoA and Rac1, substitution of the RhoA PBR with the Rac1 PBR targets RhoA to the nucleus and substitution of Rac1 PBR with RhoA PBR significantly reduces the nuclear localization of Rac1. In conclusion, ERK phosphorylates RhoA on 88S and 100T in response to EGF, which upregulates RhoA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Tong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Laiji Li
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Barbara Ballermann
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- * E-mail:
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336
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra B. Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065;
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Edd Ricker
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Chien-Huan Weng
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Cristina Rozo
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
| | - Woelsung Yi
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
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337
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Small GTPases in peroxisome dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1006-13. [PMID: 26775587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we summarize current knowledge on peroxisome biogenesis/functions and the role that small GTPases may play in these processes. Precise intracellular distribution of cell organelles requires their regulated association to microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton. In this respect, RhoGDP/RhoGTP favor binding of peroxisomes to microtubules and actin filaments. In its GTP-bound form, RhoA activates a regulatory cascade involving Rho kinaseII and non-muscle myosinIIA. Such interactions frequently depend on phosphoinositides (PIs) of which PI4P, PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,5)P2 were found to be present in the peroxisomal membrane. PIs are pivotal determinants of intracellular signaling and known to regulate a wide range of cellular functions. In many of these functions, small GTPases are implicated. The small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), for example, is known to stimulate synthesis of PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 on the Golgi to regulate protein and lipid sorting. In vitro binding assays localized Arf1 and the COPI complex to peroxisomes. In light of the recent discussion of pre-peroxisomal vesicle generation at the ER, peroxisomal Arf1-COPI vesicles may serve retrograde transport of ER-resident components. A mass spectrometric screen localized various Rab proteins to peroxisomes. Overexpression of these proteins in combination with laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy co-localized Rab6, Rab8, Rab10, Rab14, and Rab18 with peroxisomal structures. By analogy to the role these proteins play in other organelle dynamics, we may envisage what the function of these proteins may be in relation to the peroxisomal compartment.
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338
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Wei L, Surma M, Shi S, Lambert-Cheatham N, Shi J. Novel Insights into the Roles of Rho Kinase in Cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:259-78. [PMID: 26725045 PMCID: PMC4930737 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. The ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays a central role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since the discovery of effective inhibitors such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored in numerous diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence supports the concept that ROCK plays important roles in tumor development and progression through regulating many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including tumorigenicity, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis/survival and chemoresistance as well. This review focuses on the new advances of the most recent 5 years from the studies on the roles of ROCK in cancer development and progression; the discussion is mainly focused on the potential value of ROCK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-370, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
| | - Michelle Surma
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Stephanie Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Nathan Lambert-Cheatham
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Jianjian Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
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339
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Zhu L, Yang Y, Lu X. The selectivity and promiscuity of brain-neuroregenerative inhibitors between ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms: An integration of SB-QSSR modelling, QM/MM analysis and in vitro kinase assay. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 27:47-65. [PMID: 26854727 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2015.1132765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) have long been recognized as an attractive therapeutic target for various neurological diseases; selective inhibition of ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms would result in distinct biological effects on neurogenesis, neuroplasticity and neuroregeneration after brain surgery and traumatic brain injury. However, the discovery and design of isoform-selective inhibitors remain a great challenge due to the high conservation and similarity between the kinase domains of ROCK1 and ROCK2. Here, a structure-based quantitative structure-selectivity relationship (SB-QSSR) approach was used to correlate experimentally measured selectivity with the difference in inhibitor binding to the two kinase isoforms. The resulting regression models were examined rigorously through both internal cross-validation and external blind validation; a nonlinear predictor was found to have high fitting stability and strong generalization ability, which was then employed to perform virtual screening against a structurally diverse, drug-like compound library. Consequently, five and seven hits were identified as promising candidates of 1-o-2 and 2-o-1 selective inhibitors, respectively, from which seven purchasable compounds were tested in vitro using a standard kinase assay protocol to determine their inhibitory activity against and selectivity between ROCK1 and ROCK2. The structural basis, energetic property and biological implication underlying inhibitor selectivity and promiscuity were also investigated systematically using a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , People's Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Y Yang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , People's Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - X Lu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , People's Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
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340
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Impaired cytoskeletal arrangements and failure of ventral body wall closure in chick embryos treated with rock inhibitor (Y-27632). Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:45-58. [PMID: 26563157 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling regulates numerous fundamental developmental processes during embryogenesis, primarily by controlling actin-cytoskeleton assembly and cell contractility. ROCK knockout mice exhibit a ventral body wall defect (VBWD) phenotype due to disorganization of actin filaments at the umbilical ring. However, the exact molecular mechanisms leading to VBWD still remain unclear. Improper somitogenesis has been hypothesized to contribute to failure of VBW closure. We designed this study to investigate the hypothesis that administration of ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) disrupts cytoskeletal arrangements in morphology during early chick embryogenesis, which may contribute to the development of VBWD. METHODS At 60 h incubation, chick embryos were explanted into shell-less culture and treated with 50 µL of vehicle for controls (n = 33) or 50 µL of 500 µM of Y-27632 for the experimental group (Y-27, n = 56). At 8 h post-treatment, RT-PCR was performed to evaluate mRNA levels of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and connexin43. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was performed to analyze the expression and distribution of actin, vinculin and microtubules in the neural tube and somites. A further cohort of embryos was treated in ovo by dropping 50 µL of vehicle or 50 µL of different concentrations of Y-27632 onto the embryo and allowing development to 12 and 14 days for further assessment. RESULTS Gene expression levels of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and connexin43 were significantly decreased in treated embryos compared with controls (p < 0.05). Thickened actin filament bundles were recorded in the neural tube of Y-27 embryos. In somites, cells were dissociated with reduced actin distribution in affected embryos. Clumping of vinculin expression was found in the neural tube and somites, whereas reduced expression of microtubules was observed in Y-27 embryos compared with controls. At 12 and 14 days of development, affected embryos presented with an enlarged umbilical ring and herniation of abdominal contents through the defect. CONCLUSION ROCK inhibition alters cytoskeletal arrangement during early chick embryogenesis, which may contribute to failure of anterior body wall closure causing VBWD at later stages of development.
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341
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Edrissi H, Schock SC, Hakim AM, Thompson CS. Microparticles generated during chronic cerebral ischemia increase the permeability of microvascular endothelial barriers in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1634:83-93. [PMID: 26723565 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Numbers of circulating microparticles (MPs) are elevated in a variety of cardiovascular disorders, and recent studies indicate that they are involved in inflammatory intercellular signaling. In the present study the signaling properties of MPs were assessed in an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier. MPs isolated from the plasma of rats exposed to chronic cerebral ischemia caused a significant reduction in the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) when applied to in vitro endothelial barriers, while MPs isolated from an equal volume of plasma from unoperated or sham operated rats did not. The reduction in TEER was attenuated by treating endothelial barriers prior to exposure to MPs with the caspase 3 inhibitor AC-DEVD-CHO, the TNF-α inhibitor SPD304, the tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme (TACE, ADAM 17) inhibitor TAPI-0-1 and the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632, and by treating the MPs themselves with these inhibitors prior to applying them to cultured cells. This observation indicates that MPs generated during cerebral ischemia contain pro-TNF-α, active TACE and active ROCK. ROCK and Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) were detected in MPs by western blot. The growth factor VEGF stimulated transcellular transport in endothelial barriers while exposure to MPs did not. We conclude that the increase in permeability of artificial barriers induced by MPs is primarily due to enhanced apoptosis induced by activation of the TNF-α pathway and activated caspase 3 and Rho kinases delivered to endothelial cells by MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Edrissi
- University of Ottawa, Neuroscience Graduate Program, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Sarah C Schock
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Antoine M Hakim
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Charlie S Thompson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5.
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342
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Zhang P, Zhu S, Li Y, Zhao M, Liu M, Gao J, Ding S, Li J. Quantitative proteomics analysis to identify diffuse axonal injury biomarkers in rats using iTRAQ coupled LC-MS/MS. J Proteomics 2015; 133:93-99. [PMID: 26710722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is fairly common during a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is associated with high mortality. Making an early diagnosis, appropriate therapeutic decisions, and an accurate prognostic evaluation of patients with DAI still pose difficulties for clinicians. The detailed mechanisms of axonal injury after head trauma have yet to be clearly defined and no reliable biomarkers are available for early DAI diagnosis. Therefore, this study employed an established DAI animal model in conjunction with an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based protein identification/quantification approach. Alterations in rat cerebral protein expression were quantified using iTRAQ coupled LC-MS/MS, with differentially expressed proteins between the control groups, sham and sham-injured, and the injury groups, animals that died immediately post-injury and those sacrificed at 1h, 6h, 1d, 3d and 7d post-injury, identified. A total of 1858 proteins were identified and quantified and comparative analysis identified ten candidate proteins that warranted further examination. Of the ten candidate DAI biomarkers, four proteins, citrate synthase (CS), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (Snap25), microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) and Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (Rock2), were validated by subsequent Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. Our studies not only identified several novel biomarkers that may provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of DAI, but also demonstrated the feasibility of iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis in cerebral tissue research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shisheng Zhu
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yongguo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Minzhu Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shijia Ding
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing 400016, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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343
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Suzuki A, Sangani DR, Ansari A, Iwata J. Molecular mechanisms of midfacial developmental defects. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:276-93. [PMID: 26562615 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of midfacial processes requires the coordination of a variety of cellular functions of both mesenchymal and epithelial cells to develop complex structures. Any failure or delay in midfacial development as well as any abnormal fusion of the medial and lateral nasal and maxillary prominences will result in developmental defects in the midface with a varying degree of severity, including cleft, hypoplasia, and midline expansion. Despite the advances in human genome sequencing technology, the causes of nearly 70% of all birth defects, which include midfacial development defects, remain unknown. Recent studies in animal models have highlighted the importance of specific signaling cascades and genetic-environmental interactions in the development of the midfacial region. This review will summarize the current understanding of the morphogenetic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying midfacial birth defects based on mouse models with midfacial developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Dhruvee R Sangani
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Afreen Ansari
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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344
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Sun S, Zhang M, Lin J, Hu J, Zhang R, Li C, Wei T, Sun D, Wei J, Wang H. Lin28a protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy via the PKA/ROCK2 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:29-36. [PMID: 26626075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lin28a enhances glucose uptake and insulin-sensitivity. However, the role of Lin28a on experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is not well understood. We investigated the potential role and mechanism ofLin28a in diabetes-induced myocardial dysfunction in mice. METHODS Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of Streptozocin (STZ) in mice. Animals were randomized to be treated with lentivirus carrying Lin28a siRNA or Lin28a cDNA. Cardiac function, cardiomyocyte autophagy, apoptosis and mitochondria morphology in diabetic mice were compared between groups. The target proteins of Lin28a were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS Lin28a levels were markedly reduced in the cardiac tissue compared to the control mice. Lin28a overexpression significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), promoted autophagy, decreased myocardial apoptotic index and alleviated mitochondria cristae destruction in diabetic mice. Lin28a knockdown exacerbated diabetic injury as evidenced by decreased LVEF, increased apoptotic index and aggravated mitochondria cristae destruction. Interestingly, pretreatment with a PKA inhibitor, N-[2-(p-Bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide], di-HCl Salt (H89) abolished the beneficial effects of Lin28a overexpression. RhoA-expression and ROCK2-expression were decreased in vivo after Lin28a overexpression, while Lin28a knockdown increased the expression of RhoA and ROCK2 in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS Lin28a protects against DCM through PKA/ROCK2 dependent pathway. Lin28a might serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of the patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial Crops Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Xi' an, 710054, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianqiang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Congye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianlu Wei
- Department of Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianqin Wei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Miller's School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA.
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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345
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Hartmann S, Ridley AJ, Lutz S. The Function of Rho-Associated Kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:276. [PMID: 26635606 PMCID: PMC4653301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are serine/threonine kinases that are downstream targets of the small GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC. ROCKs are involved in diverse cellular activities including actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion and motility, proliferation and apoptosis, remodeling of the extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cell contraction. The role of ROCK1 and ROCK2 has long been considered to be similar; however, it is now clear that they do not always have the same functions. Moreover, depending on their subcellular localization, activation, and other environmental factors, ROCK signaling can have different effects on cellular function. With respect to the heart, findings in isoform-specific knockout mice argue for a role of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy, respectively. Increased ROCK activity could play a pivotal role in processes leading to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, angina pectoris, vasospastic angina, heart failure, and stroke, and thus ROCK activity is a potential new biomarker for heart disease. Pharmacological ROCK inhibition reduces the enhanced ROCK activity in patients, accompanied with a measurable improvement in medical condition. In this review, we focus on recent findings regarding ROCK signaling in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, with a special focus on differences between ROCK1 and ROCK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Susanne Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Göttingen, Germany
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346
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Rock2 stabilizes β-catenin to promote tumor invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:629-37. [PMID: 26505794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (Rock2) is an effector for the small GTPase Rho and plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the effect of Rock2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) still remains unclear. In this study, we found that Rock2 expression was markedly increased in clinical CRC tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues. High expression of Rock2 was correlated with tumor metastasis and poor prognosis in CRC. In addition, the knockdown of Rock2 suppressed the invasion and metastasis of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the β-catenin/TCF4 pathway contributed to the effects of Rock2 in CRC cells, and Rock2 stabilized β-catenin by preventing its ubiquitination and degradation. Taken together, this novel pathway for β-catenin control plays a biologically relevant role in CRC metastasis.
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347
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Oropesa Ávila M, Fernández Vega A, Garrido Maraver J, Villanueva Paz M, De Lavera I, De La Mata M, Cordero MD, Alcocer Gómez E, Delgado Pavón A, Álvarez Córdoba M, Cotán D, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Emerging roles of apoptotic microtubules during the execution phase of apoptosis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:435-46. [PMID: 26382917 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed energy-dependent process of cell demise, characterized by specific morphological and biochemical events in which the activation of caspases has an essential role. During apoptosis the cytoskeleton participates actively in characteristic morphological rearrangements of the dying cell. This reorganisation has been assigned mainly to actinomyosin ring contraction, while microtubule and intermediate filaments are depolymerized at early stages of apoptosis. However, recent reports have showed that microtubules are reformed during the execution phase of apoptosis organizing an apoptotic microtubule network (AMN). AMN is organized behind plasma membrane, forming a cortical structure. Apoptotic microtubules repolymerization takes place in many cell types and under different apoptotic inducers. It has been hypothesized that AMN is critical for maintaining plasma membrane integrity and cell morphology during the execution phase of apoptosis. AMN disorganization leads apoptotic cells to secondary necrosis and the release of potential toxic molecules which can damage neighbor cells and promotes inflammation. Therefore, AMN formation during physiological apoptosis or in pathological apoptosis induced by anti-cancer treatments is essential for tissue homeostasis and the prevention of additional cell damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Oropesa Ávila
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fernández Vega
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Juan Garrido Maraver
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva Paz
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Isabel De Lavera
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Mario De La Mata
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Facultad De Odontología. Universidad De Sevilla, Sevilla, 41009, Spain
| | - Elizabet Alcocer Gómez
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Ana Delgado Pavón
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - David Cotán
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
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348
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Palandri A, Salvador VR, Wojnacki J, Vivinetto AL, Schnaar RL, Lopez PHH. Myelin-associated glycoprotein modulates apoptosis of motoneurons during early postnatal development via NgR/p75(NTR) receptor-mediated activation of RhoA signaling pathways. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1876. [PMID: 26335717 PMCID: PMC4650434 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a minor constituent of nervous system myelin, selectively expressed on the periaxonal myelin wrap. By engaging multiple axonal receptors, including Nogo-receptors (NgRs), MAG exerts a nurturing and protective effect the axons it ensheaths. Pharmacological activation of NgRs has a modulatory role on p75NTR-dependent postnatal apoptosis of motoneurons (MNs). However, it is not clear whether this reflects a physiological role of NgRs in MN development. NgRs are part of a multimeric receptor complex, which includes p75NTR, Lingo-1 and gangliosides. Upon ligand binding, this multimeric complex activates RhoA/ROCK signaling in a p75NTR-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to analyze a possible modulatory role of MAG on MN apoptosis during postnatal development. A time course study showed that Mag-null mice suffer a loss of MNs during the first postnatal week. Also, these mice exhibited increased susceptibility in an animal model of p75NTR-dependent MN apoptosis induced by nerve-crush injury, which was prevented by treatment with a soluble form of MAG (MAG-Fc). The protective role of MAG was confirmed in in vitro models of p75NTR-dependent MN apoptosis using the MN1 cell line and primary cultures. Lentiviral expression of shRNA sequences targeting NgRs on these cells abolished protection by MAG-Fc. Analysis of RhoA activity using a FRET-based RhoA biosensor showed that MAG-Fc activates RhoA. Pharmacological inhibition of p75NTR/RhoA/ROCK pathway, or overexpression of a p75NTR mutant unable to activate RhoA, completely blocked MAG-Fc protection against apoptosis. The role of RhoA/ROCK signaling was further confirmed in the nerve-crush model, where pretreatment with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 blocked the pro-survival effect of MAG-Fc. These findings identify a new protective role of MAG as a modulator of apoptosis of MNs during postnatal development by a mechanism involving the p75NTR/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Also, our results highlight the relevance of the nurture/protective effects of myelin on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Palandri
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V R Salvador
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J Wojnacki
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A L Vivinetto
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P H H Lopez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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349
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Cooper S, Sadok A, Bousgouni V, Bakal C. Apolar and polar transitions drive the conversion between amoeboid and mesenchymal shapes in melanoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4163-70. [PMID: 26310441 PMCID: PMC4710245 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells can adopt two functionally distinct forms, amoeboid and mesenchymal, which facilitates their ability to invade and colonize diverse environments during the metastatic process. Using quantitative imaging of single living tumor cells invading three-dimensional collagen matrices, in tandem with unsupervised computational analysis, we found that melanoma cells can switch between amoeboid and mesenchymal forms via two different routes in shape space--an apolar and polar route. We show that whereas particular Rho-family GTPases are required for the morphogenesis of amoeboid and mesenchymal forms, others are required for transitions via the apolar or polar route and not amoeboid or mesenchymal morphogenesis per se. Altering the transition rates between particular routes by depleting Rho-family GTPases can change the morphological heterogeneity of cell populations. The apolar and polar routes may have evolved in order to facilitate conversion between amoeboid and mesenchymal forms, as cells are either searching for, or attracted to, particular migratory cues, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cooper
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom Department of Computational Systems Medicine, Imperial College, London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7, United Kingdom
| | - Amine Sadok
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Bousgouni
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bakal
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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350
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Gross P, Massy ZA, Henaut L, Boudot C, Cagnard J, March C, Kamel S, Drueke TB, Six I. Para-cresyl sulfate acutely impairs vascular reactivity and induces vascular remodeling. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2927-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Gross
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
| | - Ziad A. Massy
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
- Division of Nephrology; Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP; Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest University (UVSQ); Boulogne-Billancourt France
| | - Lucie Henaut
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
| | - Cédric Boudot
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
| | - Joanna Cagnard
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
| | - Cécilia March
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
| | - Saïd Kamel
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
| | - Tilman B. Drueke
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
| | - Isabelle Six
- INSERM Unit 1088; Jules Verne University of Picardie; Amiens France
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