351
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Orford M, Mean R, Lapathitis G, Genethliou N, Panayiotou E, Panayi H, Malas S. Generation of an ABCG2(GFPn-puro) transgenic line--a tool to study ABCG2 expression in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:199-203. [PMID: 19393620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter 2 (ABCG2) is expressed by stem cells in many organs and in stem cells of solid tumors. These cells are isolated based on the side population (SP) phenotype, a Hoechst 3342 dye efflux property believed to be conferred by ABCG2. Because of the limitations of this approach we generated transgenic mice that express Nuclear GFP (GFPn) coupled to the Puromycin-resistance gene, under the control of ABCG2 promoter/enhancer sequences. We show that ABCG2 is expressed in neural progenitors of the developing forebrain and spinal cord and in embryonic and adult endothelial cells of the brain. Using the neurosphere assay, we isolated tripotent ABCG2-expressing neural stem cells from embryonic mouse brain. This transgenic line is a powerful tool for studying the expression of ABCG2 in many tissues and for performing functional studies in different experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Orford
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Airport Avenue, No. 6, Agios Dometios 2370, Nicosia, Cyprus
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352
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Yoder MC, Ingram DA. The definition of EPCs and other bone marrow cells contributing to neoangiogenesis and tumor growth: is there common ground for understanding the roles of numerous marrow-derived cells in the neoangiogenic process? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:50-4. [PMID: 19393290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the regulation of blood vessel formation as a mechanism to permit unregulated tumor cell growth was a prescient hypothesis of Dr. Judah Folkman nearly 3 decades ago. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that affect the recruitment, expansion, and turnover of the tumor microvasculature continues to evolve. While the fundamental paradigms for improving blood flow to growing, injured, diseased, or tumor infiltrated tissues are well known, the potential role of bone marrow derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to function as postnatal vasculogenic precursors for tumor microvasculature has become a controversial premise. We will briefly review some recently published high profile papers that appear to derive polar interpretations for the role of EPCs in the angiogenic switch and discuss possible reasons for the disparate views in work conducted in both mouse and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervin C Yoder
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Pediatrics and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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353
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Loss of the cholesterol-binding protein prominin-1/CD133 causes disk dysmorphogenesis and photoreceptor degeneration. J Neurosci 2009; 29:2297-308. [PMID: 19228982 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2034-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominin-1/CD133 (Prom-1) is a commonly used marker of neuronal, vascular, hematopoietic and other stem cells, yet little is known about its biological role and importance in vivo. Here, we show that loss of Prom-1 results in progressive degeneration of mature photoreceptors with complete loss of vision. Despite the expression of Prom-1 on endothelial progenitors, photoreceptor degeneration was not attributable to retinal vessel defects, but caused by intrinsic photoreceptor defects in disk formation, outer segment morphogenesis, and associated with visual pigment sorting and phototransduction abnormalities. These findings shed novel insight on how Prom-1 regulates neural retinal development and phototransduction in vertebrates.
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354
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Cheng JX, Liu BL, Zhang X. How powerful is CD133 as a cancer stem cell marker in brain tumors? Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 35:403-8. [PMID: 19369008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of hematopoietic and solid tissue malignancies and are typically recognized by virtue of the expression of cell surface markers. CD133, a stem cell marker, is now extensively used as a surface marker to identify and isolate brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) in malignant brain tumors. However, CD133 as the marker to sort BTSCs suffered some controversies. In this review, we reviewed the rise of CD133, analyzed the efficiency of CD133 on identification and isolation of BTSCs, explained some controversial study results and summed up the role of CD133 and other effective CSCs markers in sorting CSCs in other tumors. We analyzed current limited reports and found that the expression of CD133 was correlated with poor clinical prognosis in brain tumors. Finally, we summarized the mechanisms of chemo- and radio- resistance of CD133+ brain tumor cell, especially emphasized that the aberrant activation of development pathways in BTSCs can be potential targets to BTSCs, and outlined current preclinical studies on killing BTSCs or sensitizing BTSCs to chemo- and radio-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xiang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, PR China
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355
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WNT signaling regulates self-renewal and differentiation of prostate cancer cells with stem cell characteristics. Cell Res 2009; 19:683-97. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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356
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Boivin D, Labbé D, Fontaine N, Lamy S, Beaulieu É, Gingras D, Béliveau R. The Stem Cell Marker CD133 (Prominin-1) is Phosphorylated on Cytoplasmic Tyrosine-828 and Tyrosine-852 by Src and Fyn Tyrosine Kinases. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3998-4007. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Boivin
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - David Labbé
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Nicolas Fontaine
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Sylvie Lamy
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Édith Beaulieu
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Denis Gingras
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Richard Béliveau
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
- Holder of the “Chaire en prévention et traitement du cancer” from Université du Québec à Montréal and of the Claude-Bertrand Chair in Neurosurgery from Université de Montréal
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357
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Marian CO, Shay JW. Prostate tumor-initiating cells: A new target for telomerase inhibition therapy? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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358
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Wion D, Dematteis M, Nissou MF, Cretallaz C, Berger F, Issartel JP. [Oxygen tension and cancer-cell culture: half a century of artifacts?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2009; 24:1093-5. [PMID: 19116121 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200824121093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Wion
- Inserm U836, Equipe 7, Institut des Neurosciences, Bâtiment Edmond J. Safra des Neurosciences, chemin Fortuné Ferrini, Site Santé, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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359
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Di Fiore R, Santulli A, Ferrante RD, Giuliano M, De Blasio A, Messina C, Pirozzi G, Tirino V, Tesoriere G, Vento R. Identification and expansion of human osteosarcoma-cancer-stem cells by long-term 3-aminobenzamide treatment. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:301-13. [PMID: 19160414 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel cancer stem-like cell line (3AB-OS), expressing a number of pluripotent stem cell markers, was irreversibly selected from human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells by long-term treatment (100 days) with 3-aminobenzamide (3AB). 3AB-OS cells are a heterogeneous and stable cell population composed by three types of fibroblastoid cells, spindle-shaped, polygonal-shaped, and rounded-shaped. With respect to MG-63 cells, 3AB-OS cells are extremely smaller, possess a much greater capacity to form spheres, a stronger self-renewal ability and much higher levels of cell cycle markers which account for G1-S/G2-M phases progression. Differently from MG-63 cells, 3AB-OS cells can be reseeded unlimitedly without losing their proliferative potential. They show an ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2-dependent phenotype with high drug efflux capacity, and a strong positivity for CD133, marker for pluripotent stem cells, which are almost unmeasurable in MG-63 cells. 3AB-OS cells are much less committed to osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation than MG-63 cells and highly express genes required for maintaining stem cell state (Oct3/4, hTERT, nucleostemin, Nanog) and for inhibiting apoptosis (HIF-1alpha, FLIP-L, Bcl-2, XIAP, IAPs, and survivin). 3AB-OS may be a novel tumor cell line useful for investigating the mechanisms by which stem cells enrichment may be induced in a tumor cell line. The identification of a subpopulation of cancer stem cells that drives tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in osteosarcoma may lead to prognosis and optimal therapy determination. Expression patterns of stem cell markers, especially CD133 and ABCG2, may indicate the undifferentiated state of osteosarcoma tumors, and may correlate with unfavorable prognosis in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Policlinico, Palermo, Italy
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360
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Jaime-Pérez JC, Hernández-Alcántara AE, Méndez-Ramírez N, Vázquez-Garza E, Cantú-Rodríguez OG, Gómez-Almaguer D. Mobilization kinetics of CD133+ hematoprogenitor cells for hematopoietic grafting. Transfusion 2009; 49:532-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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361
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Carter DA, Dick AD, Mayer EJ. CD133+ adult human retinal cells remain undifferentiated in Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF). BMC Ophthalmol 2009; 9:1. [PMID: 19236693 PMCID: PMC2649894 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD133 is a cell surface marker of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), sustains proliferation and not differentiation of embryonic stem cells. We used CD133 to purify adult human retinal cells and aimed to determine what effect LIF had on these cultures and whether they still had the ability to generate neurospheres. Methods Retinal cell suspensions were derived from adult human post-mortem tissue with ethical approval. With magnetic automated cell sorting (MACS) CD133+ retinal cells were enriched from post mortem adult human retina. CD133+ retinal cell phenotype was analysed by flow cytometry and cultured cells were observed for proliferative capacity, neuropshere generation and differentiation with or without LIF supplementation. Results We demonstrated purification (to 95%) of CD133+ cells from adult human postmortem retina. Proliferating cells were identified through BrdU incorporation and expression of the proliferation markers Ki67 and Cyclin D1. CD133+ retinal cells differentiated whilst forming neurospheres containing appropriate lineage markers including glia, neurons and photoreceptors. LIF maintained CD133+ retinal cells in a proliferative and relatively undifferentiated state (Ki67, Cyclin D1 expression) without significant neurosphere generation. Differentiation whilst forming neurospheres was re-established on LIF withdrawal. Conclusion These data support the evidence that CD133 expression characterises a population of cells within the resident adult human retina which have progenitor cell properties and that their turnover and differentiation is influenced by LIF. This may explain differences in retinal responses observed following disease or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Carter
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS12LX, UK.
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362
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Alison MR, Islam S, Lim S. Stem cells in liver regeneration, fibrosis and cancer: the good, the bad and the ugly. J Pathol 2009; 217:282-98. [PMID: 18991329 DOI: 10.1002/path.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide shortage of donor livers to transplant end stage liver disease patients has prompted the search for alternative cell therapies for intractable liver diseases, such as acute liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Under normal circumstances the liver undergoes a low rate of hepatocyte 'wear and tear' renewal, but can mount a brisk regenerative response to the acute loss of two-thirds or more of the parenchymal mass. A body of evidence favours placement of a stem cell niche in the periportal regions, although the identity of such stem cells in rodents and man is far from clear. In animal models of liver disease, adopting strategies to provide a selective advantage for transplanted hepatocytes has proved highly effective in repopulating recipient livers, but the poor success of today's hepatocyte transplants can be attributed to the lack of a clinically applicable procedure to force a similar repopulation of the human liver. The activation of bipotential hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) is clearly vital for survival in many cases of acute liver failure, and the signals that promote such reactions are being elucidated. Bone marrow cells (BMCs) make, at best, a trivial contribution to hepatocyte replacement after damage, but other BMCs contribute to the hepatic collagen-producing cell population, resulting in fibrotic disease; paradoxically, BMC transplantation may help alleviate established fibrotic disease. HCC may have its origins in either hepatocytes or HPCs, and HCCs, like other solid tumours appear to be sustained by a minority population of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alison
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, St Bartholomew's Hospital and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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363
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Brabletz S, Schmalhofer O, Brabletz T. Gastrointestinal stem cells in development and cancer. J Pathol 2009; 217:307-17. [PMID: 19031475 DOI: 10.1002/path.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An enormous body of knowledge about the biology of stem cells and their role in development, tissue homeostasis and cancer formation has been gained in the last 20 years. This review gives a comprehensive overview on knowledge about localization and regulation of normal gastrointestinal stem cells and links it to our understanding of gastrointestinal tumourigenesis and malignant progression in the light of the cancer stem cell concept. The focus is on intestinal stem cells and newly identified stem cell factors, such as the beta-catenin target gene Lgr5. The basis of intestinal stem cell regulation is a permanent crosstalk between epithelial and underlying mesenchymal cells in the intestinal stem cell niche. This crosstalk is mediated by crucial pathways, including the Wnt, Hedgehog (HH), Notch, PI3K and BMP pathways. Disturbances in this fine-regulated interaction can both initiate intestinal tumours and, in association with additional genetic alterations or environmental activation of embryonic processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), lead to tumour invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brabletz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany.
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364
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Abstract
While cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells can be harvested in abundance and appear to be the most versatile of cells for regenerative medicine, adult stem cells also hold promise, but the identity and subsequent isolation of these comparatively rare cells remains problematic in most tissues, perhaps with the notable exception of the bone marrow. The ability to continuously self-renew and produce the differentiated progeny of the tissue of their location are their defining properties. Identifying surface molecules (markers) that would aid in stem cell isolation is a major goal. Considerable overlap exists between different putative organ-specific stem cells in their repertoire of gene expression, often related to self-renewal, cell survival and cell adhesion. More robust tests of 'stemness' are now being employed, using lineage-specific genetic marking and tracking to show production of long-lived clones and multipotentiality in vivo. Moreover, the characterization of normal stem cells in specific tissues may provide a dividend for the treatment of cancer. The successful treatment of neoplastic disease may well require the specific targeting of neoplastic stem cells, cells that may well have many of the characteristics of their normal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alison
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, St. Bartholomew's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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365
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Stevens A, Zuliani T, Olejnik C, LeRoy H, Obriot H, Kerr-Conte J, Formstecher P, Bailliez Y, Polakowska RR. Human dental pulp stem cells differentiate into neural crest-derived melanocytes and have label-retaining and sphere-forming abilities. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 17:1175-84. [PMID: 18393638 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult tissues contain highly proliferative, clonogenic cells that meet criteria of multipotent stem cells and are potential sources for autologous reparative and reconstructive medicine. We demonstrated that human dental pulp contains self renewing human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) capable of differentiating into mesenchymal-derived odontoblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes and striated muscle, and interestingly, also into non-mesenchymal melanocytes. Furthermore, we showed that hDPSC cultures include cells with the label-retaining and sphere-forming abilities, traits attributed to multipotent stem cells, and provide evidence that these may be multipotent neural crest stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stevens
- Faculté Dentaire, Université Lille 2, Lille, France. , Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
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366
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Abstract
Although used in academic research for several decades, 3D culture models have long been regarded expensive, cumbersome and unnecessary in drug development processes. Technical advances, coupled with recent observations showing that gene expression in 3D is much closer to clinical expression profiles than those seen in 2D, have renewed attention and generated hope in the feasibility of maturing organotypic 3D systems to therapy test platforms with greater power to predict clinical efficacies. Here we describe a standardized setup for reproducible, easy-handling culture, treatment and routine analysis of multicellular spheroids, the classical 3D culture system resembling many aspects of the pathophysiological situation in human tumor tissue. We discuss essential conceptual and practical considerations for an adequate establishment and use of spheroid-based drug screening platforms and also provide a list of human carcinoma cell lines, partly on the basis of the NCI-DTP 60-cell line screen, that produce treatable spheroids under identical culture conditions. In contrast to many other settings with which to achieve similar results, the protocol is particularly useful to be integrated into standardized large-scale drug test routines as it requires a minimum number of defined spheroids and a limited amount of drug. The estimated time to run the complete screening protocol described herein--including spheroid initiation, drug treatment and determination of the analytical end points (spheroid integrity, and cell survival through the acid phosphatase assay)--is about 170 h. Monitoring of spheroid growth kinetics to determine growth delay and regrowth, respectively, after drug treatment requires long-term culturing (> or =14 d).
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367
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Khoo CP, Pozzilli P, Alison MR. Endothelial progenitor cells and their potential therapeutic applications. Regen Med 2009; 3:863-76. [PMID: 18947309 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.6.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are derived from the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB), contributing to tissue repair in various pathological conditions via the formation of new blood vessels, that is, neovascularization. EPCs can be mobilized into the circulation in response to growth factors and cytokines released following stimuli such as vascular trauma, wounding and cancer. EPCs are involved in vasculogenesis during embryogenesis, but are now recognized to have a significant bearing upon disease outcome through their contribution to neovascularization in a variety of pathological states in adulthood. EPCs exist in very small numbers, especially in circulating blood in adults where they only account for 0.01% of all cells. We discuss the contribution and potential therapeutic applications of EPCs in disease, also noting the prognostic value of PB EPC numbers, especially in heart disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheen P Khoo
- ICMS, Centre for Diabetes & Metabolic Medicine (DMM), Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E12AT, UK.
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368
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Chang CJ, Hsu CC, Yung MC, Chen KY, Tzao C, Wu WF, Chou HY, Lee YY, Lu KH, Chiou SH, Ma HI. Enhanced radiosensitivity and radiation-induced apoptosis in glioma CD133-positive cells by knockdown of SirT1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:236-42. [PMID: 19166820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CD133-expressing glioma cells play a critical role in tumor recovery after treatment and are resistant to radiotherapy. Herein, we demonstrated that glioblastoma-derived CD133-positive cells (GBM-CD133(+)) are capable of self-renewal and express high levels of embryonic stem cell genes and SirT1 compared to GBM-CD133(-) cells. To evaluate the role of SirT1 in GBM-CD133(+), we used a lentiviral vector expressing shRNA to knock-down SirT1 expression (sh-SirT1) in GBM-CD133(+). Silencing of SirT1 significantly enhanced the sensitivity of GBM-CD133(+) to radiation and increased the level of radiation-mediated apoptosis. Importantly, knock-down of SirT1 increased the effectiveness of radiotherapy in the inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice transplanted with GBM-CD133(+). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the mean survival rate of GBM-CD133(+) mice treated with radiotherapy was significantly improved by Sh-SirT1 as well. In sum, these results suggest that SirT1 is a potential target for increasing the sensitivity of GBM and glioblastoma-associated cancer stem cells to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charn-Jung Chang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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369
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Neuroblastoma cell lines contain pluripotent tumor initiating cells that are susceptible to a targeted oncolytic virus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4235. [PMID: 19156211 PMCID: PMC2626279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although disease remission can frequently be achieved for patients with neuroblastoma, relapse is common. The cancer stem cell theory suggests that rare tumorigenic cells, resistant to conventional therapy, are responsible for relapse. If true for neuroblastoma, improved cure rates may only be achieved via identification and therapeutic targeting of the neuroblastoma tumor initiating cell. Based on cues from normal stem cells, evidence for tumor populating progenitor cells has been found in a variety of cancers. Methodology/Principal Findings Four of eight human neuroblastoma cell lines formed tumorspheres in neural stem cell media, and all contained some cells that expressed neurogenic stem cell markers including CD133, ABCG2, and nestin. Three lines tested could be induced into multi-lineage differentiation. LA-N-5 spheres were further studied and showed a verapamil-sensitive side population, relative resistance to doxorubicin, and CD133+ cells showed increased sphere formation and tumorigenicity. Oncolytic viruses, engineered to be clinically safe by genetic mutation, are emerging as next generation anticancer therapeutics. Because oncolytic viruses circumvent typical drug-resistance mechanisms, they may represent an effective therapy for chemotherapy-resistant tumor initiating cells. A Nestin-targeted oncolytic herpes simplex virus efficiently replicated within and killed neuroblastoma tumor initiating cells preventing their ability to form tumors in athymic nude mice. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that human neuroblastoma contains tumor initiating cells that may be effectively targeted by an oncolytic virus.
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370
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Marotta LLC, Polyak K. Cancer stem cells: a model in the making. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:44-50. [PMID: 19167210 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells and their potential roles in tumor heterogeneity are currently subjects of intense investigation. Studies suggest that these cells may develop from any normal cell and have begun to elucidate their molecular profiles. The percentage of a tumor composed of cancer stem cells varies greatly, and researchers believe that multiple types of these cells may exist in a single neoplasm. Cancer stem cells may be formed by epithelial-mesenchymal transition and seem to be less prevalent in metastases than in corresponding primary tumors. These cells appear to have therapeutic sensitivities different from those of cancer cells with more differentiated features. Looking into the many questions that remain about the cancer stem cells model might lead to more effective cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Campbell Marotta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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371
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Vander Griend DJ, Karthaus WL, Dalrymple S, Meeker A, DeMarzo AM, Isaacs JT. The role of CD133 in normal human prostate stem cells and malignant cancer-initiating cells. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9703-11. [PMID: 19047148 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resolving the specific cell of origin for prostate cancer is critical to define rational targets for therapeutic intervention and requires the isolation and characterization of both normal human prostate stem cells and prostate cancer-initiating cells (CIC). Single epithelial cells from fresh normal human prostate tissue and prostate epithelial cell (PrEC) cultures derived from them were evaluated for the presence of subpopulations expressing stem cell markers and exhibiting stem-like growth characteristics. When epithelial cell suspensions containing cells expressing the stem cell marker CD133+ are inoculated in vivo, regeneration of stratified human prostate glands requires inductive prostate stromal cells. PrEC cultures contain a small subpopulation of CD133+ cells, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified CD133+ PrECs self-renew and regenerate cell populations expressing markers of transit-amplifying cells (DeltaNp63), intermediate cells (prostate stem cell antigen), and neuroendocrine cells (CD56). Using a series of CD133 monoclonal antibodies, attachment and growth of CD133+ PrECs requires surface expression of full-length glycosylated CD133 protein. Within a series of androgen receptor-positive (AR+) human prostate cancer cell lines, CD133+ cells are present at a low frequency, self-renew, express AR, generate phenotypically heterogeneous progeny negative for CD133, and possess an unlimited proliferative capacity, consistent with CD133+ cells being CICs. Unlike normal adult prostate stem cells, prostate CICs are AR+ and do not require functional CD133. This suggests that (a) AR-expressing prostate CICs are derived from a malignantly transformed intermediate cell that acquires "stem-like activity" and not from a malignantly transformed normal stem cell and (b) AR signaling pathways are a therapeutic target for prostate CICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Vander Griend
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Brady Urological Institute, and Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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372
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Shi M, Ishikawa M, Kamei N, Nakasa T, Adachi N, Deie M, Asahara T, Ochi M. Acceleration of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in a Rat Skeletal Muscle Injury Model by Local Injection of Human Peripheral Blood-Derived CD133-Positive Cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:949-60. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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373
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Expression of gastrin precursors by CD133-positive colorectal cancer cells is crucial for tumour growth. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:477-88. [PMID: 19321126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Precursors of the hormone gastrin, progastrin and glycine-extended gastrin (G-gly), have been detected in colorectal polyps and tumours, and in the blood of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), while their expression is lower in healthy subjects. The surface glycoproteins CD133 and CD44 have been identified as possible markers for CRC stem cells. Our aims were to investigate whether progastrin and G-gly are expressed by CD133-positive cells in human CRC tissues and in the human CRC cell line DLD-1, and to determine whether this expression is biologically relevant. The great majority of the cells expressing CD133 also expressed gastrin precursors in both DLD-1 cells, which retain a stem cell-like subpopulation, and human CRC specimens. The CD133high/CD44high/progastrinhigh cells gave rise to larger tumours in SCID mice compared to CD133low/CD44low/progastrinlow cells. The CD133high/CD44high/progastrinhigh cells displayed enhanced activation of the signalling molecules JAK2, STAT3, ERK1/2 and Akt, known to regulate the induction of proliferation and/or survival by gastrin precursors. Moreover, downregulation of the gastrin gene in DLD-1 cells reduced the expression of cancer stem cell markers and abolished tumour development in SCID mice. We conclude that gastrin precursors may provide a target for therapies directed against the cells responsible for tumour development and recurrence.
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374
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López-Holgado N, Alberca M, Sánchez-Guijo FM, Villarón EM, Rivas JV, López-Novoa JM, Briñón JG, Arévalo MA, Oterino E, Santamaría C, San Miguel JF, del Cañizo MC. Prospective comparative analysis of the angiogenic capacity of monocytes and CD133+ cells in a murine model of hind limb ischemia. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:1041-51. [DOI: 10.3109/14653240903191719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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375
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Zhu L, Gibson P, Currle DS, Tong Y, Richardson RJ, Bayazitov IT, Poppleton H, Zakharenko S, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ. Prominin 1 marks intestinal stem cells that are susceptible to neoplastic transformation. Nature 2008; 457:603-7. [PMID: 19092805 PMCID: PMC2633030 DOI: 10.1038/nature07589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are remarkably similar to normal stem cells: both self-renew, are multipotent and express common surface markers, e.g., PROMININ-1 (PROM1, CD133)1. What remains unclear is whether CSC are the direct progeny of mutated stem cells, or more mature cells that reacquire stem cell properties during tumor formation. Answering this important question will require knowledge of whether normal stem cells are susceptible to cancer causing mutations; however, this has proved difficult to test since the identity of most adult tissue stem cells is not known. Here, using an inducible-Cre-nuclear(n)LacZ reporter allele knocked into the Prom1 locus (Prom1C-L), we show that Prom1 is expressed in a variety of developing and adult tissues. Lineage-tracing studies of adult Prom1+/C-L mice containing the Rosa26YFP reporter allele showed that Prom1+ cells are located at the base of crypts in the small intestine, co-express Lgr52, generate the entire intestinal epithelium, and are therefore likely to be the small intestinal stem cell. Prom1 was reported recently to mark CSC of human intestinal tumors that arise frequently as a consequence of aberrant Wingless (WNT) signaling3-5. Activation of endogenous Wnt signaling in Prom1+/C-L mice containing a Cre-dependent mutant allele of Beta-catenin (Ctnnb1lox(ex3)) resulted first in a gross disruption of crypt architecture and a disproportionate expansion of Prom1+ cells at the crypt base. Lineage-tracing demonstrated that the progeny of these cells replaced the mucosa of the entire small intestine with neoplastic tissue that was characterized by focal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and crypt adenoma formation. Although all neoplastic cells arose from Prom1+ cells in these mice, only 7% of tumor cells retained Prom1 expression. Our data indicate that Prom1 marks stem cells in the adult small intestine, which are susceptible to transformation into tumors retaining a fraction of mutant-Prom1+ tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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376
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Cancer stem cell-directed therapies: recent data from the laboratory and clinic. Mol Ther 2008; 17:219-30. [PMID: 19066601 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined by their ability to (i) fully recapitulate the tumor of origin when transplanted into immunodeficient mouse hosts, and (ii) self-renew, demonstrated by their ability to be serially transplanted. These properties suggest that CSCs are required for tumor maintenance and metastasis; thus, it has been predicted that CSC elimination is required for cure. This prediction has profoundly altered paradigms for cancer research, compelling investigators to prospectively isolate CSCs to characterize the molecular pathways regulating their behavior. Many potential strategies for CSC-directed therapy have been proposed, but few studies have rigorously demonstrated their efficacy using in vivo models. Herein, we highlight recent studies that demonstrate the utility of CSC-directed therapies and discuss the implications of the CSC hypothesis to experimental design and therapeutic strategies.
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377
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Bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells: their use in clinical studies for the treatment of myocardial infarction. Heart Lung Circ 2008; 18:171-80. [PMID: 19081302 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last six years, several centres around the world have started clinical trials to investigate the utilisation of bone marrow-derived cells for myocardial infarction. Different types and numbers of cells have been used assuming they possess a potential to originate new endothelial cells and/or cardiomyocytes to repair/regenerate the ailed heart. Despite diversity in number, clinical status of subjects, route of cell administration, and criteria to evaluate efficacy, the main conclusion drawn from these clinical studies was that such therapies were safe. However, attempts to unify efficacy data have yielded no clear answers, so far. This review offers an in-depth and critical analysis of these trials and intends to evaluate from the cellular biology and clinical cardiology viewpoints, the significant information that has been published since 2002, as well as that emerging from ongoing clinical trials. Emphasis will be placed on cellular types, research designs and methods to evaluate efficacy of each particular treatment modality.
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378
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Jaksch M, Múnera J, Bajpai R, Terskikh A, Oshima RG. Cell cycle-dependent variation of a CD133 epitope in human embryonic stem cell, colon cancer, and melanoma cell lines. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7882-6. [PMID: 18829544 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD133 (Prominin1) is a pentaspan transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in several stem cell populations and cancers. Reactivity with an antibody (AC133) to a glycoslyated form of CD133 has been widely used for the enrichment of cells with tumor-initiating activity in xenograph transplantation assays. We have found by fluorescence-activated cell sorting that increased AC133 reactivity in human embryonic stem cells, colon cancer, and melanoma cells is correlated with increased DNA content and, reciprocally, that the least reactive cells are in the G(1)-G(0) portion of the cell cycle. Continued cultivation of cells sorted on the basis of high and low AC133 reactivity results in a normalization of the cell reactivity profiles, indicating that cells with low AC133 reactivity can generate highly reactive cells as they resume proliferation. The association of AC133 with actively cycling cells may contribute to the basis for enrichment for tumor-initiating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jaksch
- Tumor Development Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92035, USA
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379
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Kania G, Blyszczuk P, Valaperti A, Dieterle T, Leimenstoll B, Dirnhofer S, Zulewski H, Eriksson U. Prominin-1+/CD133+ bone marrow-derived heart-resident cells suppress experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:236-45. [PMID: 18621802 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a CD4(+) T cell-mediated mouse model of inflammatory heart disease. Tissue-resident bone marrow-derived cells adopt different cellular phenotypes depending on the local milieu. We expanded a specific population of bone marrow-derived prominin-1-expressing progenitor cells (PPC) from healthy heart tissue, analysed their plasticity, and evaluated their capacity to protect mice from EAM and heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS PPC were expanded from healthy mouse hearts. Analysis of CD45.1/CD45.2 chimera mice confirmed bone marrow origin of PPC. Depending on in vitro culture conditions, PPC differentiated into macrophages, dendritic cells, or cardiomyocyte-like cells. In vivo, PPC acquired a cardiac phenotype after direct injection into healthy hearts. Intravenous injection of PPC into myosin alpha heavy chain/complete Freund's adjuvant (MyHC-alpha/CFA)-immunized BALB/c mice resulted in heart-specific homing and differentiation into the macrophage phenotype. Histology revealed reduced severity scores for PPC-treated mice compared with control animals [treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or crude bone marrow at day 21 after MyHC-alpha/CFA immunization]. Echocardiography showed preserved fractional shortening and velocity of circumferential shortening in PPC but not PBS-treated MyHC-alpha/CFA-immunized mice. In vitro and in vivo data suggested that interferon-gamma signalling on PPC was critical for nitric oxide-mediated suppression of heart-specific CD4(+) T cells. Accordingly, PPC from interferon-gamma receptor-deficient mice failed to protect MyHC-alpha/CFA-immunized mice from EAM. CONCLUSION Prominin-1-expressing, heart-resident, bone marrow-derived cells combine high plasticity, T cell-suppressing capacity, and anti-inflammatory in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kania
- Experimental Critical Care, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basle, Switzerland.
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380
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide. As in many other types of cancer, aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is an important contributor to tumorigenesis. In HCC this frequently occurs through mutations in the N-terminal region of beta-catenin that stabilize the protein and permit an elevated level of constitutive transcriptional activation by beta-catenin/TCF complexes. In this article we review the abundant evidence that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling contributes to liver carcinogenesis. We also discuss what is known about the roles of Wnt signaling in liver development, regeneration, and stem cell behavior, in an effort to understand the mechanisms by which activation of the canonical Wnt pathway promotes tumor formation in this organ. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway presents itself as an attractive target for developing novel rational therapies for HCC, a disease for which few successful treatment strategies are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takigawa
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY10065, USA
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381
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Zito G, Richiusa P, Bommarito A, Carissimi E, Russo L, Coppola A, Zerilli M, Rodolico V, Criscimanna A, Amato M, Pizzolanti G, Galluzzo A, Giordano C. In vitro identification and characterization of CD133(pos) cancer stem-like cells in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3544. [PMID: 18958156 PMCID: PMC2568821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent publications suggest that neoplastic initiation and growth are dependent on a small subset of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) is a very aggressive solid tumor with poor prognosis, characterized by high dedifferentiation. The existence of CSCs might account for the heterogeneity of ATC lesions. CD133 has been identified as a stem cell marker for normal and cancerous tissues, although its biological function remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings ATC cell lines ARO, KAT-4, KAT-18 and FRO were analyzed for CD133 expression. Flow cytometry showed CD133pos cells only in ARO and KAT-4 (64±9% and 57±12%, respectively). These data were confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. ARO and KAT-4 were also positive for fetal marker oncofetal fibronectin and negative for thyrocyte-specific differentiating markers thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and sodium/iodide symporter. Sorted ARO/CD133pos cells exhibited higher proliferation, self-renewal, colony-forming ability in comparison with ARO/CD133neg. Furthermore, ARO/CD133pos showed levels of thyroid transcription factor TTF-1 similar to the fetal thyroid cell line TAD-2, while the expression in ARO/CD133neg was negligible. The expression of the stem cell marker OCT-4 detected by RT-PCR and flow cytometry was markedly higher in ARO/CD133pos in comparison to ARO/CD133neg cells. The stem cell markers c-KIT and THY-1 were negative. Sensitivity to chemotherapy agents was investigated, showing remarkable resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in ARO/CD133pos when compared with ARO/CD133neg cells. Conclusions/Significance We describe CD133pos cells in ATC cell lines. ARO/CD133pos cells exhibit stem cell-like features - such as high proliferation, self-renewal ability, expression of OCT-4 - and are characterized by higher resistance to chemotherapy. The simultaneous positivity for thyroid specific factor TTF-1 and onfFN suggest they might represent putative thyroid cancer stem-like cells. Our in vitro findings might provide new insights for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Zito
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierina Richiusa
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bommarito
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elvira Carissimi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leonardo Russo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Coppola
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Zerilli
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Rodolico
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Criscimanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Amato
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Galluzzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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382
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Abstract
The cancer stem cell hypothesis posits that malignant growth arises from a rare population of progenitor cells within a tumor that provide it with unlimited regenerative capacity. Such cells also possess increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Resurgence of chemoresistant disease after primary therapy typifies epithelial ovarian cancer and may be attributable to residual cancer stem cells, or cancer-initiating cells, that survive initial treatment. As the cell surface marker CD133 identifies cancer-initiating cells in a number of other malignancies, we sought to determine the potential role of CD133+ cells in epithelial ovarian cancer. We detected CD133 on ovarian cancer cell lines, in primary cancers and on purified epithelial cells from ascitic fluid of ovarian cancer patients. We found CD133+ ovarian cancer cells generate both CD133+ and CD133- daughter cells, whereas CD133- cells divide symmetrically. CD133+ cells exhibit enhanced resistance to platinum-based therapy, drugs commonly used as first-line agents for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Sorted CD133+ ovarian cancer cells also form more aggressive tumor xenografts at a lower inoculum than their CD133- progeny. Epigenetic changes may be integral to the behavior of cancer progenitor cells and their progeny. In this regard, we found that CD133 transcription is controlled by both histone modifications and promoter methylation. Sorted CD133- ovarian cancer cells treated with DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors show a synergistic increase in cell surface CD133 expression. Moreover, DNA methylation at the ovarian tissue active P2 promoter is inversely correlated with CD133 transcription. We also found that promoter methylation increases in CD133- progeny of CD133+ cells, with CD133+ cells retaining a less methylated or unmethylated state. Taken together, our results show that CD133 expression in ovarian cancer is directly regulated by epigenetic modifications and support the idea that CD133 demarcates an ovarian cancer-initiating cell population. The activity of these cells may be epigenetically detected and such cells might serve as pertinent chemotherapeutic targets for reducing disease recurrence.
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383
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Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ. Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: accumulating evidence and unresolved questions. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:755-68. [PMID: 18784658 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2557] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumours are an enormous cancer burden and a major therapeutic challenge. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis provides an attractive cellular mechanism to account for the therapeutic refractoriness and dormant behaviour exhibited by many of these tumours. There is increasing evidence that diverse solid tumours are hierarchically organized and sustained by a distinct subpopulation of CSCs. Direct evidence for the CSC hypothesis has recently emerged from mouse models of epithelial tumorigenesis, although alternative models of heterogeneity also seem to apply. The clinical relevance of CSCs remains a fundamental issue but preliminary findings indicate that specific targeting may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Visvader
- VBCRC Laboratory, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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384
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Progress on potential strategies to target brain tumor stem cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 29:141-55. [PMID: 18781384 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The identification of brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) leads to promising progress on brain tumor treatment. For some brain tumors, BTSCs are the driving force of tumor growth and the culprits that make tumor revive and resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, it is specifically significant to eliminate BTSCs for treatment of brain tumors. There are considerable similarities between BTSCs and normal neural stem cells (NSCs), and diverse aspects of BTSCs have been studied to find potential targets that can be manipulated to specifically eradicate BTSCs without damaging normal NSCs, including their surface makers, surrounding niche, and aberrant signaling pathways. Many strategies have been designed to kill BTSCs, and some of them have reached, or are approaching, effective therapeutic results. Here, we will focus on advantages in the issue of BTSCs and emphasize on potential therapeutic strategies targeting BTSCs.
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385
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Abstract
Colon cancer cells have previously been demonstrated to contain a subpopulation of CD133+ tumour cells that have the ability to initiate tumour growth and are thus referred to as colon cancer-initiating cells or colon cancer stem cells (CSCs). As CD133 is currently one of the best markers to characterise colon CSCs, we analysed CD133+ tumour cells in colorectal cancer specimens using immunohistochemistry. We show that CD133 detection is specific and that the CD133 antigen is localised on the glandular-luminal surface of colon cancer cells, whereas undifferentiated tumour cells at the front of invasion are CD133−. In addition, CD133+ cells are characterised in situ by lack of CK20 expression, whereas they are positive for EpCAM. Moreover, we show that CD133 expression in colorectal cancer is an independent prognostic marker that correlates with low survival in a stratified patient collective. Our results indicate that in colorectal cancer, the CD133+ tumour cells can be detected by immunohistochemistry, which facilitates their further characterisation in situ.
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386
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Yao XH, Ping YF, Chen JH, Xu CP, Chen DL, Zhang R, Wang JM, Bian XW. Glioblastoma stem cells produce vascular endothelial growth factor by activation of a G-protein coupled formylpeptide receptor FPR. J Pathol 2008; 215:369-76. [PMID: 18523971 DOI: 10.1002/path.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs), or stem cell-like glioma cells, isolated from malignant glioma cell lines, were capable of producing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the exact role of such tumour cells in angiogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we isolated a small proportion of CD133+ GSCs from the human glioblastoma cell line U87 and found that these GSCs possessed multipotent differentiation potential and released high levels of VEGF as compared with CD133(-) tumour cells. The CD133+ GSCs also formed larger xenograft tumours that contained higher VEGF immunoreactivity and denser microvessels. Moreover, GSCs expressed a functional G protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor FPR, which was activated by a chemotactic peptide ligand, N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), to mediate calcium flux and the production of VEGF by GSCs. Our results indicate that FPR expressed by human GSCs may play an important role in glioma angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-H Yao
- Institute of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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387
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BAO JI, TU ZHIDAN, SUN HUAIQIANG, LUO GUANGHENG, YANG LI, SONG JUN, QIN MINGXIA, SHI YUJUN, BU HONG, LI YOUPING. R2: Identification of renal potential progenitor/stem cells that participate in the renal regeneration processes of kidney allograft fibrosis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008; 13:500-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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388
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Zobalova R, McDermott L, Stantic M, Prokopova K, Dong LF, Neuzil J. CD133-positive cells are resistant to TRAIL due to up-regulation of FLIP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:567-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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389
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Larsson J, Forsberg M, Brännvall K, Zhang XQ, Enarsson M, Hedborg F, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Nuclear receptor binding protein 2 is induced during neural progenitor differentiation and affects cell survival. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 39:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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390
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Abstract
The recent advancements in stem cell (SC) biology have led to the concept of regenerative medicine, which is based on the potential of SC for therapies aimed to facilitate the repair of degenerating or injured tissues. Nonetheless, prior to large scale clinical applications, critical aspects need to be further addressed, including the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of SC-based treatments. Most problematic among the risks of SC-based therapies, in addition to the possible rejection or loss of function of the infused cells, is their potential neoplastic transformation. Indeed, SCs may be used to cure devastating diseases, but their specific properties of self-renewal and clonogenicity may render them prone to generate cancers. In this respect, ‘Stemness’ might be seen as a two-edged sword, its bright side being represented by normal SCs, its dark side by cancer SCs. A better understanding of SC biology will help fulfill the promise of regenerative medicine aimed at curing human pathologies and fighting cancer from its roots.
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391
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LaBarge MA, Bissell MJ. Is CD133 a marker of metastatic colon cancer stem cells? J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2021-4. [PMID: 18497883 DOI: 10.1172/jci36046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the so-called cancer stem cell (CSC) holds that only a minority of cells within a tumor have the ability to generate a new tumor. Over the last decade, a large body of literature has implicated the protein CD133 as a marker of organ-specific adult stem cells and in some cancers as a bona fide CSC marker. In this issue of the JCI, Shmelkov et al. challenge the view that CD133 is a marker of CSCs in colon cancer (see the related article beginning on page 2111). CD133 was thought previously to have a very restricted distribution within tissues; the authors have used genetic knock-in models to demonstrate that CD133 in fact is expressed on a wide range of differentiated epithelial cells in adult mouse tissues and on spontaneous primary colon tumors in mice. In primary human colon tumors, all of the epithelial cells also expressed CD133, whereas metastatic colon cancers isolated from liver had distinct CD133+ and CD133- epithelial populations. Intriguingly, the authors demonstrate that the CD133+ and CD133- populations were equally capable of tumor initiation in xenografts. In light of these new findings, the popular notion that CD133 is a marker of colon CSCs may need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A LaBarge
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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392
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Poteser M, Graziani A, Eder P, Yates A, Mächler H, Romanin C, Groschner K. Identification of a rare subset of adipose tissue-resident progenitor cells, which express CD133 and TRPC3 as a VEGF-regulated Ca2+ entry channel. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2696-702. [PMID: 18602918 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
VEGF-induced Ca2+ signalling was investigated in CD133+/VEGFR-2+ progenitor cells isolated from human adipose stroma. Colonies derived from CD133+ immunoselected cells displayed inhomogenous Ca2+ signals, with variable magnitude of VEGF-induced Ca2+ entry, which positively correlated with expression of the Ca2+ channel protein TRPC3. High levels of VEGF-induced Ca2+ entry and TRPC3 expression were preferentially detected in rim areas of expanding colonies. Dominant negative suppression of TRPC3 inhibited VEGF-induced Ca2+ entry into CD133+ cells. Our results identify TRPC3 as a key Ca2+ entry channel in a subset of CD133+ stem cells. We suggest TRPC3 as an essential determinant of cell fate in CD133+ progenitor-derived colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Poteser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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393
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Bidlingmaier S, Zhu X, Liu B. The utility and limitations of glycosylated human CD133 epitopes in defining cancer stem cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1025-32. [PMID: 18535813 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human CD133 (human prominin-1), a five transmembrane domain glycoprotein, was originally identified as a cell surface antigen present on CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Although the biological function of CD133 is not well understood, antibodies to CD133 epitopes have been widely used to purify hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that a rare population of tumor cells possessing increased capacities for self-renewal and tumor initiation is responsible for maintaining the growth of neoplastic tissue. The expression of the CD133 epitopes, AC133 and AC141, has been shown to define a subpopulation of brain tumor cells with significantly increased capacity for tumor initiation in xenograft models. Following the discovery of the AC133/AC141+ population of brain tumor stem cells, the AC133 and AC141 epitopes have been extensively used as markers for purifying CSCs in other solid tumors. There are, however, several issues associated with the use of the AC133 and AC141 CD133 epitopes as markers for CSCs. The antibodies routinely used for purification of AC133 and AC141-positive cells target poorly characterized glycosylated epitopes of uncertain specificity. Discordant expression of the AC133 and AC141 epitopes has been observed, and the epitopes can be absent despite the presence of CD133 protein. In addition, CD133 expression has recently been shown to be modulated by oxygen levels. These factors, in combination with the uncertain biological role of CD133, suggest that the use of CD133 expression as a marker for CSCs should be critically evaluated in each new experimental system and highlight the need for additional CSC surface markers that are directly involved in maintaining CSC properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bidlingmaier
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California at San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., 3C38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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394
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Toole BP, Slomiany MG. Hyaluronan, CD44 and Emmprin: partners in cancer cell chemoresistance. Drug Resist Updat 2008; 11:110-21. [PMID: 18490190 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan not only is an important structural component of extracellular matrices but also interacts with cells during dynamic cell processes such as those occurring in cancer. Consequently, interactions of hyaluronan with tumor cells play important cooperative roles in various aspects of malignancy. Hyaluronan binds to several cell surface receptors, including CD44, thus leading to co-regulation of signaling pathways that are important in regulation of multidrug resistance to anticancer drugs, in particular anti-apoptotic pathways induced by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. Emmprin, a cell surface glycoprotein of the Ig superfamily, stimulates hyaluronan production and downstream signaling consequences. Emmprin and CD44 also interact with various multidrug transporters of the ABC family and monocarboxylate transporters associated with resistance to cancer therapies. Moreover, hyaluronan-CD44 interactions are critical to these properties in the highly malignant, chemotherapy-resistant cancer stem-like cells. Perturbations of the hyaluronan-CD44 interaction at the plasma membrane by various antagonists result in attenuation of receptor tyrosine kinase and transporter activities and inhibition of tumor progression in vivo. These antagonists, especially small hyaluronan oligomers, may be useful in therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing tumor refractoriness or recurrence due to drug-resistant sub-populations within malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Toole
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
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395
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Expression of the "stem cell marker" CD133 in pancreas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:48. [PMID: 18261235 PMCID: PMC2268945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that a small population of cells with unique self-renewal properties and malignant potential exists in solid tumors. Such "cancer stem cells" have been isolated by flow cytometry, followed by xenograft studies of their tumor-initiating properties. A frequently used sorting marker in these experiments is the cell surface protein CD133 (prominin-1). The aim of this work was to examine the distribution of CD133 in pancreatic exocrine cancer. METHODS Fifty-one cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas were clinically and histopathologically evaluated, and immunohistochemically investigated for expression of CD133, cytokeratin 19 and chromogranin A. The results were interpreted on the background of CD133 expression in normal pancreas and other normal and malignant human tissues. RESULTS CD133 positivity could not be related to a specific embryonic layer of organ origin and was seen mainly at the apical/endoluminal surface of non-squamous, glandular epithelia and of malignant cells in ductal arrangement. Cytoplasmic CD133 staining was observed in some non-epithelial malignancies. In the pancreas, we found CD133 expressed on the apical membrane of ductal cells. In a small subset of ductal cells and in cells in centroacinar position, we also observed expression in the cytoplasm. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas showed a varying degree of apical cell surface CD133 expression, and cytoplasmic staining in a few tumor cells was noted. There was no correlation between the level of CD133 expression and patient survival. CONCLUSION Neither in the pancreas nor in the other investigated organs can CD133 membrane expression alone be a criterion for "stemness". However, there was an interesting difference in subcellular localization with a minor cell population in normal and malignant pancreatic tissue showing cytoplasmic expression. Moreover, since CD133 was expressed in shed ductal cells of pancreatic tumors and was found on the surface of tumor cells in vessels, this molecule may have a potential as clinical marker in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer.
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396
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397
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Janssens L, Eycken M, Vanderschueren D, Van Baarle A, Beelaerts W, Denekens J, De Baere H. Collagenous colitis. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Acta Clin Belg 1988; 6:30-8. [PMID: 3364135 DOI: 10.4161/cam.18953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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398
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Manusadzhian VG, Bolshakova TD, Menshikov VV, Dubobes GK. [Mass-spectrometry in combination with paper chromatography for determination of homovanillic acid]. Cancer Res 1974; 70:4624-33. [PMID: 4129519 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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